From 374147787b4ef9fcac3d7d307084173bba0003e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Grant_Ailie Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2021 19:41:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Ellipse spacing and multiple meanings in Lev-Mal (#1937) Batch fixed English ellipse spacing and wording of the multiple meanings Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/1937 Co-authored-by: Grant_Ailie Co-committed-by: Grant_Ailie --- en_tn_03-LEV.tsv | 160 +++++----- en_tn_04-NUM.tsv | 228 +++++++------- en_tn_05-DEU.tsv | 336 ++++++++++---------- en_tn_06-JOS.tsv | 314 +++++++++---------- en_tn_07-JDG.tsv | 184 +++++------ en_tn_08-RUT.tsv | 22 +- en_tn_09-1SA.tsv | 244 +++++++-------- en_tn_10-2SA.tsv | 252 +++++++-------- en_tn_11-1KI.tsv | 252 +++++++-------- en_tn_12-2KI.tsv | 230 +++++++------- en_tn_13-1CH.tsv | 776 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ en_tn_14-2CH.tsv | 324 ++++++++++---------- en_tn_15-EZR.tsv | 234 +++++++------- en_tn_16-NEH.tsv | 66 ++-- en_tn_17-EST.tsv | 136 ++++----- en_tn_18-JOB.tsv | 342 ++++++++++----------- en_tn_19-PSA.tsv | 542 ++++++++++++++++----------------- en_tn_20-PRO.tsv | 162 +++++----- en_tn_21-ECC.tsv | 78 ++--- en_tn_22-SNG.tsv | 70 ++--- en_tn_23-ISA.tsv | 618 ++++++++++++++++++------------------- en_tn_24-JER.tsv | 640 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- en_tn_25-LAM.tsv | 38 +-- en_tn_26-EZK.tsv | 246 +++++++-------- en_tn_27-DAN.tsv | 134 ++++---- en_tn_28-HOS.tsv | 38 +-- en_tn_29-JOL.tsv | 36 +-- en_tn_30-AMO.tsv | 88 +++--- en_tn_31-OBA.tsv | 12 +- en_tn_32-JON.tsv | 2 +- en_tn_33-MIC.tsv | 86 +++--- en_tn_34-NAM.tsv | 12 +- en_tn_35-HAB.tsv | 28 +- en_tn_36-ZEP.tsv | 36 +-- en_tn_37-HAG.tsv | 24 +- en_tn_38-ZEC.tsv | 56 ++-- en_tn_39-MAL.tsv | 6 +- 37 files changed, 3526 insertions(+), 3526 deletions(-) diff --git a/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv b/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv index b8e8555f0..db3da295d 100644 --- a/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv +++ b/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ LEV 1 1 j8us 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people i LEV 1 2 yiq7 0 When any man from among you “When any one of you” or “When any of you” LEV 1 2 s38f figs-quotesinquotes 0 ‘When any man Here Yahweh begins speaking to Moses. The words that begin “from the tent of meeting, saying,” can be translated without the quotation within the quotation. “from the tent of meeting and told Moses to say this to the people of Israel: ‘When any man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) LEV 1 3 u1kc 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do so that their sacrifices will be acceptable to Yahweh. -LEV 1 3 aps3 figs-123person 0 If his offering…he must offer Here “his” and “he” refer to the person bringing an offering to Yahweh. It can be translated in the second person as it is in [Leviticus 1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “If your offering…you must offer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +LEV 1 3 aps3 figs-123person 0 If his offering … he must offer Here “his” and “he” refer to the person bringing an offering to Yahweh. It can be translated in the second person as it is in [Leviticus 1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “If your offering … you must offer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) LEV 1 3 wp8j figs-activepassive 0 so that it may be accepted before Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh will accept it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 1 4 n7j5 translate-symaction 0 lay his hand on the head This is a symbolic action that identifies the person with the animal he is offering. In this way the person is offering himself through the animal to Yahweh, so that God will forgive the person’s sins when they kill the animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LEV 1 4 el3u figs-activepassive 0 then it will be accepted on his behalf to make atonement for himself This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “then Yahweh will accept it in his place and forgive his sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ LEV 1 10 g5nz 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the p LEV 1 11 k2uc 0 before Yahweh “in the presence of Yahweh” LEV 1 12 ny11 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do. LEV 1 12 q6a3 figs-123person 0 He is to cut it Here “he” refers to the person offering the sacrifice. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “Then you must cut it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -LEV 1 12 kx1v 0 pieces…head…fat…on the wood that is on the fire that is on the altar See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 1:7-9](./07.md). -LEV 1 13 ekd2 0 inner parts…legs he must wash with water…burnt offering…sweet aroma…made…by fire See how you translated many of these words in [Leviticus 1:9](./09.md). +LEV 1 12 kx1v 0 pieces … head … fat … on the wood that is on the fire that is on the altar See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 1:7-9](./07.md). +LEV 1 13 ekd2 0 inner parts … legs he must wash with water … burnt offering … sweet aroma … made … by fire See how you translated many of these words in [Leviticus 1:9](./09.md). LEV 1 13 qjv6 0 Then the priest will offer the whole, and burn it on the altar “Then the priest will burn everything on the altar” LEV 1 13 zf3d figs-metaphor 0 it will produce a sweet aroma for Yahweh being pleased with the sincere worshiper who offered the sacrifice is spoken of as if God were pleased with the aroma of the burning sacrifice. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 1 13 tij4 figs-activepassive 0 it will be an offering made to him by fire Yahweh tells Moses that the priests must burn their offerings with fire. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will be a burnt offering to me” or “it will be a burnt offering to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ LEV 2 7 s232 figs-activepassive 0 it must be made This can be stated in active LEV 2 8 gua3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do so their offerings will be acceptable to him. LEV 2 8 vy42 figs-activepassive 0 made from these things This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you made from the flour and oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 2 8 j9l1 figs-activepassive 0 it will be presented This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will present it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 2 9 t1ms 0 Then the priest…made by fire See how you translated many of these words in [Leviticus 2:2](./02.md). +LEV 2 9 t1ms 0 Then the priest … made by fire See how you translated many of these words in [Leviticus 2:2](./02.md). LEV 2 9 qgm4 0 a representative offering The handful of the grain offering represents the whole grain offering. This means the whole offering belongs to Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 2:2](../02/02.md). LEV 2 9 w1xy figs-activepassive 0 It will be an offering made by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It will be a burnt offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 2 9 a7ye figs-metaphor 0 it will produce a sweet aroma for Yahweh Yahweh being pleased with the sincere worshiper who offered the sacrifice is spoken of as if God were pleased with the aroma of the burning sacrifice. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 2 10 c6hv 0 is…by fire See how you translated this in [Leviticus 2:3](./03.md). +LEV 2 10 c6hv 0 is … by fire See how you translated this in [Leviticus 2:3](./03.md). LEV 2 10 y8u4 figs-activepassive 0 from the offerings to Yahweh made by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “from the burnt offerings to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 2 11 u4gt 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do so that their offerings will be acceptable to him. LEV 2 11 r3y3 figs-activepassive 0 No grain offering that you offer to Yahweh is to be made with yeast This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not use yeast in a grain offering that you offer to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ LEV 3 8 j6nx translate-symaction 0 lay his hand on the head This is a symbolic LEV 3 8 grd8 figs-explicit 0 Aaron’s sons will sprinkle its blood It is implied that before they sprinkle the blood, they catch the blood in a bowl as it drains from the animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 3 9 r8p8 figs-activepassive 0 as an offering made by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “as a burnt offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 3 9 e5hx 0 inner parts This is the stomach and intestines. -LEV 3 10 v2hz 0 and the two kidneys…the kidneys—he will remove all of this The words “he will remove all of this” can be placed at the beginning of the sentence in verse 9. “He will remove the fat, the entire fat tail…the inner parts, and the two kidneys…with the kidneys” +LEV 3 10 v2hz 0 and the two kidneys … the kidneys—he will remove all of this The words “he will remove all of this” can be placed at the beginning of the sentence in verse 9. “He will remove the fat, the entire fat tail … the inner parts, and the two kidneys … with the kidneys” LEV 3 10 qp7h 0 and the two kidneys A new sentence can start here. Alternate translation: “He must remove the kidneys” LEV 3 10 l368 0 by the loins This is the part of the body on the sides of the backbone between the ribs and hipbone. LEV 3 10 vg1i 0 the lobe of the liver This is the curved or rounded part of the liver. This is considered the best part of the liver to eat. Alternate translation: “the best part of the liver” @@ -124,10 +124,10 @@ LEV 4 7 rv1h 0 pour out “empty out the rest of the blood” LEV 4 7 gm5k 0 at the base of the altar “at the bottom of the altar” LEV 4 8 rd3l 0 He will cut away “The priest will cut away” LEV 4 8 c7cy 0 inner parts This is the stomach and intestines. -LEV 4 9 y647 0 the two kidneys…with the kidneys—he will cut away all this The words “he will cut away all this” can be placed before the words “the fat that covers” in verse 8. “He will cut away the fat that covers the inner parts, all the fat that is attached to the inner parts, the two kidneys…with the kidneys” +LEV 4 9 y647 0 the two kidneys … with the kidneys—he will cut away all this The words “he will cut away all this” can be placed before the words “the fat that covers” in verse 8. “He will cut away the fat that covers the inner parts, all the fat that is attached to the inner parts, the two kidneys … with the kidneys” LEV 4 9 vd6f 0 by the loins This is the part of the body on the sides of the backbone between the ribs and hipbone. LEV 4 9 r448 0 the lobe of the liver This is the curved or rounded part of the liver. This is considered the best part of the liver to eat. Alternate translation: “the best part of the liver” -LEV 4 11 fr9j 0 The skin of the bull…and its dung You may want to begin this sentence with words that tell your reader that the sentence is very long. “As for the skin of the bull…and its dung” +LEV 4 11 fr9j 0 The skin of the bull … and its dung You may want to begin this sentence with words that tell your reader that the sentence is very long. “As for the skin of the bull … and its dung” LEV 4 12 v3t5 figs-metaphor 0 a place that they have cleansed for me A place being ritually pure and suitable to use for serving God is spoken of as if it were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 4 12 p91b 0 they have cleansed for me Here “they” refers to the priests, and “me” refers to Yahweh. LEV 4 13 p23b 0 is unaware “does not know” @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ LEV 6 22 naz3 figs-activepassive 0 As commanded This can be stated in active fo LEV 6 22 qs7u figs-activepassive 0 all of it shall be burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he must burn all of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 6 25 jr62 figs-quotesinquotes 0 “Speak to Aaron and to his sons, saying, ‘This is the law The sentence that begins “Yahweh spoke to Moses again, saying” (verse 24) has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. “Yahweh spoke to Moses again and told him to speak to Aaron and his sons, saying, ‘This is the law” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) LEV 6 25 jfy2 figs-explicit 0 Speak to Aaron and to his sons Yahweh is speaking to Aaron and his sons, but these regulations apply to all priest who perform these sacrifices. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LEV 6 25 cq5t figs-explicit 0 The sin offering must be killed at…before Yahweh It can be made explicit that this refers to the north side of the altar. See [Leviticus 1:10-11](../01/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LEV 6 25 cq5t figs-explicit 0 The sin offering must be killed at … before Yahweh It can be made explicit that this refers to the north side of the altar. See [Leviticus 1:10-11](../01/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 6 25 zni8 figs-activepassive 0 The sin offering must be killed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must kill the sin offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 6 25 a3q6 figs-activepassive 0 where the burnt offering is killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where you kill the animal for the burnt offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 6 25 dc8k 0 before Yahweh “to Yahweh” @@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ LEV 6 27 is2v figs-explicit 0 Whatever touches its meat will become holy This i LEV 6 27 vj7x figs-activepassive 0 if the blood is sprinkled on This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “if the blood sprinkles on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 6 28 f316 figs-activepassive 0 the clay pot in which it is boiled must be broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must break the clay pot in which you boiled the meat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 6 28 e4tz figs-activepassive 0 If it is boiled in a bronze pot, it must be scrubbed and rinsed clean in water This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you boiled the meat in a bronze pot, then you must scrub the pot and rinse it with clean water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 6 30 b4w7 figs-activepassive 0 But any sin offering…must not be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “But no one may eat any sin offering whose blood is brought into the tent of meeting to make atonement in the holy place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LEV 6 30 b4w7 figs-activepassive 0 But any sin offering … must not be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “But no one may eat any sin offering whose blood is brought into the tent of meeting to make atonement in the holy place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 6 30 nw8d figs-activepassive 0 whose blood is brought into the tent of meeting This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “from which the priest takes the blood into the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 6 30 w6h7 figs-activepassive 0 It must be burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The priest must burn it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 7 intro nbv3 0 # Leviticus 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, peace offerings and freewill offerings.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Blood
The people were not allowed to eat or drink the blood of the sacrificed meat because life was considered to be in the blood of the animal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [Leviticus 17:11](../../lev/17/11.md)) @@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ LEV 7 1 wr1b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what he mus LEV 7 2 q976 figs-explicit 0 in the place for killing it It can be made explicit that this refers to, the north side of the altar, the place where the animals for the burnt offerings are killed. See [Leviticus 1:10-11](../01/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 7 3 zf51 figs-activepassive 0 All the fat in it will be offered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The priest must offer all the fat in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 7 3 d8qy 0 inner parts This is the stomach and intestines. -LEV 7 4 ifx8 0 liver…kidneys See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). +LEV 7 4 ifx8 0 liver … kidneys See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). LEV 7 4 u1cz 0 next to the loins This is the part of the body on the sides of the backbone between the ribs and hipbone. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). LEV 7 4 tww9 figs-activepassive 0 all this must be removed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the priest must remove all this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 7 5 h1gh figs-activepassive 0 as an offering made with fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “as a burnt offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -279,21 +279,21 @@ LEV 7 6 ei3l figs-activepassive 0 It must be eaten This can be stated in active LEV 7 7 hyn1 0 The same law applies to both of them “The law is the same for both of them” LEV 7 7 waf4 figs-abstractnouns 0 to the priest who makes atonement with them The abstract noun “atonement” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “to the priest who offers the sacrifice to atone for someone’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LEV 7 8 f82t 0 hide the coat or skin of a herd animal -LEV 7 9 yc6s figs-activepassive 0 that is baked in an oven…that is cooked in a frying pan This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that someone bakes in an oven…that someone cooks in a frying pan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LEV 7 9 yc6s figs-activepassive 0 that is baked in an oven … that is cooked in a frying pan This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that someone bakes in an oven … that someone cooks in a frying pan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 7 9 q9rm translate-unknown 0 oven This was probably a hollow object made of clay. A fire was lit under the oven, and the heat would bake the dough inside of the oven. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 2:4](../02/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) LEV 7 9 e3bv translate-unknown 0 a frying pan This is a metal plate with rounded edges. The dough was placed in the pan and cooked over a fire. See how you translated “pan” in [Leviticus 2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) LEV 7 9 q4xb translate-unknown 0 a baking pan This is a thick plate made of either clay or metal. The plate was placed over a fire, and the dough cooked on top of the plate. See how you translated “flat iron pan” in [Leviticus 2:5](../02/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) LEV 7 12 d7uh figs-activepassive 0 of cakes made without yeast, but mixed with oil This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “of cakes he made without yeast but mixed with oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 7 12 q9xa 0 cakes…mixed with oil Here “cakes” refers to a thick bread. +LEV 7 12 q9xa 0 cakes … mixed with oil Here “cakes” refers to a thick bread. LEV 7 12 zz5x figs-activepassive 0 of cakes made without yeast, but spread with oil This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “of thin cakes he made without yeast but spread with oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 7 12 wn8u 0 cakes…spread with oil Here “cakes” refers to a thin bread. +LEV 7 12 wn8u 0 cakes … spread with oil Here “cakes” refers to a thin bread. LEV 7 12 hv26 figs-activepassive 0 of cakes made with fine flour that is mixed with oil This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “of cakes he made with fine flour mixed with oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 7 12 qye6 0 cakes made with fine flour Here “cakes” refers to a thick bread. It is similar to the first type of bread except it is made with the finest flour. LEV 7 13 gvw2 figs-activepassive 0 cakes of bread made with yeast This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “cakes of bread he made with yeast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 7 13 t3ll 0 cakes This refers to a thick bread. LEV 7 15 w5qb 0 The person presenting “The person who offers” LEV 7 15 h75f figs-abstractnouns 0 for the purpose of giving thanks The abstract noun “thanks” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of thanking Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LEV 7 16 wgx8 figs-activepassive 0 the meat must be eaten…it may be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “he must eat the meat…he may eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LEV 7 16 wgx8 figs-activepassive 0 the meat must be eaten … it may be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “he must eat the meat … he may eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 7 17 m4fq translate-ordinal 0 on the third day Third is the ordinal number for three. Alternate translation: “after two days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LEV 7 17 ykv8 figs-activepassive 0 must be burned This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the person must burn it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 7 18 r23u figs-activepassive 0 If any of the meat of the sacrifice of one’s peace offering is eaten on the third day This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “If anyone eats the meat of his peace offering sacrifice on the third day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -337,13 +337,13 @@ LEV 8 1 n6q2 0 General Information: In chapter 8 Moses ordains Aaron and his s LEV 8 2 i9xv 0 the garments “the priestly garments” or “the clothes that the priests wore” LEV 8 5 u5b7 figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh has commanded to be done This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh commands us to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 8 6 mi63 translate-symaction 0 washed them with water This is a symbolic action. It is a ritually cleaning that prepares them to become priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LEV 8 7 fk7h figs-explicit 0 the tunic…the sash…the robe…the ephod…the finely-woven waistband These are special garments that Yahweh commanded the people to make for the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LEV 8 7 fk7h figs-explicit 0 the tunic … the sash … the robe … the ephod … the finely-woven waistband These are special garments that Yahweh commanded the people to make for the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 8 7 t8nm 0 sash a long piece of cloth that is tied around the waist or chest LEV 8 7 h3ci 0 bound it to him “tied it around him” LEV 8 8 nv8j 0 He placed the breastpiece on him “Moses placed the breastpiece on Aaron” LEV 8 8 mus9 figs-explicit 0 the breastpiece This is a special garment that Yahweh commanded the people to make for the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 8 8 du8d translate-unknown 0 the Urim and the Thummim It is not clear what these are. They were objects that the priest somehow used to determine the will of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LEV 8 9 sy7a figs-explicit 0 the turban…the golden plate, the holy crown These are special garments that Yahweh commanded the people to make for the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LEV 8 9 sy7a figs-explicit 0 the turban … the golden plate, the holy crown These are special garments that Yahweh commanded the people to make for the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 8 9 tm71 0 turban a man’s head covering that is a long piece of cloth wrapped around the head LEV 8 9 z3b6 0 the golden plate, the holy crown These two phrases refer to the same thing. It was a plate of pure gold attached to the turban. LEV 8 11 s2ye 0 all its utensils These are all the pots, pans, shovels, and forks used at the altar. @@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ LEV 8 15 z8mk 0 horns of the altar This refers to the corners of the altar. Th LEV 8 15 mdq3 0 set it apart for God “set the altar apart for God” LEV 8 15 m4pw 0 in order to make atonement for it Here “atonement” means to make the altar fit for use in serving God. Alternate translation: “in order to make it a suitable place for burning sacrifices for sin” LEV 8 16 zlu1 0 the inner parts This is the stomach and intestines. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). -LEV 8 16 s1n5 0 liver…kidneys See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). +LEV 8 16 s1n5 0 liver … kidneys See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). LEV 8 17 l8kn 0 hide the coat or skin of a herd animal LEV 8 18 r16d translate-symaction 0 laid their hands on the head This is a symbolic action that identifies Aaron and his sons with the animal they are offering. In this way they are offering themselves to Yahweh through the animal. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LEV 8 20 y2l9 0 He cut the ram “Moses cut the ram” @@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ LEV 8 22 qr6w figs-abstractnouns 0 the ram of consecration The word “consecra LEV 8 22 v85u translate-symaction 0 laid their hands on the head This is a symbolic action that identifies Aaron and his sons with the animal they are offering. In this way the they are offering themselves to Yahweh through the animal. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LEV 8 23 e9be figs-explicit 0 Moses took some of its blood It is implied that Moses caught the blood in a bowl as the blood drained out from the animal. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 8 25 jt5v 0 inner parts **the inner parts** - This is the stomach and intestines. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). -LEV 8 25 pi33 0 liver…kidneys See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). +LEV 8 25 pi33 0 liver … kidneys See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). LEV 8 25 u6m5 0 right thigh The thigh is the upper part of the leg above the knee. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 7:32](../07/32.md). LEV 8 26 w3xw 0 the basket of bread without yeast that was before Yahweh This does not refer to the location of the basket of bread. It means this is the bread that Moses had dedicated to Yahweh. LEV 8 27 hy74 figs-synecdoche 0 put it all in the hands of Aaron and in the hands of his sons Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “gave it all to Aaron and his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -390,18 +390,18 @@ LEV 9 intro s8cl 0 # Leviticus 09 General Notes
## Structure and formattin LEV 9 1 ksc2 translate-ordinal 0 the eighth day The word “eighth” is the ordinal number for eight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LEV 9 2 exi1 0 before Yahweh “to Yahweh” or “in the presence of Yahweh” LEV 9 3 x3yx 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to Aaron. -LEV 9 3 jx2w figs-quotesinquotes 0 You must speak…and say, ‘Take a male goat…burnt offering Moses continues speaking to Aaron. This is the beginning of a direct quote within a direct quote. You can change this into an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “You must tell the people of Israel to take a male goat…burnt offering” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +LEV 9 3 jx2w figs-quotesinquotes 0 You must speak … and say, ‘Take a male goat … burnt offering Moses continues speaking to Aaron. This is the beginning of a direct quote within a direct quote. You can change this into an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “You must tell the people of Israel to take a male goat … burnt offering” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) LEV 9 3 ah79 0 a year old “twelve months of age” -LEV 9 4 j1tu figs-quotesinquotes 0 also take an ox…will appear to you Moses continues speaking to Aaron. If you have begun an indirect quotation in verse 8, continue it here. “and to take an ox…will appear to them” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +LEV 9 4 j1tu figs-quotesinquotes 0 also take an ox … will appear to you Moses continues speaking to Aaron. If you have begun an indirect quotation in verse 8, continue it here. “and to take an ox … will appear to them” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) LEV 9 4 gz2r 0 to sacrifice before Yahweh “to sacrifice to Yahweh” LEV 9 6 m2gr figs-you 0 commanded you to do Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) LEV 9 6 p7cq figs-metonymy 0 so that his glory may appear to you Here “glory” represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “so that he may show you the glory of his presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LEV 9 7 k98c 0 make atonement for yourself and for the people…offer the sacrifice for the people to make atonement for them These are two different sacrifices. The first sacrifice is to atone for the sins of the high priest. When the high priest sins it also makes the people guilty ([Leviticus 4:3](../04/03.md)). The second sacrifice is to atone of the sins the people themselves commit. +LEV 9 7 k98c 0 make atonement for yourself and for the people … offer the sacrifice for the people to make atonement for them These are two different sacrifices. The first sacrifice is to atone for the sins of the high priest. When the high priest sins it also makes the people guilty ([Leviticus 4:3](../04/03.md)). The second sacrifice is to atone of the sins the people themselves commit. LEV 9 9 q85r figs-explicit 0 sons of Aaron presented the blood to him This implies that they caught the blood in a bowl as the blood drained from the animal. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 9 9 pk8j 0 horns of the altar This refers to the corners of the altar. They are shaped like the horns of an ox. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 4:7](../04/07.md). LEV 9 9 pp55 0 at the base of the altar “at the bottom of the altar” LEV 9 10 dcj3 0 he burned “Aaron burned” -LEV 9 10 gqd4 0 kidneys…liver See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). +LEV 9 10 gqd4 0 kidneys … liver See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). LEV 9 11 n477 0 the hide This is the coat or skin of a herd animal. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 7:8](../07/08.md). LEV 9 12 t13n figs-explicit 0 his sons gave him the blood It is implied that the sons caught the blood in a bowl as the blood drained from the animal. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 9 14 nj4y 0 inner parts **the inner parts** - This is the stomach and intestines. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). @@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ LEV 9 17 a8bb figs-explicit 0 along with the morning’s burnt offering This re LEV 9 18 pdy2 0 He killed “Aaron killed” LEV 9 18 y9tz figs-explicit 0 Aaron’s sons gave him the blood It is implied that the blood was in a bowl. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 9 19 ju3w 0 inner parts This is the stomach and intestines. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). -LEV 9 19 q1v7 0 kidneys…liver See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). +LEV 9 19 q1v7 0 kidneys … liver See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md). LEV 9 20 cb2c 0 They took the parts “Aaron’s sons took the parts” LEV 9 20 nk86 0 put these The word “these” refers to the fat and inner parts listed previously. LEV 9 20 u277 0 the breasts This is front part of the animal’s body below the neck. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 7:30](../07/30.md). @@ -431,14 +431,14 @@ LEV 10 2 et86 0 So fire came out from before Yahweh “So Yahweh sent a fire LEV 10 2 by34 0 came out from before Yahweh “came out from Yahweh” LEV 10 2 f9fy figs-metaphor 0 devoured them The fire completely burning the men up is spoken of as if the fire devoured or completely used them up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 10 2 c893 0 they died before Yahweh “they died in the presence of Yahweh” -LEV 10 3 pl7g figs-quotesinquotes 0 This is what Yahweh was talking about when he said, ‘I will reveal my holiness…before all the people.’ This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh was talking about when he said that he would reveal his holiness…who come near him, and that he will be glorified…people.” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +LEV 10 3 pl7g figs-quotesinquotes 0 This is what Yahweh was talking about when he said, ‘I will reveal my holiness … before all the people.’ This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh was talking about when he said that he would reveal his holiness … who come near him, and that he will be glorified … people.” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) LEV 10 3 c9g1 0 I will reveal my holiness to those who come near me The phrase “those who come near me” refers to the priests that serve Yahweh. “I will show those that come near to serve me that I am holy” or “Those who come near to serve me must treat me as holy” LEV 10 3 py8y figs-activepassive 0 I will be glorified before all the people This second part of Yahweh’s statement still concerns the priest, who are the ones who come near to Yahweh. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “They must glorify me before all the people” or “They must honor me in the presence of all the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 10 4 qzy6 translate-names 0 Mishael…Elzaphan…Uzziel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LEV 10 4 qzy6 translate-names 0 Mishael … Elzaphan … Uzziel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) LEV 10 4 bt7v 0 your brothers This does not mean they were literal brothers. Here “brothers” means relatives or cousins. LEV 10 5 qi3k 0 So they came near “So Mishael and Elzaphan came near” LEV 10 5 lmx1 0 carried them, still wearing their priestly tunics carried the bodies of Nadab and Abihu, which still had on the priestly tunics -LEV 10 6 w2ql translate-names 0 Eleazar…Ithamar These are the names of Aaron’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +LEV 10 6 w2ql translate-names 0 Eleazar … Ithamar These are the names of Aaron’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) LEV 10 6 zau7 translate-symaction 0 Do not let your hair on your heads hang loosely, and do not tear your clothes Yahweh is telling Aaron and his sons not to show any outward signs of grief or mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LEV 10 6 fv5t 0 so that you may not die “so that you will not die” LEV 10 6 pe72 figs-synecdoche 0 not be angry with all the assembly Here “assembly” means the whole congregation of Israel, not just a group of leaders. Alternate translation: “not be angry with all the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ LEV 10 15 y6r2 0 the breast the front part of the animal’s body below the ne LEV 10 15 e8hp figs-explicit 0 They will be yours and your sons’ with you as a share forever Translate this so it is understood that the portion belongs to Aaron and his sons. Alternate translation: “This portion will always be for you and your sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 10 16 n88w figs-activepassive 0 it was burned up This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the priests had burned it all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 10 16 ssj2 0 Eleazar and Ithamar See how you translated these names in [Leviticus 10:6](../10/06.md). -LEV 10 17 y3wc figs-rquestion 0 Why have you not eaten…before him? Moses uses a question to rebuke Eleazar and Ithamar. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have eaten…before him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LEV 10 17 y3wc figs-rquestion 0 Why have you not eaten … before him? Moses uses a question to rebuke Eleazar and Ithamar. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have eaten … before him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LEV 10 17 rz8i 0 since it is most holy “since the sin offering is most holy” LEV 10 17 d4e4 figs-metaphor 0 to take away the iniquity of the assembly Causing Yahweh to forgive the people of Israel is spoken of as if iniquity were an object that Yahweh takes from the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 10 17 m77r 0 before him “in his presence” @@ -493,14 +493,14 @@ LEV 11 11 lu6y figs-activepassive 0 their carcasses must be detested This can b LEV 11 12 mag2 figs-activepassive 0 is detestable to you This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must detest” or “you must completely reject” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 11 13 swz2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what he permits the people to eat and what he forbids them to eat. LEV 11 13 gs9h translate-unknown 0 vulture These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on rodents and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LEV 11 14 x7r3 translate-unknown 0 kite…falcon These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on rodents and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LEV 11 14 x7r3 translate-unknown 0 kite … falcon These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on rodents and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) LEV 11 15 mm47 translate-unknown 0 raven These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on rodents and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LEV 11 16 da3r translate-unknown 0 horned owl…screech owl…seagull…hawk These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on rodents and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LEV 11 16 da3r translate-unknown 0 horned owl … screech owl … seagull … hawk These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on rodents and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) LEV 11 17 w5sp 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what he permits the people to eat and what he forbids them to eat. -LEV 11 17 i5zy translate-unknown 0 little owl…great owl…the cormorant These are birds that eat rodents and insects and are awake mainly at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LEV 11 17 i5zy translate-unknown 0 little owl … great owl … the cormorant These are birds that eat rodents and insects and are awake mainly at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) LEV 11 17 kh6g 0 the great owl “the large owl” -LEV 11 18 thz2 translate-unknown 0 white owl…barn owl…osprey These are birds that eat rodents and insects and are awake mainly at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -LEV 11 19 tq7q 0 stork…heron These are birds that feed on rodents and lizards. +LEV 11 18 thz2 translate-unknown 0 white owl … barn owl … osprey These are birds that eat rodents and insects and are awake mainly at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +LEV 11 19 tq7q 0 stork … heron These are birds that feed on rodents and lizards. LEV 11 19 v489 translate-unknown 0 hoopoe These are birds that eat rodents and insects and are awake mainly at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) LEV 11 19 gzj5 0 bat Although not a bird, the bat is included in this list because it has wings and flies. It has a furry body and is awake mainly at night. It eats insects and rodents. LEV 11 20 x6ih 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what he permits the people to eat and what he forbids them to eat. @@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ LEV 11 24 le7c figs-activepassive 0 You will become unclean until evening by th LEV 11 24 brn3 figs-metaphor 0 You will become unclean A person who is unacceptable for God’s purposes because he has touched one of these dead animals is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 11 24 n92t 0 these animals This refers to the animals he is about to list in the following verses. LEV 11 26 c4ed 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron which animals the people are to consider unclean. -LEV 11 26 a8h8 figs-metaphor 0 Every animal…is unclean to you These animals that God declared to be unfit for the people to eat are spoken of as if they were physically dirty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 11 26 a8h8 figs-metaphor 0 Every animal … is unclean to you These animals that God declared to be unfit for the people to eat are spoken of as if they were physically dirty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 11 26 ul4d 0 split hoof This means a hoof that is split into two parts instead of being one whole. See how you translated these in [Leviticus 11:3](../11/03.md). LEV 11 26 akk4 0 chew the cud This means an animal that brings its food up from its stomach and chews it again. See how you translated these in [Leviticus 11:3](../11/03.md). LEV 11 26 y9xh figs-metaphor 0 Everyone who touches them will be unclean A person who is unacceptable for God’s purposes because he has touched one of these animals is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ LEV 11 30 qr8n translate-unknown 0 the gecko, the monitor lizard, the lizard, t LEV 11 30 iqq6 0 skink “sand lizard” LEV 11 31 iax2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron which animals the people are to consider unclean. LEV 11 31 e482 figs-metaphor 0 these are the animals which will be unclean to you These animals that God declared to be unfit for people to touch or eat are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 11 31 l2sr figs-metaphor 0 Whoever touches them…will be unclean A person who is unacceptable for God’s purposes because he has touched one of these dead animals is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 11 31 l2sr figs-metaphor 0 Whoever touches them … will be unclean A person who is unacceptable for God’s purposes because he has touched one of these dead animals is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 11 31 enp4 0 until evening “until sunset” LEV 11 32 b5he figs-metaphor 0 that thing will be unclean Something that God has declared to be unfit for people to touch because one of these dead animals has fallen on it is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. It is spoken of as physically clean after it has been washed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 11 32 sxi2 figs-metaphor 0 Then it will be clean Something that God has declared to be fit for people to touch after it has been washed is spoken of as if it were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ LEV 11 34 uwh4 figs-metaphor 0 unclean Food becomes unacceptable for the people LEV 11 35 tpt7 0 carcasses dead bodies LEV 11 35 dg8w figs-activepassive 0 must be broken to pieces This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must break it to pieces” or “You must shatter it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 11 36 a715 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron which animals the people are to consider unclean. -LEV 11 36 fcx9 figs-metaphor 0 A spring or cistern…remains clean Water that the people are permitted to drink from a spring or cistern is spoken of as if it were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 11 36 fcx9 figs-metaphor 0 A spring or cistern … remains clean Water that the people are permitted to drink from a spring or cistern is spoken of as if it were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 11 36 w98a figs-metaphor 0 carcass The dead body of an animal that God has declared to be unfit for the people to touch or eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 11 36 n5nn figs-metaphor 0 unclean A person who is unacceptable for God’s purposes because he has touched the carcass of one of these animals is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 11 37 t32e 0 seeds for planting “seeds that you intend to plant” @@ -548,13 +548,13 @@ LEV 11 39 nbv2 0 until evening “until sunset” LEV 11 41 hdn4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron which animals the people are to consider unclean. LEV 11 41 kd84 figs-activepassive 0 it must not be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must not eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 11 43 z93h 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron which animals the people are to consider unclean. -LEV 11 43 fzj2 figs-parallelism 0 You must not make yourselves unclean…you should be made impure by them Yahweh repeats the same idea twice in order to strengthen the command that they are not to eat any unclean animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +LEV 11 43 fzj2 figs-parallelism 0 You must not make yourselves unclean … you should be made impure by them Yahweh repeats the same idea twice in order to strengthen the command that they are not to eat any unclean animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) LEV 11 43 hj9h figs-metaphor 0 You must not make yourselves unclean A person who is unacceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 11 43 z5xl figs-activepassive 0 that you should be made impure by them This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that you are no longer pure because of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 11 46 kcj2 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes telling Moses and Aaron what he permits the people to eat and what he forbids them to eat. LEV 11 47 db9j figs-activepassive 0 for which a distinction is to be made between This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for which you must distinguish between” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 11 47 x81a figs-metaphor 0 between the unclean and the clean Animals that God declared to be unfit for the people to touch or eat are spoken of as if they were physically unclean, and those which he declared to be acceptable for the people to touch and eat are spoken of as if they were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 11 47 e7h6 figs-activepassive 0 that may be eaten…that may not be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you may eat…that you may not eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LEV 11 47 e7h6 figs-activepassive 0 that may be eaten … that may not be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you may eat … that you may not eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 12 intro p2iu 0 # Leviticus 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Menstruation

A woman was considered to be unclean after she began to bleed from her womb every month and after having a baby. This was because all blood was considered to be unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) LEV 12 2 wr5g figs-metaphor 0 she will be unclean A woman whom other people must not touch because she is bleeding from her womb is spoken of as if she were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 12 2 tuc3 figs-euphemism 0 during the days of her monthly period This refers to the time of the month when a woman bleeds from her womb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -582,19 +582,19 @@ LEV 13 5 g2eb 0 the priest must examine him Here “him” refers to the perso LEV 13 5 z468 0 if it has not spread in the skin This means if the skin disease has not increased in size or moved to other parts of the body. LEV 13 5 a6bj translate-ordinal 0 seventh day “day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LEV 13 5 yf3s translate-numbers 0 seven days “7 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LEV 13 6 cx9z figs-metaphor 0 the priest will pronounce him clean…he is clean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 13 6 cx9z figs-metaphor 0 the priest will pronounce him clean … he is clean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 13 6 wn1f 0 rash This is an area of the skin that is irritated, but the rash will not spread to other people. -LEV 13 7 g8y4 0 he…himself This refers to the person with the skin disease. +LEV 13 7 g8y4 0 he … himself This refers to the person with the skin disease. LEV 13 8 ym6d figs-metaphor 0 the priest must pronounce him unclean The man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 13 8 lsj4 0 infectious disease See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 13:3](../13/03.md). LEV 13 9 f447 figs-activepassive 0 he must be brought to the priest The priests determined if a disease was spreading. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone must bring him to the priest” or “he must go to the priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 13 10 y3fz 0 if there is raw flesh in the swelling Here “raw flesh” could refer to open sores on the skin or it could refer to new skin that has grown, but the area around it is still diseased. Either one indicates that the skin disease is not healing properly. LEV 13 11 l2em 0 chronic skin disease This is a disease that continues or reoccurs over a long period of time. -LEV 13 11 w1up figs-metaphor 0 the priest must pronounce him unclean…he is already unclean The man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 13 11 w1up figs-metaphor 0 the priest must pronounce him unclean … he is already unclean The man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 13 12 qi5y 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what the people must do when someone has a skin disease. -LEV 13 13 fw71 figs-metaphor 0 the priest must pronounce the person…he is clean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean and the man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 13 14 jl2x figs-metaphor 0 But if…he will be unclean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean and the man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 13 15 nz1y figs-metaphor 0 The priest must…pronounce him unclean because the raw flesh is unclean The man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 13 13 fw71 figs-metaphor 0 the priest must pronounce the person … he is clean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean and the man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 13 14 jl2x figs-metaphor 0 But if … he will be unclean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean and the man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 13 15 nz1y figs-metaphor 0 The priest must … pronounce him unclean because the raw flesh is unclean The man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 13 15 kj82 0 pronounce him unclean Here “him” refers to the person with the skin disease. LEV 13 15 uk5q 0 raw flesh See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 13:10](../13/10.md). LEV 13 15 c219 0 infectious disease See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 13:3](../13/03.md). @@ -622,11 +622,11 @@ LEV 13 32 qhf8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron LEV 13 33 li6b figs-activepassive 0 then he must be shaved, but the diseased area must not be shaved This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the person must shave the hair near the sore but not the hair on the sore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 13 34 rgq1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what the people must do when someone has a skin disease.” LEV 13 34 rr4u 0 the disease Here “the disease” refers to the disease on the person’s head or chin. -LEV 13 34 c5dp figs-metaphor 0 the priest must pronounce him clean…he will be clean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 13 34 c5dp figs-metaphor 0 the priest must pronounce him clean … he will be clean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 13 35 h8cg 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what the people must do when someone has a skin disease. LEV 13 35 xt5g figs-metaphor 0 after the priest said he was clean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 13 36 p6fx figs-metaphor 0 The person is unclean The man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 13 37 grx5 figs-metaphor 0 He is clean…him clean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 13 37 grx5 figs-metaphor 0 He is clean … him clean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 13 38 q6l2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what the people must do when someone has a skin disease. LEV 13 39 c13i 0 a dull white “a faded white” LEV 13 39 v8r7 0 rash See how you translated this word in [Leviticus 13:6](../13/06.md). @@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ LEV 13 40 x5du 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron LEV 13 40 b37h figs-metaphor 0 he is clean The person whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 13 42 f51i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what the people must do when someone has a skin disease. LEV 13 42 vwu4 0 infectious disease See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 13:3](../13/03.md). -LEV 13 44 i6x8 figs-metaphor 0 he is unclean…pronounce him unclean The person whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 13 44 i6x8 figs-metaphor 0 he is unclean … pronounce him unclean The person whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 13 45 fh19 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what the people must do when someone has a skin disease. LEV 13 45 m4ek figs-metaphor 0 Unclean, unclean The person whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 13 46 zw43 0 outside the camp The camp is the area where the majority of Israelites lived. The unclean person was not permitted to live among them because his disease may spread to others. @@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ LEV 13 57 t251 0 You must burn Here “you” does not refer to the priest spe LEV 13 58 bc84 figs-activepassive 0 if you wash the item This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “if the owner washes it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 13 58 kxv3 figs-activepassive 0 then the item must be washed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “then the owner must wash it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 13 58 bbr2 figs-metaphor 0 it will be clean Something that God has declared to be fit for people to touch is spoken of as if it were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 13 59 h1gy 0 mildew in a garment…made with leather See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 13:47-48](./47.md). +LEV 13 59 h1gy 0 mildew in a garment … made with leather See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 13:47-48](./47.md). LEV 13 59 llt7 0 so that you may pronounce it “so that a priest may declare it” LEV 13 59 h98k figs-metaphor 0 clean or unclean Something that God has declared to be fit for people to touch is spoken of as if it were physically clean and something that God has declared to be unfit for people to touch is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 14 intro u79h 0 # Leviticus 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Skin disease and mildew

This chapter addresses the ways a priest was to decide if a person had a skin disease, which would make a person unclean. This was important because these diseases could have easily spread among the people in the ancient Near East. This was also true for the things which could have touched a person’s skin. This chapter explains how the priest was to treat the person suffering with a skin disease. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) @@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ LEV 14 12 i44p translate-bvolume 0 log One log is 0.31 liters. (See: [[rc://en/ LEV 14 13 i44q 0 in the area of the tabernacle This phrase clarifies the previous phrase and further defines where the priest was to kill the lamb. LEV 14 14 pnv5 figs-activepassive 0 the person who is to be cleansed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the person he is cleansing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 14 15 zyb9 translate-bvolume 0 log One log is 0.31 liters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) -LEV 14 16 f3cv 0 sprinkle some of the oil…before Yahweh “sprinkle some of the oil…in Yahweh’s presence.” There is no indication of what the priest sprinkled the oil on. +LEV 14 16 f3cv 0 sprinkle some of the oil … before Yahweh “sprinkle some of the oil … in Yahweh’s presence.” There is no indication of what the priest sprinkled the oil on. LEV 14 17 l7kz 0 the rest of the oil in his hand “the rest of the oil that is in his hand” LEV 14 17 c24c figs-activepassive 0 the person to be cleansed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the person whom he is cleansing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 14 18 vmy1 0 before Yahweh “in Yahweh’s presence” @@ -699,13 +699,13 @@ LEV 14 19 hs6x figs-activepassive 0 him who is to be cleansed This can be trans LEV 14 20 jn3n figs-metaphor 0 he will be clean The person whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 14 21 n7vg 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what the people must do when someone is cleansed of a skin disease. LEV 14 21 c76j 0 cannot afford “does not have enough money to buy” -LEV 14 21 azv9 figs-activepassive 0 to be waved…for himself This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the priest will wave…for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LEV 14 21 azv9 figs-activepassive 0 to be waved … for himself This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the priest will wave … for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 14 21 hwj7 translate-bvolume 0 one-tenth of an ephah One-tenth of an ephah is 22 liters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) LEV 14 21 aj8d translate-bvolume 0 log One log is 0.31 liters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) LEV 14 24 u8i7 translate-bvolume 0 log One log is 0.31 liters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) LEV 14 25 g7wh figs-activepassive 0 the one who is to be cleansed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one he is cleansing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 14 26 cf5d 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what the people must do when someone is cleansed of a skin disease. -LEV 14 27 lk7b 0 sprinkle…some of the oil…before Yahweh “sprinkle…some of the oil…in Yahweh’s presence.” There is no indication of what the priest sprinkled the oil on. +LEV 14 27 lk7b 0 sprinkle … some of the oil … before Yahweh “sprinkle … some of the oil … in Yahweh’s presence.” There is no indication of what the priest sprinkled the oil on. LEV 14 28 n3d5 figs-activepassive 0 the one who is to be cleansed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one he is cleansing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 14 30 hg23 0 He must offer “The priest must offer” LEV 14 31 ap91 figs-activepassive 0 the one who is to be cleansed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one he is cleansing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -725,11 +725,11 @@ LEV 14 41 z2is figs-activepassive 0 the contaminated material that is scraped o LEV 14 41 y6tq figs-metaphor 0 the unclean place A place that is unfit for people to occupy or to be used for God’s purposes is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 14 42 bs5w figs-activepassive 0 the stones that were removed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the stones that they removed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 14 42 p5i3 0 they must use new clay to plaster the house “they must cover the stones with new clay” -LEV 14 43 bcz7 figs-activepassive 0 in the house…then replastered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “in the house after the owner takes away the stones, scrapes the walls, and covers the new stones with clay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LEV 14 43 bcz7 figs-activepassive 0 in the house … then replastered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “in the house after the owner takes away the stones, scrapes the walls, and covers the new stones with clay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 14 44 m5cx figs-metaphor 0 the house is unclean A house that is unfit for people to occupy is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 14 45 j2th figs-activepassive 0 The house must be torn down This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “They must tear the house down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 14 45 hu1d figs-activepassive 0 The stones, timber, and all the plaster in the house must be carried away This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “They must carry away the stones, timber, and all the plaster in the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 14 46 je7y figs-metaphor 0 whoever goes into the house…will be unclean A person whom other people may not touch and who is not acceptable for God’s purposes because he has entered the house is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 14 46 je7y figs-metaphor 0 whoever goes into the house … will be unclean A person whom other people may not touch and who is not acceptable for God’s purposes because he has entered the house is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 14 46 si4v 0 until evening “until sunset” LEV 14 48 aw4s figs-activepassive 0 the house was plastered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the owner put new clay on the stones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 14 48 h8ex figs-metaphor 0 he will pronounce the house clean A place that is fit for people to occupy is spoken of as if it were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -740,13 +740,13 @@ LEV 14 53 x2at figs-metaphor 0 it will be clean A house that is fit for people LEV 14 54 f451 0 infectious skin disease See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 13:3](../13/03.md). LEV 14 55 e1sz 0 mildew See how you translated this word in [Leviticus 13:47](../13/47.md). LEV 14 56 qrw5 0 rash See how you translated this word in [Leviticus 13:6](../13/06.md). -LEV 14 57 mf15 figs-metaphor 0 unclean or…clean People and items that other people may not touch are spoken of as if they were physically unclean, and those which people may touch are spoken of as if they were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 14 57 mf15 figs-metaphor 0 unclean or … clean People and items that other people may not touch are spoken of as if they were physically unclean, and those which people may touch are spoken of as if they were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 intro zp3s 0 # Leviticus 15 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Bodily fluid
This chapter discusses fluids that come out of the body. These fluids caused a person to be unclean because of their potential to cause diseases. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

### Cleanliness
While these rules about cleanliness are intended to benefit the Israelites and promote their health, they also were about making Israel into a separate and holy nation, different from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) LEV 15 2 rq7z figs-euphemism 0 comes out of his body This refers to the man’s private parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) LEV 15 2 t2h2 figs-metaphor 0 he becomes unclean The person whom other people may not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 3 z6ih 0 it is unclean “his body is unclean” or “he is unclean” LEV 15 4 r4wq figs-metaphor 0 unclean The bed or anything that the man sits on that other people must not touch are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 15 5 eph5 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever touches his bed…be unclean The person whom other people may not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 15 5 eph5 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever touches his bed … be unclean The person whom other people may not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 5 u9ae 0 until evening “until sunset” LEV 15 6 en8z figs-metaphor 0 he will be unclean The person whom other people may not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 6 ufk1 0 until evening “until sunset” @@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ LEV 15 7 sr1b 0 who touches the body “who touches any part of the body” LEV 15 8 j7ua figs-metaphor 0 someone who is clean The person whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 8 y923 figs-metaphor 0 he will be unclean The person whom other people may not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 9 vfp5 0 saddle A saddle is a leather seat that a person puts on the back of a horse in order to ride it. -LEV 15 9 v5rf figs-metaphor 0 Any saddle…will be unclean Something that Yahweh has stated is unfit to touch is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 15 9 v5rf figs-metaphor 0 Any saddle … will be unclean Something that Yahweh has stated is unfit to touch is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 10 qs6j 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what the people must do to avoid infection. LEV 15 10 dsi4 0 that person This refers to the person with the infected fluid. LEV 15 10 t3d9 figs-metaphor 0 will be unclean The person whom other people may not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ LEV 15 13 g7s1 figs-metaphor 0 is cleansed from his flow The man recovering fro LEV 15 13 r4t4 figs-metaphor 0 Then he will be clean The man whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 16 p5mn figs-metaphor 0 unclean until evening People and objects that other people must not touch are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 16 e7cj 0 until evening “until sunset” -LEV 15 17 nnc6 figs-activepassive 0 Every garment…must be washed with water This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone must wash with water every garment or leather on which there is semen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LEV 15 17 nnc6 figs-activepassive 0 Every garment … must be washed with water This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone must wash with water every garment or leather on which there is semen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 15 18 m4i8 figs-euphemism 0 man lies with a woman This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “man has sexual relations with a woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) LEV 15 19 jke6 0 menstruates This word refers to the time when blood flows from a woman’s womb. LEV 15 19 qi1y 0 her impurity will continue “she will continue to be impure” @@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ LEV 15 24 qy1k figs-metaphor 0 will be unclean People and objects that other pe LEV 15 25 he4r 0 she will be as if she were in the days of her period This means that if the woman bleeds from her womb at any time other than her regular menstruation time, she is still unclean just like during her menstruation. LEV 15 25 z9ja figs-metaphor 0 She is unclean People whom other people may not touch are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 26 k8wz figs-metaphor 0 everything on which she sits will be unclean Objects that other people must not touch are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 15 27 n6w8 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever touches…will be unclean People whom other people may not touch are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 15 27 n6w8 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever touches … will be unclean People whom other people may not touch are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 28 b471 0 But if she The word “she” refers to the woman who is menstruating. LEV 15 28 q2f4 figs-metaphor 0 is cleansed from her flow of blood The woman recovering from her bleeding is spoken of as if she becomes physically clean. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “recovers from her flow of blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 15 28 aw6t figs-metaphor 0 she will be clean The woman whom other people may touch is spoken of as if she were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ LEV 16 5 sb1l 0 from the assembly “from the congregation” LEV 16 6 pz6c 0 the sin offering, which will be for himself “the sin offering for himself” LEV 16 8 x47b 0 the scapegoat “the goat that is sent away.” Aaron was to have someone set the goat free in the wilderness. LEV 16 9 zfb1 0 on which the lot fell “which the lot designated” -LEV 16 10 w2u4 figs-activepassive 0 But the goat…must be brought alive before Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But Aaron must bring the goat…alive before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LEV 16 10 w2u4 figs-activepassive 0 But the goat … must be brought alive before Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But Aaron must bring the goat … alive before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 16 11 ry4v 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what Aaron must do on the Day of Atonement. LEV 16 11 gla3 figs-explicit 0 he must kill the bull Aaron would catch the blood of the bull in a bowl so he could later sprinkle it on the atonement lid. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 16 12 qg8f 0 censer a container for fire and incense, used by the priests @@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ LEV 16 14 c3u7 0 before the atonement lid This could mean: (1) “below the at LEV 16 15 y7sm 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what Aaron must do on the Day of Atonement. LEV 16 15 z5rn 0 He must sprinkle it on the atonement lid and then before the atonement lid Aaron sprinkled the blood in the same manner that he did with the bull’s blood. See how you translated the previous instructions in [Leviticus 16:14](../16/14.md). LEV 16 16 p9s9 0 He must make atonement for the holy place because of the unclean actions of the people of Israel The sins of the people of Israel made the holy place unclean. -LEV 16 16 p2fa 0 unclean actions…rebellion…sins These words mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people have committed all kinds of sins. +LEV 16 16 p2fa 0 unclean actions … rebellion … sins These words mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people have committed all kinds of sins. LEV 16 16 ie53 figs-metaphor 0 unclean actions Sinful actions which make people unacceptable to Yahweh are spoken of as if they were physically unclean actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 16 16 c3bl figs-metonymy 0 in the presence of their unclean actions The phrase “their unclean actions” represents the people who commit sinful actions. Alternate translation: “in the presence of people who commit sinful actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LEV 16 18 jra4 0 He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh This is the altar of sacrifice just inside the courtyard of the tabernacle. @@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ LEV 16 19 im8f figs-metaphor 0 the unclean actions Sinful actions which make pe LEV 16 20 c4dz 0 he must present the live goat This goat is called the scapegoat in verse [Leviticus 16:10](../16/10.md). LEV 16 21 ak31 0 confess over him “confess over the goat” LEV 16 21 luj7 translate-symaction 0 he must put that sinfulness on the head of the goat Aaron’s actions here were a symbolic transfer of the people’s sin to the goat as a sign that the goat would bear the punishment for their guilt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LEV 16 21 xn8e 0 wickedness…rebellion…sins These all mean basically the same thing. Aaron is confessing every kind of sin that the people committed. +LEV 16 21 xn8e 0 wickedness … rebellion … sins These all mean basically the same thing. Aaron is confessing every kind of sin that the people committed. LEV 16 23 d54v 0 take off the linen garments These were the special garments Aaron wore only when he entered the most holy place. LEV 16 24 aje8 0 He must bathe his body in water in a holy place Here “holy place” does not refer to the tent of meeting. This was a different place set aside for him to bathe himself. LEV 16 24 am7z 0 put on his normal garments These are the clothes that Aaron wore for his ordinary duties. @@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ LEV 16 27 siz5 0 their hides “their skins.” Here “their” refers to the LEV 16 29 xdf2 figs-you 0 for you The word “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) LEV 16 29 b4lj translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The tenth day is near the end of September on the western calendar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LEV 16 30 x3yt figs-activepassive 0 atonement will be made for you This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Aaron will make atonement for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 16 30 qxv8 figs-metaphor 0 to cleanse you…so you will be clean People who are acceptable for God’s purposes are spoken of as if they were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 16 30 qxv8 figs-metaphor 0 to cleanse you … so you will be clean People who are acceptable for God’s purposes are spoken of as if they were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 16 31 aut2 0 It is a solemn Sabbath of rest for you This is not the same as the Sabbath they observed every week on the seventh day. This was a special Sabbath on the Day of Atonement. LEV 16 32 xf3g figs-activepassive 0 the one who will be anointed and ordained This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one they will anoint and ordain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 16 32 t3xf 0 in his father’s place When the high priest died, one of his sons would replace him. @@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ LEV 17 9 zxi2 figs-metaphor 0 that man must be cut off from his people A person LEV 17 10 c9dr figs-idiom 0 I will set my face against that person This idiom means he “firmly decided.” Alternate translation: “I have made up my mind to oppose that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LEV 17 10 q7r6 0 will set my face against “will stare angrily at” LEV 17 10 ppg2 figs-metaphor 0 I will cut him off from among his people A person being excluded from his community is spoken of as if he had been cut off from his people, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “I will not permit that person to live among his people any longer” or “I will separate that person from his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 17 11 nv7w 0 For the life of an animal is in its blood…that atones for the life This means God uses the blood to atone for the sins of the people because the blood is life. The people should not consume the blood because it has this special purpose. +LEV 17 11 nv7w 0 For the life of an animal is in its blood … that atones for the life This means God uses the blood to atone for the sins of the people because the blood is life. The people should not consume the blood because it has this special purpose. LEV 17 12 vd5b 0 I said Here “I” refers to Yahweh. LEV 17 12 c3ee 0 no one among you must eat blood “no one among you may eat meat with blood in it” LEV 17 13 s1lw figs-activepassive 0 that may be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that I have said they may eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ LEV 17 14 z1sc figs-metaphor 0 Whoever eats it must be cut off A person being e LEV 17 15 r2v4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. LEV 17 15 bxq4 figs-metaphor 0 that has been torn by wild animals An animal being killed by wild animals is spoken of as if the wild animals tore the animal to pieces. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that wild animals have killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 17 15 he4j 0 is native born “is an Israelite” -LEV 17 15 iyc3 figs-metaphor 0 he will be unclean…Then he will be clean The person whom other people may not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean and the person whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 17 15 iyc3 figs-metaphor 0 he will be unclean … Then he will be clean The person whom other people may not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean and the person whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 17 15 fi2a 0 until the evening “until sunset” LEV 17 16 mf2b figs-metaphor 0 then he must carry his guilt A person’s guilt is spoken of as if it were a physical object that the person carries. Here the word “guilt” represents the punishment for that guilt. Alternate translation: “then he is responsible for his own guilt” or “then I will punish him for his sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LEV 18 intro q7q3 0 # Leviticus 18 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Uncovering nakedness

To “uncover nakedness” is a euphemism for having sexual relations with someone. This chapter gives many examples of people with whom Israelites were not to have sexual relations. @@ -908,9 +908,9 @@ LEV 18 25 l4iy figs-metaphor 0 the land vomited out its inhabitants Yahweh forc LEV 18 26 le34 0 any of these detestable things “any of these disgusting things” LEV 18 27 jm4d 0 this is the wickedness This refers to “these detestable things.” LEV 18 28 swd7 0 Therefore be careful “Therefore be careful to obey me” -LEV 18 28 a2rf figs-metaphor 0 so that the land does not vomit you up…as it vomited out the people Yahweh forcibly removing the people from the land is spoken of as if the land were a person who vomited the people out. See how you translated this metaphor in [Leviticus 18:25](../18/25.md). Alternate translation: “so that I do forcibly remove you from the land…as I forcibly removed the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +LEV 18 28 a2rf figs-metaphor 0 so that the land does not vomit you up … as it vomited out the people Yahweh forcibly removing the people from the land is spoken of as if the land were a person who vomited the people out. See how you translated this metaphor in [Leviticus 18:25](../18/25.md). Alternate translation: “so that I do forcibly remove you from the land … as I forcibly removed the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LEV 18 29 va51 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes telling Moses what the people must not do. -LEV 18 29 kls3 figs-metaphor 0 the persons…will be cut off from among their people People being excluded from the community is spoken of as if they had been cut off from their people, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the persons…may no longer live among their people” or “you must separate the persons…from their people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LEV 18 29 kls3 figs-metaphor 0 the persons … will be cut off from among their people People being excluded from the community is spoken of as if they had been cut off from their people, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the persons … may no longer live among their people” or “you must separate the persons … from their people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 18 30 cz9s figs-activepassive 0 which were practiced here before you This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “which the people did here before you came” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 18 30 k2fr 0 by them Here “them” refers to the detestable customs. LEV 19 intro q5dy 0 # Leviticus 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Obeying Yahweh

Being holy meant obeying Yahweh in all matters of a person’s life. It is not limited to offering correct sacrifices. The law helped to establish righteousness in a person’s life, as well as justice in Israel. In Israel, these concepts are closely related. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) @@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ LEV 19 6 l911 figs-activepassive 0 It must be eaten This can be translated in a LEV 19 6 en6s figs-activepassive 0 it must be burned This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must burn it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 19 7 prl2 figs-activepassive 0 If it is eaten at all This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you eat any of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 19 7 x3pj figs-activepassive 0 it must not be accepted To eat the offering after the designated time is against God and increases the guilt the offering was to cover. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You may not accept it for eating” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 19 8 z5l5 figs-metaphor 0 everyone…must carry his own guilt A person’s guilt is spoken of as if it were a physical object that the person carries. Here the word “guilt” represents the punishment for that guilt. Alternate translation: “everyone…is responsible for his own guilt” or “Yahweh will punish everyone…for his sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LEV 19 8 z5l5 figs-metaphor 0 everyone … must carry his own guilt A person’s guilt is spoken of as if it were a physical object that the person carries. Here the word “guilt” represents the punishment for that guilt. Alternate translation: “everyone … is responsible for his own guilt” or “Yahweh will punish everyone … for his sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LEV 19 8 hb89 figs-metaphor 0 that person must be cut off from his people A person being excluded from his community is spoken of as if he had been cut off from his people, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. This can be translated in active form. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 7:20](../07/20.md). Alternate translation: “that person may no longer live among his people” or “you must separate that person from his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 19 9 qum7 0 When you reap the harvest of your land, you must not completely reap the corners of your field “When you gather your crops, do not gather all the way to the edges of your fields” LEV 19 9 nrx9 figs-explicit 0 neither will you gather all the produce of your harvest This refers to the practice of going back over the fields a second time to gather any produce that remained after the first time. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and do not go back and pick up all that you left behind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -945,7 +945,7 @@ LEV 19 20 nfy4 figs-activepassive 0 They must not be put to death This can be t LEV 19 21 ea3a 0 A man must bring his guilt offering to Yahweh to the entrance to the tent of meeting—a ram as a guilt offering “A man must bring a ram as a guilt offering to Yahweh to the entrance of the tent of meeting” LEV 19 22 ff4r figs-activepassive 0 the sin which he has committed will be forgiven This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sin which he has committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 19 23 xz6e 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do. -LEV 19 23 ge88 figs-parallelism 0 then you must regard the fruit they produce as forbidden to be eaten…It must not be eaten Yahweh repeats the prohibition in order to emphasize it and to clarify that it is in force for the first three years that the tree bears fruit. Translate this to clarify the period of time the trees must be left alone. Alternate translation: “then you must not eat the fruit of the trees for the first three years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +LEV 19 23 ge88 figs-parallelism 0 then you must regard the fruit they produce as forbidden to be eaten … It must not be eaten Yahweh repeats the prohibition in order to emphasize it and to clarify that it is in force for the first three years that the tree bears fruit. Translate this to clarify the period of time the trees must be left alone. Alternate translation: “then you must not eat the fruit of the trees for the first three years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) LEV 19 23 qe8e figs-activepassive 0 you must regard the fruit they produce as forbidden to be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must regard the fruit they produce as something that I have forbidden you to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 19 23 q42h figs-activepassive 0 The fruit must be forbidden to you This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have forbidden the fruit to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 19 23 qi36 figs-activepassive 0 It must not be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must not eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ LEV 19 32 kg1f 0 the gray-headed person This refers to a person whose hair has LEV 19 35 l6ke 0 Do not use false measures This prohibits the practice of intentionally using instruments that give inaccurate readings when measuring things. LEV 19 36 wsl8 translate-bvolume 0 ephah This was a measurement for grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) LEV 19 36 s1cm translate-bvolume 0 hin This was a measurement for liquids. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) -LEV 19 37 m4f5 figs-doublet 0 must obey…and do them These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the command for obedience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +LEV 19 37 m4f5 figs-doublet 0 must obey … and do them These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the command for obedience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LEV 20 intro tvf2 0 # Leviticus 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Punishments for serious sins

This chapter compiles a list of serious sins. The most serious sins are punished by death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Euphemism

“To see someone’s nakedness” means to live as husband wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])

### Metaphor
The phrase “you must carry your own guilt” is a metaphor. It is unknown what this means, but it is possible it indicates a penalty of death. LEV 20 2 b75v figs-explicit 0 gives any of his children to Molech Those who worshiped Molech sacrificed their children to him by means of fire. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “kills any of his children as a sacrifice to Molech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 20 2 wp2c figs-activepassive 0 must certainly be put to death. The people in the land must stone him with stones This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people in the land must stone him to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1052,7 +1052,7 @@ LEV 22 4 r3xg figs-metaphor 0 Whoever touches anything unclean Something that Y LEV 22 4 y1ym 0 through contact with the dead “by touching a dead body” LEV 22 4 g41m figs-activepassive 0 the sacrifices made to Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices that someone has offered to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 22 5 in85 figs-explicit 0 or whoever touches any creeping animal that makes him unclean, or any person who makes him unclean This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “or whoever is unclean from touching a creeping animal or from touching another unclean person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LEV 22 6 a8tz figs-metaphor 0 the priest…will be unclean A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LEV 22 6 a8tz figs-metaphor 0 the priest … will be unclean A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 22 6 v9vm 0 until evening “until sunset” LEV 22 7 w1dk figs-metaphor 0 he will then be clean “the priest will then be considered clean.” A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 22 8 tve2 figs-activepassive 0 found dead or killed by wild animals This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that someone found dead or that a wild animal has killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ LEV 23 39 i44i 0 Festival of Shelters This is a celebration during which the p LEV 23 39 s52d translate-hebrewmonths 0 fifteenth day of the seventh month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The fifteenth day is near the beginning of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LEV 23 39 mz9z figs-synecdoche 0 when you have gathered in the fruits The word “fruits” here represents various kinds of crops. Alternate translation: “after you have gathered the crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) LEV 23 40 br1c 0 General Information: Yahweh continues his instructions for the Festival of Shelters. -LEV 23 40 ven2 figs-explicit 0 branches of palm trees…willows from streams Possible uses for these branches are (1) to make temporary shelters or (2) to wave them as part of their joyous celebration. Some translations state their use clearly; other translations leave it implicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LEV 23 40 ven2 figs-explicit 0 branches of palm trees … willows from streams Possible uses for these branches are (1) to make temporary shelters or (2) to wave them as part of their joyous celebration. Some translations state their use clearly; other translations leave it implicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 23 40 cnz9 translate-unknown 0 willows trees with long, narrow leaves, which grow near water (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) LEV 23 42 w2iy 0 General Information: Yahweh continues his instructions for the Festival of Shelters. LEV 23 43 ig75 figs-idiom 0 your descendants, generation after generation, may learn “Generation after generation” here is an idiom that refers to each generation that lives after another. Alternate translation: “your descendants belonging to all future generations may learn” or “all your descendants may learn forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1178,9 +1178,9 @@ LEV 25 intro z6ra 0 # Leviticus 25 General Notes
## Special concepts in th LEV 25 2 e4st figs-personification 0 the land must be made to keep a Sabbath for Yahweh The land is spoken of as if it were a person that could obey the Sabbath by resting. Just as the people had to rest every seventh day, people were to honor God by not farming the land every seventh year. Alternate translation: “you must obey the Sabbath law by letting the land rest every seventh year for Yahweh” or “you must obey Yahweh’s Sabbath by not farming the land every seventh year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 25 3 bf66 0 prune your vineyard To prune a vineyard is to cut the branches and vines to help the fruit grow better. LEV 25 4 dc2m figs-activepassive 0 a Sabbath of solemn rest for the land must be observed Not farming the land is spoken of as letting the land rest. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must observe a Sabbath of solemn rest for the land” or “you must obey the Sabbath law by not farming the land every seventh year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 25 5 jtb8 0 You must not conduct…for the land Yahweh will not allow the owner of a field to organize his workers and harvest the land as he does the other six years. However, Yahweh will allow individuals to go through the fields to pick and eat the fruit they find. +LEV 25 5 jtb8 0 You must not conduct … for the land Yahweh will not allow the owner of a field to organize his workers and harvest the land as he does the other six years. However, Yahweh will allow individuals to go through the fields to pick and eat the fruit they find. LEV 25 5 mxc6 figs-activepassive 0 your unpruned vines This means that no one has taken care of the vines and cut them as they do during the other six years. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your vines that you do not prune” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 25 6 ixl4 0 Whatever the unworked land…who live with you may gather food Yahweh will not allow the owner of a field to organize his workers and harvest the land as he does the other six years. However, Yahweh will allow individuals to go through the fields to pick and eat the fruit they find. +LEV 25 6 ixl4 0 Whatever the unworked land … who live with you may gather food Yahweh will not allow the owner of a field to organize his workers and harvest the land as he does the other six years. However, Yahweh will allow individuals to go through the fields to pick and eat the fruit they find. LEV 25 6 h8qg 0 Whatever the unworked land grows “whatever grows on the unworked land” LEV 25 6 itc3 figs-activepassive 0 the unworked land This means that no one has taken care of the gardens or farms as they do during the other six years. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your gardens that you do not tend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 25 7 v4ie 0 whatever the land produces “whatever grows on the land” @@ -1258,7 +1258,7 @@ LEV 26 6 m5jk 0 I will give peace in the land “I will cause there to be peac LEV 26 6 s3gb figs-metonymy 0 the sword will not pass through your land Here the word “sword” represents enemy armies or enemy attacks. Alternate translation: “no armies will attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LEV 26 7 xxd1 figs-activepassive 0 they will fall before you by the sword Here “falling” represents dying, and “the sword” represents either attacking people with a sword or battle in general. Alternate translation: “they will die when you attack them with the sword” or “you will kill them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 26 8 nd6t 0 Five of you will chase away a hundred, and a hundred of you will chase ten thousand This means the Israelites will have victory against larger armies. -LEV 26 8 hvk7 translate-numbers 0 Five…hundred…ten thousand “5…100…10,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LEV 26 8 hvk7 translate-numbers 0 Five … hundred … ten thousand “5…100…10,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) LEV 26 9 p7zz 0 I will look at you with favor “I will show you favor” or “I will bless you” LEV 26 9 fq7x figs-doublet 0 make you fruitful and multiply you These two phrases refer to God causing them to have many descendants so they become a large group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LEV 26 9 l7q1 figs-metaphor 0 make you fruitful God speaks of them having many children as if they were trees that bear a lot of fruit. Alternate translation: “cause you to have many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@ LEV 26 27 l2dr figs-metonymy 0 If you do not listen to me Listening represents LEV 26 27 gbl4 figs-metaphor 0 to walk against me Walking represents behavior. Walking against someone represents opposing him or fighting against him. Alternate translation: “to oppose me” or “to fight against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 26 28 y7le figs-metaphor 0 I will walk against you Walking represents behavior. Walking against someone represents opposing him or fighting against him. Alternate translation: “I will oppose you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 26 28 l1fi figs-idiom 0 I will punish you even seven more times as much Here “seven more times” is not literal. It means Yahweh will increase the severity of his punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LEV 26 30 i3eb figs-metonymy 0 I will destroy…cut down…throw your corpses Because God would send an army to do these things, he speaks as if he would do them. Alternate translation: “I will send an enemy army to destroy…cut down…throw your corpses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LEV 26 30 i3eb figs-metonymy 0 I will destroy … cut down … throw your corpses Because God would send an army to do these things, he speaks as if he would do them. Alternate translation: “I will send an enemy army to destroy … cut down … throw your corpses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LEV 26 30 fnw5 0 your corpses “your dead bodies” LEV 26 30 hay8 figs-metaphor 0 the corpses of your idols God speaks of idols not being alive as if they had been alive and then died. Alternate translation: “your lifeless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 26 31 d1nw figs-metonymy 0 I will turn your cities into ruins and destroy your sanctuaries Because God would send armies to do these things, he speaks as if he would do them. Alternate translation: “I will send enemy armies to turn your cities into ruins and destroy your sanctuaries” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1338,21 +1338,21 @@ LEV 27 intro u6u9 0 # Leviticus 27 General Notes
## Special concepts in th LEV 27 2 ds9v figs-explicit 0 If anyone makes a special vow to Yahweh In this case the vow would involve giving oneself or another person to God. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “If anyone vows to give someone to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 27 2 w962 figs-explicit 0 use the following valuations Instead of giving the person, he would give the Lord a certain amount of silver. AT “use the following values as your gift to the Lord in place of the person” or “give the Lord the following amounts of silver instead of the person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 27 3 dj1b 0 Your standard value “The amount to pay” or “You must pay” -LEV 27 3 ju46 translate-numbers 0 twenty…sixty…fifty “20…60…50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LEV 27 3 ju46 translate-numbers 0 twenty … sixty … fifty “20…60…50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) LEV 27 3 hy8z translate-bweight 0 fifty shekels of silver If it is necessary to use modern weight units, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “fifty pieces of silver, each of which weighs ten grams” or “five hundred grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) LEV 27 3 fr3t translate-bweight 0 after the shekel of the sanctuary There were shekels of different weights. This is the one that people had to use in the sanctuary of the sacred tent. It weighed about 11 grams. Alternate translation: “Use the kind of shekel that is used in the sanctuary” or “When you weigh the silver, use the weight that is used in the sanctuary” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) LEV 27 4 mcw3 translate-bweight 0 thirty shekels If it is necessary to use modern weight units, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “thirty pieces of silver, each of which weighs ten grams” or “three hundred grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) LEV 27 4 w2sh translate-numbers 0 thirty “30” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -LEV 27 5 vd4e translate-numbers 0 five…twenty…ten “3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LEV 27 5 vd4e translate-numbers 0 five … twenty … ten “3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) LEV 27 5 pit4 0 your standard value “the amount to pay” or “you must pay” LEV 27 5 e8ag translate-bweight 0 twenty shekels If it is necessary to use modern weight units, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “twenty pieces of silver” or “two hundred grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) LEV 27 5 y1cx figs-ellipsis 0 for the female ten shekels The phrases “of that age” and “your standard value must be” are left out, but are meant to be understood. Alternate translation: “for the female of that age your standard value must be ten shekels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LEV 27 5 z1uc translate-bweight 0 ten shekels If it is necessary to use modern weight units, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “ten pieces of silver” or “one hundred grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) LEV 27 6 r5vd translate-bweight 0 five shekels of silver If it is necessary to use modern weight units, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “five pieces of silver” or “fifty grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -LEV 27 6 rw4c translate-numbers 0 five…three “5…3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LEV 27 6 rw4c translate-numbers 0 five … three “5…3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) LEV 27 6 r13l translate-bweight 0 three shekels If it is necessary to use modern weight units, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “three pieces of silver” or “thirty grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) LEV 27 7 cry4 0 sixty years old and up “sixty years old and older” -LEV 27 7 xmg4 translate-numbers 0 sixty…fifteen…ten “60…15…10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +LEV 27 7 xmg4 translate-numbers 0 sixty … fifteen … ten “60…15…10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) LEV 27 7 n5vt translate-bweight 0 fifteen shekels If it is necessary to use modern weight units, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “fifteen pieces of silver” or “150 grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) LEV 27 7 wau8 figs-ellipsis 0 for a female ten shekels The phrases “of that age” and “your standard value must be” are left out, but are meant to be understood. Alternate translation: “for a female of that age your standard value must be ten shekels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LEV 27 8 ucc6 figs-activepassive 0 the person being given must be presented to the priest This can be stated in active form. AT “he must present to the priest the person he is giving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1373,7 +1373,7 @@ LEV 27 20 kl7j figs-activepassive 0 it cannot be redeemed any more This can be LEV 27 20 grb9 figs-explicit 0 If he does not redeem the field The time for redeeming the field can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: If he does not redeem the field before the year of Jubilee” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 27 21 ip9r 0 in the year of Jubilee “in the year of restoration” or “the year for you to return land and free slaves.” This was a year when the Jews had to return land to its original owners and set slaves free See how you translated it in [Leviticus 25:13](../25/13.md) LEV 27 21 nx1t figs-activepassive 0 that has been completely given to Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that someone has completely given to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 27 24 aiu1 0 the man from whom it was bought…the land’s owner These two phases refer to the same person. Normally the land would be bought from its owner. +LEV 27 24 aiu1 0 the man from whom it was bought … the land’s owner These two phases refer to the same person. Normally the land would be bought from its owner. LEV 27 24 dd64 figs-activepassive 0 the man from whom it was bought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the man who sold it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 27 25 kd47 figs-activepassive 0 All the valuations must be set This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The priests must determine the estimated values” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 27 25 sj13 translate-bweight 0 by the weight of the sanctuary shekel There were shekels of different weights. This is the one that people had to use in the sanctuary of the sacred tent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) diff --git a/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv b/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv index 41742d1a3..9b11366c6 100644 --- a/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv +++ b/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ NUM 1 3 p8dc translate-numbers 0 twenty years old “20 years old” (See: [[rc NUM 1 3 tg9n 0 record the number of men in their armed groups This refers to assigning the men to their military divisions. NUM 1 4 y2qy 0 a clan head “a leader of a clan” NUM 1 4 dd67 0 serve with you “help you” -NUM 1 5 gs4a translate-names 0 Elizur…Shedeur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 1 6 m6h9 translate-names 0 Shelumiel…Zurishaddai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 1 5 gs4a translate-names 0 Elizur … Shedeur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 1 6 m6h9 translate-names 0 Shelumiel … Zurishaddai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 1 7 v2h6 translate-names 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to list the leaders of the tribes to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 1 10 s2ix translate-names 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to list the leaders of the tribes to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 1 12 qi27 translate-names 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to list the leaders of the tribes to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -18,34 +18,34 @@ NUM 1 16 r5lf figs-activepassive 0 the men appointed This can be stated in acti NUM 1 17 g4kg 0 took these men “gathered these men together” NUM 1 17 tgy4 figs-activepassive 0 who were recorded by name This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose names they had recorded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 18 me3i translate-hebrewmonths 0 the first day of the second month This is the second month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of April on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Numbers 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -NUM 1 18 nt8v figs-parallelism 0 Then each man…identified his ancestry. He had to name the clans and families descended from his ancestors The second sentence means basically the same thing as the first and is added for clarification. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 1 18 nt8v figs-parallelism 0 Then each man … identified his ancestry. He had to name the clans and families descended from his ancestors The second sentence means basically the same thing as the first and is added for clarification. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 1 18 l763 figs-idiom 0 He had to name Here “name” means to “say.” Alternate translation: “Each man had to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 1 20 n9s3 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they counted all the names” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 20 m8sv 0 able to go to war “who was able to go to war” NUM 1 21 v8dy translate-numbers 0 46,500 men “forty-six thousand five hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 22 yd37 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 22 yd37 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 23 g5ix translate-numbers 0 59,300 men “fifty-nine thousand three hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 24 p8et figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 24 p8et figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 25 au8r translate-numbers 0 45,650 men “forty-five thousand six hundred and fifty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 26 dm5n figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 26 dm5n figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 27 wa5g translate-numbers 0 74,600 men “seventy-four thousand six hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 28 mv7f figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 28 mv7f figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 29 nv2y translate-numbers 0 54,400 men “fifty-four thousand four hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 30 d4ce figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 30 d4ce figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 31 x4v2 translate-numbers 0 57,400 men “fifty-seven thousand four hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 32 wc6u figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 32 wc6u figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 33 vfi3 translate-numbers 0 40,500 men “forty thousand five hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 34 xem1 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 34 xem1 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 35 p275 translate-numbers 0 32,200 men “thirty-two thousand two hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 36 qk2s figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 36 qk2s figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 37 z1k4 translate-numbers 0 35,400 men “thirty-five thousand four hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 38 gkt3 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 38 gkt3 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 39 iuf8 translate-numbers 0 They counted 62,700 “They counted sixty-two thousand seven hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 40 ehj1 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 40 ehj1 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 41 az93 translate-numbers 0 They counted 41,500 “They counted forty-one thousand five hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 42 mlr4 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man…clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 42 mlr4 figs-activepassive 0 were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 43 nv44 translate-numbers 0 They counted 53,400 “They counted fifty-three thousand four hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 1 45 zf3e figs-activepassive 0 So all the men of Israel…were counted in each of their families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “So they counted all the men of Israel…in each of their families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 45 zf3e figs-activepassive 0 So all the men of Israel … were counted in each of their families The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “So they counted all the men of Israel … in each of their families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 46 v79v translate-numbers 0 603,550 men “six hundred and three thousand five hundred and fifty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 1 47 rv7a figs-activepassive 0 the men who were descended from Levi were not counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Moses and Aaron did not count the men who were descended from Levi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 47 nym2 figs-activepassive 0 who were descended from Levi In some languages this is a passive verb. If needed, this can be written differently. Alternate translation: “who were from the tribe of Levi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ NUM 1 50 r7xf 0 everything in it Here “it” refers to the tabernacle. NUM 1 50 z9k7 figs-explicit 0 The Levites must carry the tabernacle It was their job to carry the tabernacle when they traveled. Alternate translation: “When you travel, the Levites must carry the tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 1 50 dd55 figs-idiom 0 make their camp around it This means that they were to set up their tents around the tabernacle. Alternate translation: “set up their tents around it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 1 51 p4ac figs-activepassive 0 When the tabernacle is to be set up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When it is time to set up the tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NUM 1 51 cju9 figs-activepassive 0 Any stranger…must be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Any stranger…must die” or “You must kill any stranger who comes near the tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 1 51 cju9 figs-activepassive 0 Any stranger … must be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Any stranger … must die” or “You must kill any stranger who comes near the tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 1 52 gre3 0 the banner a large flag NUM 1 52 qn3w 0 his armed group “his military division” NUM 1 53 yl7f 0 the tabernacle of the covenant decrees The tabernacle was also called by this longer name because the ark with the law of God was placed inside it. See how you translated this in [Numbers 1:50](../01/50.md). @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ NUM 2 6 s8hf translate-numbers 0 54,400 men “fifty-four thousand four hundred NUM 2 7 zmt1 translate-numbers 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses where each tribe and its army will camp around the tent of meeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 2 7 a457 0 Eliab son of Helon See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 1:9](../01/09.md). NUM 2 8 fgs1 translate-numbers 0 57400 “fifty-seven thousand four hundred.” This refers to the number of men. Alternate translation: “57,400 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -NUM 2 9 p866 translate-numbers 0 All the number…is 186,400 “All the number…is one hundred and eighty-six thousand four hundred.” This number includes all of the men in the tribes that camped under the standard of Judah. Alternate translation: “The number of the men camped under the standard of Judah is 186,400” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NUM 2 9 p866 translate-numbers 0 All the number … is 186,400 “All the number … is one hundred and eighty-six thousand four hundred.” This number includes all of the men in the tribes that camped under the standard of Judah. Alternate translation: “The number of the men camped under the standard of Judah is 186,400” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 2 9 e32j 0 the camp of Judah This refers to the three tribes that camp east of the tent of meeting: the tribes of Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun. NUM 2 9 za2y translate-ordinal 0 They will set out first This means that when the Israelite camp moves, the camp of Judah will start walking out before the other tribes do. Alternate translation: “When travelling, the camp of Judah will start walking first” or “When the Israelites leave, those tribes will leave first” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 2 10 c4fu translate-numbers 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses where each tribe and its army will camp around the tent of meeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ NUM 2 13 qb5q translate-numbers 0 59300 “Fifty-nine thousand three hundred. NUM 2 14 udg7 translate-numbers 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses where each tribe and its army will camp around the tent of meeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 2 14 uxf8 0 Eliasaph son of Deuel See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 1:14](../01/14.md). NUM 2 15 cd9v translate-numbers 0 45650 “forty-five thousand six hundred and fifty.” This refers to the number of men. Alternate translation: “45,650 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -NUM 2 16 sz9m translate-numbers 0 The number of all the men…is 151,450 “The number of all the men…is one hundred and fifty-one thousand four hundred and fifty.” This number includes all of the men in the tribes that camped under the standard of Reuben. Alternate translation: “The number of all the men camped under the standard of Reuben, according to their divisions, is 151,450” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NUM 2 16 sz9m translate-numbers 0 The number of all the men … is 151,450 “The number of all the men … is one hundred and fifty-one thousand four hundred and fifty.” This number includes all of the men in the tribes that camped under the standard of Reuben. Alternate translation: “The number of all the men camped under the standard of Reuben, according to their divisions, is 151,450” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 2 16 ti9z translate-ordinal 0 They will set out second This means that when the Israelite camp moves, the camp of Reuben will start walking out after the camp of Judah goes out. Alternate translation: “When travelling, the camp of Reuben will start walking second” or “When the Israelites leave, those tribes will leave next” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 2 17 a2em 0 the tent of meeting must go out…in the middle of all the camps This means that the tent of meeting must be carried by the Levites in the middle of the tribes as they travel. +NUM 2 17 a2em 0 the tent of meeting must go out … in the middle of all the camps This means that the tent of meeting must be carried by the Levites in the middle of the tribes as they travel. NUM 2 17 b2zi 0 They must go out “They” refers to the twelve tribes. NUM 2 17 hja8 figs-synecdoche 0 by his banner Each man does not have his own personal banner; rather, this refers to the banner belonging to his tribe. Alternate translation: “by his tribe’s banner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) NUM 2 18 kr3c translate-names 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses where each tribe and its army will camp around the tent of meeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ NUM 2 22 px3h translate-numbers 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling NUM 2 22 v4w1 0 Abidan son of Gideoni See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 1:11](../01/11.md). NUM 2 23 w7su translate-numbers 0 35400 “Thirty-five thousand four hundred.” This refers to the number of men. Alternate translation: “35,400 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NUM 2 24 b3xs translate-names 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses where each tribe and its army will camp around the tent of meeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 2 24 ft3h translate-numbers 0 All those numbered…108,100 “All those numbered…one hundred and eight thousand one hundred.” This number includes all of the men in the tribes that camped under the standard of Ephraim. Alternate translation: “The number of the men camped under the standard of Ephraim is 108,100” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NUM 2 24 ft3h translate-numbers 0 All those numbered…108,100 “All those numbered … one hundred and eight thousand one hundred.” This number includes all of the men in the tribes that camped under the standard of Ephraim. Alternate translation: “The number of the men camped under the standard of Ephraim is 108,100” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 2 24 jd35 translate-ordinal 0 They will set out third This means that when the Israelite camp moves, the camp of Ephraim will start walking out after the camp of Judah and the camp of Reuben go out. Alternate translation: “When travelling, the camp of Ephraim will start walking third” or “When the Israelites leave, those tribes will leave next” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 2 25 rxq5 translate-names 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses where each tribe and its army will camp around the tent of meeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 2 25 c897 figs-explicit 0 the divisions of the camp of Dan The this refers to the divisions of Dan, Asher, and Naphthali that are under the standard of Dan. Alternate translation: “the divisions that camp under the standard of Dan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ NUM 2 29 ij6h translate-names 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling M NUM 2 29 g9h9 0 Ahira son of Enan See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 1:15](../01/15.md). NUM 2 30 n9ns translate-numbers 0 53400 “fifty-three thousand four hundred.” This refers to the number of men. Alternate translation: “53,400 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NUM 2 31 wj9y translate-names 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses where each tribe and its army will camp around the tent of meeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 2 31 m5mk translate-numbers 0 All those numbered…157,600 “All those numbered…one hundred and fifty-seven thousand six hundred.” This number includes all of the men in the tribes that camped under the standard of Dan. Alternate translation: “The number of the men camped under the standard of Dan is 157,600” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NUM 2 31 m5mk translate-numbers 0 All those numbered…157,600 “All those numbered … one hundred and fifty-seven thousand six hundred.” This number includes all of the men in the tribes that camped under the standard of Dan. Alternate translation: “The number of the men camped under the standard of Dan is 157,600” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 2 32 ifg9 figs-activepassive 0 All those counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Moses and Aaron counted them all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 2 32 zjs1 0 by their divisions Here “their” refers to the people of Israel. NUM 2 32 a1g3 translate-numbers 0 are 603,550 “are six hundred and three thousand five hundred and fifty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ NUM 2 34 rc4w figs-explicit 0 They went out from the camp This refers to when t NUM 3 intro d7r1 0 # Numbers 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### The tribe of Levi

The Levites were given a special function in Israel. They belonged to or were specially dedicated to serve Yahweh. They were to be priests and because of this were held to a higher standard than the rest of Israel. Only one of Aaron’s sons survived because the others offered improper sacrifices. This tribe had a lot of responsibility during this time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) NUM 3 1 h3ge 0 Now Here the author uses the word “now” to shift to telling a new historical account. NUM 3 2 r7t6 0 Nadab the firstborn “Nadab, who was the firstborn” -NUM 3 2 tl67 translate-names 0 Nadab…Abihu…Ithamar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 3 2 tl67 translate-names 0 Nadab … Abihu … Ithamar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 3 3 n7ww figs-activepassive 0 the priests who were anointed and who were ordained This can be stated in active form Alternate translation: “the priests whom Moses anointed and ordained” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NUM 3 4 xts3 0 Nadab…Abihu…Ithamar See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 3:2](../03/02.md). +NUM 3 4 xts3 0 Nadab … Abihu … Ithamar See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 3:2](../03/02.md). NUM 3 4 y1lm figs-idiom 0 fell dead before Yahweh The phrase “fell dead” means to suddenly die. Alternate translation: “suddenly died before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 3 4 a4v4 figs-metonymy 0 before Yahweh This refers to Yahweh’s presence, meaning that Yahweh saw everything that happened. Alternate translation: “in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 3 4 w613 figs-metonymy 0 they offered to him unacceptable fire Here the word “fire” is used to refer to “burning incense.” Alternate translation: “they burned an incense offering in a way that Yahweh did not approve of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -146,10 +146,10 @@ NUM 3 16 mn2a figs-parallelism 0 following the word of Yahweh, just as he was c NUM 3 17 ug6d translate-names 0 General Information: This is a list of the descendants of Levi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 3 18 kcf7 figs-metaphor 0 The clans coming from Here the author speaks of “descending” as if it were “coming.” Alternate translation: “The clans descending from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 3 21 cv91 figs-metaphor 0 come from Gershon Here the author speaks of “descending” as if it were “coming.” Alternate translation: “descend from Gershon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NUM 3 21 hr6s translate-names 0 Libnites…Shimeites…Gershonites “Libnites” and “Shimeites” are the name of clans, named after the head of their family. The “Gershonites” is the name of people who descended from Gershon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 3 21 hr6s translate-names 0 Libnites … Shimeites … Gershonites “Libnites” and “Shimeites” are the name of clans, named after the head of their family. The “Gershonites” is the name of people who descended from Gershon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 3 22 a8rl figs-activepassive 0 All the males from a month old and older were counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Moses counted all the males from a month old and older” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 3 22 rd1e translate-numbers 0 7500 “seventy-five hundred” or “seven thousand five hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 3 24 z5w4 translate-names 0 Eliasaph…Lael These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 3 24 z5w4 translate-names 0 Eliasaph … Lael These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 3 26 una5 0 the courtyard hangings “the curtains in the courtyard” NUM 3 26 xx8u 0 the courtyard that surrounds the sanctuary and the altar “that is, the courtyard that surrounds the sanctuary and the altar” NUM 3 27 v53a translate-names 0 General Information: This is a list of clans that descended from Kohath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ NUM 4 7 ve2z 0 Bread must always continue to be There must always be bread” NUM 4 8 dai4 0 They are to spread over them Here the word “them” refers to “the dishes, spoons, bowls, and jars” (verse 7). NUM 4 8 yzq6 0 scarlet cloth “red cloth” NUM 4 8 y76r figs-explicit 0 insert poles The poles were inserted into rings on the corners of the table so that the poles could be used to carry the table. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “insert poles into the rings at the corners of the table” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 4 10 h8fk 0 They must put…into a covering of fine leather “They must cover…with fine leather” +NUM 4 10 h8fk 0 They must put … into a covering of fine leather “They must cover … with fine leather” NUM 4 10 uv7g 0 they must put it on a carrying frame “they must place all of these things on a frame for carrying them” NUM 4 11 tyb6 figs-explicit 0 insert the carrying poles The poles were inserted into rings on the sides of the altar so theys could be used to carry it. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “insert the carrying poles into the rings one the sides of the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 4 12 ek74 0 the carrying frame a wooden rectangle made with poles used to carry things @@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ NUM 4 22 q6xv figs-explicit 0 of the descendants of Gershon This refers only to NUM 4 22 wcx9 0 Gershon See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 3:17](../03/17.md). NUM 4 23 cyt1 translate-numbers 0 thirty years old to fifty years old “30 years old to 50 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 4 23 scm3 0 join the company to serve in the tent of meeting The word “company” refers to the rest of the people working in the tent of meeting. See how you translated this phrase in [Numbers 4:3](../04/03.md). -NUM 4 24 qxm2 0 This is the work of the clans…when they serve and what they carry This sentence is a description that tells us what the following verses are about. +NUM 4 24 qxm2 0 This is the work of the clans … when they serve and what they carry This sentence is a description that tells us what the following verses are about. NUM 4 24 ra33 0 Gershonites This refers to the descendants of Gershon. See how you translated this in [Numbers 3:21](../03/21.md). NUM 4 25 y3p1 figs-explicit 0 the covering of fine leather hides that is on it This is an outer covering that is placed on top of the tent of meeting’s covering. Alternate translation: “the covering of fine leather hides that is placed on top of that” or “the outer covering made of fine leather hides” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 4 26 f7kk figs-activepassive 0 Whatever should be done with these things This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Whatever work that these things require” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ NUM 4 28 s4zh 0 Ithamar See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 1 NUM 4 29 zg2e figs-explicit 0 the descendants of Merari This refers only to men. Alternate translation: “the male descendants of Merari” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 4 29 f12h 0 Merari See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 3:17](../03/17.md). NUM 4 29 kma1 0 order them “list them” -NUM 4 30 pv9d translate-numbers 0 thirty years old…fifty years old “30 years old…50 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +NUM 4 30 pv9d translate-numbers 0 thirty years old … fifty years old “30 years old…50 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 4 30 kr6z 0 join the company and serve in the tent of meeting The word “company” refers to the rest of the people working in the tent of meeting. See how you translated this phrase in [Numbers 4:3](../04/03.md). NUM 4 31 xm2u 0 This is their responsibility “This” refers to what Yahweh says next. NUM 4 31 zb83 0 crossbars, posts, and sockets These are all parts of the framing of the tabernacle. See how you translated all of these parts in [Numbers 3:36-37](../03/36.md). @@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ NUM 4 33 mq8e figs-abstractnouns 0 under the direction of Ithamar son of Aaron NUM 4 33 a955 0 Ithamar See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 1:2](../01/02.md). NUM 4 34 yf2u figs-explicit 0 the descendants of the Kohathites The refers to men. Alternate translation: “the male descendants of the Kohathites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 4 34 jm3i 0 Kohathites This refers to the descendants of Kohath. See how you translated this in [Numbers 3:27](../03/27.md). -NUM 4 35 s6xk translate-numbers 0 thirty years old…fifty years old “30 years old…50 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +NUM 4 35 s6xk translate-numbers 0 thirty years old … fifty years old “30 years old…50 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 4 35 pv9c figs-explicit 0 everyone who would join the company Here the word “would” does not mean that the men “chose” to join the company but rather that they were “assigned” to the company. Alternate translation: “everyone who was assigned to join the company” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 4 35 kav4 0 join the company to serve in the tent of meeting The word “company” refers to the rest of the people working in the tent of meeting. See how you translated this phrase in [Numbers 4:3](../04/03.md). NUM 4 36 w7px translate-numbers 0 2,750 men “two thousand seven hundred and fifty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ NUM 4 47 vb65 figs-explicit 0 from thirty to fifty This refers to men. Alternat NUM 4 47 b9ng translate-numbers 0 from thirty to fifty “from 30 to 50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 4 48 gmh3 translate-numbers 0 8,580 men “eight thousand five hundred and eighty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 4 49 l3zk 0 At Yahweh’s command “As Yahweh commanded” -NUM 4 49 v91x 0 keeping count of each by the type…He counted each man by the kind of responsibility he would bear These two phrase have similar meaning and are used together to emphasize how Moses counted all the men. +NUM 4 49 v91x 0 keeping count of each by the type … He counted each man by the kind of responsibility he would bear These two phrase have similar meaning and are used together to emphasize how Moses counted all the men. NUM 4 49 hpb1 figs-activepassive 0 by the type of work he was assigned to do This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “by his type of work assignment” or “by the type of work he had assigned each man to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 4 49 kdw6 0 he would bear “he would have” NUM 4 49 q8p8 0 they obeyed what Yahweh had commanded them Here “they” and “them” refer to Moses and Aaron. @@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ NUM 5 13 m1gc 0 Connecting Statement: Moses continues to describe the hypothet NUM 5 13 g1e7 figs-euphemism 0 If a man lies with her This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “If a man has sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) NUM 5 13 zj57 0 her the woman who turns away and sins against her husband ([Numbers 5:12](../05/12.md)) NUM 5 13 wj6d figs-explicit 0 in the act This refers to the act of adultery. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “in the act of adultery” or “sleeping with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 5 14 w516 figs-activepassive 0 his wife is defiled…his wife is not defiled These phrases can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “his wife has defiled herself…his wife has not defiled herself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 5 14 w516 figs-activepassive 0 his wife is defiled … his wife is not defiled These phrases can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “his wife has defiled herself … his wife has not defiled herself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 5 14 tk8e figs-metonymy 0 a spirit of jealousy might still inform the husband Here the word “spirit” refers to a person’s attitude and emotions. His “jealously” is spoken of as if it were a person who spoke to him. Alternate translation: “the husband might feel jealous and become suspicious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) NUM 5 14 b5q4 figs-metonymy 0 a spirit of jealousy might falsely come on a man Here the word “spirit” refers to a person’s attitude and emotions. The idea of the spirit “coming on him” means that he began to have these jealous feelings. Alternate translation: “a man might feel jealous for no reason” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 5 15 n2k7 0 Connecting Statement: Moses begins to describe what the people are to do if the hypothetical situation he began describing in [Numbers 5:12](../05/12.md) ever happens. @@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ NUM 5 19 tdr3 figs-personification 0 this bitter water that can bring a curse H NUM 5 20 i4xw 0 Connecting Statement: Moses continues to describe what the people are to do if the hypothetical situation he began describing in [Numbers 5:12](../05/12.md) ever happens. NUM 5 20 ulh8 figs-idiom 0 have gone astray The words “gone astray” is an idiom that means “to be unfaithful.” Alternate translation: “have been unfaithful to your husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 5 21 p7jm figs-idiom 0 that can bring down a curse on her The phrase “bring down a curse” is an idiom meaning for a curse to come upon her. Alternate translation: “that can cause a curse to come upon her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -NUM 5 21 z7wf figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will make you into a curse…your people to be such Here the author speaks about the woman bearing the curse that Yahweh gives her, which causes other people to curse her. This is spoken of as if the woman herself becomes a curse. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh curses you, other people will curse you as well, and Yahweh will show people that you are truly cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +NUM 5 21 z7wf figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will make you into a curse … your people to be such Here the author speaks about the woman bearing the curse that Yahweh gives her, which causes other people to curse her. This is spoken of as if the woman herself becomes a curse. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh curses you, other people will curse you as well, and Yahweh will show people that you are truly cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 5 21 d46k figs-activepassive 0 that will be shown to your people to be such This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he will show to your people as a curse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 5 21 qcf7 0 your thigh to waste away and your abdomen to swell This could mean: (1) that the woman will become unable to have children or (2) that the woman’s pregnancy will end too early and the baby will die. NUM 5 21 b27i figs-euphemism 0 your thigh to waste away Here the word “thigh” is a polite way of referring to the woman’s womb or her private parts. Alternate translation: “your womb to be useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ NUM 6 9 x63g figs-metonymy 0 defiles his consecrated head Here “head” repre NUM 6 9 mt83 translate-ordinal 0 the seventh day “day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NUM 6 10 i6i3 translate-ordinal 0 the eighth day “day 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NUM 6 12 afu4 0 for the days of his consecration “during the time he is being set apart again” -NUM 6 12 mf7y figs-explicit 0 He must bring a male lamb…as a guilt offering The man is to bring the lamb to the priest so that it can be sacrificed. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “He must bring a male lamb one year old to the priest as a guilt offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NUM 6 12 mf7y figs-explicit 0 He must bring a male lamb … as a guilt offering The man is to bring the lamb to the priest so that it can be sacrificed. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “He must bring a male lamb one year old to the priest as a guilt offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 6 12 kt7i figs-activepassive 0 The days before he defiled himself must not be counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He must not count the days before he defiled himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 6 12 da8t figs-activepassive 0 his consecration was defiled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he defiled himself” or “he made himself unacceptable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 6 13 q7eh figs-idiom 0 of his separation Here “separation” means “dedication.” Also, this abstract noun can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “of his dedication” or “that he has dedicated himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ NUM 6 15 lyr9 0 wafers without yeast small pieces of flat bread NUM 6 15 msp8 figs-explicit 0 together with their grain offering and drink offerings The word “their” refers to the other offerings that the Nazirite man was told to bring. Often grain offerings and drink offerings were required to accompany other types of sacrifices. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “together with the grain offering and drink offering that Yahweh required to accompany the other offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 6 16 f2x5 0 He must offer his sin offering “He” refers to the priest and “his” refers to the man who took a vow. NUM 6 17 ge1q 0 the fellowship offering “as the fellowship offering” -NUM 6 17 d7zf figs-ellipsis 0 The priest must present also…drink offering You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “The priest must present also…the drink offering to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +NUM 6 17 d7zf figs-ellipsis 0 The priest must present also … drink offering You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “The priest must present also … the drink offering to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NUM 6 18 x9jb figs-idiom 0 indicating his separation Here “separation” means “dedication.” Also, this abstract noun may be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “indicating his dedication” or “indicating how he has separated himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NUM 6 19 h5f8 figs-activepassive 0 the boiled shoulder of the ram This means that he had boiled the ram’s shoulder. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the shoulder of the ram that he boiled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 6 19 ia1k figs-idiom 0 indicating separation Here “separation” means “dedication.” Also, this abstract noun can be expressed with the verb “separated.” Alternate translation: “indicating dedication” or “indicating that he has dedicated himself to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -402,22 +402,22 @@ NUM 6 20 bvx2 figs-activepassive 0 that was presented This can be stated in act NUM 6 21 bzm4 figs-idiom 0 his separation - Here “separation” means “dedication.” Also, this abstract noun may be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “his dedication” or “for having dedicated himself to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NUM 6 21 emt3 figs-explicit 0 Whatever else he may give This refers to the Nazirite deciding to give other offering beyond what he has been commanded to give. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “If he decides to give any additional offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 6 21 ngu2 0 he must keep the obligations of the vow he has taken “he must still obey the requirements of the vow he has taken” -NUM 6 21 vb7m figs-parallelism 0 he must keep the obligations…to keep the promise indicated by the law for the Nazirite These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize that he must obey the obligations of his vow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 6 21 vb7m figs-parallelism 0 he must keep the obligations … to keep the promise indicated by the law for the Nazirite These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize that he must obey the obligations of his vow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 6 21 w5ll figs-activepassive 0 the promise indicated by the law for the Nazirite This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the promise that the law for the Nazirite indicates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 6 23 w1h4 figs-you 0 You must bless the people of Israel “You” is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) NUM 6 24 xk8d figs-you 0 May Yahweh bless you and keep you Here “you” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) NUM 6 24 ef59 figs-idiom 0 keep you This is an idiom. Here “keep” means to “protect.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 6 25 c528 figs-idiom 0 make his face shine on you This is an idiom which means to have kind intentions towards someone. It can also be expressed by smiling. Alternate translation: “smile at you” or “look at you with kindness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -NUM 6 25 f8fh figs-you 0 on you…to you Here “you” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +NUM 6 25 f8fh figs-you 0 on you … to you Here “you” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) NUM 6 26 x48t figs-idiom 0 look on you with favor Here the phrase “look on” means to show a certain attitude towards that person. Alternate translation: “show you favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -NUM 6 26 jh4e figs-you 0 on you…give you Here “you” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +NUM 6 26 jh4e figs-you 0 on you … give you Here “you” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) NUM 6 27 y2cb figs-metaphor 0 they must give my name Here Yahweh speaks about claiming the Israelites as his own by saying that he is giving them “his name.” Alternate translation: “they must let the people of Israel know that they are mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 7 intro tjd7 0 # Numbers 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Consecrating the altar

When the tabernacle was completed, they consecrated the altar. Each tribe brought an offering to consecrate the altar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]]) NUM 7 1 pvb3 0 Moses completed the tabernacle “Moses finished setting up the tabernacle” -NUM 7 2 uj4z figs-parallelism 0 the leaders of Israel…the heads of their ancestor’s families These two phrases describe the same group of people two different ways. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Israel who are also the heads of their ancestors families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 7 2 uj4z figs-parallelism 0 the leaders of Israel … the heads of their ancestor’s families These two phrases describe the same group of people two different ways. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Israel who are also the heads of their ancestors families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 7 2 p163 figs-metonymy 0 the heads of their ancestor’s families Here the leaders of the families are referred to as “heads.” Alternate translation: “the leaders of their ancestor’s families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 7 2 p4mr figs-abstractnouns 0 had overseen the counting of the men The abstract noun “counting” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “had helped Aaron and Moses to count the men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -NUM 7 3 el48 figs-explicit 0 They brought their offerings before Yahweh…They presented these things in front of the tabernacle This means that they gave their offerings to Yahweh and brought them to the tabernacle. These phrases may be combined to add clarity. Alternate translation: “They brought their offerings to Yahweh and presented them to him in front of the tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NUM 7 3 el48 figs-explicit 0 They brought their offerings before Yahweh … They presented these things in front of the tabernacle This means that they gave their offerings to Yahweh and brought them to the tabernacle. These phrases may be combined to add clarity. Alternate translation: “They brought their offerings to Yahweh and presented them to him in front of the tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 7 3 ch2v translate-numbers 0 six covered carts and twelve oxen “6 covered carts and 12 oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 7 5 c3l4 0 to each one as his work needs them “to each man as he needs them for his work” NUM 7 7 s3f5 0 Gershon See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 3:17](../03/17.md). @@ -561,14 +561,14 @@ NUM 7 85 wul3 translate-bweight 0 by the standard weight of the sanctuary sheke NUM 7 85 dg3s 0 All the silver vessels weighed “All the silver vessels together weighed” NUM 7 85 y3m8 0 the silver vessels This refers to all of the offerings that were made of silver, both the platters and the bowls. NUM 7 86 c3sw 0 All the gold dishes weighed “All the gold dishes together weighed” -NUM 7 86 ww9i translate-bweight 0 Each of the twelve gold dishes…weighed ten shekels “Each of the 12 gold dishes…weighed 10 shekels.” If necessary, this can be written in modern measurements. See how you translated these same weights in [Numbers 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “Each of the 12 gold dishes…weighed one tenth of a kilogram” or “Each of the 12 gold dishes…weighed 110 grams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +NUM 7 86 ww9i translate-bweight 0 Each of the twelve gold dishes … weighed ten shekels “Each of the 12 gold dishes … weighed 10 shekels.” If necessary, this can be written in modern measurements. See how you translated these same weights in [Numbers 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “Each of the 12 gold dishes … weighed one tenth of a kilogram” or “Each of the 12 gold dishes … weighed 110 grams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 7 86 pb2y translate-numbers 0 120 shekels “one hundred and twenty shekels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 7 87 vdl4 translate-numbers 0 twelve “12.” This number may be written with a numeral instead of with a word. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 7 88 xp2v translate-numbers 0 twenty-four…sixty “24…60.” These numbers may be written with numerals instead of with words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +NUM 7 88 xp2v translate-numbers 0 twenty-four … sixty “24…60.” These numbers may be written with numerals instead of with words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 7 88 jy6x 0 a year old “that were one year old” NUM 7 88 uul3 figs-activepassive 0 after it was anointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “after Moses had anointed it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 7 89 y6f1 figs-synecdoche 0 he heard his voice speaking to him Here “his voice” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “he heard Yahweh speaking to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -NUM 7 89 jpx6 figs-parallelism 0 from above the atonement lid…from between the two cherubim These two phrases describe the same location. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 7 89 jpx6 figs-parallelism 0 from above the atonement lid … from between the two cherubim These two phrases describe the same location. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 7 89 e4hs 0 ark of the testimony See how you translated this phrase in [Numbers 4:5](../04/05.md). NUM 7 89 cu31 0 He spoke to him “Yahweh spoke to Moses” NUM 8 intro v1ax 0 # Numbers 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The consecration of the tabernacle continues in this chapter. The people obeyed Yahweh’s exact instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) @@ -593,11 +593,11 @@ NUM 8 16 fh6z figs-parallelism 0 each male child who opens the womb, the firstb NUM 8 16 wn5h figs-idiom 0 male child who opens the womb This is an idiom. “To open the womb” means to give birth for the first time. Here this refers to the first male child to which a mother gives birth. Alternate translation: “child who is the firstborn son of his mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 8 17 f6xg figs-euphemism 0 I took the lives This is a polite way of referring to when a person kills someone. Alternate translation: “I killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) NUM 8 17 a23t 0 I set them apart Here “them” refers to “the firstborn from among the people of Israel.” -NUM 8 18 c4ql figs-ellipsis 0 I have taken the Levites…instead of all the firstborn The idea of “taking” is understood from the first part of the sentence and can be repeated in the second. Alternate translation: “I have taken the Levites…instead taking all of the firstborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +NUM 8 18 c4ql figs-ellipsis 0 I have taken the Levites … instead of all the firstborn The idea of “taking” is understood from the first part of the sentence and can be repeated in the second. Alternate translation: “I have taken the Levites … instead taking all of the firstborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NUM 8 19 s2hr figs-metaphor 0 I have given the Levites as a gift to Aaron and his sons Yahweh appointing the Levites to help Aaron and his sons is spoken of as if they were a gift that Yahweh were giving to Aaron and his sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NUM 8 19 f88s 0 I have taken them…I have given them Here “them” refers to the Levites. +NUM 8 19 f88s 0 I have taken them … I have given them Here “them” refers to the Levites. NUM 8 19 av6b 0 when they come near Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. -NUM 8 20 r3gb figs-parallelism 0 Moses, Aaron, and the whole community of the people of Israel…The people of Israel did this with them Here there are three parallel sentences that give the same information. It is repeated to emphasize that the people did to the Levites as Yahweh had commanded. Alternate translation: “Moses, Aaron, and the whole community of the people of Israel did with the Levites everything that Yahweh had commanded Moses concerning the Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 8 20 r3gb figs-parallelism 0 Moses, Aaron, and the whole community of the people of Israel … The people of Israel did this with them Here there are three parallel sentences that give the same information. It is repeated to emphasize that the people did to the Levites as Yahweh had commanded. Alternate translation: “Moses, Aaron, and the whole community of the people of Israel did with the Levites everything that Yahweh had commanded Moses concerning the Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 8 22 xtr2 figs-abstractnouns 0 to do their service The word “service,” an abstract noun, can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “to serve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NUM 8 22 f444 0 before Aaron and before Aaron’s sons “in the presence of Aaron and his sons” NUM 8 22 x68h 0 This was “What they did was” @@ -610,8 +610,8 @@ NUM 9 intro p8ra 0 # Numbers 09 General Notes
## Special concepts in this NUM 9 1 zi29 translate-ordinal 0 in the first month of the second year after they came out from the land of Egypt This means that they had come out of Egypt a year earlier. They were beginning their second year in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NUM 9 1 w91f translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NUM 9 1 ku29 figs-idiom 0 after they came out from the land of Egypt Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “came out” means to leave. Alternate translation: “after they left the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -NUM 9 2 c6gr figs-explicit 0 Let the people…at its fixed time of year The word “fixed” means “previously set.” This means that this is when the observe it every year. Alternate translation: “Let the people…at the time of year they currently observe it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 9 3 vk82 figs-explicit 0 On the fourteenth day…at its fixed time of year This is the set time of year that they celebrate the Passover. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “On the fourteenth day…and observe it, for this is the time you do celebrate it every year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NUM 9 2 c6gr figs-explicit 0 Let the people … at its fixed time of year The word “fixed” means “previously set.” This means that this is when the observe it every year. Alternate translation: “Let the people … at the time of year they currently observe it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NUM 9 3 vk82 figs-explicit 0 On the fourteenth day … at its fixed time of year This is the set time of year that they celebrate the Passover. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “On the fourteenth day … and observe it, for this is the time you do celebrate it every year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 9 3 an5n translate-ordinal 0 the fourteenth day “day 14” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NUM 9 3 bb9q figs-parallelism 0 follow all the regulations, and obey all the decrees These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize that they needed to obey the commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 9 3 p35m figs-idiom 0 You must keep it Here the phrase “keep it” is an idiom which means to observe it. Alternate translation: “You must observe it” or “You must celebrate it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ NUM 9 6 n99k figs-explicit 0 became unclean by the body of a dead man This impl NUM 9 6 fh1w figs-metaphor 0 unclean A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 9 6 uhc8 figs-idiom 0 keep the Passover Here the word “keep” means to observe. Alternate translation: “observe the Passover” or “celebrate the Passover” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 9 7 g6ut figs-explicit 0 because of the dead body of a man This means that they had touched a dead man’s body. You can make the full meaning of this statement clear. Alternate translation: “because we have touched the body of a dead man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 9 7 uun2 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you keep us from offering the sacrifice…among the people of Israel? The men ask this question in order to complain that they are not allowed to participate in celebrating the Passover. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is not fair that you keep us away from offering the sacrifice…among the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +NUM 9 7 uun2 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you keep us from offering the sacrifice … among the people of Israel? The men ask this question in order to complain that they are not allowed to participate in celebrating the Passover. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is not fair that you keep us away from offering the sacrifice … among the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 9 7 w1xe 0 fixed set or predetermined NUM 9 10 t4tm figs-metaphor 0 unclean A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 9 10 z9zw figs-explicit 0 because of a dead body This refers to someone touching a dead body. Alternate translation: “because you have touched a dead body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -667,13 +667,13 @@ NUM 10 6 hik8 translate-ordinal 0 the second time “time number 2” or “aga NUM 10 6 bv3w 0 They must blow a loud signal for their journeys “They” refers to the priests and the word “their” refers to the people of Israel. NUM 10 7 cga9 0 When the community gathers together “To gather the community together” NUM 10 8 ias7 figs-you 0 be a regulation for you “be a rule for you.” Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -NUM 10 9 em5l figs-synecdoche 0 When you go to war…oppresses you Yahweh is speaking to Moses and uses the word “you,” but he is actually referring the people of Israel going to war. Alternate translation: “When the people of Israel to war…oppresses Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +NUM 10 9 em5l figs-synecdoche 0 When you go to war … oppresses you Yahweh is speaking to Moses and uses the word “you,” but he is actually referring the people of Israel going to war. Alternate translation: “When the people of Israel to war … oppresses Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) NUM 10 9 mze9 figs-metonymy 0 then you must sound an alarm with the trumpets Here Yahweh again speaks to Moses using the word “you” but actually wants Moses to have the priests blow the trumpets. Alternate translation: “then you must command the priests to sound an alarm with the trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 10 9 unu5 figs-idiom 0 call you to mind This phrase “call to mind” means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 10 10 k3j1 figs-abstractnouns 0 of celebration The noun “celebration” can be expressed with the verb “celebrate.” Alternate translation: “when you celebrate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NUM 10 10 elw2 figs-metonymy 0 you must blow the trumpets Here Yahweh again speaks to Moses using the word “you,” but actually wants him to have the priests blow the trumpets. Alternate translation: “you must command the priests to blow the trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]), NUM 10 10 cu9l translate-hebrewmonths 0 at the beginnings of the months There are 12 months on the Hebrew calendar. The beginning phase of the moon with its sliver of light marked the beginning of each month in the lunar calendar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) -NUM 10 10 d7nd figs-you 0 your burnt offerings…your fellowship offerings…you to me In these phrases the words “your” and “you” are plural and refer to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +NUM 10 10 d7nd figs-you 0 your burnt offerings … your fellowship offerings … you to me In these phrases the words “your” and “you” are plural and refer to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) NUM 10 10 fs2w 0 over the sacrifices “in honor of the sacrifices” NUM 10 10 ii25 figs-abstractnouns 0 will act as a reminder of you to me “will act as a memorial for you of me.” The word “reminder” can be expressed with the verb “remind.” Alternate translation: “will always remind you of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NUM 10 10 da3q 0 These will act The word “these” refers to the trumpets and the sacrifices. @@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ NUM 10 14 pjd4 translate-ordinal 0 went out first They packed up their camp and NUM 10 14 dc5v 0 Nahshon son of Amminadab See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 1:7](../01/07.md). NUM 10 15 w1an 0 Nethanel son of Zuar See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 1:8](../01/08.md). NUM 10 16 d9ka 0 Eliab son of Helon See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 1:9](../01/09.md). -NUM 10 17 drx6 0 Gershon…Merari See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 3:17](../03/17.md). +NUM 10 17 drx6 0 Gershon … Merari See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 3:17](../03/17.md). NUM 10 18 fj8y 0 the armies under the banner of Reuben’s camp This refers to the armies of the tribes under the division of Reuben: Reuben, Simeon, and Gad. NUM 10 18 tn9f 0 Elizur son of Shedeur See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 1:5](../01/05.md). NUM 10 19 yx6m 0 Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai See how you translated this man’s name [Numbers 1:6](../01/06.md). @@ -726,9 +726,9 @@ NUM 11 11 zm5k figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Moses complains to Yahweh NUM 11 11 qg3b figs-rquestion 0 Why have you treated your servant so badly? Why are you not pleased with me? Moses used these questions to complain about the way God was treating him. They can be expressed as statements. Moses speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “You should not treat me, your servant, so badly. You should not be angry with me!” or “I, your servant, have done nothing wrong for you to treat me so badly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) NUM 11 11 jll4 figs-metaphor 0 You make me carry the load of all these people Moses complains and speaks of leading the people and providing for them as if he were carrying a heavy load. Alternate translation: “You make me responsible for all these people, but it’s too hard for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 11 12 hah2 figs-rquestion 0 Did I conceive all these people? Moses used this question to remind God that Moses was not their father. Alternate translation: “I am not the father of all these people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -NUM 11 12 iw91 figs-rquestion 0 Have I given them birth so that you should say to me, ‘Carry…baby?’ Moses wants God to remember that God told him to take care of the Israelites even though Moses was not their father. Alternate translation: “I have not given them birth, so you have no right to say to me, ‘Carry…baby’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +NUM 11 12 iw91 figs-rquestion 0 Have I given them birth so that you should say to me, ‘Carry … baby?’ Moses wants God to remember that God told him to take care of the Israelites even though Moses was not their father. Alternate translation: “I have not given them birth, so you have no right to say to me, ‘Carry … baby’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 11 12 p2qz figs-metaphor 0 Carry them closely to your chest To take care of the Israelites is spoken of as if it were to carry a helpless newborn baby. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NUM 11 12 b2i5 figs-rquestion 0 Should I carry them…to give them? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not expect me to carry them…to give them!” or “I am not able to carry them…to give them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +NUM 11 12 b2i5 figs-rquestion 0 Should I carry them … to give them? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not expect me to carry them … to give them!” or “I am not able to carry them … to give them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 11 13 pr1g figs-rquestion 0 Where can I find meat to give to all this people? Moses used this question to complain that it was impossible for him to give meat to all the people. Alternate translation: “I cannot possibly find enough meat to give to all these people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 11 14 is35 figs-metaphor 0 I cannot bear all these people alone Moses speaks of leading and providing for the people as if he were carrying them. Alternate translation: “I cannot provide for all these people alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 11 14 x4d7 figs-idiom 0 They are too much for me This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “This responsibility is too difficult for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -785,26 +785,26 @@ NUM 13 intro a1bi 0 # Numbers 13 General Notes
## Special concepts in this NUM 13 2 mg6w figs-pastforfuture 0 which I have given God had decided that the land of Canaan would belong to the people of Israel, but they had not yet moved into it. Alternate translation: “which I have decided to give” or “which I will soon give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) NUM 13 2 t5e2 0 Each man must be a leader among them “Each man whom you send must be a leader among his tribe” NUM 13 4 l3bh translate-names 0 Shammua son of Zaccur These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 13 5 eby6 translate-names 0 Shaphat…Hori These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 13 5 eby6 translate-names 0 Shaphat … Hori These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 6 c885 translate-names 0 Jephunneh A man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 7 tja2 translate-names 0 Igal A man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 8 yw3k translate-names 0 Nun A man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 13 9 l162 translate-names 0 Palti…Raphu These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 13 10 sbw9 translate-names 0 Gaddiel…Sodi These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 13 11 n7ll translate-names 0 Gaddi…Susi These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 13 9 l162 translate-names 0 Palti … Raphu These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 13 10 sbw9 translate-names 0 Gaddiel … Sodi These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 13 11 n7ll translate-names 0 Gaddi … Susi These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 11 f5if figs-explicit 0 from the tribe of Joseph (that is to say, from the tribe Manasseh) The relationship between Joseph and Manasseh can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “from the tribe of Joseph’s son Manasseh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 13 12 hpf5 translate-names 0 Ammiel…Gemalli These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 13 13 x1fn translate-names 0 Sethur…Michael These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 13 14 m5ue translate-names 0 Nahbi…Vophsi These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 13 15 f4tz translate-names 0 Geuel…Maki These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 13 12 hpf5 translate-names 0 Ammiel … Gemalli These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 13 13 x1fn translate-names 0 Sethur … Michael These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 13 14 m5ue translate-names 0 Nahbi … Vophsi These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 13 15 f4tz translate-names 0 Geuel … Maki These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 16 bb3l 0 Hoshea son of Nun See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 13:8](../13/08.md). NUM 13 19 kv19 figs-rquestion 0 Is it good or bad? What cities are there? Are they like camps, or are they fortified cities? Moses asks these questions to explain the kind of information that the men were to report back to him. These can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “See if the land is good or bad, what kind of cities are there, and whether those cities are only camps, or whether they have defensive walls around them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 13 19 x34f 0 Are they like camps, or are they fortified cities Fortified cities had strong walls around them to protect them from enemy armies. Camps did not have these walls. -NUM 13 21 t6ca translate-names 0 Zin…Rehob These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 13 21 t6ca translate-names 0 Zin … Rehob These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 21 ubr4 translate-transliterate 0 the wilderness of Zin The word “Zin” here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) NUM 13 22 f2ju translate-names 0 Zoan This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 22 vki3 figs-activepassive 0 Hebron had been built seven years before Zoan in Egypt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Canaanites had built Hebron 7 years before the Egyptians built Zoan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 13 22 z3rn translate-names 0 Ahiman…Sheshai…Talmai These are names of clans that were named after their ancestors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 13 22 z3rn translate-names 0 Ahiman … Sheshai … Talmai These are names of clans that were named after their ancestors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 22 i3ei translate-names 0 Anak This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 23 hg6e translate-names 0 Eshkol This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 23 th6k 0 between two of their group “between two men of their group” @@ -814,11 +814,11 @@ NUM 13 26 kr4l figs-metonymy 0 They brought back word Here “word” refers to NUM 13 27 id7v figs-metaphor 0 It certainly flows with milk and honey “Milk and honey certainly flow there.” They spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. Alternate translation: “It is certainly excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” or “It is certainly very fertile land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 13 27 q2as figs-metonymy 0 milk Since milk comes from cows and goats, it represents livestock and the food produced from the livestock. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 13 27 qn6h figs-metonymy 0 honey Since honey is produced from flowers, it represents crops and the food produced from the crops. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -NUM 13 32 du7c 0 they spread around…They said Here “they” refers to all of the men who examined the land except for Caleb and Joshua. +NUM 13 32 du7c 0 they spread around … They said Here “they” refers to all of the men who examined the land except for Caleb and Joshua. NUM 13 32 e74q 0 the land that they had examined Here “they” refers to all of the men who examined the land including Caleb and Joshua. NUM 13 32 i1fs figs-metaphor 0 a land that eats up its inhabitants The men speak of the land, or the people of the land, being very dangerous as if the land ate up people. Alternate translation: “a very dangerous land” or “a land where the people will kill us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 13 33 zz8m translate-names 0 Anak This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 13 33 ckl6 figs-metaphor 0 In our own sight…in their sight Here sight represents evaluation and judgement. Alternate translation: “In our own opinion…in their opinion” or “In our own judgement…in their judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +NUM 13 33 ckl6 figs-metaphor 0 In our own sight … in their sight Here sight represents evaluation and judgement. Alternate translation: “In our own opinion … in their opinion” or “In our own judgement … in their judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 13 33 s8xm figs-simile 0 we were like grasshoppers in comparison with them The men speak of grasshoppers to show how very small they thought themselves to be compared to the people of the land. Alternate translation: “we are as small as grasshoppers in comparison with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) NUM 14 intro paw9 0 # Numbers 14 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Rhetorical Questions
The author uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions indicate that people did not have faith in Yahweh. Yahweh also uses rhetorical questions to show the people’s lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) NUM 14 3 r8f9 figs-rquestion 0 Why did Yahweh bring us to this land to die by the sword? The people use this question in order to complain and accuse Yahweh of treating them unfairly. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh should not have brought us to this land only to die by the sword.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ NUM 14 3 c2ap figs-metonymy 0 to die by the sword Here “the sword” represen NUM 14 3 y89n figs-rquestion 0 Is it not better for us to return to Egypt? The people use this question to encourage people to agree with them that it would be better to return to Egypt. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It would be better for us to return to Egypt than to try to conquer Canaan.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 14 4 t6qp 0 They said to each another This refers to the people of Israel. NUM 14 5 f4j7 translate-symaction 0 lay facedown “lay down with their faces touching the ground.” Moses and Aaron did this to show that they were humbling themselves before God. They feared that God might punish the people for rebelling against him. Alternate translation: “lay facedown in humility to God” or “lay facedown to pray to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -NUM 14 6 p2vs translate-names 0 Nun…Jephunneh These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 14 6 p2vs translate-names 0 Nun … Jephunneh These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 14 6 d9ig figs-activepassive 0 who were some of those sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who were some of those whom Moses sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 14 6 s58b translate-symaction 0 tore their clothes Tearing one’s clothes was a gesture indicating the person is very troubled and is mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) NUM 14 8 nc38 figs-metaphor 0 The land flows with milk and honey They spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants flowed through it. See how you translated this in [Numbers 13:27](../13/27.md). Alternate translation: “It is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” or “It is very fertile land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ NUM 14 9 qgd7 0 Connecting Statement: Joshua and Caleb continue speaking to th NUM 14 9 yk5g figs-metaphor 0 for they are bread to us Joshua and Caleb speak of destroying their enemies as easily as if they were eating bread. Alternate translation: “We will destroy them as easily as we can eat food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) NUM 14 9 en4q figs-activepassive 0 Their protection will be removed from them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove their protection from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 14 9 z1a2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Their protection The abstract noun “protection” can be stated as “protect.” Alternate translation: “Anyone that might protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -NUM 14 11 g9t8 figs-rquestion 0 How long must this people despise me? How long must they fail to trust me, despite all the signs…them? Yahweh uses these questions to show that he was angry and had lost patience with the people. They can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “This people has despised me for too long. They have failed to trust me for too long, despite all the signs…them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +NUM 14 11 g9t8 figs-rquestion 0 How long must this people despise me? How long must they fail to trust me, despite all the signs … them? Yahweh uses these questions to show that he was angry and had lost patience with the people. They can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “This people has despised me for too long. They have failed to trust me for too long, despite all the signs … them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 14 12 fg73 0 disinherit them “reject them from being my people.” This may imply that he would destroy them, and some versions translate it that way. NUM 14 12 i52q figs-you 0 make from your own clan Here “your” is singular and refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) NUM 14 14 ugy1 figs-metaphor 0 you are seen face to face This could mean: (1) Moses speaks of God showing himself to his people as if God had allowed them to actually see his face. Alternate translation: “they have seen you” or (2) Moses speaks of the intimate relationship between him and God as if Moses could see God’s face when God spoke to him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you speak directly to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -933,11 +933,11 @@ NUM 16 6 gjn6 0 censers containers in which to burn incense NUM 16 7 ch73 figs-idiom 0 before Yahweh This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 16 7 mzq8 figs-activepassive 0 that man will be set apart to Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will set apart that man for himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 16 7 d9vh figs-idiom 0 You have gone too far This represents doing more than one should. Alternate translation: “You have done more than you should” or “You assume to have more authority than you should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -NUM 16 9 e9pf figs-rquestion 0 is it a small thing for you…to serve them? Moses uses this question to rebuke Korah and the men with him. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You behave as though it is a small thing for you…to serve them!” or “You should not consider it a small thing…to serve them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +NUM 16 9 e9pf figs-rquestion 0 is it a small thing for you … to serve them? Moses uses this question to rebuke Korah and the men with him. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You behave as though it is a small thing for you … to serve them!” or “You should not consider it a small thing … to serve them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 16 9 b5rz 0 a small thing for you “not enough for you” or “unimportant to you” NUM 16 10 l58j figs-metaphor 0 you are seeking the priesthood also Wanting to have the priesthood is spoken of as if they were looking for it. Alternate translation: “you want to have the priesthood too” or “you want to be priests also” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 16 11 lf5d figs-rquestion 0 Who is Aaron that you grumble against him? Moses uses this question to show them that when they complain about what Aaron does, they are really complaining against Yahweh, because Aaron was doing what Yahweh told him to do. Alternate translation: “You are not really complaining about Aaron, but about Yahweh, whom Aaron obeys!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -NUM 16 13 mx6i figs-rquestion 0 Is it a small thing that you have brought us…to kill us in the wilderness? Dathan and Abiram use this question to rebuke Moses. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You behave as though it was a small thing for you to bring us…and kill us in the wilderness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +NUM 16 13 mx6i figs-rquestion 0 Is it a small thing that you have brought us … to kill us in the wilderness? Dathan and Abiram use this question to rebuke Moses. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You behave as though it was a small thing for you to bring us … and kill us in the wilderness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 16 13 pgv9 0 a small thing “not enough” or “unimportant” NUM 16 13 gs63 figs-metaphor 0 a land flowing with milk and honey They spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Numbers 14:8](../14/08.md). Alternate translation: “that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” or “a very fertile land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 16 13 v8lm figs-hyperbole 0 to kill us The people exaggerate because they will hold Moses responsible if any of them die. Alternate translation: “to have us die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ NUM 16 35 m6g1 translate-numbers 0 250 men “two hundred and fifty men” (See NUM 16 37 g7hj 0 out of the flames This refers to the flames that burned the 250 men. NUM 16 38 i2t4 figs-metonymy 0 those who lost their lives Losing their lives represents dying. Alternate translation: “those who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 16 38 bm9v figs-activepassive 0 Let them be made Here “them” refers to the censers. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let Eleazar make them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NUM 16 38 li47 0 they are set apart…They will be a sign Here “they” and “They” refer to the censers. +NUM 16 38 li47 0 they are set apart … They will be a sign Here “they” and “They” refer to the censers. NUM 16 39 as46 figs-activepassive 0 that had been used by the men who were burned up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the men whom the fire had burned up had used” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 16 42 wnr1 0 Then it happened This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. NUM 16 42 bu59 0 had assembled against Moses and Aaron “had assembled to complain against Moses and Aaron” @@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ NUM 18 15 axb3 figs-idiom 0 Everything that opens the womb The idiom “opens t NUM 18 15 a5y8 0 the people must certainly buy back every firstborn son Instead of sacrificing their firstborn sons, people had to pay the priests for their sons. NUM 18 16 w52g figs-activepassive 0 Those that are to be bought back by the people must be bought back after becoming one month old This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people must buy them back when they become one month old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 18 16 vr57 0 Those that are to be bought back Most likely this refers only to firstborn humans that must be bought back and not to firstborn unclean animals. -NUM 18 16 xet4 translate-bweight 0 five shekels…which equals twenty gerahs If it is necessary to use modern weight units, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “five pieces of silver…each of which equals ten grams” or “fifty grams of silver, using the standard weights that are used in the sanctuary” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +NUM 18 16 xet4 translate-bweight 0 five shekels … which equals twenty gerahs If it is necessary to use modern weight units, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “five pieces of silver … each of which equals ten grams” or “fifty grams of silver, using the standard weights that are used in the sanctuary” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) NUM 18 16 t62u figs-explicit 0 five shekels A shekel is a unit of weight. What was weighed can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “five shekels of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 18 16 r9ci translate-bweight 0 sanctuary shekel There were shekels of different weights. This is the one that people had to use in the sanctuary of the sacred tent. It weighed twenty gerahs, which was about 11 grams. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) NUM 18 17 r3d6 0 Connecting Statement: God continues speaking to Aaron. @@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ NUM 18 18 maz6 figs-activepassive 0 the raised breast and the right thigh This NUM 18 19 h1fp 0 Connecting Statement: God continues speaking to Aaron. NUM 18 19 a4zb 0 I have given to you God speaks as if he had already done this because it is a decision that he had already made. Alternate translation: “I give to you” NUM 18 19 he1c 0 as a continual share A share is a portion of something that someone receives. Alternate translation: “as the portion that you will continually receive” -NUM 18 19 a21e figs-parallelism 0 an everlasting covenant of salt…a binding covenant forever The two phrases refer to the same thing. Together they emphasize that the covenant will endure forever. Alternate translation: “an agreement forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 18 19 a21e figs-parallelism 0 an everlasting covenant of salt … a binding covenant forever The two phrases refer to the same thing. Together they emphasize that the covenant will endure forever. Alternate translation: “an agreement forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 18 19 y9je translate-symaction 0 an everlasting covenant of salt “a covenant made with salt.” Salt represented permanence and was used in offerings and covenant meals. Alternate translation: “a permanent covenant” or “an everlasting covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) NUM 18 20 hmh1 figs-metaphor 0 You will have no inheritance in the people’s land God speaks of the land that the other people will possess as if they will inherit it. Alternate translation: “You will not possess any of the people’s land” or “You will not receive any of the land that the Israelites will possess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 18 20 l9jb figs-metaphor 0 I am your share and inheritance God speaks of the great honor that Aaron and his descendants will have by serving him as priests as if God were something that they will inherit. Alternate translation: “Instead, I am what you will have” or “Instead, I will allow you to serve me and I will provide for you through that service” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1110,7 +1110,7 @@ NUM 20 16 kh3u 0 Look The word “look” here shows that they have stopped sp NUM 20 17 p7ra 0 Connecting Statement: The messengers continue speaking to the king of Edom. NUM 20 17 udz8 figs-metonymy 0 We will not turn aside to the right hand or to the left Here “turn aside” represents leaving the road. Alternate translation: “We will not leave the road in any direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 20 17 mcu3 0 the king’s highway This is the main road that connects Damascus in the north to the Gulf of Aqabah in the south. -NUM 20 18 dk9l figs-you 0 You may not pass…to attack you Here “you” is singular and refers to Moses, who represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Your people may not pass…to attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +NUM 20 18 dk9l figs-you 0 You may not pass … to attack you Here “you” is singular and refers to Moses, who represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Your people may not pass … to attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) NUM 20 18 cw7v figs-metonymy 0 I will come with the sword Here the sword represents the king’s army. Alternate translation: “I will send my army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 20 19 y3fv 0 the people of Israel This phrase refers to the Israelite messengers. NUM 20 19 fp34 figs-idiom 0 walk through on foot This idiom means that they would simply travel through the area by walking. They would not come in chariots to attack the people of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ NUM 21 3 chr3 0 They completely destroyed them and their cities “The people NUM 21 3 gde5 figs-activepassive 0 That place was called Hormah This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They called that place Hormah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 21 5 n6kt figs-rquestion 0 Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? The people used this question in order to rebuke Moses. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not made us leave Egypt to die in the wilderness!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 21 7 k7km 0 we have spoken against Yahweh and you “we have said bad things about Yahweh and you” -NUM 21 7 chg1 figs-exclusive 0 we have spoken…from us The words “we” and “us” here refer to the people but not to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +NUM 21 7 chg1 figs-exclusive 0 we have spoken … from us The words “we” and “us” here refer to the people but not to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) NUM 21 8 s82p figs-explicit 0 Make a snake Since it is impossible for Moses to make a real snake, it is implied that he was to make a model of a snake. This implied information can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Make a model of a snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 21 8 sw8h figs-activepassive 0 everyone who is bitten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone whom a snake bites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 21 9 um5c 0 a bronze snake “a snake out of bronze” @@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ NUM 21 16 hnm3 figs-quotations 0 where Yahweh said to Moses, “Gather the peop NUM 21 17 g2jm figs-metonymy 0 Spring up, well Here “well” represents the water in the well. The Israelites are speaking to the water as if it were a person who could hear them, and they are asking for it to fill the well. Alternate translation: “Water, fill up the well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) NUM 21 18 ms4y figs-parallelism 0 the well that our leaders dug, the well the nobles of the people dug These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the role of the leaders in digging the well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 21 18 mvp6 figs-explicit 0 with the scepter and their staffs A scepter was carried by those with authority, and the staff was carried by everyone. Neither of these are digging tools. These two items emphasize that they were not too proud to use any means available. Alternate translation: “using even their scepter and staffs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 21 19 lgf8 translate-names 0 Nahaliel…Bamoth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 21 19 lgf8 translate-names 0 Nahaliel … Bamoth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 21 20 uv3q translate-names 0 Mount Pisgah This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 21 20 s19q figs-idiom 0 looks down on the wilderness This is an idiom. It is a way of saying that the mountain is high, and speaks of the mountain as if it were a person who looks down to see the wilderness below him. Alternate translation: “rises above the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) NUM 21 21 mqq6 figs-metonymy 0 Then Israel Here “Israel” refers to the people of Israel, and especially to their leaders. Alternate translation: “Then the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1160,17 +1160,17 @@ NUM 21 24 ph3k 0 took their land “conquered the land of the Amorites.” Her NUM 21 24 n2gs 0 was fortified “was strongly defended.” The Israelites did not attack the Ammonites. NUM 21 25 c7tz 0 Heshbon and all of its villages Here “its” is possessive to show that a relationship existed between the city of Heshbon and these nearby villages. Alternate translation: “Heshbon and the nearby villages that it controlled” NUM 21 26 v9rj 0 Sihon had taken all his land Here “his” refers to the king of Moab. -NUM 21 27 bf5s figs-parallelism 0 Heshbon…city of Sihon These are two names that refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 21 27 bf5s figs-parallelism 0 Heshbon … city of Sihon These are two names that refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 21 27 pw7i figs-activepassive 0 Let the city of Sihon be rebuilt and established again This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let someone rebuild and establish again the city of Sihon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 21 27 a4ni figs-doublet 0 rebuilt and established These two terms are very similar and emphasize that the city will be fully rebuilt. Alternate translation: “completely rebuilt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) NUM 21 28 hxh1 figs-parallelism 0 A fire blazed from Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that destruction will begin at Heshbon. The fire refers to a destroying army. Alternate translation: “King Sihon led a strong army from the city of Heshbon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 21 28 di4e figs-metaphor 0 devoured Ar of Moab The army of Sihon is spoken of as if it was an animal that ate up the city of Ar. Alternate translation: “destroyed the town of Ar in the land of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NUM 21 29 cu3d figs-parallelism 0 Moab…people of Chemosh These two phrases refer to the same people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 21 29 cu3d figs-parallelism 0 Moab … people of Chemosh These two phrases refer to the same people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 21 29 r97r 0 people of Chemosh “Chemosh” was the name of the false god whom the Moabites worshiped. Alternate translation: “the people who worship Chemosh” NUM 21 29 n57w 0 He has made his sons “He” and “his” refer to Chemosh. NUM 21 30 k6au 0 we have conquered Here “we” refers to the Israelites who defeated Sihon. NUM 21 30 aiy9 figs-activepassive 0 Heshbon is devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “We have devastated Heshbon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NUM 21 30 x525 translate-names 0 Heshbon…all the way to Dibon…all the way to Nophah…to Medeba These are all places in Sihon’s kingdom. This means the Israelites destroyed Sihon’s entire nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +NUM 21 30 x525 translate-names 0 Heshbon … all the way to Dibon … all the way to Nophah … to Medeba These are all places in Sihon’s kingdom. This means the Israelites destroyed Sihon’s entire nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) NUM 21 32 f8n9 0 drove out “chased away” NUM 21 33 jc4b 0 went out against them “attacked them” NUM 21 34 wk2t 0 Do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites The Israelites had completely destroyed Sihon. Alternate translation: “Destroy him like you destroyed Sihon king of the Amorites” @@ -1181,7 +1181,7 @@ NUM 22 intro hxi6 0 # Numbers 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting NUM 22 1 vt4u 0 on the other side of the Jordan River from the city The Israelites were camped on the east side of the Jordan River. Jericho was on the west side of the river. NUM 22 2 a4k1 translate-names 0 Balak son of Zippor Balak was king of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 22 2 hqt3 translate-names 0 Zippor Zippor is the father of Balak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 22 3 hl8m figs-parallelism 0 Moab was very afraid of the people…Moab was in terror of the people of Israel These two phrases mean the same thing, and emphasize how afraid Moab was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 22 3 hl8m figs-parallelism 0 Moab was very afraid of the people … Moab was in terror of the people of Israel These two phrases mean the same thing, and emphasize how afraid Moab was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 22 3 ht2r figs-metonymy 0 Moab was very afraid Here “Moab” refers to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “All of the Moabites were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 22 3 h36e 0 because they were many “because there were many of them” NUM 22 4 vv9z 0 The king of Moab said to the elders of Midian The Moabites and the Midianites were two different groups of people, but the Midianites were living in the land of Moab at that time. @@ -1203,8 +1203,8 @@ NUM 22 7 xtx6 0 Balak This is the name of a man. See how you translated this i NUM 22 8 m7kq figs-metaphor 0 I will bring you Balaam’s report is spoken of as if it were something that he would carry to the messengers. Alternate translation: “I will tell you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 22 9 nfd7 0 God came to Balaam “God appeared to Balaam” NUM 22 9 jt4t figs-rquestion 0 Who are these men who came to you? Yahweh uses a question to introduce a new topic of conversation. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me about these men who came to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -NUM 22 10 lm86 0 Balak…Zippor These are the names of men. See how you translated these in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). -NUM 22 11 xa8q 0 Look…drive them out Balaam restates the message that Balak sent to him. See how you translated these phrases in [Numbers 22:5-6](./05.md). +NUM 22 10 lm86 0 Balak … Zippor These are the names of men. See how you translated these in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). +NUM 22 11 xa8q 0 Look … drive them out Balaam restates the message that Balak sent to him. See how you translated these phrases in [Numbers 22:5-6](./05.md). NUM 22 11 vu2r 0 drive them out “chase them away” NUM 22 12 wbu5 figs-activepassive 0 because they have been blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because I have blessed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 22 13 h8t7 0 Balak This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). @@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@ NUM 22 16 drr7 figs-go 0 They came to Balaam You may prefer to say “They went NUM 22 17 bm1v 0 this people The singular noun refers to the Israelites as a group. Alternate translation: “this group of people” NUM 22 18 q97p 0 Balak This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). NUM 22 18 x1c1 figs-hypo 0 Even if Balak would give me his palace full of silver and gold Balaam is describing something that would never happen. He is emphasizing that there is nothing that could make him disobey Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -NUM 22 18 j6cl 0 I cannot go beyond the word of Yahweh…and do less or more than what he tells me This means Balaam cannot disobey Yahweh in any way. +NUM 22 18 j6cl 0 I cannot go beyond the word of Yahweh … and do less or more than what he tells me This means Balaam cannot disobey Yahweh in any way. NUM 22 21 z7il 0 saddled his donkey A saddle is a seat put on the back of an animal in order to ride it. NUM 22 22 sb7d figs-idiom 0 God’s anger was kindled The increase in God’s anger is spoken of as if it was a fire starting to burn. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God became very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 22 22 n3m5 0 as someone hostile to Balaam “as an enemy to Balaam” or “in order to stop Balaam” @@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@ NUM 22 31 vwl7 figs-explicit 0 with his drawn sword A sword is drawn from its s NUM 22 31 xi4r translate-symaction 0 Balaam lowered his head and lay facedown This indicates that Balaam is humbling himself before the angel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) NUM 22 32 mb9v figs-rquestion 0 Why have you struck your donkey these three times? This rhetorical question is used to accuse Balaam of doing wrong. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have struck your donkey these three times.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 22 32 bfy4 0 as someone hostile to you “as an enemy to you” or “to oppose you” -NUM 22 33 nqy4 figs-hypo 0 If she had not turned…killed you and spared her life This hypothetical statement indicated what could have happened, but it did not because the donkey’s actions saved Balaam. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +NUM 22 33 nqy4 figs-hypo 0 If she had not turned … killed you and spared her life This hypothetical statement indicated what could have happened, but it did not because the donkey’s actions saved Balaam. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) NUM 22 34 hxf8 0 So now, if it is displeasing to you “So if you do not want me to continue going” NUM 22 35 dyl3 0 with the leaders of Balak “with the leaders whom Balak had sent.” See how you translated “Balak” in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). NUM 22 36 c4ji 0 Arnon This is the name of a river. See how you translated it in [Numbers 21:13](../21/13.md). @@ -1251,16 +1251,16 @@ NUM 23 1 yr7z 0 prepare seven bulls and seven rams “kill seven bulls and sev NUM 23 3 s7kv 0 Stand at your burnt offering and I will go “Stay here with your burnt offering and I will go a distance away” NUM 23 4 yji9 figs-explicit 0 I have offered up a bull and a ram It has already been stated that he killed these animals as a burnt offering. Alternate translation: “I have killed a bull and a ram and burnt them as an offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 23 5 nny6 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh put a message in Balaam’s mouth Here Yahweh giving Balaam a message to speak is spoken of as if Yahweh placed it in his mouth. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told Balaam what he wanted him to say to Balak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NUM 23 7 wtg1 figs-parallelism 0 Balak has brought me from Aram…the king of Moab from the eastern mountains These phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 23 7 wtg1 figs-parallelism 0 Balak has brought me from Aram … the king of Moab from the eastern mountains These phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 23 7 nuw3 figs-parallelism 0 ‘Come, curse Jacob for me,’…‘Come, defy Israel.’ Both of these statements mean the same thing. They emphasize that Balak wants Balaam to curse the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 23 8 w1jk figs-rquestion 0 How can I curse those whom God has not cursed? How can I oppose those whom Yahweh does not oppose? These rhetorical questions emphasize Balaam’s refusal to disobey God. They can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “But I cannot curse those whom God has not cursed. I cannot fight against those whom Yahweh does not fight!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -NUM 23 9 hq42 figs-parallelism 0 from the top of the rocks I see him…from the hills I look at him These two phrases mean the same thing. Balaam viewed Israel from the top of a hill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -NUM 23 9 a551 figs-metonymy 0 I see him…I look at him Here “him” is a metonym that refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +NUM 23 9 hq42 figs-parallelism 0 from the top of the rocks I see him … from the hills I look at him These two phrases mean the same thing. Balaam viewed Israel from the top of a hill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 23 9 a551 figs-metonymy 0 I see him … I look at him Here “him” is a metonym that refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 23 9 mm7u 0 there is a people “there is a group of people” NUM 23 9 ni8f figs-litotes 0 do not consider themselves as just an ordinary nation This negative statement is used to stress that the opposite is true. Alternate translation: “they consider themselves to be a special nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) NUM 23 10 hr4v figs-rquestion 0 Who can count the dust of Jacob or number even only one-fourth of Israel? Here “dust of Jacob” is a metaphor that speaks of the number of Israelites as if they were as numerous as the specks of dust. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There are too many Israelites to count. No one could count even a fourth of them because there are so many.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 23 10 uxp9 figs-explicit 0 the death of a righteous person It is understood that this will be a peaceful death. This can be stated. Alternate translation: “the peaceful death of a righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 23 10 am5i figs-metonymy 0 a righteous person…like his These are metonymies that refer to the people of Israel as a single person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +NUM 23 10 am5i figs-metonymy 0 a righteous person … like his These are metonymies that refer to the people of Israel as a single person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 23 11 x2xr 0 Balak This is the king of Moab. See how you translated this in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). NUM 23 11 typ8 figs-rquestion 0 What have you done to me? Balak uses this question to scold Balaam. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I cannot believe you did this to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 23 11 e1a2 0 but look This emphasizes the shocking action that follows. @@ -1271,17 +1271,17 @@ NUM 23 14 a29b translate-names 0 field of Zophim Translators may add a footnote NUM 23 14 zz2b translate-names 0 Mount Pisgah This is the name of a mountain. See how you translated this in [Numbers 21:20](../21/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 23 16 fc1n figs-metaphor 0 put a message in his mouth The message is spoken of as if it is something that God put into his mouth. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Numbers 22:38](../22/38.md). Alternate translation: “told him what to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 23 16 yn5x 0 He said “Then Yahweh said” -NUM 23 18 kka5 figs-parallelism 0 Balak, and hear…Listen to me, you son of Zippor These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize how important it was for Balak to pay attention. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -NUM 23 18 d6y8 0 Balak…son of Zippor See how you translated these names in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). +NUM 23 18 kka5 figs-parallelism 0 Balak, and hear … Listen to me, you son of Zippor These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize how important it was for Balak to pay attention. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 23 18 d6y8 0 Balak … son of Zippor See how you translated these names in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). NUM 23 19 q4wm figs-parallelism 0 Has he promised anything without doing it? Has he said he would do something without carrying it out? Both of these questions mean the same thing and emphasize that God does what he says he will. These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “He has never promised a thing without fulfilling what he promised. He has always done exactly what he said he would do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 23 20 tga7 figs-activepassive 0 I have been commanded to bless This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has commanded me to bless the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NUM 23 21 w1xp figs-parallelism 0 hardship in Jacob…trouble in Israel These two phrases mean the same thing. This could mean: (1) God has given Israel only good things or (2) there is no sin in Israel that would cause him to judge them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 23 21 w1xp figs-parallelism 0 hardship in Jacob … trouble in Israel These two phrases mean the same thing. This could mean: (1) God has given Israel only good things or (2) there is no sin in Israel that would cause him to judge them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 23 21 i4xz 0 shouts for their king are among them “they shout with joy because Yahweh is their king” NUM 23 22 bnk6 figs-simile 0 with strength like that of a wild ox This simile says that Yahweh’s great strength is equal to an ox. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -NUM 23 23 q3q1 figs-parallelism 0 There is no sorcery that works against Jacob…no fortune-telling harms Israel These two lines mean the same thing, that no curse that anyone puts on the nation of Israel will be effective. Here “Jacob” is a metonym that refers to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +NUM 23 23 q3q1 figs-parallelism 0 There is no sorcery that works against Jacob … no fortune-telling harms Israel These two lines mean the same thing, that no curse that anyone puts on the nation of Israel will be effective. Here “Jacob” is a metonym that refers to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 23 23 xhg8 figs-activepassive 0 it must be said This can be stated in active form. “people must say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 23 23 yvh5 0 Look what God has done! It is implied that what God did for them was good. Alternate translation: “Look at the good things God has done for them!” -NUM 23 24 jm1j figs-metaphor 0 the people rise like a lioness…he has killed This verse is a long metaphor that speaks of Israel defeating her enemies as if Israel was a lion devouring its prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +NUM 23 24 jm1j figs-metaphor 0 the people rise like a lioness … he has killed This verse is a long metaphor that speaks of Israel defeating her enemies as if Israel was a lion devouring its prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 23 25 yxn3 0 Balak This is the king of Moab. See how you translated this in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). NUM 23 26 sl4c figs-rquestion 0 Did I not tell you that I must say all that Yahweh tells me to say? Balaam uses this rhetorical question to remind Balak that Balaam refused to disobey God even before he came to Balak. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I told you before that I must say all that Yahweh tells me to say.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 23 28 jd2z figs-explicit 0 which looks down on the wilderness It is understood that this wilderness was where Israel was camped. Alternate translation: “which looks down on the wilderness where Israel was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ NUM 24 3 sec1 figs-activepassive 0 He received this prophecy This can be stated NUM 24 3 mke8 0 Balaam son of Beor Beor was Balaam’s father. See how you translated this in [Numbers 22:5](../22/05.md). NUM 24 3 rt1a figs-idiom 0 whose eyes are wide open This idiom means he sees and understands clearly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 24 4 np5b 0 General Information: Balaam continues to prophesy under the control of the Spirit of God. -NUM 24 4 g4v6 figs-123person 0 He speaks…He sees…he bows Here Balaam refers to himself as “He.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +NUM 24 4 g4v6 figs-123person 0 He speaks … He sees … he bows Here Balaam refers to himself as “He.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) NUM 24 4 ktc8 translate-symaction 0 he bows down This is an act of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) NUM 24 4 ej3r figs-idiom 0 with his eyes open Here “eyes open” is an idiom that means Balaam has received the ability to know what God wants to say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 24 5 ba5v figs-parallelism 0 How beautiful are your tents, Jacob, the place where you live, Israel! Both of these statements mean the same thing. They emphasize the Israelite camp was beautiful to Balaam. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1303,9 +1303,9 @@ NUM 24 6 j8eg figs-simile 0 like gardens by the riverside Balaam speaks of the NUM 24 6 l53y translate-unknown 0 aloes planted by Yahweh Aloes are plants with a pleasant smell that grow well even in dry conditions. Balaam speaks of the Israelies as if they would thrive and be pleasant like aloe plants. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “aloes which Yahweh has planted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 24 6 aw4k figs-simile 0 like cedars beside the waters Cedar trees were the largest trees in Israel. Balaam speaks of the Israelies as if they grew as large as well-watered cedar trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) NUM 24 7 dyh1 0 General Information: Balaam continues to prophesy under the control of the Spirit of God. -NUM 24 7 fl12 figs-metonymy 0 Water flows…well-watered Abundant water is associated with God’s blessing on the crops of the land. Alternate translation: “God will bless Israel with plenty of water for their crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +NUM 24 7 fl12 figs-metonymy 0 Water flows … well-watered Abundant water is associated with God’s blessing on the crops of the land. Alternate translation: “God will bless Israel with plenty of water for their crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 24 7 a4i7 figs-metonymy 0 their seed is well-watered Well-watered seed refers to God’s blessing on his people so that they will have abundant crops. Alternate translation: “they will have plenty of water for their seed to grow healthy crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -NUM 24 7 zlh1 figs-parallelism 0 Their king is to be higher…their kingdom will be honored These two phrases have similar meaning, emphasizing how much God will bless them compared to other nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 24 7 zlh1 figs-parallelism 0 Their king is to be higher … their kingdom will be honored These two phrases have similar meaning, emphasizing how much God will bless them compared to other nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 24 7 ftd7 translate-names 0 Their king is to be higher than Agag Here “higher” refers to greater honor and power. This means the future king of Israel will have more honor and will be more powerful than Agag. Agag was king of the Amalekites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 24 7 b156 figs-activepassive 0 their kingdom will be honored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “other people will give honor to their kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 24 8 phd7 0 General Information: Balaam continues to prophesy under the control of the Spirit of God. @@ -1366,15 +1366,15 @@ NUM 25 11 j3xu figs-metaphor 0 turned my rage away from the people of Israel Go NUM 25 11 lt3f figs-metaphor 0 I have not consumed the people of Israel in my fierceness God is spoken of as if he were a fierce animal that could have eaten up the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “I have not destroyed the people of Israel in my terrible anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 25 12 pby2 0 Connecting Statement: This continues Yahweh’s speech from verse 11. NUM 25 13 eu4w 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of Yahweh’s speech that begins in verse 11. -NUM 25 13 lgg4 figs-quotesinquotes 0 For him…of Israel.”’” This is the end of Yahweh’s speech from [Numbers 25:11] (./10.md). This has quotations within quotations. The direct quotations can be stated as indirect quotation. “Therefore say to them that Yahweh says that he is giving to Phinehas his covenant of peace. For him and his descendants after him, it will be a covenant of an everlasting priesthood because he was zealous for Yahweh, his God. He has atoned for the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +NUM 25 13 lgg4 figs-quotesinquotes 0 For him … of Israel.”’” This is the end of Yahweh’s speech from [Numbers 25:11] (./10.md). This has quotations within quotations. The direct quotations can be stated as indirect quotation. “Therefore say to them that Yahweh says that he is giving to Phinehas his covenant of peace. For him and his descendants after him, it will be a covenant of an everlasting priesthood because he was zealous for Yahweh, his God. He has atoned for the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) NUM 25 14 u1w2 writing-background 0 Now This switches from the main story line to background information about Zimri and Kozbi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) NUM 25 14 xw6i figs-activepassive 0 who was killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom Phinehas killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NUM 25 14 r6ve translate-names 0 Zimri…Salu These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 25 14 r6ve translate-names 0 Zimri … Salu These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 25 15 e341 translate-names 0 Zur This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 25 15 pqc7 translate-names 0 Kozbi This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 25 18 uaj4 figs-abstractnouns 0 with their deceitfulness The abstract noun “deceitfulness” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “by deceiving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NUM 25 18 kw2l 0 They led you into evil “They persuaded you to do this evil thing” -NUM 25 18 dj72 0 in the case of Peor…in the matter of Peor Both of these phrases mean that these things happened at Mount Peor. +NUM 25 18 dj72 0 in the case of Peor … in the matter of Peor Both of these phrases mean that these things happened at Mount Peor. NUM 25 18 h4fy 0 Peor Peor was the name of a mountain. See how you translated this in [Numbers 23:28](../23/28.md). NUM 25 18 vp48 figs-activepassive 0 who was killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom Phinehas killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 26 intro h5mw 0 # Numbers 26 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 26:12-17, 20-26, 29-32, 35, 38-39, 44-45, 48-49, 57-58 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists.

The people are counted in preparation for entering into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### A new generation

None of the adults who came out of Egypt with Moses were still alive except the two faithful spies, Joshua and Caleb. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) @@ -1389,7 +1389,7 @@ NUM 26 5 blb4 0 From his son The word “his” refers to Rueben. NUM 26 7 ukj3 translate-numbers 0 43,730 men “forty-three thousand seven hundred and thirty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 26 8 vzn3 translate-names 0 General Information: The leaders of Israel are counting the men, 20 years old and older, according to their tribes and families. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 26 8 q6k2 0 Eliab See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 16:1](../16/01.md). -NUM 26 9 i6m2 0 Eliab…Dathan…Abiram See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 16:1](../16/01.md). +NUM 26 9 i6m2 0 Eliab … Dathan … Abiram See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 16:1](../16/01.md). NUM 26 10 d33w figs-personification 0 The earth opened its mouth and swallowed them up Here the earth is spoken of as if it were a person opening its mouth and eating something. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused the earth to split open, and the men fell in the hole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) NUM 26 10 l16k figs-personification 0 fire devoured 250 men Here the fire is spoken of as if it were a large animal devouring something. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused a fire that killed 250 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) NUM 26 10 y2z4 translate-numbers 0 250 men “two hundred and fifty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1435,11 +1435,11 @@ NUM 26 55 zwx4 figs-activepassive 0 it will be divided This can be stated in ac NUM 26 56 gvl8 figs-activepassive 0 distributed to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and you must distribute the land to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 26 57 l46r translate-names 0 General Information: This is a list of the Levite clans. Moses counts the Levites separately from the other tribes because they did not receive any land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 26 57 r6qa figs-activepassive 0 counted clan by clan This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the leaders also counted clan by clan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NUM 26 57 mt4u 0 Gershon…Kohath…Merari See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 3:17](../03/17.md). +NUM 26 57 mt4u 0 Gershon … Kohath … Merari See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 3:17](../03/17.md). NUM 26 58 au4a 0 Amram’s See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 3:19](../03/19.md). NUM 26 59 pqk6 0 Amram See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 3:19](../03/19.md). NUM 26 59 zb3x 0 She bore to Amram their children “She and Amram had children” -NUM 26 60 wwe5 0 Nadab…Abihu…Ithamar See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 3:2](../03/02.md). +NUM 26 60 wwe5 0 Nadab … Abihu … Ithamar See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 3:2](../03/02.md). NUM 26 61 qsd1 figs-metonymy 0 they offered before Yahweh unacceptable fire Here the word “fire” is used to refer to “burning incense.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Numbers 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “they burned an incense offering to Yahweh in a way that he did not approve of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 26 62 ane3 figs-activepassive 0 who were counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the leaders counted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 26 62 ac2r translate-numbers 0 twenty-three thousand “23,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1454,9 +1454,9 @@ NUM 26 65 zm6j figs-doublenegatives 0 There was not a man left among them, exce NUM 26 65 sl65 0 son of Jephunneh Jephunneh was Caleb’s father. See how you translated this in [Numbers 13:6](../13/06.md). NUM 26 65 j2tl 0 son of Nun Nun was Joshua’s father. See how you translated this in [Numbers 11:28](../11/28.md). NUM 27 intro g57e 0 # Numbers 27 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Daughters
The daughters of Korah received no land because their father was punished by Yahweh. Yahweh still graciously gave them their father’s portion of land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])

### The new leader is Joshua

God told Moses to appoint Joshua as the new leader. Joshua became Yahweh’s anointed leader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) -NUM 27 1 r2z7 0 Then to Moses came the daughters of Zelophehad…son of Joseph “Then the daughters of Zelophehad son of Hepher son of Gilead son of Machir son of Manasseh, of the clans of Manasseh son of Joseph came to Moses.” This tells us the genealogy of Zelophehad. -NUM 27 1 xh5x 0 Zelophehad son of Hepher…Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milkah, and Tirzah See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 26:33](../26/33.md). -NUM 27 1 f1ul 0 Gilead…Machir See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 26:29](../26/29.md). +NUM 27 1 r2z7 0 Then to Moses came the daughters of Zelophehad … son of Joseph “Then the daughters of Zelophehad son of Hepher son of Gilead son of Machir son of Manasseh, of the clans of Manasseh son of Joseph came to Moses.” This tells us the genealogy of Zelophehad. +NUM 27 1 xh5x 0 Zelophehad son of Hepher … Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milkah, and Tirzah See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 26:33](../26/33.md). +NUM 27 1 f1ul 0 Gilead … Machir See how you translated these men’s names in [Numbers 26:29](../26/29.md). NUM 27 2 ma3g 0 They stood “The daughters of Zelophehad stood” NUM 27 3 a6nu figs-explicit 0 who conspired against Yahweh in the company of Korah The people in the company of Korah gathered together and rebelled against Yahweh. Yahweh caused them to die, because of their sin. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who died because they were among Korah’s followers who rebelled against Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 27 3 tn9z 0 for his own sin “because of his own sin” @@ -1567,8 +1567,8 @@ NUM 29 3 yys9 translate-fraction 0 three-tenths of an ephah The phrase “of fi NUM 29 3 c9pg figs-ellipsis 0 two-tenths The phrase “of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil” is understood from earlier in the sentence. “Two tenths” means two parts out of ten equal parts. This can be written in modern measurements. Alternate translation: “four and a half liters of fine flour mixed with oil” or “two-tenths of an ephah (which is about 4.5 liters)” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) NUM 29 4 chq7 translate-fraction 0 one-tenth The phrase “of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil” is understood from earlier in the sentence. “One-tenth” means one part out of ten equal parts. This can be written in modern measurements. Alternate translation: “2 liters of fine flour mixed with oil” or “a tenth of an ephah (which is about 2 liters)” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) NUM 29 5 b36k figs-abstractnouns 0 to make atonement The word “atonement” can be expressed with the verb “atone.” Alternate translation: “to atone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -NUM 29 6 p8f6 translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the seventh month…the first of each month “in month 7…day 1 of each month.” The word “month” refers to a month of the Hebrew calendar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -NUM 29 6 frt3 0 of each month: the special burnt offering…with it “of each month--the special burnt offering…with it.” This is the offering that is made on the first day of each month. +NUM 29 6 p8f6 translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the seventh month … the first of each month “in month 7…day 1 of each month.” The word “month” refers to a month of the Hebrew calendar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +NUM 29 6 frt3 0 of each month: the special burnt offering … with it “of each month--the special burnt offering … with it.” This is the offering that is made on the first day of each month. NUM 29 6 h1cf figs-possession 0 the regular burnt offering, its grain offering, and its drink offerings This refers to the offerings the priests were to give every day. The grain offering and drink offering were to be offered with the regular burnt offering. Alternate translation: “the regular burnt offering, with the grain offering and drink offerings that accompany it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) NUM 29 6 nh25 figs-activepassive 0 you will obey what has been decreed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will obey Yahweh’s decree” or “you will obey what Yahweh had decreed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 29 6 kle9 figs-activepassive 0 an offering made by fire to Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “an offering you burnt on the altar to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@ NUM 30 6 r4gc figs-metaphor 0 by which she has bound herself Here Moses speaks NUM 30 7 s8e5 figs-ellipsis 0 says nothing to her You may need to specify that he says nothing to her about her vow. Alternate translation: “says nothing to her about her vow” or “does not tell her to have Yahweh release her from the vow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NUM 30 7 nh9k figs-metaphor 0 by which she bound herself Here Moses speaks of how a woman has committed herself to fulfilling a promise as if her promise were a physical object that she had bound to her body. Alternate translation: “that she has committed herself to fulfill” See how this is translated in [Numbers 30:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 30 7 vj3j figs-idiom 0 will stand This is an idiom. It means that her vows will remain in effect and that she will be required to fulfill them. Alternate translation: “she will be obligated to fulfill” See how this is translated in [Numbers 30:4] (./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -NUM 30 8 n9fw figs-parallelism 0 the vow that she has made…the rash talk of her lips “the vow that she has made…that is, the rash talk of her lips.” These two phrases refer to the same thing. The second phrase describes the vow that the woman made. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +NUM 30 8 n9fw figs-parallelism 0 the vow that she has made … the rash talk of her lips “the vow that she has made … that is, the rash talk of her lips.” These two phrases refer to the same thing. The second phrase describes the vow that the woman made. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 30 8 j925 figs-synecdoche 0 the rash talk of her lips The phrase “the rash talk” refers to the rash promise that she made. Here “her lips” means the woman herself. She is referred to as “her lips” because lips are related to what she says. Alternate translation: “the rash things she has said” or “her rash promise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) NUM 30 8 pen9 figs-metaphor 0 with which she has bound herself Here Moses speaks of how a woman has committed herself to fulfilling a promise as if her promise were a physical object that she had bound to her body. Alternate translation: “that she has committed herself to fulfill” See how this is translated in [Numbers 30:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 30 8 dgy8 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will release her Here Moses speaks about Yahweh forgiving the woman for not fulfilling her vow as if he were releasing her from something that bound her. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive her” or “Yahweh will forgive her for not fulfilling her vow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1752,7 +1752,7 @@ NUM 32 5 pl1g figs-idiom 0 If we have found favor in your eyes Here “found fa NUM 32 5 q5ik figs-activepassive 0 let this land be given to us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “give this land to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 32 5 gd1t figs-explicit 0 Do not make us cross over the Jordan They wanted the land on the east side of the Jordan River instead of crossing over to the west side and claiming land there. Alternate translation: “Do not make us cross over the Jordan to take possession of land on that side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 32 6 sua3 figs-rquestion 0 Should your brothers go to war while you settle down here? Moses asks this question to rebuke the people from the tribes of Gad and Reuben. Alternate translation: “It is wrong for you to settle down in this land while your brothers go to war.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -NUM 32 7 c23x figs-rquestion 0 Why discourage the hearts…the land that Yahweh has given them? Moses asks this question to correct the people from the tribes of Gad and Reuben. Alternate translation: “Do not discourage the hearts…the land that Yahweh has given them.” or “Your actions would discourage the hearts…the land that Yahweh has given them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +NUM 32 7 c23x figs-rquestion 0 Why discourage the hearts … the land that Yahweh has given them? Moses asks this question to correct the people from the tribes of Gad and Reuben. Alternate translation: “Do not discourage the hearts … the land that Yahweh has given them.” or “Your actions would discourage the hearts … the land that Yahweh has given them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 32 7 yrl5 figs-synecdoche 0 discourage the hearts of the people of Israel from going Here the word “hearts” represents the people themselves and refers to the seat of their emotions. Alternate translation: “discourage the people of Israel from going” or “cause the people of Israel to not want to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) NUM 32 8 v1cy 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Reuben and Gad. NUM 32 9 ge3e translate-names 0 Valley of Eshkol This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Numbers 13:23](../13/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1762,11 +1762,11 @@ NUM 32 10 hpu7 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s anger was kindled Yahweh becoming ang NUM 32 11 wb16 0 none of the men “none of the people.” This phrase refers to both men and women. NUM 32 11 m7bw translate-numbers 0 twenty years old and up “20 years old or older” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 32 11 a6wn figs-metaphor 0 completely followed me Being devoted to Yahweh and obeying him are spoken of as if they were following Yahweh. Alternate translation: “completely obeyed me” or “been completely devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NUM 32 12 m62i translate-names 0 Jephunneh…Nun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 32 12 m62i translate-names 0 Jephunneh … Nun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 32 12 dt3y translate-names 0 Kenizzite This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 32 13 n7kk figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s anger was kindled against Israel Yahweh becoming angry is spoken of as if his anger was a fire that begins to burn. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh became very angry with Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 32 13 qr9t translate-numbers 0 forty years “40 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 32 13 mca3 figs-activepassive 0 all the generation…sight was destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he destroyed all the generation…sight” or “all the generation…sight had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +NUM 32 13 mca3 figs-activepassive 0 all the generation … sight was destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he destroyed all the generation … sight” or “all the generation … sight had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 32 13 z1be figs-idiom 0 who had done evil in his sight Being in someone’s sight means to be in front of that person where he can see. Alternate translation: “who had done evil before Yahweh” or “who had done evil in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 32 14 j6ik figs-metaphor 0 you have risen up in your fathers’ place The people of Reuben and Gad acting like their ancestors did is spoken of as if they were standing in the place where their ancestors did. Alternate translation: “you have begun to act just like your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 32 14 t3rd figs-metaphor 0 to add to Yahweh’s burning anger toward Israel The people causing Yahweh to become angrier is spoken of as if his anger was a fire and the people are adding more fuel to that fire. Alternate translation: “to cause Yahweh to be even more angry with Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1791,12 +1791,12 @@ NUM 32 30 c7xh 0 then they will acquire their possessions among you in the lan NUM 32 32 v4jp figs-explicit 0 We will cross over armed You can make it clear that they will cross the Jordan. Alternate translation: “We will cross over the Jordan ready to fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 32 32 zxx7 figs-metaphor 0 our possessed inheritance The land that the people were to receive as a permanent possession is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they were to obtain. Alternate translation: “the portion of land that we will possess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 32 32 p5vi figs-idiom 0 will remain with us This idiom refers to ownership. Alternate translation: “will be ours” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -NUM 32 33 d9qr figs-ellipsis 0 the kingdom of Sihon…and of Og These are names of kings who ruled two separate kingdoms. Alternate translation: “the kingdom of Sihon…and the kingdom of Og” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 32 33 d9qr figs-ellipsis 0 the kingdom of Sihon … and of Og These are names of kings who ruled two separate kingdoms. Alternate translation: “the kingdom of Sihon … and the kingdom of Og” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 32 34 x51u translate-names 0 Dibon, Ataroth, Aroer These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 32 35 h5rs translate-names 0 Atroth Shophan, Jazer, Jogbehah These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 32 36 q92b translate-names 0 Beth Nimrah, and Beth Haran These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 32 37 ln11 translate-names 0 Heshbon, Elealeh, Kiriathaim These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 32 38 du4l translate-names 0 Nebo, Baal Meon…Sibmah These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NUM 32 38 du4l translate-names 0 Nebo, Baal Meon … Sibmah These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 32 38 a8pp figs-activepassive 0 their names were later changed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people later changed the names of these cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 32 39 we8f 0 Machir This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Numbers 26:29](../26/29.md). NUM 32 41 h5li translate-names 0 Jair This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1817,7 +1817,7 @@ NUM 33 5 tm1p 0 set out from “departed from” NUM 33 6 y8bu 0 on the edge of the wilderness “on the border of the wilderness” NUM 33 8 bu1s translate-names 0 General Information: Moses lists the places the Israelites went after they left Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 33 8 j48d 0 passed through the middle of the sea This refers to when Yahweh divided the Red Sea so that the Israelites could escape from the Egyptian army. -NUM 33 9 ii9y translate-numbers 0 twelve springs…seventy palm trees “12 springs…70 palm trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +NUM 33 9 ii9y translate-numbers 0 twelve springs … seventy palm trees “12 springs…70 palm trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 33 11 x491 translate-names 0 General Information: Moses lists the places the Israelites went after they left Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 33 14 f1vp figs-activepassive 0 where no water was found for the people to drink This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where the people could not find water to drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 33 15 u8kr translate-names 0 General Information: Moses lists the places the Israelites went after they left Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1888,7 +1888,7 @@ NUM 35 30 l81w figs-activepassive 0 the murderer must be killed This can be sta NUM 35 30 e5vq figs-activepassive 0 as testified to by the words of witnesses This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “according to the testimony of witnesses” or “as witnesses testify to the murder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 35 30 y1ik figs-activepassive 0 But one witness’ word alone may not cause any person to be put to death The testimony of one witness is not enough to execute a person for murder. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But the word of only one witness is not enough for you to execute a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 35 31 th5f figs-activepassive 0 He must certainly be put to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must execute him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -NUM 35 32 pv6j figs-explicit 0 You must not…allow him to reside on his own property This implied that the man would have left the city of refuge and returned home. Alternate translation: “You must not…allow him to leave the city of refuge and return home to live on his own property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NUM 35 32 pv6j figs-explicit 0 You must not … allow him to reside on his own property This implied that the man would have left the city of refuge and returned home. Alternate translation: “You must not … allow him to leave the city of refuge and return home to live on his own property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 35 32 a9qa 0 in this way “by accepting a ransom” NUM 35 33 gzd5 figs-metaphor 0 Do not pollute in this way the land where you live, because blood from murder pollutes the land Making the land unacceptable to Yahweh is spoken of as if it were physically polluting the land. Alternate translation: “Do not make the land where you live unacceptable to me in this way, because blood from murder makes the land unacceptable to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 35 33 df8z 0 in this way This means by disobeying the laws concerning a person who kills someone. diff --git a/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv b/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv index 5f45fea66..00cbb89d5 100644 --- a/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv +++ b/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv @@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo DEU front intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Deuteronomy

1. Moses reminds Israel of how Yahweh guided them through the wilderness (1:1–3:29)
1. Moses appeals for Israel to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–43)
1. The Ten Commandments (5:1–10:22)
1. Rules and warnings from the Law (11:1–26:19)
1. Instructions for entering Canaan (27:1–26)
1. Blessings for obeying and curses for disobeying (28:1-68)
1. The covenant renewed (29:1-30:20)
1. Last words of Moses, the Song of Moses, and his death (31:1–34:12)


### What is the Book of Deuteronomy about?

In the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land, Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshipping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his Law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

### How should the title of this book be translated?

The name “Deuteronomy” means “Second Law” or “the retelling of the Law.” Translators may decide on a title such as, “A Repeat of the Law” or “Moses Explains the Law Again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### Who wrote the Book of Deuteronomy?

The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34. This chapter tells how Moses died.

### What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy?

The book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land?

As God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he commanded them to completely destroy the Canaanite people who lived there. The Israelites would then not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is the role of God’s name in Deuteronomy?

God’s name is mentioned over thirty times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God’s name in this book usually represents God’s honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God’s name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God’s presence would be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him.

### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch?

The Books of Genesis and Exodus help to explain what happens in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the Book of Deuteronomy. DEU 1 intro ggp9 0 # Deuteronomy 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s victory
The chapter explains that Israel’s conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgement upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

### Possessing the land
While the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Posessing the land depended on Israel’s faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) DEU 1 1 j9ty 0 beyond the Jordan This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he spoke to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “east of the Jordan” -DEU 1 1 bg65 translate-names 0 Suph…Paran…Tophel…Laban…Hazeroth…Dizahab These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 1 2 p4gk 0 It is eleven days’ journey from Horeb…to Kadesh Barnea “It takes eleven days to walk from Horeb…to Kadesh Barnea” +DEU 1 1 bg65 translate-names 0 Suph … Paran … Tophel … Laban … Hazeroth … Dizahab These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 1 2 p4gk 0 It is eleven days’ journey from Horeb … to Kadesh Barnea “It takes eleven days to walk from Horeb … to Kadesh Barnea” DEU 1 2 m2r5 translate-names 0 Mount Seir This is a mountainous area south of the Dead Sea. The area is also called “Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 1 2 pp45 translate-numbers 0 eleven “11” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 1 3 pc9j translate-ordinal 0 It happened in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, that Moses spoke The ordinal numbers can be translated as cardinal numbers. Alternate translation: “They had lived in the wilderness for 40 years, 11 months, and 1 day, when Moses spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) @@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ DEU 1 3 zfn5 translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the eleventh month, on the first day o DEU 1 3 p27w translate-numbers 0 eleventh 11th (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 1 3 d97r 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. DEU 1 4 ws56 0 Yahweh had attacked “Yahweh had enabled the Israelites to defeat” -DEU 1 4 x2fp translate-names 0 Sihon…Og These are names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 1 4 mpn7 translate-names 0 Heshbon…Ashtaroth at Edrei These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 1 4 x2fp translate-names 0 Sihon … Og These are names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 1 4 mpn7 translate-names 0 Heshbon … Ashtaroth at Edrei These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 1 5 cn3h 0 Beyond the Jordan This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “East of the Jordan River” DEU 1 6 s8em 0 spoke to us The word “us” refers to Moses and the other people of Israel. DEU 1 6 gy3a figs-idiom 0 You have lived long enough in this hill country This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “You do not need to stay near this mountain any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 1 7 kh6j 0 General Information: Moses continues to remind the people of Israel what Yahweh said to them. DEU 1 7 l6np figs-idiom 0 Turn and take your journey The word “turn” is an idiom for beginning action. Alternate translation: “Start again on your journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -DEU 1 7 rbe5 0 hill country…Euphrates Yahweh is describing places in the land that he has promised to give to the Israelites. +DEU 1 7 rbe5 0 hill country … Euphrates Yahweh is describing places in the land that he has promised to give to the Israelites. DEU 1 7 faf3 0 hill country This is an area in the hills near the place where the Amorites lived. DEU 1 7 y94k 0 lowland an area of land that is low and flat DEU 1 8 bp4f 0 Look “Pay attention to what I am about to say” @@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ DEU 1 12 iss7 0 your disputes “your arguments” or “your disagreements” DEU 1 13 ue4a 0 men of good repute from each tribe “men from each tribe whom the people of Israel respect” DEU 1 15 f4vm 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. DEU 1 15 u5jy 0 men of good repute “men whom your people respected.” See how this is translated in [Deuteronomy 1:13](../01/13.md). -DEU 1 15 t5iw translate-numbers 0 of thousands…of hundreds…of fifties…of tens “of groups of 1,000…of groups of 100…of groups of 50…and groups of 10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -DEU 1 15 s5h1 0 captains…officers These are titles for different leaders in Israel’s government. +DEU 1 15 t5iw translate-numbers 0 of thousands … of hundreds … of fifties … of tens “of groups of 1,000…of groups of 100…of groups of 50…and groups of 10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +DEU 1 15 s5h1 0 captains … officers These are titles for different leaders in Israel’s government. DEU 1 15 s3vi 0 tribe by tribe “from each of your tribes” DEU 1 16 dq18 0 judge righteously between a man and his brother “make right and fair decisions about the disputes Israelites have with each other” DEU 1 17 tia7 figs-pronouns 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the judges, so the commands are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ DEU 1 18 crf3 figs-explicit 0 at that time This means the time when they were a DEU 1 19 bf68 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what the previous generation of Israelites did. DEU 1 19 s8zk 0 terrible wilderness that you saw “large and dangerous desert that you crossed through” DEU 1 20 lj3y 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what the previous generation of Israelites did. -DEU 1 21 sel7 figs-pronouns 0 Look…your God…before you; go up, take possession…your fathers…to you; do not be afraid, neither be discouraged Moses is speaking to the Israelites as if he were speaking to one man, so these forms should be singular, not plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +DEU 1 21 sel7 figs-pronouns 0 Look … your God … before you; go up, take possession … your fathers … to you; do not be afraid, neither be discouraged Moses is speaking to the Israelites as if he were speaking to one man, so these forms should be singular, not plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) DEU 1 21 xjd3 0 has set the land before you “is now giving this land to you.” See how this is translated in [Deuteronomy 1:8](../01/08.md). DEU 1 22 jr4u 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what the previous generation of Israelites did. DEU 1 23 cm5h translate-numbers 0 twelve men “12 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ DEU 1 28 fl92 figs-explicit 0 sons of the Anakim These are descendants of the A DEU 1 29 d7v6 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what the previous generation of Israelites did. DEU 1 29 ukp2 0 I said to you “I said to your ancestors” DEU 1 30 wdr7 figs-synecdoche 0 before your eyes Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they saw. Alternate translation: “which you yourselves saw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -DEU 1 31 t94m figs-you 0 you have seen…Yahweh your God carried you…you went…you came Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 1 31 t94m figs-you 0 you have seen … Yahweh your God carried you … you went … you came Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 1 31 bmh3 figs-simile 0 Yahweh your God carried you, as a man carries his son Here Yahweh’s care for his people is compared to that of a father. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has taken care of you, like a father takes care of his son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) DEU 1 31 ivd6 0 until you came to this place “until you came to this land that God promised to give you” DEU 1 32 hy2f 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what the previous generation of Israelites did. @@ -117,14 +117,14 @@ DEU 2 6 rd6v 0 General Information: Moses continues to instruct Israel in how DEU 2 6 qn8p 0 You will purchase food from them Yahweh is giving them permission or instruction, not a command, and he is telling them not to steal. “I permit you to purchase food from them” or “If you need food, you are to purchase it from them” DEU 2 6 pc6f 0 from them “from Esau’s descendants” DEU 2 6 ru4x 0 for money If these words are not needed or make the translation unclear, you may omit them. -DEU 2 7 st5n figs-you 0 your God has blessed you…your hand…your walking…your God…with you, and you have lacked Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 2 7 st5n figs-you 0 your God has blessed you … your hand … your walking … your God … with you, and you have lacked Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 2 7 ief6 figs-synecdoche 0 you in all the work of your hand The “work of your hand” refers to all the work they had done. Alternate translation: “all of your work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 2 7 act3 figs-metonymy 0 he has known your walking Here what happened to the people while they were walking is spoken of as their “walking.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 2 7 u2px translate-numbers 0 forty years “40 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 2 7 l4f1 figs-litotes 0 you have lacked nothing This is a litotes for “you have had everything you needed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) DEU 2 8 t48a 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. DEU 2 8 n8fq 0 by our brothers “by our relatives” -DEU 2 8 ctw5 translate-names 0 Elath…Ezion Geber These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 2 8 ctw5 translate-names 0 Elath … Ezion Geber These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 8 lbh3 figs-idiom 0 we turned This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “we kept going” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 2 9 g8pa writing-background 0 General Information: This is the end of a part of Moses’ speech reminding the Israelites of how Yahweh guided them in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) DEU 2 9 ftp7 figs-metonymy 0 Do not trouble Moab The word “Moab” represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “Do not trouble the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ DEU 2 12 j8rr writing-background 0 General Information: This continues the back DEU 2 12 ye16 translate-names 0 Horites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 12 v8s2 0 destroyed them from before them “killed all of them so none of them were left living with them” or “removed them from their presence by killing all of them” DEU 2 13 tfp1 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the Israelites of what had happened to them in the wilderness. -DEU 2 13 ruf4 figs-quotations 0 ‘Now rise up…Zered.’ So “‘Then Yahweh said, “Now rise up…Zered.’ So.” This can be translated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh told us to rise up…Zered. So” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +DEU 2 13 ruf4 figs-quotations 0 ‘Now rise up … Zered.’ So “‘Then Yahweh said, “Now rise up … Zered.’ So.” This can be translated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh told us to rise up … Zered. So” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) DEU 2 13 va2q figs-idiom 0 rise up begin to do something (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 2 13 mn1h translate-names 0 the brook Zered This stream flows into the Dead Sea from the southeast and creates the border between Edom and Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 14 h8wz writing-background 0 Now the days The word “now” marks a change from the story to background information about how long the people of Israel traveled and about God’s anger towards that generation. If your language has a way of showing that what follows is background information, you should use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ DEU 2 15 q5m7 figs-synecdoche 0 the hand of Yahweh was against Here “the hand DEU 2 16 pv43 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel of what happened in the past. DEU 2 18 yrj6 figs-you 0 You are Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 2 18 g7yv translate-names 0 Ar This is the name of a city in Moab. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 2:9](../02/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 2 19 c269 figs-you 0 do not trouble…will not give you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the command and the word “you” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 2 19 c269 figs-you 0 do not trouble … will not give you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the command and the word “you” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 2 19 af4b figs-explicit 0 to the descendants of Lot The people of Israel were related to the descendants of Ammon. Ammon was the son of Lot. Lot was the nephew of Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 2 20 s8bn writing-background 0 General Information: These verses begin to give background information about the people groups who lived in the land. If your language has a way of showing that what follows is background information, you should use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) DEU 2 20 n15r figs-activepassive 0 That also is considered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People also consider that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ DEU 2 21 xz3g 0 they succeeded them and lived in their place “the Ammonites DEU 2 22 y1ib translate-names 0 Horites This is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 22 yq6w 0 succeeded them and have lived in their place “took over everything the Horites had owned and have lived where the Horites had lived” DEU 2 23 i3fg 0 General Information: The writer finishes describing how God enabled Esau to conquer the land Esau is now inhabiting. -DEU 2 23 c7kb translate-names 0 Avvites…Caphtorim These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 2 23 c7kb translate-names 0 Avvites … Caphtorim These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 23 wmz4 translate-names 0 Caphtor This is the name of a place. It may be another name for the island of Crete located in the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 23 feg9 0 destroyed them “destroyed the Avvim” DEU 2 23 un7u 0 settled in their place “lived where the Avvim had lived” @@ -170,28 +170,28 @@ DEU 2 24 yyy9 0 Now rise up Yahweh is telling Moses what the people should do. DEU 2 24 b1uk 0 go on your journey “continue your journey” DEU 2 24 v45y translate-names 0 Valley of the Arnon This is the name of the valley of the Arnon River. It creates the border between Moab and the Amorites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 24 j7cy figs-metonymy 0 I have given into your hand The metonym “into your hand” means “into your control or power.” Alternate translation: “I have given you the power to defeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 2 24 g8xa figs-you 0 your hand…Begin to possess it…fight Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” and the commands “begin to possess” and “fight” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 2 24 g8xa figs-you 0 your hand … Begin to possess it … fight Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” and the commands “begin to possess” and “fight” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 2 24 gvu7 translate-names 0 Sihon This is the name of a king. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 24 q9kc translate-names 0 Heshbon This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 24 k7py 0 fight with him “fight against him and his army” -DEU 2 25 il8b figs-you 0 terror of you…news about you…because of you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 2 25 il8b figs-you 0 terror of you … news about you … because of you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 2 25 jg6p figs-doublet 0 put the fear and terror The words “fear” and “terror” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the fear is intense. Alternate translation: “put a terrible fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 2 25 x3s5 figs-idiom 0 peoples that are under the whole sky This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “peoples in every land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 2 25 fjp4 figs-hendiadys 0 tremble and be in anguish This is hendiadys and emphasizes that the people will “tremble in anguish.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) DEU 2 26 ajl4 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. DEU 2 26 d2n3 0 I sent Here “I” refers to Moses. DEU 2 26 p6fj translate-names 0 wilderness of Kedemoth This is the name of a place near the valley of Arnon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 2 26 t59e translate-names 0 Sihon…Heshbon These are the names of a man and a place. See how you translated them in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 2 26 t59e translate-names 0 Sihon … Heshbon These are the names of a man and a place. See how you translated them in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 26 efk3 0 with words of peace “with my offer of peace” or “with a message from me asking for peace” DEU 2 27 zr26 figs-litotes 0 I will turn neither to the right hand nor to the left This phrase emphasizes that they will always go in the same direction. It can be stated in positive form. “I will not change direction” or “I will always stay on the path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) DEU 2 28 mf3s 0 General Information: This continues Moses’ message to King Sihon. DEU 2 28 n54c 0 You will sell me food for money, so that I may eat; give me water for money, so that I may drink Moses tells Sihon that the Israelites will not steal from the Amorites and requests that Sihon and his people sell food and water to the Israelites; he is not giving a command. Alternate translation: “I expect to have to pay for food so I can eat and to pay for water so I can drink” -DEU 2 28 jp21 figs-synecdoche 0 sell me…I may eat…give me…I may drink Moses is referring to the people of Israel as if they were Moses himself. Alternate translation: “sell to me and my people…we may eat…give us…we may drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +DEU 2 28 jp21 figs-synecdoche 0 sell me … I may eat … give me … I may drink Moses is referring to the people of Israel as if they were Moses himself. Alternate translation: “sell to me and my people … we may eat … give us … we may drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 2 28 twx5 0 only let me pass through on my feet “only let us walk through your land” DEU 2 29 nj8q translate-names 0 Ar This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:9](../02/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 2 30 iv42 0 General Information: Moses continues to remind the people of what happened in the past. -DEU 2 30 pe7f translate-names 0 Sihon…Heshbon These are the names of a man and a place. See how you translated them in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 2 30 n8cg figs-you 0 your God…your might Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 2 30 pe7f translate-names 0 Sihon … Heshbon These are the names of a man and a place. See how you translated them in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 2 30 n8cg figs-you 0 your God … your might Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 2 30 fad4 figs-parallelism 0 hardened his mind and made his heart obstinate Both of these phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh “caused him to become very stubborn.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 2 31 wz3l 0 to deliver up Sihon and his land before you “to give Sihon and his land over to you” DEU 2 31 mi9p 0 begin to possess it, in order that you may inherit his land “take possession of his land, so that you may inherit it” @@ -211,8 +211,8 @@ DEU 3 1 z2w7 translate-names 0 Og This is the name of a king. See how you trans DEU 3 1 v626 translate-names 0 Edrei This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 3 2 a3g7 translate-names 0 Sihon This is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 3 2 dc9j translate-names 0 Heshbon This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 3 2 hn64 figs-you 0 Yahweh said to me, ‘Do not fear him;…given you…under your control…You will do…as you did…at Heshbon.’ Yahweh is speaking to Moses as if Moses were the Israelites, so the command “do not fear” and all instances of “you” and “your” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 3 2 w3dp 0 fear him…over him…his people and his land Here the words “him” and “his” refer to Og. +DEU 3 2 hn64 figs-you 0 Yahweh said to me, ‘Do not fear him;…given you … under your control … You will do … as you did … at Heshbon.’ Yahweh is speaking to Moses as if Moses were the Israelites, so the command “do not fear” and all instances of “you” and “your” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 3 2 w3dp 0 fear him … over him … his people and his land Here the words “him” and “his” refer to Og. DEU 3 2 w9tj figs-pastforfuture 0 I have given you victory Yahweh speaks of what he will do as if he had already done it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) DEU 3 2 pqq3 figs-synecdoche 0 You will do to him as you did to Sihon The word “him” is a metonym for “his people.” Alternate translation: “You will destroy Og and his people as you did Sihon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 3 3 n4lw figs-activepassive 0 all his people were put under our control This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh put all of Og’s people under our control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -231,15 +231,15 @@ DEU 3 8 kg66 0 Amorites “Amorite people.” See how you translated the name DEU 3 8 l9c4 0 beyond the Jordan This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “east of the Jordan River” DEU 3 8 c8hd 0 the Valley of the Arnon See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 2:24](../02/24.md). DEU 3 8 b5q8 translate-names 0 Mount Hermon This is the name of a mountain at the northern border of Bashan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 3 9 nk7s translate-names 0 Mount Hermon…Sirion…Senir These are all names of the same mountain which is at the northern border of Bashan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 3 10 g7ie 0 Bashan…Edrei…Og See how you translated these in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). +DEU 3 9 nk7s translate-names 0 Mount Hermon … Sirion … Senir These are all names of the same mountain which is at the northern border of Bashan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 3 10 g7ie 0 Bashan … Edrei … Og See how you translated these in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). DEU 3 10 gk8j 0 of the plain This is high, flat land between the Arnon River and Mount Gilead. DEU 3 10 l1kh translate-names 0 Salekah This is the name of a city near Edrei. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 3 11 nd7p 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. -DEU 3 11 ju5n writing-background 0 For of the remnant…the way people measure This is background information about King Og. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +DEU 3 11 ju5n writing-background 0 For of the remnant … the way people measure This is background information about King Og. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) DEU 3 11 mdg3 0 Rephaim See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:11](../02/11.md). DEU 3 11 i4qm 0 Look! “Pay attention to the important thing I am going to tell you.” -DEU 3 11 ev4b figs-rquestion 0 Was it not in Rabbah,…live? The writer uses a question to remind the people of Israel that they could go to Rabbah and see how large Og must have been. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. This could mean: (1) “It was in Rabbah,…live.” or (2) “It is in Rabbah…live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 3 11 ev4b figs-rquestion 0 Was it not in Rabbah,…live? The writer uses a question to remind the people of Israel that they could go to Rabbah and see how large Og must have been. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. This could mean: (1) “It was in Rabbah,…live.” or (2) “It is in Rabbah … live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 3 11 b98u translate-bdistance 0 cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) DEU 3 11 z43d 0 the way people measure “according to the cubit most people use” DEU 3 12 ac8k 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of what happened in the past. @@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ DEU 3 23 d3fi 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people abou DEU 3 23 j4ne 0 I implored Here “I” refers to Moses. This means he asked God in a very earnest, emotional way. DEU 3 24 z9tn 0 to show your servant Here “your servant” is a polite way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “to show me, your servant” DEU 3 24 idr1 figs-metonymy 0 your strong hand Here the metonym “hand” means control or power. Alternate translation: “your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 3 24 qkn5 figs-rquestion 0 for what god is there…acts? Moses uses a question to emphasize that Yahweh is the only God with the power to do the works he has done. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “for there is no god…acts.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 3 24 qkn5 figs-rquestion 0 for what god is there … acts? Moses uses a question to emphasize that Yahweh is the only God with the power to do the works he has done. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “for there is no god … acts.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 3 24 ls1e figs-merism 0 in heaven or in earth These two extremes together mean “anywhere.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 3 25 c8zq 0 beyond the Jordan “west of the Jordan River.” When Moses spoke these words to Yahweh, he was east of the Jordan River in Moab. DEU 3 26 xt4j 0 General Information: Moses continues telling the people of Israel what happened in the past. @@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ DEU 3 29 dut2 translate-names 0 Beth Peor This is the name of a town in Moab ne DEU 4 intro d8g8 0 # Deuteronomy 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Law of Moses
In order to possess the land, the people needed to obey the law of Moses. This will be the most important thing in the religious life of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

### Moses’ instructions
Moses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 4 1 m1n5 0 I am about to teach you Moses is telling the people of Israel what God wants them to do. DEU 4 1 zdp5 0 to do them “and obey them” -DEU 4 2 ft3x 0 You will not add to the words…neither will you diminish them Yahweh does not want his people to create new laws, or to ignore those he has already given them. +DEU 4 2 ft3x 0 You will not add to the words … neither will you diminish them Yahweh does not want his people to create new laws, or to ignore those he has already given them. DEU 4 3 u7gv 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 4 3 j4ng figs-synecdoche 0 Your eyes have seen Here “eyes” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “You saw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 4 3 bs2a figs-explicit 0 because of Baal Peor The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “because of the sins you committed at Baal Peor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -300,12 +300,12 @@ DEU 4 6 zr9k figs-doublet 0 keep them and do them These two phrases mean basica DEU 4 6 bhy7 figs-abstractnouns 0 this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the peoples The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “understanding” can be translated as adjective phrases, and the abstract noun “sight” refers to how the peoples judge or decide on the value of something. Alternate translation: “this is what will show the peoples that you are wise and that you understand what is important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 4 6 sr33 figs-metonymy 0 this great nation is a wise and understanding people The word “nation” is a metonym for the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “the people of this great nation are wise and understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 4 7 thf7 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. -DEU 4 7 m62n figs-rquestion 0 For what other great nation is there…him? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “For there is no other great nation…him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -DEU 4 8 g3lt figs-rquestion 0 What other great nation is there…today? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no other great nation…today.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 4 7 m62n figs-rquestion 0 For what other great nation is there … him? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “For there is no other great nation … him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 4 8 g3lt figs-rquestion 0 What other great nation is there … today? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no other great nation … today.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 4 9 wv6p 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. -DEU 4 9 bfw3 figs-pronouns 0 Only pay attention…guard yourself…you do not forget…your eyes…your heart…your life…make them known to your children and your children’s children Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they are one person, so all instances of “you,” “your,” and “yourself,” as well as the commands “pay attention,” “guard,” and “make known” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 4 9 bfw3 figs-pronouns 0 Only pay attention … guard yourself … you do not forget … your eyes … your heart … your life … make them known to your children and your children’s children Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they are one person, so all instances of “you,” “your,” and “yourself,” as well as the commands “pay attention,” “guard,” and “make known” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 4 9 d2dg 0 Only pay attention and carefully guard yourself “Pay careful attention and be sure to remember these things always” -DEU 4 9 gm1c figs-parallelism 0 you do not forget…they do not leave your heart These phrases means the same thing and emphasize that the people of Israel must remember what they have seen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +DEU 4 9 gm1c figs-parallelism 0 you do not forget … they do not leave your heart These phrases means the same thing and emphasize that the people of Israel must remember what they have seen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 4 9 hp7e figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes have seen Here “eyes” are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “you have seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 4 10 tkm7 figs-pronouns 0 you stood before Yahweh your God Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they are one person, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 4 10 ivm8 0 Assemble me the people “Bring the people together and bring them to me” @@ -320,8 +320,8 @@ DEU 4 14 bdx7 0 in the land that you are crossing over to take possession of DEU 4 15 yqn4 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 4 16 f5bb 0 do not corrupt yourselves “do not do what is wrong” DEU 4 18 xe6b 0 creeps on the ground “crawls on the ground” -DEU 4 19 a5bt figs-you 0 You shall not lift your eyes…and look…and be drawn…Yahweh your God Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” and the words “lift,” “look,” and “be drawn” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 4 19 mg57 figs-activepassive 0 You shall not…and be drawn away to worship This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not…and do not let anyone make you want to worship” or “Do not…and do not allow yourself worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DEU 4 19 a5bt figs-you 0 You shall not lift your eyes … and look … and be drawn … Yahweh your God Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” and the words “lift,” “look,” and “be drawn” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 4 19 mg57 figs-activepassive 0 You shall not … and be drawn away to worship This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not … and do not let anyone make you want to worship” or “Do not … and do not allow yourself worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 4 19 r5pg 0 all the host of the heavens “everything you can see in the sky.” This is another way of referring to the sun, moon, and stars. DEU 4 19 mpi9 figs-idiom 0 of which Yahweh your God has given a share all the peoples This is an idiom. Moses speaks of the stars as if they were small objects like food that Yahweh was dividing and giving out to the people groups. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh your God has put there to help all people groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 4 20 uej2 figs-metaphor 0 brought you out of the iron furnace Moses speaks of Egypt and the hard work the Israelites did there as if it were an oven in which iron is heated and the Israelites were the iron. Alternate translation: “brought you out of the land where people made you do hard work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ DEU 4 23 q9m3 figs-you 0 Yahweh your God has forbidden you Moses speaks to the DEU 4 24 z6c8 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh your God is a devouring fire, a jealous God Moses compares how Yahweh acts when he is angry to the way a fire destroys things. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will severely punish and destroy you like a fire does because he does not want you to worship other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 4 24 d51q figs-you 0 Yahweh your God Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one person, so the word “your” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 4 25 d5qj 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. -DEU 4 25 sw65 0 you beget…Yahweh your God The words “you” and “your” are singular here. +DEU 4 25 sw65 0 you beget … Yahweh your God The words “you” and “your” are singular here. DEU 4 25 txa1 0 beget become the father of, or become the ancestor of DEU 4 25 r6pb 0 if you corrupt yourselves “if you do what is wrong.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:16](../04/16.md). DEU 4 25 v824 figs-idiom 0 do what is evil in the sight of Yahweh your God, to provoke him to anger This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you make Yahweh your God angry by doing what he says is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ DEU 4 26 eme2 figs-hyperbole 0 but you will be completely destroyed As indicate DEU 4 27 yy63 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 4 27 swv8 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will scatter you among the peoples Moses speaks as if the people were seeds that Yahweh would scatter around a field. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will send you to many different places and force you to live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 4 27 u1el 0 will lead you away “will send you” or “will cause your enemies to take you away” -DEU 4 28 eq2t figs-synecdoche 0 the work of men’s hands, wood and stone Here “men’s hands” refers the men themselves, and “the work…wood and stone” to the idols that they have created. Alternate translation: “the wood and stone idols that men have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +DEU 4 28 eq2t figs-synecdoche 0 the work of men’s hands, wood and stone Here “men’s hands” refers the men themselves, and “the work … wood and stone” to the idols that they have created. Alternate translation: “the wood and stone idols that men have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 4 29 t9hj figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. He speaks as though they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 4 29 nz82 0 But from there “But when you are in those other nations” DEU 4 29 m6l6 figs-you 0 you will seek The word “you” here is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -361,8 +361,8 @@ DEU 4 34 uct8 figs-metaphor 0 by a mighty hand, and by an outstretched arm Here DEU 4 34 r398 figs-synecdoche 0 before your eyes Here “eyes” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “in front of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 4 35 yl1z figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 4 35 nu4a figs-activepassive 0 To you these things were shown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh showed you these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 4 36 r411 0 he made you to hear…made you see “he made sure you heard…made sure you saw” -DEU 4 36 pii8 figs-metonymy 0 made you…you heard Moses speaks as if the people to whom he was speaking were the people he had spoken to at Mount Sinai many years earlier. The people at Mount Sinai were actually the fathers of the people to whom he was speaking these words. Alternate translation: “made your fathers…your fathers heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +DEU 4 36 r411 0 he made you to hear … made you see “he made sure you heard … made sure you saw” +DEU 4 36 pii8 figs-metonymy 0 made you … you heard Moses speaks as if the people to whom he was speaking were the people he had spoken to at Mount Sinai many years earlier. The people at Mount Sinai were actually the fathers of the people to whom he was speaking these words. Alternate translation: “made your fathers … your fathers heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 4 37 ss1r figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 4 37 p6x2 0 your fathers This refers to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob’s sons. DEU 4 37 yey2 0 with his presence, with his great power “with the great power that comes from his presence” or “with his great power” @@ -371,17 +371,17 @@ DEU 4 39 ufg5 figs-idiom 0 lay it on your heart This is an idiom. Alternate tra DEU 4 39 f524 figs-merism 0 in heaven above and on the earth beneath The two phrases “in heaven” and “on the earth” show two extremes and mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “over everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 4 40 c3aw figs-metaphor 0 prolong your days Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 4 41 bt78 0 General Information: Moses’s speech, which began in [Deuteronomy 1:6](../01/06.md), has finished, and the writer continues the narrative that ended in [Deuteronomy 1:5](../01/05.md). -DEU 4 43 csf7 translate-names 0 Bezer…Ramoth…Golan These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 4 43 csf7 translate-names 0 Bezer … Ramoth … Golan These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 4 44 j6tj 0 This is the law This refers to the laws Moses will give in the following chapters. DEU 4 46 zf9l translate-names 0 Beth Peor This is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 3:29](../03/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 4 46 c8za 0 Sihon…Amorites…Heshbon “King Sihon…Amorite people…town of Heshbon.” See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). +DEU 4 46 c8za 0 Sihon … Amorites … Heshbon “King Sihon … Amorite people … town of Heshbon.” See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). DEU 4 47 ya36 0 his land King Sihon’s land DEU 4 47 h15l 0 beyond the Jordan toward the east This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. Alternate translation: “from the side of the Jordan River toward the east” DEU 4 48 kwj2 0 Aroer This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:36](../02/36.md). DEU 4 48 n3ct 0 the Valley of the Arnon This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:24](../02/24.md). -DEU 4 48 vyn6 0 Mount Siyon…Mount Hermon These are different names for the same mountain. The word “Sion” is another spelling of “Sirion” ([Deuteronomy 3:9](../03/09.md)). See how you translated “Mount Hermon” in [Deuteronomy 3:8](../03/08.md). +DEU 4 48 vyn6 0 Mount Siyon … Mount Hermon These are different names for the same mountain. The word “Sion” is another spelling of “Sirion” ([Deuteronomy 3:9](../03/09.md)). See how you translated “Mount Hermon” in [Deuteronomy 3:8](../03/08.md). DEU 4 49 axk1 0 eastward beyond the Jordan This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. Alternate translation: “eastward from the side of the Jordan River” -DEU 4 49 x6zf 0 Sea of the Arabah…Mount Pisgah See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 3:17](../03/17.md). +DEU 4 49 x6zf 0 Sea of the Arabah … Mount Pisgah See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 3:17](../03/17.md). DEU 5 intro xsp1 0 # Deuteronomy 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each of the commandements in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7-21 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT uses a separate paragraph for each commandment.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ten commandments
This chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors and idioms
Moses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 5 1 d5qb 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. DEU 5 1 vj47 figs-hyperbole 0 called to all Israel Here “all” is a generalization. Moses wanted everyone in Israel to hear and obey his words, but his voice was probably not so loud that everyone actually heard him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ DEU 5 8 bs7n figs-explicit 0 that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the wa DEU 5 9 a6ef figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 5 9 sxf4 0 You will not bow down to them or serve them “You will not worship the carved figures or do as they command” DEU 5 9 q9rc 0 You will not “Never” -DEU 5 9 qi9s 0 I…am a jealous God “I…want you to worship only me” +DEU 5 9 qi9s 0 I … am a jealous God “I … want you to worship only me” DEU 5 10 zxf7 figs-abstractnouns 0 showing covenant faithfulness to thousands, to those who love me The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “faithfully loving thousands, those who love me” or “being faithful to the covenant with thousands, with those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DEU 5 10 gvi1 figs-explicit 0 to thousands, to those who love me Some translations read “to a thousand generations of those who love me.” The word “thousands” is a metonym for a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “forever, to those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 5 11 kd28 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ DEU 5 23 vkg3 0 General Information: Moses continues to remind the people of I DEU 5 23 ar5z figs-synecdoche 0 heard the voice The word “voice” is a metonym for the sound of the voice or for the person who was speaking. Alternate translation: “heard the sound of the voice” or “heard Yahweh speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 5 25 k97b 0 General Information: Moses continues to remind the Israelites what the Israelites had said to Moses. DEU 5 25 zra9 figs-rquestion 0 But why should we die? They were afraid that they would die if Yahweh spoke to them. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We are afraid that we will die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -DEU 5 26 qk3j figs-rquestion 0 For who besides us is there…have done? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There are no other people besides us…have done.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 5 26 qk3j figs-rquestion 0 For who besides us is there … have done? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There are no other people besides us … have done.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 5 26 sdf1 figs-synecdoche 0 all flesh This represents all people or living things. Alternate translation: “all people” or “all living beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 5 28 j5bk 0 when you spoke to me Here “me” refers to Moses. DEU 5 29 m98l figs-idiom 0 Oh, that there were If your language has an idiom that expresses a strong desire for something, you might want to use it here. Alternate translation: “I would be very happy if there were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ DEU 6 5 dc6b figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart, with all your soul, and with DEU 6 6 g3hf figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh’s words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 6 6 u7kf 0 I am commanding you Moses is speaking God’s commandments to the people of Israel. DEU 6 6 a1y8 figs-idiom 0 will be in your heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you must always remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -DEU 6 7 ye1m 0 you will diligently teach…you will talk “I command you to diligently teach…I command you to talk.” The reader should understand these as commands. +DEU 6 7 ye1m 0 you will diligently teach … you will talk “I command you to diligently teach … I command you to talk.” The reader should understand these as commands. DEU 6 8 mh97 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh’s words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 6 8 x5c9 figs-metonymy 0 tie them This is a metonym for “write these words on parchment, put the parchment in a pouch, and tie the pouch.” This metonym in turn may be a metaphor for “obey these words so that it is as if they were physically there.” Alternate translation: “tie these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 6 8 zn5b 0 as a sign upon your hand “as something to make you remember my laws” @@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ DEU 6 16 qk5b translate-names 0 Massah This is the name of a place in the deser DEU 6 18 yri1 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh’s words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 6 18 zh1i figs-idiom 0 You will do what is right and good in the sight of Yahweh This idiom is a command and a blessing. If the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will receive blessings from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Do what Yahweh says is right and good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 6 20 h9eh figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh’s words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 6 20 vrj8 figs-metonymy 0 What are the covenant decrees…commanded you In this question the “covenant decrees” represent their meaning and purpose. Alternate translation: “What do the covenant decrees…commanded mean to you” or “Why should you obey the covenant decrees…commanded you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +DEU 6 20 vrj8 figs-metonymy 0 What are the covenant decrees … commanded you In this question the “covenant decrees” represent their meaning and purpose. Alternate translation: “What do the covenant decrees … commanded mean to you” or “Why should you obey the covenant decrees … commanded you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 6 20 m992 0 your son This refers to the children of the adult people of Israel to whom Moses was speaking Yahweh’s words. DEU 6 21 c19m figs-metaphor 0 with a mighty hand Here “a mighty hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:34](../04/34.md). Alternate translation: “with his mighty power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 6 22 c7l2 figs-metonymy 0 on all his house Here the metonym “his house” refers to the people of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “on all of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ DEU 7 4 y5rt figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people DEU 7 4 rsx4 0 For they will “If you allow your children to marry the people from the other nations, the people from the other nations will” DEU 7 4 x5dn figs-metaphor 0 So the anger of Yahweh will be kindled against you Moses compares Yahweh’s anger to someone starting a fire. This emphasizes Yahweh’s power to destroy what makes him angry. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will kindle his anger against you” or “Then Yahweh will become very angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 7 4 nm8d figs-you 0 against you The word “you” refers to all the Israelites and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 7 5 m2rl figs-you 0 you will deal…You will break…dash…cut…burn Moses is speaking to all the Israelites here, so these words are all plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 7 5 m2rl figs-you 0 you will deal … You will break … dash … cut … burn Moses is speaking to all the Israelites here, so these words are all plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 7 6 bdz4 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses tells the people of Israel Yahweh’s words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 7 6 d86k figs-metaphor 0 you are a nation that is set apart Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 7 6 uqx6 figs-idiom 0 that are on the face of the earth This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -516,9 +516,9 @@ DEU 7 13 p14j 0 the multiplication of your cattle “your cattle so they will DEU 7 14 f2th figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh’s words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 7 14 fiu4 figs-activepassive 0 You will be blessed more than all other peoples This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless you more than I bless any other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 7 14 e33a figs-litotes 0 there will not be a childless male or a barren female among you or among your cattle Moses uses a negative statement to emphasize that they all will be able to have children. This may be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “All of you will be able to have children and your cattle will be able to reproduce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -DEU 7 14 xr4e figs-you 0 among you…your cattle The words “you” and “your” are plural here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 7 14 xr4e figs-you 0 among you … your cattle The words “you” and “your” are plural here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 7 15 qmw7 0 take away from you all sickness “make sure that you do not become ill” or “keep you completely healthy” -DEU 7 15 x26j figs-metaphor 0 none of the evil diseases…will he put on you, but he will put them on all those who hate you Moses speaks as if disease were a heavy object that Yahweh would put on top of people. Alternate translation: “he will not make you sick with any of the evil diseases…but he will make your enemies sick with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 7 15 x26j figs-metaphor 0 none of the evil diseases … will he put on you, but he will put them on all those who hate you Moses speaks as if disease were a heavy object that Yahweh would put on top of people. Alternate translation: “he will not make you sick with any of the evil diseases … but he will make your enemies sick with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 7 16 x9kc figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh’s words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 7 16 xbj2 0 You will consume all the peoples “I command you to completely destroy all the people groups” DEU 7 16 aia1 figs-metonymy 0 your eye will not pity them This is a command. Moses speaks as if what the eye sees were the eye itself. Alternate translation: “do not allow what you see to cause you to pity them” or “do not pity them because you see that what you are doing is hurting them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -549,14 +549,14 @@ DEU 7 24 v25y figs-idiom 0 you will make their name perish from under heaven Th DEU 7 24 q4py 0 stand before you “stand against you” or “defend themselves against you” DEU 7 25 tq89 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh’s words. In verse 25 he speaks to the group as a group, so the forms of “you” are plural, but in verse 26 he speaks as if the Israelites are one person, so the forms are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 7 25 y5bl 0 You will burn This is a command. -DEU 7 25 d8rc 0 do not covet…trapped by it These words add to the instruction to burn the idols. +DEU 7 25 d8rc 0 do not covet … trapped by it These words add to the instruction to burn the idols. DEU 7 25 su6c figs-metaphor 0 you will become trapped by it Even taking the gold or silver on the idols could cause the people to start worshiping them. By doing this they would become like an animal caught by a trap. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will become a trap to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 7 25 z31g 0 for it is an abomination to Yahweh your God These words tell why Yahweh wants the people to burn the idols. “do this because Yahweh your God hates it very much” DEU 7 26 b8dp figs-doublet 0 You will utterly detest and abhor The words “detest” and “abhor” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of hatred. Alternate translation: “You will completely hate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 7 26 xs75 figs-metaphor 0 for it is set apart for destruction Yahweh cursing something and promising to destroy it is spoken of as if Yahweh were setting the object apart from everything else. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has set it apart for destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 8 intro w4zj 0 # Deuteronomy 08 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Forgetting
This chapter recalls the great things that Yahweh has done for Israel and is about to do for them. This is so they do not forget him and they will continue to worship him. They must remember that Yahweh is the source of their blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) DEU 8 1 rbf2 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 8 1 zvt4 figs-you 0 You must keep…you may live and multiply, and go in and possess…your fathers All instances of “you” and “your” and the verbs are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 8 1 zvt4 figs-you 0 You must keep … you may live and multiply, and go in and possess … your fathers All instances of “you” and “your” and the verbs are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 8 2 t2tj figs-idiom 0 You will call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “You must remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 8 2 c56q translate-numbers 0 forty years “40 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 8 2 a9m6 0 he might humble you “he might show you how weak and sinful you are” @@ -568,11 +568,11 @@ DEU 8 3 ygr4 0 fed you with manna “gave you manna to eat” DEU 8 3 t9be figs-synecdoche 0 it is not by bread alone that people live Here “bread” represents all food. Alternate translation: “food is not the only thing people need so they can live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 8 3 d9as figs-metonymy 0 it is by everything that proceeds out of the mouth of Yahweh that people live Here “the mouth of Yahweh” is a metonym for the words that Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “people must obey the commands of Yahweh so they can live” or “people must do what Yahweh tells them to do so they can live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 8 4 b3h6 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 8 4 pr86 0 Your clothing…forty years This is the last item that they should “call to mind” ([Deuteronomy 8:2](../08/02.md)). +DEU 8 4 pr86 0 Your clothing … forty years This is the last item that they should “call to mind” ([Deuteronomy 8:2](../08/02.md)). DEU 8 4 d347 translate-numbers 0 forty years “40 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -DEU 8 5 fty1 0 You will think…God disciplines you This continues the list of commands that begins in [Deuteronomy 8:1](./01.md). +DEU 8 5 fty1 0 You will think … God disciplines you This continues the list of commands that begins in [Deuteronomy 8:1](./01.md). DEU 8 5 fn6f figs-metonymy 0 You will think about in your heart Here the metonym “heart” represents the thoughts and understanding of a person. Alternate translation: “You will understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 8 6 j5yw 0 You will keep…honor him This continues the list of commands that begins in [Deuteronomy 8:1](./01.md). +DEU 8 6 j5yw 0 You will keep … honor him This continues the list of commands that begins in [Deuteronomy 8:1](./01.md). DEU 8 7 y2tj figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 8 7 jl8h 0 a land of “a land with” or “a land that has” DEU 8 9 gx2v figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -595,13 +595,13 @@ DEU 8 14 rus3 0 Connecting Statement: This verse contains the first two of thr DEU 8 14 en28 figs-metonymy 0 your heart becomes lifted up Here “heart” represents the inner person. To become prideful and no longer obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person’s heart is lifted up. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Deuteronomy 8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: “you become prideful and no longer obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 8 14 a2g6 figs-distinguish 0 who brought you out Moses begins to remind the Israelites of what they know about Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) DEU 8 14 k1uk figs-metaphor 0 out of the house of bondage This is a metaphor for the time they were slaves in Egypt. Alternate translation: “out from the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 8 15 p6ka 0 Connecting Statement: This verse gives the second and third items in the list of characteristics that Moses reminds the Israelites that they must remember about “Yahweh your God” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)) the first being that he “brought you out of Egypt” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)). the second that he led them “through the…wilderness,” and the third that he “brought…water out of the rock.” +DEU 8 15 p6ka 0 Connecting Statement: This verse gives the second and third items in the list of characteristics that Moses reminds the Israelites that they must remember about “Yahweh your God” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)) the first being that he “brought you out of Egypt” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)). the second that he led them “through the … wilderness,” and the third that he “brought … water out of the rock.” DEU 8 15 x3kw figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 8 15 c4zs figs-distinguish 0 Moses continues to remind the Israelites of what they know about Yahweh ([Deuteronomy 8:14](../08/14.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -DEU 8 15 da8e 0 who led…who brought “Yahweh, who led…Yahweh, who brought” +DEU 8 15 da8e 0 who led … who brought “Yahweh, who led … Yahweh, who brought” DEU 8 15 nlk7 0 fiery serpents “poisonous snakes” DEU 8 15 x91q figs-personification 0 thirsty ground This phrase describes the ground as being thirsty just like a person is thirsty when he needs water. Alternate translation: “dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -DEU 8 16 uzq3 0 Connecting Statement: This is the fourth item in the list of characteristics that Moses reminds the Israelites that they must remember about “Yahweh your God” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)) the first being that he “brought you out of Egypt” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)), the second that he led them “through the…wilderness” ([Deuteronomy 8:15](./15.md)), and the third that he “brought…water out of the rock” ([Deuteronomy 8:15](./15.md)). +DEU 8 16 uzq3 0 Connecting Statement: This is the fourth item in the list of characteristics that Moses reminds the Israelites that they must remember about “Yahweh your God” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)) the first being that he “brought you out of Egypt” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)), the second that he led them “through the … wilderness” ([Deuteronomy 8:15](./15.md)), and the third that he “brought … water out of the rock” ([Deuteronomy 8:15](./15.md)). DEU 8 16 crk4 0 He fed Moses continues to remind the Israelites of what they know about Yahweh ([Deuteronomy 8:14](../08/14.md)). “Yahweh fed” DEU 8 16 q464 0 to do you good “to help you” or “because it would be good for you” DEU 8 17 uf8j 0 Connecting Statement: This is the third item in the list of things that Yahweh warns the Israelites that they might do ([Deuteronomy 8:11](./11.md)), the first being “your heart becomes lifted up” and the second being “you forget Yahweh your God” ([Deuteronomy 8:14](./14.md)). @@ -614,10 +614,10 @@ DEU 8 18 i5v9 0 that he may “so he can” DEU 8 18 axw6 0 establish cause to stand or to remain DEU 8 18 in9j 0 as it is today “as he is doing now” or “as he is establishing his covenant now” DEU 8 19 sdv6 figs-metaphor 0 walk after other gods Walking is a metaphor for obeying. Alternate translation: “serve other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 8 19 u2bq figs-you 0 against you…you will These instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 8 19 u2bq figs-you 0 against you … you will These instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 8 19 rd16 0 I testify against you “I warn you” or “I tell you in front of witnesses” DEU 8 19 umv6 0 you will surely perish “you will certainly die” -DEU 8 20 d86j figs-you 0 before you…you perish…you would not…your God All these instances of “you” and “your” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 8 20 d86j figs-you 0 before you … you perish … you would not … your God All these instances of “you” and “your” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 8 20 a8kh 0 before you “in front of you” DEU 8 20 l83x figs-metonymy 0 would not listen to the voice of Yahweh Here “the voice of Yahweh” means what Yahweh tells his people to do. Alternate translation: “would not obey Yahweh’s commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 9 intro id6j 0 # Deuteronomy 09 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s victory
This chapter assures the Israelites that it is Yahweh who will empower them to conquer the Promised Land. The Israelites will not be strong enough on their own to conquer these other nations. This victory will be Yahweh’s. The people did not earn this victory, but it is Yahweh’s punishment of these sinful nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Israel’s sin
Yahweh is about to punish the Canaanites for their sin. He also reminds Israel of their sin. This serves as a warning to the people of Israel. If they sin again, Yahweh will punish them too. @@ -644,16 +644,16 @@ DEU 9 7 jiv9 figs-doublet 0 Remember and do not forget Moses repeats the same c DEU 9 7 ze78 figs-you 0 how you provoked Yahweh Here “you” refers to the Israelites that are present with Moses and also the Israelites of the previous generation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 9 7 ldb8 figs-you 0 you came to this place, you have been rebellious These instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 9 7 kd2z 0 to this place This refers to the Jordan River Valley. -DEU 9 8 rwk3 figs-you 0 you provoked…with you to destroy you These instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 9 8 rwk3 figs-you 0 you provoked … with you to destroy you These instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 9 9 bu4r 0 General Information: Moses is reminding the people of Israel what happened in the past. DEU 9 9 icg8 figs-parallelism 0 the tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant that Yahweh made with you Here the second phrase clarifies that “the tablets of stone” are the ones on which God wrote the Ten Commandments. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 9 9 z7w7 translate-numbers 0 forty days and forty nights “40 days and 40 nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 9 10 e2t6 figs-activepassive 0 on them was written everything just like all the words that Yahweh announced to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh wrote on them the same words he had said to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 9 10 cq6h 0 Yahweh announced…out of the middle of the fire It was as if Yahweh were a person standing in the middle of a fire and speaking with a loud voice. +DEU 9 10 cq6h 0 Yahweh announced … out of the middle of the fire It was as if Yahweh were a person standing in the middle of a fire and speaking with a loud voice. DEU 9 10 v46n figs-abstractnouns 0 on the day of the assembly The abstract noun “assembly” can be expressed as the verb “gather together.” Alternate translation: “on the day when you Israelites all came and met together in one place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DEU 9 11 a75b translate-numbers 0 forty days and forty nights “40 days and 40 nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 9 11 cq34 figs-parallelism 0 the two tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant The second phrase clarifies that “the two tablets of stone” are the ones on which God wrote the Ten Commandments. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DEU 9 12 n8p5 0 your people…have corrupted themselves “your people…are doing what is wrong.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:16](../04/16.md). +DEU 9 12 n8p5 0 your people … have corrupted themselves “your people … are doing what is wrong.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:16](../04/16.md). DEU 9 12 ce69 figs-metaphor 0 They have quickly turned aside out of the path that I commanded them Moses speaks as if obeying God’s commands were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “They have already disobeyed my commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 9 14 lkr5 0 blot out their name from under heaven “make their name disappear completely” or “kill them all so no one will ever remember them.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Deuteronomy 7:24](../07/24.md). DEU 9 15 d8yc 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what happened in the past. @@ -667,10 +667,10 @@ DEU 9 18 y3wm translate-numbers 0 forty days and forty nights “40 days and 40 DEU 9 19 li9n 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what happened in the past. DEU 9 19 vv3j 0 I was afraid of the anger and hot displeasure with which Yahweh was angry enough against you to destroy you The words “anger and hot displeasure” are a metonym for what Yahweh would do because he was angry and displeased. Alternate translation: “Yahweh was angry at you—he was extremely displeased with you—he was angry enough to destroy you, and so I was afraid of what he would do” DEU 9 21 n7ea 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel about what happened in the past. -DEU 9 21 wf7q 0 I took…burned…beat…ground…threw Moses probably commanded other men to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “I had people take…burn…beat…grind…throw” +DEU 9 21 wf7q 0 I took … burned … beat … ground … threw Moses probably commanded other men to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “I had people take … burn … beat … grind … throw” DEU 9 21 hql7 figs-metonymy 0 your sin, the calf that you had made Here the gold calf itself referred to as their “sin.” Alternate translation: “the calf, which you sinfully made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 9 22 t271 0 General Information: Moses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past. -DEU 9 22 n8jq translate-names 0 Taberah…Massah…Kibroth Hattaavah These are names of places that the people of Israel went through while they were in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 9 22 n8jq translate-names 0 Taberah … Massah … Kibroth Hattaavah These are names of places that the people of Israel went through while they were in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 9 23 xz23 0 Go up They were on low land, and the land Yahweh had told them to take was in the hills, so they had to go uphill to get to it. DEU 9 23 dxq9 figs-metonymy 0 rebelled against the commandment The word “commandment” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “rebelled against Yahweh; you did not obey the commandment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 9 23 bfb9 figs-metonymy 0 listen to his voice Here “his voice” means what God had said. Alternate translation: “obey what he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -701,12 +701,12 @@ DEU 10 5 n7vn 0 I turned Here “I” refers to Moses. DEU 10 5 a3fq 0 came down from the mountain “came down from Mount Sinai” DEU 10 5 tia8 0 in the ark “in the box” or “in the chest” DEU 10 6 kwb8 writing-background 0 General Information: The writer continues the short account of where the Israelites had traveled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -DEU 10 6 f4iw translate-names 0 Beeroth Bene Jaakan…Moserah These are names of different places the people of Israel went through while in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 10 6 f4iw translate-names 0 Beeroth Bene Jaakan … Moserah These are names of different places the people of Israel went through while in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 10 6 qpt1 0 Beeroth Bene Jaakan Translator may add a footnote: “The name ‘Beeroth Bene Jaakan’ means ‘the wells that belonged to the sons of Jaakan’ or ‘the wells that belonged to the people of Jaakan.’” DEU 10 6 l2u3 figs-activepassive 0 there he was buried This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that is where they buried him” or “the Israelites buried him there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 10 6 pv97 translate-names 0 Eleazar This is the name of Aaron’s son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 10 7 rc19 writing-background 0 From there they journeyed…a land of streams of water This continues the background information about where the people of Israel traveled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -DEU 10 7 qs9a translate-names 0 Gudgodah…Jotbathah These are names of different places the people of Israel went through while in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 10 7 rc19 writing-background 0 From there they journeyed … a land of streams of water This continues the background information about where the people of Israel traveled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +DEU 10 7 qs9a translate-names 0 Gudgodah … Jotbathah These are names of different places the people of Israel went through while in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 10 8 pl1x writing-background 0 General Information: The writer begins to explain why the tribe of Levi has no inheritance in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) DEU 10 8 p84p figs-idiom 0 to stand before Yahweh to serve him This is an idiom. “to offer the sacrifices that Yahweh requires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 10 8 dqs6 figs-metonymy 0 in his name Here “name” refers to authority. Alternate translation: “as representatives of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -725,13 +725,13 @@ DEU 10 11 yxy1 0 their ancestors This refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. DEU 10 11 sre9 0 to give to them “that I would give to you, their descendants” DEU 10 12 wg8e figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 10 12 d3lk figs-metonymy 0 Now, Israel Here the metonym “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Now, people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 10 12 x2jw figs-rquestion 0 what does Yahweh your God require of you, except to fear…with all your soul Moses uses a question to teach the people of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God requires you to do no more than this: to fear…with all your soul.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 10 12 x2jw figs-rquestion 0 what does Yahweh your God require of you, except to fear … with all your soul Moses uses a question to teach the people of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God requires you to do no more than this: to fear … with all your soul.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 10 12 hd9p figs-metaphor 0 to walk in all his ways Moses speaks as if obeying Yahweh were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “to obey all his commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 10 12 l6ea figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart and with all your soul Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated these two phrases in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -DEU 10 13 ct9n figs-rquestion 0 to keep the commandments…for your own good? Moses uses a question to teach the people of Israel. This rhetorical question begins with the words “what does Yahweh your God require of you, except to fear…with all your soul” in verse 12. It can be translated as a statement. “Yahweh your God requires you to do no more than this: to fear…with all your soul, to keep the commandments…for your own good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 10 13 ct9n figs-rquestion 0 to keep the commandments … for your own good? Moses uses a question to teach the people of Israel. This rhetorical question begins with the words “what does Yahweh your God require of you, except to fear … with all your soul” in verse 12. It can be translated as a statement. “Yahweh your God requires you to do no more than this: to fear … with all your soul, to keep the commandments … for your own good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 10 14 kf71 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 10 14 m7ma 0 Behold, to “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: to” -DEU 10 14 n5n6 figs-merism 0 heaven…earth These words show two extremes, and are combined to mean that all things everywhere belong to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +DEU 10 14 n5n6 figs-merism 0 heaven … earth These words show two extremes, and are combined to mean that all things everywhere belong to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 10 14 ifm9 0 the heaven of heavens This refers to the highest places in the heavens. Everything in the heavens belong to God. DEU 10 15 swp3 figs-you 0 chose you Here the word “you” refers to all the Israelites and is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 10 16 g7qt 0 Therefore “Because of this” @@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ DEU 11 4 f5e5 0 they pursued after you Here “you” means the Israelites who DEU 11 5 xr7g 0 to this place This means the plain of the Jordan River Valley where Moses is speaking to them before they cross over into Canaan. DEU 11 6 c93d 0 General Information: Moses continues to remind the adults to teach their children God’s mighty deeds. DEU 11 6 krb7 figs-explicit 0 Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab Moses is referring to an event in the past when Dathan and Abiram rebelled against Moses and Aaron. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -DEU 11 6 i1yg translate-names 0 Dathan…Abiram…Eliab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 11 6 i1yg translate-names 0 Dathan … Abiram … Eliab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 11 6 c61u 0 son of Reuben “descendant of Reuben” DEU 11 6 b3l3 figs-personification 0 earth opened its mouth and swallowed them up Yahweh causing the land to split open so that the people fell in is spoken of as if the land had a mouth and the ability to swallow people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) DEU 11 6 gy9p 0 every living thing that followed them This refers to their servants and animals. @@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ DEU 11 12 a1x8 figs-metonymy 0 the eyes of Yahweh your God are always upon it H DEU 11 12 sxh3 figs-merism 0 from the beginning of the year to the end of the year Here the two extremes “beginning” and “end” are used together to mean the entire year. Alternate translation: “continuously throughout the entire year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 11 13 l1bu 0 It will happen, if This means that what Yahweh promises will happen if the Israelites obey his commands. DEU 11 13 r5mf 0 that I command Here “I” refers to Moses. -DEU 11 13 tfk6 figs-idiom 0 with all your heart and with all your soul The idiom “with all your heart” means “completely” and “with…soul” means “with all your being.” These two phrases have similar meanings. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). Alternate translation: “with all your being” or “with all your energy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +DEU 11 13 tfk6 figs-idiom 0 with all your heart and with all your soul The idiom “with all your heart” means “completely” and “with … soul” means “with all your being.” These two phrases have similar meanings. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). Alternate translation: “with all your being” or “with all your energy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 11 14 y9qx 0 I will give the rain of your land in its season “I will cause it to rain on your land in the proper season” DEU 11 14 b1z3 0 I will give Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This can be stated in the third person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give” or “He will give” DEU 11 14 w91t 0 the former rain and the latter rain This refers to rain at the beginning of the sowing season and rain for maturing the crops for harvest. Alternate translation: “the autumn rain and spring rain” or “the rain in the right seasons” @@ -830,8 +830,8 @@ DEU 11 28 ei5p figs-metaphor 0 but turn aside from the way that I command you t DEU 11 28 u5cq 0 other gods that you have not known This refers to the gods that other people groups worship. The Israelites know Yahweh because he has revealed himself to them and they have experienced his power. DEU 11 29 m6sp 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 11 29 zsz3 figs-metaphor 0 you will set the blessing on Mount Gerizim, and the curse on Mount Ebal The blessing and the curse are spoken of as if they were objects that someone will set on the mountains. Alternate translation: “some of you must stand on top of Mount Gerazim and proclaim what will cause Yahweh to bless you, and the others must stand on top of Mount Ebal and proclaim what will cause Yahweh to curse you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 11 29 t5wj translate-names 0 Mount Gerizim…Mount Ebal These are names of mountains on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 11 30 k2bv figs-rquestion 0 Are they not beyond the Jordan…Moreh? The Israelites are on the eastern side of the Jordan River. Moses uses a question to remind the people where these mountains are located. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “As you know, they are beyond the Jordan…Moreh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 11 29 t5wj translate-names 0 Mount Gerizim … Mount Ebal These are names of mountains on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DEU 11 30 k2bv figs-rquestion 0 Are they not beyond the Jordan … Moreh? The Israelites are on the eastern side of the Jordan River. Moses uses a question to remind the people where these mountains are located. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “As you know, they are beyond the Jordan … Moreh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 11 30 b5qt 0 beyond the Jordan “on the west side of the Jordan River” DEU 11 30 pgr7 0 west of the western road “in the west” DEU 11 30 rq9c translate-names 0 over against Gilgal “near Gilgal” This may not be the same place as the city near Jericho. Moses may be referring to a place that is near Shechem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -879,7 +879,7 @@ DEU 12 13 drj5 0 every place that you see “any place that pleases you” or DEU 12 14 h4by 0 but it is at the place that Yahweh will choose The burnt offerings are to be made at the tabernacle. Yahweh himself would choose where the tabernacle would be located. DEU 12 15 kks6 figs-explicit 0 However, you may kill and eat animals within all your gates The people could only kill animals as sacrifices in the place that Yahweh would choose. They could kill animals for food anywhere they wanted. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 12 15 lje2 figs-synecdoche 0 within all your gates Here “gates” represents the whole city. Alternate translation: “inside your city” or “at your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -DEU 12 15 pen3 figs-metaphor 0 the unclean…persons A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 12 15 pen3 figs-metaphor 0 the unclean … persons A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 12 15 y3f4 figs-metaphor 0 the clean persons A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 12 15 u3a5 translate-unknown 0 the gazelle and the deer These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. Alternate translation: “the antelope and the deer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) DEU 12 16 fvd4 figs-explicit 0 But you will not eat the blood The blood represents life and God did not allow the people to eat the blood along with the meat. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ DEU 12 21 e7g3 figs-synecdoche 0 within your gates Here “gates” represents DEU 12 21 asm3 figs-synecdoche 0 as your soul desires Here “soul” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “as you desire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 12 22 kw43 figs-activepassive 0 Like the gazelle and the deer are eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Just like you eat the gazelle and the deer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 12 22 qhx1 0 gazelle and the deer These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated these in [Deuteronomy 12:15](../12/15.md). -DEU 12 22 sff5 figs-metaphor 0 the unclean…persons A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 12 22 sff5 figs-metaphor 0 the unclean … persons A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 12 22 y8v4 figs-metaphor 0 the clean persons A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 12 23 msu5 figs-metaphor 0 the blood is the life Here the way that blood sustains life is spoken of as if the blood were life itself. Alternate translation: “the blood sustains life” or “the blood causes animals and people to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 12 23 vr63 figs-metonymy 0 you will not eat the life with the meat The word “life” here represents the blood that sustains life. Alternate translation: “You will not eat what sustains life with the meat” or “you will not eat the blood, which sustains life, with the meat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ DEU 12 29 csu7 figs-metaphor 0 cuts off the nations Yahweh destroying the peopl DEU 12 29 fzv1 figs-metonymy 0 the nations Here “nations” represents the people living in Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 12 29 c22b 0 when you go in to dispossess them, and you dispossess them “when you take everything from them” DEU 12 30 m6t9 0 pay attention to yourself “be careful” -DEU 12 30 n455 figs-metaphor 0 that you are not trapped into following them…trapped into investigating their gods, into asking A person learning about and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if they are caught in a hunter’s trap. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you do not act like them…that you do try to learn about their gods, asking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DEU 12 30 n455 figs-metaphor 0 that you are not trapped into following them … trapped into investigating their gods, into asking A person learning about and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if they are caught in a hunter’s trap. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you do not act like them … that you do try to learn about their gods, asking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 12 30 w8wj figs-metaphor 0 not trapped into following them The Israelites worshiping idols as the people groups of Canaan worship idols is spoken of as if the Israelites were following behind the other people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 12 30 j6jf figs-activepassive 0 after they are destroyed from before you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “after Yahweh destroys them before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 12 30 rz9c figs-quotesinquotes 0 into asking, ‘How do these nations worship their gods? I will do the same.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “into asking about how those people groups worship their gods so that you can do the same.” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) @@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ DEU 13 5 nf2b figs-nominaladj 0 So put away the evil from among you Here “the DEU 13 6 g89u 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 13 6 ync7 figs-idiom 0 wife of your bosom A bosom is a person’s chest. This is a idiom that he holds close to his chest, which means he loves and cherishes her. Alternate translation: “wife you love” or “wife you dearly embrace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 13 6 qme9 figs-metonymy 0 friend who is to you like your own soul Here “soul” represents the person’s life. This means the person cares for his friend as much as he cares for his own life. Alternate translation: “your dearest friend” or “a friend you love as much as you love yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -DEU 13 7 rbz2 figs-quotations 0 any of the gods of the peoples…other end of the earth.’ This is the end of a quotation within a quotation that begins with the words “secretly entices you and says, ‘Let us go and worship…neither you nor your ancestors—” in verse 6. It can be translated as an indirect quotation. “secretly entices you and says that you should go and worship…neither you nor your ancestors—any of the gods of the peoples…other end of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +DEU 13 7 rbz2 figs-quotations 0 any of the gods of the peoples … other end of the earth.’ This is the end of a quotation within a quotation that begins with the words “secretly entices you and says, ‘Let us go and worship … neither you nor your ancestors—” in verse 6. It can be translated as an indirect quotation. “secretly entices you and says that you should go and worship … neither you nor your ancestors—any of the gods of the peoples … other end of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) DEU 13 7 g6lt 0 that are round about you “that are around you” DEU 13 7 g5tj figs-merism 0 from the one end of the earth to the other end of the earth Here the reference to the two extremes of the earth means “everywhere on earth.” Alternate translation: “throughout the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 13 8 g9gf 0 You must not give in to him “Do not agree to what he wants” @@ -978,8 +978,8 @@ DEU 14 1 yca2 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of DEU 14 1 c6vr 0 You are the people All occurrences of “you” refer to the people of Israel. Moses was included as a part of the people. Alternate translation: “We are the people” DEU 14 1 qkn4 translate-symaction 0 Do not cut yourselves, nor shave any part of your face for the dead These were ways the people groups living in Canaan showed that they were grieving over people who had died. Moses is telling the people of Israel not to act like them. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 14 1 mp18 0 nor shave any part of your face “nor shave the front of your head” -DEU 14 2 qr9z 0 you are a nation…has chosen you All occurrences of “you” refer to the people of Israel. Moses was included as a part of the people. Alternate translation: “we are a nation…has chosen us” -DEU 14 2 ksd5 0 For you are a nation…surface of the earth See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 7:6](../07/06.md). +DEU 14 2 qr9z 0 you are a nation … has chosen you All occurrences of “you” refer to the people of Israel. Moses was included as a part of the people. Alternate translation: “we are a nation … has chosen us” +DEU 14 2 ksd5 0 For you are a nation … surface of the earth See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 7:6](../07/06.md). DEU 14 2 l42y figs-metaphor 0 you are a nation that is set apart to Yahweh your God Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has set you apart from other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 14 2 z5bl figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh has chosen you to be a people for his own possession This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. They both mean that the people of Israel belong to Yahweh in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 14 2 nyn7 0 a people for his own possession “a people for his treasured possession” or “his people” @@ -1002,11 +1002,11 @@ DEU 14 9 j2pb 0 fins the thin, flat part which the fish uses to move through t DEU 14 9 r9ak 0 scales the small plates that cover the body of the fish DEU 14 10 eh5w figs-metaphor 0 they are unclean to you Something Yahweh says is unfit for his people to eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 14 11 w535 figs-metaphor 0 All clean birds An animal that God says is fit for his people to eat is spoken of as if the animal were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 14 12 fqa4 translate-unknown 0 eagle…vulture…osprey These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on small animals and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -DEU 14 13 d7v7 translate-unknown 0 red kite…black kite…falcon These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on small animals and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +DEU 14 12 fqa4 translate-unknown 0 eagle … vulture … osprey These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on small animals and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +DEU 14 13 d7v7 translate-unknown 0 red kite … black kite … falcon These are birds that are either awake at night or feed on small animals and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) DEU 14 14 n72w translate-unknown 0 raven A bird that either is awake at night or feeds on small animals and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) DEU 14 17 z53d translate-unknown 0 cormorant A bird that is either awake at night or feeds on small animals and dead animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -DEU 14 18 h1j8 translate-unknown 0 stork…heron, the hoopoe These are types of birds that eat small animals and lizards. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +DEU 14 18 h1j8 translate-unknown 0 stork … heron, the hoopoe These are types of birds that eat small animals and lizards. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) DEU 14 18 r1s4 0 the bat animal with wings and furry body which is awake mainly at night and eats insects and rodents DEU 14 19 jr8q 0 All winged, swarming things This means all flying insects that move in large groups. DEU 14 19 inc1 figs-metaphor 0 are unclean to you Animals that God says are unfit for his people to eat are spoken of as if the animals are physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1045,8 +1045,8 @@ DEU 15 4 cxl8 figs-nominaladj 0 no poor The nominal adjective “poor” can be DEU 15 4 t3us 0 the land that he gives This refers to the land of Canaan. DEU 15 4 hsd1 figs-metaphor 0 he gives you as an inheritance to possess The land that Yahweh is giving to his people is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Yahweh is giving them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 15 5 x28x figs-metonymy 0 if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh himself says. Alternate translation: “if only you are careful to obey what Yahweh your God says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 15 6 f39v figs-ellipsis 0 you will lend…you will not borrow The word “money” is understood. You can make the full meaning of this statement clear. Alternate translation: “you will lend money…you will not borrow money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -DEU 15 6 p426 figs-metonymy 0 to many nations…over many nations Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of many nations…over the people of many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +DEU 15 6 f39v figs-ellipsis 0 you will lend … you will not borrow The word “money” is understood. You can make the full meaning of this statement clear. Alternate translation: “you will lend money … you will not borrow money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +DEU 15 6 p426 figs-metonymy 0 to many nations … over many nations Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of many nations … over the people of many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 15 6 p9hi figs-parallelism 0 you will rule over many nations, but they will not rule over you Here “rule over” means to be financially superior. This means basically the same thing as the previous part of the sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 15 7 e7tf 0 If there is a poor man Here “man” means a person in general. Alternate translation: “If there is a poor person” DEU 15 7 yi5v 0 one of your brothers “one of your fellow Israelites” @@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ DEU 15 10 r7sr figs-synecdoche 0 your heart must not be sorry Here “heart” DEU 15 10 ew7n figs-synecdoche 0 in all that you put your hand to Here “put your hand to” represents the whole person and work that he has done. Alternate translation: “in all that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 15 11 yhm6 figs-doublenegatives 0 For the poor will never cease to exist in the land This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “For there will always be poor people in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) DEU 15 11 tq3p figs-nominaladj 0 For the poor The nominal adjective “the poor” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -DEU 15 11 vi74 figs-quotesinquotes 0 I command you and say, ‘You must surely open your hand…in your land.’ This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I command you to open your hand…in your land” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +DEU 15 11 vi74 figs-quotesinquotes 0 I command you and say, ‘You must surely open your hand … in your land.’ This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I command you to open your hand … in your land” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) DEU 15 11 l4vm figs-metaphor 0 open your hand to your brother, to your needy, and to your poor A person who is willing to help someone else is spoken of as if his hand were open. Alternate translation: “help your fellow Israelite, those who are needy, and those who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 15 11 v4zq figs-doublet 0 your brother, to your needy, and to your poor The words “needy” and “poor” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that these are people who cannot help themselves. Alternate translation: “help your fellow Israelites who cannot help themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 15 12 g1va 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. @@ -1092,7 +1092,7 @@ DEU 15 20 c1pf 0 before Yahweh “in the presence of Yahweh” DEU 15 20 w1lv 0 year by year “each year” or “every year” DEU 15 21 t6e5 0 lame crippled or physically disabled DEU 15 22 qx8i figs-synecdoche 0 within your gates Here “gates” represents the city or town. Alternate translation: “within your community” or “inside your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -DEU 15 22 rqw8 figs-metaphor 0 the unclean…persons A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 15 22 rqw8 figs-metaphor 0 the unclean … persons A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 15 22 b1cn figs-metaphor 0 the clean persons A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 15 22 lxt5 0 a gazelle or a deer These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated these in [Deuteronomy 12:15](../12/15.md). DEU 15 23 bw7p 0 you must not eat its blood “you must not consume its blood.” Yahweh did not allow Israelites to consume blood because the blood represented life ([Deuteronomy 12:23](../12/23.md)). @@ -1175,13 +1175,13 @@ DEU 17 9 i57n figs-abstractnouns 0 you will seek their advice The abstract noun DEU 17 9 xe5f figs-abstractnouns 0 they will give you the verdict The abstract noun “verdict” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “they will decide on the matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DEU 17 11 n3uq figs-metaphor 0 Follow the law they teach you A person obeying what the priests and judge decide is spoken of as if the person were physically following behind the law. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must obey what the judge and priests decide about the matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 17 11 a1r9 figs-metaphor 0 Do not turn aside from what they tell you, to the right hand or to the left A person not doing exactly what the judge and priests say is spoken of as if he were turning off the correct path. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Do not disobey anything they tell you” or “Do everything they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 17 12 l4fz 0 in not listening to the priest…or in not listening to the judge “and does not obey the priest…or does not obey the judge” +DEU 17 12 l4fz 0 in not listening to the priest … or in not listening to the judge “and does not obey the priest … or does not obey the judge” DEU 17 12 u7c6 figs-nominaladj 0 you will put away the evil from Israel The nominal adjective “the evil” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) DEU 17 13 xm49 figs-explicit 0 All the people must hear and fear, and act arrogantly no more It is implied that when the people hear about the person who was executed for acting arrogantly, they will be afraid and not act arrogantly themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 17 14 t6n8 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 17 14 wkl6 figs-go 0 When you have come to the land The word “come to” can be translated as “gone to” or “entered.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) DEU 17 14 x3gq figs-quotesinquotes 0 then you say, ‘I will set a king over myself, like all the nations that are round about me,’ This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “then you decide that you want a king just like the peoples of the nations that surround you have kings,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -DEU 17 14 n7ly figs-pronouns 0 I will set a king over myself…round about me Moses has the people speaking as if they were one person. It may be more natural to translate this with plural pronouns. Alternate translation: “We will set over ourselves…round about us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +DEU 17 14 n7ly figs-pronouns 0 I will set a king over myself … round about me Moses has the people speaking as if they were one person. It may be more natural to translate this with plural pronouns. Alternate translation: “We will set over ourselves … round about us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) DEU 17 14 gm2m figs-metaphor 0 set a king over myself Giving someone the authority to rule as king in Israel is spoken of as if the people were setting the person in a place above them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 17 14 c8nt 0 all the nations that are round about me “all the surrounding nations” DEU 17 14 ie3y figs-metonymy 0 all the nations Here “nations” represent the people who live in the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1214,9 +1214,9 @@ DEU 18 8 c8rp 0 his family’s inheritance This is what the priest would inher DEU 18 9 gvb6 figs-go 0 When you have come Here “come” can be translated as “gone” or “entered.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) DEU 18 9 b17w figs-metonymy 0 you must not learn to observe the abominations of those nations God hates the religious activities of the people in the surrounding nations. He considers them to be terribly evil. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you must not do the terrible things that the people of the other nations do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 18 10 ey79 figs-activepassive 0 There must not be found among you anyone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There must not be anyone among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 18 10 hta7 0 anyone who uses divination…tells fortunes…reads signs found in a cup…engages in witchcraft These are different ways of practicing magic. God has forbidden every kind of magic. If you do not have a word for all of these activities, it can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “anyone who uses magic to try to find out what will happen in the future, to cast spells” +DEU 18 10 hta7 0 anyone who uses divination … tells fortunes … reads signs found in a cup … engages in witchcraft These are different ways of practicing magic. God has forbidden every kind of magic. If you do not have a word for all of these activities, it can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “anyone who uses magic to try to find out what will happen in the future, to cast spells” DEU 18 10 ugk5 0 reads signs found in a cup One who reads the shapes and figures in a cup and who predicts future events from what they can see -DEU 18 11 g9dh 0 any charmer…anyone who conjurs up spirits…one who casts spells…who talks with spirits of the dead These are phrases for people who practice different kinds of magic. God has forbidden every kind of magic. If you do not have a word for all of these types of people, you can translate more generally. Alternate translation: “anyone who uses magic to cast spells, or to talk to the spirits of dead people” +DEU 18 11 g9dh 0 any charmer … anyone who conjurs up spirits … one who casts spells … who talks with spirits of the dead These are phrases for people who practice different kinds of magic. God has forbidden every kind of magic. If you do not have a word for all of these types of people, you can translate more generally. Alternate translation: “anyone who uses magic to cast spells, or to talk to the spirits of dead people” DEU 18 12 ufu7 0 driving them out Here “them” refers to the people already living in Canaan. DEU 18 14 aj59 figs-metonymy 0 For these nations Here “nations” stands for the people groups that live in Canaan. Alternate translation: “For these people groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 18 14 q8g1 0 these nations that you will dispossess “these nations whose land you will take” @@ -1258,7 +1258,7 @@ DEU 19 4 v7rc figs-ellipsis 0 concerning the one who kills another The word “ DEU 19 4 cez8 0 and flees from there “and who escapes to one of these cities” or “who runs to one of these cities” DEU 19 4 k7eb 0 the one who unintentionally kills his neighbor Here “neighbor” means any person in general. Alternate translation: “any person who kills another person by accident” DEU 19 4 uvu6 figs-explicit 0 without hating him at the time of the accident “but did not hate his neighbor before he killed him.” This implies there was no cause for him to kill his neighbor purposely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -DEU 19 5 qb1k figs-hypo 0 For example, if a man goes into the forest…to cut wood The author gives a hypothetical situation where a person accidentally kills another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +DEU 19 5 qb1k figs-hypo 0 For example, if a man goes into the forest … to cut wood The author gives a hypothetical situation where a person accidentally kills another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) DEU 19 5 i3cb 0 the ax head slips off of the handle The iron part of the ax comes off the wooden handle. DEU 19 5 wkv1 0 strikes his neighbor and kills him This means the head of the ax hits and kills the neighbor. DEU 19 5 l3mr figs-explicit 0 to one of these cities and save his life It is implied that the family of the dead man may try to get revenge. The man who killed him can flee to one of these cities, and the people there would protect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1319,7 +1319,7 @@ DEU 19 20 a23d 0 Then those who remain “When you punish the false witness, t DEU 19 20 n7hc figs-explicit 0 will hear and fear The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “will hear about the punishment and be afraid of getting punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 19 20 wqw9 0 commit no longer any such evil “never again do something evil like that” DEU 19 21 z5fm figs-synecdoche 0 Your eyes must not pity Here “eyes” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “You must not pity him” or “You must not show him mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -DEU 19 21 nz4x figs-ellipsis 0 life will pay for life…foot for foot Here the phrases are shortened because the meaning is understood. It means the people must punish a person in the same way that he harmed another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +DEU 19 21 nz4x figs-ellipsis 0 life will pay for life … foot for foot Here the phrases are shortened because the meaning is understood. It means the people must punish a person in the same way that he harmed another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) DEU 20 intro qq8m 0 # Deuteronomy 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s protection
Israel was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])

### Holy war
Israel’s conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh’s punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### “What man is there”
This phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Excused from fighting
In ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 20 1 x89z 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 20 1 ei7a 0 When you march out to battle against your enemies “When you go out to fight in a war against your enemies” @@ -1333,18 +1333,18 @@ DEU 20 4 mdt8 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh your God is the one who is going with you DEU 20 4 fvb1 0 to save you “to give you victory” DEU 20 5 dxx2 0 General Information: Moses says what the army officers must say to the people of Israel before a battle. DEU 20 5 i6ss figs-explicit 0 The officers must speak One of the officers’ jobs was to decide who could leave the army. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -DEU 20 5 x2xn 0 What man is there…Let him go and return to his house “If any soldier here has built a new house and has not dedicated it, he should go back to his house” +DEU 20 5 x2xn 0 What man is there … Let him go and return to his house “If any soldier here has built a new house and has not dedicated it, he should go back to his house” DEU 20 5 ti4c figs-hypo 0 so that he does not die in battle and another man dedicates it The officer is describing a situation that could possibly happen to a soldier. Alternate translation: “so that, if he dies in battle, another man will not dedicate his house instead of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) DEU 20 6 yru7 0 General Information: Moses continues describing situations that allow a man to leave the military. -DEU 20 6 vr9v 0 Is there anyone who has planted…Let him go home “If any soldier here has a new vineyard, but has not yet harvested its grapes, he should go back to his house” +DEU 20 6 vr9v 0 Is there anyone who has planted … Let him go home “If any soldier here has a new vineyard, but has not yet harvested its grapes, he should go back to his house” DEU 20 6 tal6 figs-hypo 0 so he will not die in battle and another man enjoy its fruit The officer is describing a situation that could possibly happen to a soldier. Alternate translation: “so that, if he dies in battle, another man will not harvest its fruit instead of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -DEU 20 7 n1rz 0 What man is there who is engaged to marry a woman…Let him go home “If any soldier here has promised to marry a woman, but has not yet married her, he should go back to his house” +DEU 20 7 n1rz 0 What man is there who is engaged to marry a woman … Let him go home “If any soldier here has promised to marry a woman, but has not yet married her, he should go back to his house” DEU 20 7 c3bq figs-hypo 0 so that he does not die in battle and another man marries her The officer is describing a situation that could possibly happen to a soldier. Alternate translation: “so that, if he dies in battle, another man does not marry her instead of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) DEU 20 8 q7ui 0 General Information: Moses continues describing situations that allow a man to leave the military. DEU 20 8 bjh6 0 What man is there who is fearful or fainthearted? Let him go and return to his house “If any soldier here is afraid and not brave, he should go back to his house” DEU 20 8 xs8n figs-doublet 0 fearful or fainthearted Both of these words mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “afraid to fight in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 20 8 vra8 figs-idiom 0 his brother’s heart does not melt like his own heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “another Israelite does not become afraid like he is afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -DEU 20 8 j8t4 figs-metonymy 0 brother’s heart…his own heart Here “heart” represents a person’s courage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +DEU 20 8 j8t4 figs-metonymy 0 brother’s heart … his own heart Here “heart” represents a person’s courage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 20 9 bl8n 0 they must appoint commanders over them “the officers must appoint people to be commanders and to lead the people of Israel” DEU 20 10 tgm2 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 20 10 gc68 figs-metonymy 0 When you march up to attack a city Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “When you go to attack the people of a city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1362,7 +1362,7 @@ DEU 20 16 wi9a figs-metaphor 0 In the cities of these peoples that Yahweh your DEU 20 16 ql5j figs-litotes 0 you must save alive nothing that breathes “you must not let any living thing stay alive.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you must kill every living thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) DEU 20 17 v49s 0 you must completely destroy them “you must completely destroy these people groups” DEU 20 18 kl2b 0 Do this so that they “Destroy these nations so that they” -DEU 20 18 ya8k 0 to act in any of their abominable ways…their gods “to act in abominable ways like the people in these nations have done with their gods” +DEU 20 18 ya8k 0 to act in any of their abominable ways … their gods “to act in abominable ways like the people in these nations have done with their gods” DEU 20 18 i63g 0 If you do, you will sin against Yahweh your God “If you act like these people, you will sin against Yahweh your God” DEU 20 19 lcz9 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 20 19 sqm5 0 wage war “fight in a war” @@ -1509,7 +1509,7 @@ DEU 22 22 td33 0 and you will remove “in this way you will remove” DEU 22 23 a6yj figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 22 23 gh34 0 engaged to a man “who is promised to marry a man” DEU 22 23 qw6x figs-euphemism 0 lies with her This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “has sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -DEU 22 24 pa9s figs-you 0 take…and stone These commands are addressed to Israel as a group and so are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 22 24 pa9s figs-you 0 take … and stone These commands are addressed to Israel as a group and so are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 22 24 y57q 0 take both of them “then you must bring both the girl and the man who slept with her” DEU 22 24 imu5 0 because she did not cry out “because she did not call for help” DEU 22 24 h5rb figs-explicit 0 because he violated his neighbor’s wife The Israelites at that time thought of a man and woman who had engaged each other for marriage as husband and wife. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because he slept with a girl who belongs to a fellow Israelite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1535,7 +1535,7 @@ DEU 23 2 i3u2 0 none of them “none of these descendants” DEU 23 3 zk3j figs-idiom 0 may not belong to the assembly of Yahweh This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “may not be a full member of the Israelite community” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 23 3 upu4 translate-ordinal 0 as far as to the tenth generation of his descendants This “tenth”is the ordinal number for ten. Alternate translation: “even after ten generations of his descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) DEU 23 4 sk15 figs-explicit 0 they did not meet you with bread and with water The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “they did not welcome you by bringing you food and drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -DEU 23 4 l814 figs-you 0 against you…curse you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 23 4 l814 figs-you 0 against you … curse you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 23 5 nd5k figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 23 5 zpa9 figs-idiom 0 would not listen This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “did not pay attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 23 5 ag3p 0 turned the curse into a blessing for you “had him bless you and not curse you” @@ -1560,15 +1560,15 @@ DEU 23 15 ba2u figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites a DEU 23 15 cfk6 figs-explicit 0 a slave who has escaped from his master The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “a slave from another country who escaped from his master and came to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 23 16 c3m8 0 Let him live with you “Let the slave live among your people” DEU 23 17 kr1e figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 23 17 cmz6 figs-euphemism 0 cultic prostitute…among any of the daughters…among the sons Possible meanings are that Moses (1) openly forbids women and men to perform sexual acts as part of temple service or (2) uses a euphemism to forbid women and men to perform sexual acts to receive money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -DEU 23 18 i3pv 0 You must not bring the wages of a prostitute…into the house “A woman who earns money as a prostitute must not bring that money…into the house” +DEU 23 17 cmz6 figs-euphemism 0 cultic prostitute … among any of the daughters … among the sons This could mean: (1) Moses openly forbids women and men to perform sexual acts as part of temple service or (2) Moses uses a euphemism to forbid women and men to perform sexual acts to receive money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +DEU 23 18 i3pv 0 You must not bring the wages of a prostitute … into the house “A woman who earns money as a prostitute must not bring that money … into the house” DEU 23 18 cdx2 0 a dog a man who allows men to have sex with him for money DEU 23 18 p7wu 0 into the house of Yahweh your God “into the temple” DEU 23 18 nqe5 0 for any vow “to fulfill a vow” DEU 23 18 dw4f 0 both these the wages of a female prostitute and of a male prostitute. DEU 23 19 ad32 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 23 19 f1z2 0 lend on interest to lend to somebody and force that person to pay back more than was lent -DEU 23 19 z4pg 0 interest of money…anything that is lent on interest “you must not charge interest when you lend somebody money, food, or anything else” +DEU 23 19 z4pg 0 interest of money … anything that is lent on interest “you must not charge interest when you lend somebody money, food, or anything else” DEU 23 20 ubn8 figs-idiom 0 all that you put your hand to This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “all that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 23 21 nbs8 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 23 21 q8a9 0 you must not be slow in fulfilling it “you must not take a long time to fulfill the vow” @@ -1612,10 +1612,10 @@ DEU 24 7 zk84 0 any of his brothers from among the people of Israel “any of DEU 24 7 e6gc 0 that thief must die “then other Israelites should kill that thief as a punishment for what he did” DEU 24 7 jx4a figs-nominaladj 0 you will remove the evil from among you The adjective “evil” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “you must remove from among the Israelites the person who does this evil thing” or “you must execute this evil person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) DEU 24 8 xl5c 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. -DEU 24 8 s2sl figs-you 0 Take heed…you carefully observe Moses speaks to the Israelites here as if they were one man, so the word “you” and the command “take heed” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 24 8 s2sl figs-you 0 Take heed … you carefully observe Moses speaks to the Israelites here as if they were one man, so the word “you” and the command “take heed” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 24 8 a4y7 0 Take heed regarding any plague of leprosy “Pay attention if you suffer from leprosy” or “Pay attention if you have leprosy” DEU 24 8 g4nu figs-activepassive 0 every instruction given to you which the priests, the Levites, teach you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all of the instructions that I have given you and that the priests, who are Levites, teach you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 24 8 bq6f figs-you 0 teach you…you will act Moses here speaks to the Israelites as a group, so these instances of the word “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 24 8 bq6f figs-you 0 teach you … you will act Moses here speaks to the Israelites as a group, so these instances of the word “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 24 8 ha1s 0 as I commanded them, so you will act “you must make sure that you do exactly what I have commanded them” DEU 24 8 gr6s 0 commanded them The word “them” refers to the priests, who are Levites. DEU 24 9 dz97 figs-you 0 Call to mind what Yahweh your God Moses speaks to the Israelites here as if they were one man, so the word “your” and the command “call to mind” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -1677,7 +1677,7 @@ DEU 25 3 s8b7 figs-synecdoche 0 humiliated before your eyes Here the people are DEU 25 4 zw1w 0 You must not muzzle the ox “You must not put something over the mouth of an ox” DEU 25 4 jy42 0 when he treads out the grain while he separates the grain from the chaff by walking on it or dragging heavy wood over it DEU 25 5 w7si 0 General Information: Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel. -DEU 25 5 a1gx 0 If brothers live together Possible meanings are: (1) “If brothers live on the same property” or (2) “If brothers live near each other.” +DEU 25 5 a1gx 0 If brothers live together This could mean: (1) “If brothers live on the same property” or (2) “If brothers live near each other.” DEU 25 5 e3vx figs-activepassive 0 then the wife of the dead man must not be married off to someone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “then the family of the dead man must not let the widow marry someone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 25 5 y2p8 figs-euphemism 0 shall go in to her This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “shall have sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) DEU 25 5 j4zw 0 do the duty of a husband’s brother to her “do what the brother of a dead husband is supposed to do” @@ -1703,7 +1703,7 @@ DEU 25 14 bt5b figs-explicit 0 You must not have in your house different measur DEU 25 14 n9g6 0 measures A measure was a basket or other container for measuring how much there is of something. DEU 25 15 q2jf figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel about using fair weights and measures when buying and selling. He speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 25 15 emm1 0 A perfect and just “A correct and fair” -DEU 25 15 h3e2 0 weight…measure See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 25:13](../25/13.md). +DEU 25 15 h3e2 0 weight … measure See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 25:13](../25/13.md). DEU 25 15 lu1x figs-idiom 0 your days may be long This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you may live for a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 25 16 xsn1 0 For all who do such things, all that act unrighteously “because everyone who cheats people by using different sized weights and measures” DEU 25 17 za5v figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -1768,7 +1768,7 @@ DEU 27 2 yul5 figs-you 0 you will pass Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a DEU 27 2 c7s3 figs-explicit 0 plaster them with plaster Plaster is usually a mixture of lime, sand, and water that is spread on something. It dries to form a hard, smooth surface on which a person can write. Alternate translation: “spread plaster on them” or “make them so you can write on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 27 3 yd13 figs-idiom 0 a land flowing with milk and honey This is an idiom. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 6:3](../06/03.md). Alternate translation: “a land where plenty of milk and honey flow” or “a land that is excellent for cattle and farming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 27 4 rjy8 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 27 4 l6gl figs-you 0 you have passed…set up…I am commanding you Moses is addressing the Israelites as a group, so the instances of “you” and the command “set up” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 27 4 l6gl figs-you 0 you have passed … set up … I am commanding you Moses is addressing the Israelites as a group, so the instances of “you” and the command “set up” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 27 4 gk8x 0 plaster them with plaster “spread plaster on them” or “make them so you can write on them.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:2](../27/02.md). DEU 27 4 vvi2 0 Mount Ebal This is a mountain near Shechem. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 11:29](../11/29.md). DEU 27 5 ebq3 figs-explicit 0 you must raise no iron tool to work the stones This refers to the chisels that would make the stones smoother, in order that they might fit together better. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you will not shape the altar stones with iron tools” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1783,7 +1783,7 @@ DEU 27 12 s7rz 0 Mount Gerizim A small mountain north of Mount Ebal. See how y DEU 27 12 rsu5 0 Joseph This combines the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, who were descendants of Joseph. DEU 27 13 ax7s 0 Mount Ebal See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 11:29](../11/29.md). DEU 27 13 p9b6 0 pronounce curses “say in a loud voice how Yahweh will curse Israel” -DEU 27 15 pp2u figs-activepassive 0 May the man be cursed…sets it up in secret This is the statement the Levites must shout to all the people of Israel. It may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the person…sets it up in secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DEU 27 15 pp2u figs-activepassive 0 May the man be cursed … sets it up in secret This is the statement the Levites must shout to all the people of Israel. It may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the person … sets it up in secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 27 15 ne2d figs-idiom 0 the work of the hands of a craftsman This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “something a man has made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 27 15 jjw2 0 craftsman a man who knows how to make things well DEU 27 16 m7ef 0 General Information: Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say. @@ -1791,7 +1791,7 @@ DEU 27 16 igu1 figs-activepassive 0 May the man be cursed This may be stated in DEU 27 17 api7 figs-explicit 0 who removes his neighbor’s landmark The full meaning of the statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who takes land away from his neighbor by moving the markers on the borders of his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 27 18 s55n 0 General Information: Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say. DEU 27 18 f4in figs-activepassive 0 May the man be cursed This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:16](../27/16.md). Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 27 19 b9gc figs-metaphor 0 uses force to take away the justice due to a foreigner…widow Moses speaks of justice as if it were a physical object that a stronger person can violently pull away from a weaker person. Your language might have one word that means “use force to take away.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 24:17](../24/17.md). Alternate translation: “treats a foreigner…widow unfairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 27 19 b9gc figs-metaphor 0 uses force to take away the justice due to a foreigner … widow Moses speaks of justice as if it were a physical object that a stronger person can violently pull away from a weaker person. Your language might have one word that means “use force to take away.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 24:17](../24/17.md). Alternate translation: “treats a foreigner … widow unfairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 27 19 ed5u 0 fatherless These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them. DEU 27 19 cnk8 0 widow This means a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her in her old age. DEU 27 20 fzq9 0 General Information: Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say. @@ -1813,13 +1813,13 @@ DEU 28 1 gb5d figs-metaphor 0 set you above Moses speaks of being important or DEU 28 2 w8tx figs-metaphor 0 All these blessings will come on you and overtake you Moses describes the blessings as a person who would attack them by surprise or chase and catch them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you like this in ways that will completely surprise you, and it will be as if you cannot escape having him bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) DEU 28 3 wiv2 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 3 uv27 figs-activepassive 0 Blessed will you be This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 28 3 z33g figs-merism 0 in the city…in the field This merism means that Yahweh will bless them everywhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +DEU 28 3 z33g figs-merism 0 in the city … in the field This merism means that Yahweh will bless them everywhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 28 4 t3s8 figs-idiom 0 the fruit of your body, and the fruit of your ground, and the fruit of your beasts These idioms for “your children, and your crops, and all your animals” form a merism for everything the Israelites valued. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 28 4 t45f figs-doublet 0 the fruit of your beasts, the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock This doublet is three ways of saying that Yahweh will make the Israelites’ animals many and strong. Alternate translation: “all of your animals along with the calves of the cattle and the lambs of the flocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 28 5 w512 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 5 mk51 figs-activepassive 0 Blessed will be This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 28 5 lu31 figs-metonymy 0 your basket and your kneading trough Israelites used a basket to carry grain. A “kneading trough” was a bowl they used to mix the grain and make bread. Alternate translation: “all the food you grow and all the food you eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 28 6 cm5f figs-merism 0 when you come in…when you go out This merism refers to all of life’s activities everywhere they go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +DEU 28 6 cm5f figs-merism 0 when you come in … when you go out This merism refers to all of life’s activities everywhere they go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 28 7 ky89 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 7 p5y5 figs-activepassive 0 cause your enemies who rise up against you to be struck down before you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “cause you to defeat the armies that attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 28 7 u7a7 0 but will flee before you seven ways “but they will run away from you in seven directions” @@ -1836,7 +1836,7 @@ DEU 28 12 x3c1 0 at the right time “when the crops need it” DEU 28 12 lb4j figs-synecdoche 0 all the work of your hand The word “hand” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “all the work that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 28 13 czu1 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 13 am9q figs-metaphor 0 the head, and not the tail This metaphor describes the nation of Israel as an animal and means the Israelites will always be the leaders over other nations and never the servants following behind them. The Israelites will be superior in power, money, and honor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 28 13 yc2s 0 will be only above…will never be beneath The Israelites will rule over others but never have others rule them. +DEU 28 13 yc2s 0 will be only above … will never be beneath The Israelites will rule over others but never have others rule them. DEU 28 13 dhn1 figs-you 0 I am commanding you Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so the word “you” is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 14 ce8r figs-metaphor 0 if you do not turn away from any of the words that I am commanding you today, to the right hand or to the left, so as to go after other gods to serve them Disobeying Yahweh and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if a person physically turned and went in a different direction from Yahweh’s words. Alternate translation: “if you do not disobey what I am commanding you today by serving other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 28 15 k4bm figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -1846,13 +1846,13 @@ DEU 28 15 g8p4 figs-metaphor 0 then all these curses will come on you and overt DEU 28 15 xl16 0 come on you and overtake you See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:2](../28/02.md). DEU 28 16 gl2a figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 16 nf28 figs-activepassive 0 Cursed will you be This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 28 16 rs5i figs-merism 0 in the city…in the field This merism means that Yahweh will bless them everywhere. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:3](../28/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +DEU 28 16 rs5i figs-merism 0 in the city … in the field This merism means that Yahweh will bless them everywhere. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:3](../28/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 28 17 ii5p figs-metonymy 0 your basket and your kneading trough The Israelites used a basket to carry grain. A “kneading trough” was a bowl they used to mix the grain and make bread. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:5](../28/05.md). Alternate translation: “all the food you grow and all the food you eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 28 18 k7ip figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 18 nhd7 figs-activepassive 0 Cursed will be This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 28 18 ewg6 figs-idiom 0 the fruit of your body, the fruit of your ground This is an idiom for “your children, your crops.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 28 18 xsg2 figs-doublet 0 the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock This doublet is two ways of saying that Yahweh will make the Israelites’ animals many and strong. Alternate translation: “the calves of the cattle and the lambs of the flocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -DEU 28 19 mk23 figs-merism 0 when you come in…when you go out This merism refers to all of life’s activities everywhere they go. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:6](../28/06.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +DEU 28 19 mk23 figs-merism 0 when you come in … when you go out This merism refers to all of life’s activities everywhere they go. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 28:6](../28/06.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 28 20 p97u figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 20 m9t5 0 curses, confusion, and rebukes “disasters, fear, and frustration” DEU 28 20 bcy3 figs-idiom 0 in all that you put your hand to This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1865,8 +1865,8 @@ DEU 28 22 su4y 0 with drought “with lack of rain” DEU 28 22 k5ew 0 mildew mold that grows on crops and causes them to rot DEU 28 22 btm2 figs-personification 0 These will pursue you Moses speaks of the bad things that would happen to the Israelites as if they were people or animals who would chase after the Israelites. Alternate translation: “You will suffer from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) DEU 28 23 alx9 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 28 23 xf1q figs-metaphor 0 skies…will be bronze Moses speaks of the skies being like bronze because there will be no rain. Alternate translation: “skies…will give no rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 28 23 eb3i figs-metaphor 0 the earth…will be iron Moses speaks of the earth being like iron because no crops will grow. Alternate translation: “nothing will grow from the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 28 23 xf1q figs-metaphor 0 skies … will be bronze Moses speaks of the skies being like bronze because there will be no rain. Alternate translation: “skies … will give no rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 28 23 eb3i figs-metaphor 0 the earth … will be iron Moses speaks of the earth being like iron because no crops will grow. Alternate translation: “nothing will grow from the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 28 24 uz8n 0 Yahweh will make the rain of your land into powder and dust “instead of rain, Yahweh will send sandstorms” DEU 28 24 zt41 figs-activepassive 0 until you are destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until it destroys you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 28 25 b1re figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -1877,7 +1877,7 @@ DEU 28 25 v9pl figs-idiom 0 seven ways This is an idiom. Alternate translation: DEU 28 25 k6ms figs-activepassive 0 You will be tossed to and fro among all the kingdoms This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The peoples of the other nations will drive you from one nation to another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 28 27 wb3q figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 27 q4ig 0 the boils of Egypt “the same skin disease with which I cursed the Egyptians” -DEU 28 27 gf18 0 boils…ulcers, scurvy, and itch These are different types of skin diseases. +DEU 28 27 gf18 0 boils … ulcers, scurvy, and itch These are different types of skin diseases. DEU 28 27 kvf6 figs-activepassive 0 from which you cannot be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “from which no one will be able to heal you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 28 29 we8c figs-simile 0 You will grope about at noonday like the blind grope in the darkness “You will be like blind people who grope in darkness even at noonday.” The Israelites will have a difficult life even when everyone else is enjoying life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) DEU 28 29 z6va 0 you will be always oppressed and robbed “stronger people will always oppress and rob you” @@ -1905,7 +1905,7 @@ DEU 28 40 fi15 figs-explicit 0 your olive trees will drop their fruit You may n DEU 28 42 if6w figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 43 cew2 figs-genericnoun 0 The foreigner who is This does not mean a specific foreigner but refers to foreigners in general. Alternate translation: “The foreigners who are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) DEU 28 43 j1wi figs-idiom 0 rise up above you higher and higher; you yourself will come down lower and lower This idiom means foreigners will have more power, money, and honor than the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -DEU 28 44 ls98 figs-genericnoun 0 He will…to him This does not mean a specific foreigner (verse 43) but refers to foreigners in general. Alternate translation: “They will…to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +DEU 28 44 ls98 figs-genericnoun 0 He will … to him This does not mean a specific foreigner (verse 43) but refers to foreigners in general. Alternate translation: “They will … to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) DEU 28 44 wu98 figs-metaphor 0 he will be the head, and you will be the tail This means foreigners will have more power and authority than the Israelites. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Deuteronomy 28:13](../28/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 28 45 lv3p figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 45 l54e figs-metaphor 0 All these curses will come on you and will pursue and overtake you until you are destroyed Moses describes the curses as a person who would attack them by surprise or chase and catch them. See how you translated something similar in [Deuteronomy 28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse you like this in ways that will completely surprise you, and it will be as if he is chasing you and you cannot escape having him curse you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -1928,7 +1928,7 @@ DEU 28 54 z4kd figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites a DEU 28 54 g9qb 0 who is tender and very delicate among you—he “who is tender and very delicate among you—even he.” Moses is saying that not only those one would expect to eat their children, but even the last person one would expect to eat his own children will eat his children. DEU 28 55 h7kb figs-synecdoche 0 all your city gates Here “city gates” represents the cities themselves. Alternate translation: “all your cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 28 56 x19d figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 28 56 ayv7 figs-you 0 The tender and delicate woman among you…tenderness—she “The tender and delicate woman among you…tenderness—even she.” Moses is saying that not only those one would expect to eat their children, but even women of noble birth and normally very gentle, whom one would never expect to eat their children, will eat their children. The word “you” here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 28 56 ayv7 figs-you 0 The tender and delicate woman among you … tenderness—she “The tender and delicate woman among you … tenderness—even she.” Moses is saying that not only those one would expect to eat their children, but even women of noble birth and normally very gentle, whom one would never expect to eat their children, will eat their children. The word “you” here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 56 sw1r figs-hyperbole 0 who would not venture to put the bottom of her foot on the ground for delicateness and tenderness Moses is exaggerating. He is emphasizing that this noble woman is so rich and lives in such luxury that she would not allow herself to get dirty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) DEU 28 56 u5mz figs-abstractnouns 0 for delicateness and tenderness The abstract nouns “delicateness” and “tenderness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because she is so delicate and tender” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DEU 28 57 lnt8 figs-synecdoche 0 within your city gates Here “city gates” represents the cities themselves. Alternate translation: “within your cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1941,15 +1941,15 @@ DEU 28 60 c4kp figs-idiom 0 He will bring on you again all the diseases of Egyp DEU 28 60 qu7d figs-idiom 0 they will cling to you This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the diseases will not stop, and no one will be able to heal you of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 28 61 ds4x figs-hyperbole 0 every sickness and plague that is not written Here “every” is a generalization that means “many.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “even other sicknesses and plagues that I have not written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 28 61 p5ww figs-activepassive 0 until you are destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until he has destroyed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 28 62 l59v figs-you 0 You will be left…you were like…you did not listen Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so all instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 28 62 l59v figs-you 0 You will be left … you were like … you did not listen Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so all instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 62 hu58 figs-simile 0 you were like the stars of the heavens in number This means that in the past there were many Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) DEU 28 62 j7ul figs-metonymy 0 to the voice of Yahweh Here the metonym “voice of Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “to what Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 28 63 mhe6 figs-you 0 Yahweh once rejoiced over you…multiplying you…rejoice over you in making you perish and in destroying you. You will be plucked Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so all instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 28 63 mhe6 figs-you 0 Yahweh once rejoiced over you … multiplying you … rejoice over you in making you perish and in destroying you. You will be plucked Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so all instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 63 b3je 0 Yahweh once rejoiced over you in doing you good, and in multiplying you “Yahweh once enjoyed doing you good and causing you to become many” DEU 28 63 eu1a 0 he will rejoice over you in making you perish “he will enjoy making you die” DEU 28 63 imz8 figs-metaphor 0 You will be plucked off the land that you are going into to possess Moses uses a metaphor to speak of the people as though they were fruit that Yahweh would take off a bush. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will remove you from the land which you are entering to possess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 28 63 le25 figs-you 0 you are going Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 28 64 xuc8 figs-you 0 scatter you…you will worship…you have not known…you nor your ancestors Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 28 64 xuc8 figs-you 0 scatter you … you will worship … you have not known … you nor your ancestors Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 64 l3nk figs-merism 0 from the one end of the earth to the other end of the earth These two extremes together mean everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “throughout the earth” or “all over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 28 65 j125 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 65 g15k figs-synecdoche 0 there will be no rest for the bottoms of your feet Here the phrase “the bottoms of your feet” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will have to continually wander because you have no permanent home where you can rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1962,7 +1962,7 @@ DEU 28 68 et6c 0 I had said Here “I” refers to Yahweh. DEU 29 intro if6j 0 # Deuteronomy 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a retelling of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses, along with its blessings and cursing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) DEU 29 1 nsu8 0 These are the words that Yahweh commanded Moses to tell This refers to words that Moses is about to speak. DEU 29 1 b8p6 0 in the land of Moab This is on the east side of the Jordan where the Israelites were staying before they entered the land of Canaan. “while they were in the land of Moab” -DEU 29 1 b7xy 0 words that were added to the covenant…at Horeb These additional commands were given to make Yahweh’s covenant apply better to the people once they were settled in their new land. These new commands did not belong to a different covenant, but rather were additions to the original covenant. +DEU 29 1 b7xy 0 words that were added to the covenant … at Horeb These additional commands were given to make Yahweh’s covenant apply better to the people once they were settled in their new land. These new commands did not belong to a different covenant, but rather were additions to the original covenant. DEU 29 2 ya5p figs-synecdoche 0 You have seen everything that Yahweh did before your eyes Yahweh expected them to remember what Yahweh had done and they had seen it. Here the “eyes” represent the whole person and emphasize what the person has seen. Alternate translation: “You have seen all that Yahweh did so that you would see and remember what he did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 29 2 y1s6 figs-you 0 your eyes Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 29 3 al38 figs-synecdoche 0 the great sufferings that your eyes saw Here “eyes” emphasizes that Yahweh expected them to remember that they had seen it. Alternate translation: “you saw for yourselves that the people suffered terribly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1971,13 +1971,13 @@ DEU 29 4 mh61 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has not given you a heart to know, eyes to DEU 29 4 u59c figs-idiom 0 given you a heart to know This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “enabled you to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 29 5 p5xi 0 I have led you Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 29 5 rbp5 translate-numbers 0 forty years “40 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -DEU 29 5 g59z figs-you 0 your sandals…your feet Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 29 5 g59z figs-you 0 your sandals … your feet Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “your” here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 29 6 cv6m 0 other alcoholic drinks Alcoholic drinks made probably from fermented grains. They were not distilled liquors. DEU 29 7 d31m 0 Sihon, the king of Heshbon, and Og, the king of Bashan See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). DEU 29 7 i2yh figs-exclusive 0 came out against us Here “us” refers to Moses and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) DEU 29 9 ze3j figs-parallelism 0 keep the words of this covenant and do them These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the people were to obey Yahweh’s commands. Alternate translation: “obey all the words of this covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 29 10 it8r 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. -DEU 29 11 b36y figs-you 0 among you in your camp…your wood…your water Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 29 11 b36y figs-you 0 among you in your camp … your wood … your water Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 29 11 vw3v figs-genericnoun 0 the foreigner who is among you in your camp, from him who cuts your wood to him who draws There were many foreigners among the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the foreigners who are among you in your camp, from those who cut your wood to those who get your water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) DEU 29 12 p568 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 29 12 yb79 0 to enter into the covenant of Yahweh your God and into the oath that Yahweh your God is making with you today “to agree to the covenant and to swear that you will obey all that Yahweh your God commands” @@ -1992,18 +1992,18 @@ DEU 29 19 u5ww 0 that person The person described in verse 18. DEU 29 19 ydt9 figs-idiom 0 bless himself in his heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “congratulate himself” or “encourage himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 29 19 l8ar figs-idiom 0 though I walk in the stubbornness of my heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “even though I still refuse to obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 29 19 rq4s figs-metaphor 0 This would destroy the wet together with the dry Here the words “wet” and “dry” are metaphors for the righteous people and the wicked people. This forms a merism for “everyone.” Alternate translation: “This would cause Yahweh to destroy both the righteous people and the wicked people in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -DEU 29 19 qq8r figs-nominaladj 0 wet…dry These nominal adjectives can be translated as nouns. Because the land was usually dry and the people needed rain so their crops would grow, these words are metaphors for “living…dead” or “good…bad.” Alternate translation: “wet things…dry things” or “good people…bad people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 29 19 qq8r figs-nominaladj 0 wet … dry These nominal adjectives can be translated as nouns. Because the land was usually dry and the people needed rain so their crops would grow, these words are metaphors for “living … dead” or “good … bad.” Alternate translation: “wet things … dry things” or “good people … bad people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 29 20 zp3x figs-metaphor 0 the anger of Yahweh and his jealousy will smolder Just as a fire can grow in intensity, so can God’s anger and Jealousy grow in intensity. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s jealous anger will grow like a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 29 20 ud3q figs-hendiadys 0 the anger of Yahweh and his jealousy Here the word “jealousy” describes “the anger of Yahweh.” Alternate translation: Yahweh’s jealous anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) DEU 29 20 c39z figs-activepassive 0 that are written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that I have written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 29 20 v4lv figs-metaphor 0 the curses that are written in this book will come on him Moses describes the curses as a person who would attack them by surprise. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 28:15](../28/15.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh will curse him with the curses written in this book in ways that will completely surprise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) DEU 29 20 h57e 0 Yahweh will blot out his name from under heaven This means God will completely destroy the person and his family. In the future people will not remember him. A similar phrase appears in [Deuteronomy 7:24](../07/24.md). -DEU 29 22 j9qf 0 The generation to come, your children who will rise up after you The words “your children…after you” tell who “the generation to come” is. +DEU 29 22 j9qf 0 The generation to come, your children who will rise up after you The words “your children … after you” tell who “the generation to come” is. DEU 29 23 n8yz 0 when they see that the whole land has become sulfur and burning salt People put sulfur and salt on the soil to keep anything from growing. “when they see that Yahweh has burned the land with sulfur and salt” DEU 29 23 g15s figs-activepassive 0 where nothing is sown or bears fruit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where no one can sow seed and the crops do not bear fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 29 23 bw2x 0 like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah The abstract noun “overthrow” can be translated as a clause. Alternate translation: “as when Yahweh completely destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah” DEU 29 23 j85x translate-names 0 Admah and Zeboyim These are names of cities that Yahweh destroyed along with Sodom and Gomorrah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 29 24 j5xg figs-quotations 0 they will say together with all the other nations…mean? This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “they will ask with all the other nations why Yahweh has done this to the land, and what the heat of this great anger means.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +DEU 29 24 j5xg figs-quotations 0 they will say together with all the other nations … mean? This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “they will ask with all the other nations why Yahweh has done this to the land, and what the heat of this great anger means.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) DEU 29 24 z3lu 0 they will say together with all the other nations “your descendants and the people of all the other nations will say” DEU 29 24 v7xx figs-hendiadys 0 What does the heat of this great anger mean? The writer is communicating one idea through two words. Alternate translation: “What does this terrible anger mean?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) DEU 29 25 j9gr 0 It is because they abandoned the covenant of Yahweh, the God of their ancestors This is the answer to “Why has Yahweh done this to this land?” ([Deuteronomy 29:24](../29/24.md)). “Yahweh has done this to the land because the Israelites did not follow the promises and the laws of his covenant” @@ -2011,7 +2011,7 @@ DEU 29 26 p4qx 0 served other gods and bowed down to them “obeyed other gods DEU 29 27 p8ms figs-metaphor 0 the anger of Yahweh has been kindled against this land Moses compares Yahweh being angry to someone starting a fire. This emphasizes God’s power to destroy whatever makes him angry, and it can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has became very angry with this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 29 27 p9t6 figs-metonymy 0 this land, so as to bring on it Here “land” is a metonym representing the people. Alternate translation: “the people of this land, so as to bring on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 29 27 wp7h figs-activepassive 0 that are written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that I have written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 29 28 q4kt figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has uprooted them from their land…and has thrown them Israel is compared to a bad plant that Yahweh has pulled up and thrown out of a garden. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has removed them from their land…and has forced them to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 29 28 q4kt figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has uprooted them from their land … and has thrown them Israel is compared to a bad plant that Yahweh has pulled up and thrown out of a garden. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has removed them from their land … and has forced them to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 29 28 jz72 figs-doublet 0 in anger, in wrath, and in great fury The words “anger” and “wrath” and “fury” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the great intensity of Yahweh’s anger. Alternate translation: “in extremely great anger” or “because he was extremely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 29 29 d1e5 0 The secret matters belong alone to Yahweh our God “Some things Yahweh our God has not revealed, and only he knows them” DEU 29 29 v7va figs-activepassive 0 that are revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he has revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2036,7 +2036,7 @@ DEU 30 7 n367 figs-metaphor 0 will put all these curses on your enemies Moses s DEU 30 8 fpp4 figs-metonymy 0 obey the voice of Yahweh Here “voice” means what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 30 9 k3dd figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 30 9 ws1q figs-synecdoche 0 the work of your hand Here “hand” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “in all the work you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -DEU 30 9 r217 figs-idiom 0 in the fruit of your body…in the fruit of your cattle…in the fruit of your ground These three phrases are idioms for “in children…in calves…in crops.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +DEU 30 9 r217 figs-idiom 0 in the fruit of your body … in the fruit of your cattle … in the fruit of your ground These three phrases are idioms for “in children … in calves … in crops.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 30 10 w16u figs-activepassive 0 that are written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that I have written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 30 10 vv69 figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart and all your soul Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 30 11 lxg9 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -2050,8 +2050,8 @@ DEU 30 15 d23f figs-metaphor 0 I have placed before you Putting something where DEU 30 15 bn6k figs-explicit 0 life and good, death and evil You can make clear the implicit information. Alternate translation: “what is good and will cause you to live, and what is evil and will cause you to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 30 16 jh9g 0 multiply increase greatly in number DEU 30 17 ej9a figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 30 17 a2vl figs-synecdoche 0 if your heart turns away…but instead are drawn away and bow down to other gods and worship them Here “heart” refers to the whole person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if you stop being loyal to God…and the people living in the land convince you to bow down and worship other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 30 18 sr3z figs-you 0 to you today that you…you will not prolong your days Moses speaks to the Israelites as a group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 30 17 a2vl figs-synecdoche 0 if your heart turns away … but instead are drawn away and bow down to other gods and worship them Here “heart” refers to the whole person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if you stop being loyal to God … and the people living in the land convince you to bow down and worship other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DEU 30 18 sr3z figs-you 0 to you today that you … you will not prolong your days Moses speaks to the Israelites as a group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 30 18 ee9y figs-metaphor 0 prolong your days Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 30 19 t3ji figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 30 19 gap6 figs-metonymy 0 I call heaven and earth to witness This could mean: (1) Moses is calling on all those who live in heaven and earth to be witnesses to what he says, or (2) Moses is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses to what he says (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) @@ -2064,14 +2064,14 @@ DEU 30 20 qi8g figs-ellipsis 0 swore to your ancestors The ellipsis can be fill DEU 31 intro pki9 0 # Deuteronomy 31 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Final instructions
In the Ancient Near East, it was common for an important leader to give instructions for his people to follow after his death. In this chapter, Moses begins his final words to the people of Israel. These are words that he wants them to remember long after he is gone. This section also helped to make a smooth transition to Joshua’s leadership. DEU 31 2 mb3i translate-numbers 0 one hundred twenty years old “120 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 31 2 bvw8 figs-merism 0 I can no more go out and come in Here the extremes “go out” and “come in” used together mean that Moses can no longer do what a healthy person can do. Alternate translation: “I am no longer able to go everywhere that you need to go, so I cannot be your leader any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -DEU 31 3 ep95 figs-you 0 your God…before you…before you…you will dispossess…before you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 31 3 ep95 figs-you 0 your God … before you … before you … you will dispossess … before you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 31 3 cll7 0 you will dispossess them “you will take their land” DEU 31 3 p8q6 0 Joshua, he will go over before you, as Yahweh has spoken “Joshua will lead you across the river, as Yahweh promised” DEU 31 4 nu6r 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the Israelites. DEU 31 4 b8wj figs-synecdoche 0 he did to Sihon and to Og, the kings of the Amorites Here “Sihon” and “Og” refer to two Kings of the Amorites and their armies. See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “he did to Sihon and Og, the kings of the Amorites, and to their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 31 6 m79v 0 Be strong and of good courage “Be strong and courageous” DEU 31 6 lr5n 0 fear not, and do not be afraid of them “do not fear them at all” -DEU 31 6 i5mi figs-you 0 Yahweh your God…with you…fail you nor forsake you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 31 6 i5mi figs-you 0 Yahweh your God … with you … fail you nor forsake you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 31 6 b7b9 figs-litotes 0 he will not fail you nor forsake you This can be treated as litotes and translated positively. Alternate translation: “he will always fulfill his promise to you and will always be with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) DEU 31 7 s174 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 31 7 r36v figs-metonymy 0 in the sight of all Israel This means that all of the people of Israel were present. Alternate translation: “in the presence of all the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2081,7 +2081,7 @@ DEU 31 9 a6vj 0 gave it out to the priests, the sons of Levi “gave it out to DEU 31 10 ani6 translate-numbers 0 seven years “7 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 31 10 sy4p 0 fixed for the cancellation of debts “for canceling debts” DEU 31 10 d2me 0 Festival of Shelters Other names for this festival are “Feast of Tabernacles,” “Festival of Booths,” and “Feast of the Ingathering.” During harvest, farmers would set up temporary shelters in the field. This festival took place after the last harvest of the year. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 16:13](../16/13.md). -DEU 31 11 pt7m figs-you 0 Yahweh your God…you will read - Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 31 11 pt7m figs-you 0 Yahweh your God … you will read - Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 31 11 c11z 0 in their hearing “so that they can hear it” DEU 31 12 rlg2 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the priests and the elders. DEU 31 12 rtx9 figs-synecdoche 0 your foreigner who is within your city gates Here “city gates” represents the cities themselves. Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the instances of “your” here are singular. Alternate translation: “your foreigners who live in your cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -2097,7 +2097,7 @@ DEU 31 17 zg57 figs-idiom 0 I will hide my face from them This is an idiom. Alt DEU 31 17 zr99 figs-activepassive 0 they will be devoured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will devour them” or “I will allow their enemies to devour them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 31 17 sz2f figs-metaphor 0 devoured This is a metaphor for “completely destroyed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 31 17 qw7g figs-personification 0 Many disasters and troubles will find them This describes the disasters and troubles as if they were human. Alternate translation: “They will experience many disasters and troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -DEU 31 17 l3ge figs-personification 0 Have these disasters not come upon us…midst? This describes the disasters and troubles as if they were human. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “These disasters are destroying me…midst.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 31 17 l3ge figs-personification 0 Have these disasters not come upon us … midst? This describes the disasters and troubles as if they were human. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “These disasters are destroying me … midst.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 31 17 m6pv 0 our God is not in our midst “God is no longer protecting us” or “God has left us alone” DEU 31 19 j9x4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Moses about the Israelites. DEU 31 19 h2xq figs-idiom 0 Put it in their mouths This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Make them memorize and sing it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -2126,8 +2126,8 @@ DEU 31 30 ilp6 0 recited This could mean: (1) “sang” or (2) “spoke.” DEU 31 30 wx6q figs-ellipsis 0 the words of this song You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the words of the song that Yahweh taught him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) DEU 32 intro pup6 0 # Deuteronomy 32 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 32:1-43.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Punishment
This chapter prophesies a time when Israel will be disobedient to Yahweh and he will have to punish them. This is meant to serve as a warning to the nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) DEU 32 1 bfi8 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DEU 32 1 hf89 figs-apostrophe 0 Give ear, you heavens…Let the earth listen Yahweh speaks to the heavens and earth as if they are there listening. This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking to the inhabitants of heaven and earth or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the heavens and earth as if they are persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -DEU 32 2 zk7l figs-simile 0 Let my teaching drop down like the rain…and like the showers on the plants This means Yahweh wants the people to eagerly accept his helpful teaching. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +DEU 32 1 hf89 figs-apostrophe 0 Give ear, you heavens … Let the earth listen Yahweh speaks to the heavens and earth as if they are there listening. This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking to the inhabitants of heaven and earth or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the heavens and earth as if they are persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +DEU 32 2 zk7l figs-simile 0 Let my teaching drop down like the rain … and like the showers on the plants This means Yahweh wants the people to eagerly accept his helpful teaching. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) DEU 32 2 x67x 0 distill Use the word in your language for the process by which dew appears. DEU 32 2 s3mw 0 dew water that forms on leaves and grass on cool mornings DEU 32 2 g6mn 0 tender grass “new plants” @@ -2142,12 +2142,12 @@ DEU 32 4 j65c figs-doublet 0 He is just and upright These two words mean basica DEU 32 5 ehu3 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. Moses continues to use parallelism to emphasize what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 32 5 exs2 0 acted corruptly against him “opposed him by doing what is wrong.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:16](../04/16.md). DEU 32 5 k81b figs-doublet 0 a perverted and crooked generation The words “perverted” and “crooked” mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize how wicked the generation is. Alternate translation: “a completely wicked generation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -DEU 32 6 tfw7 figs-rquestion 0 Do you reward Yahweh in this way…people? Moses uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You should give Yahweh proper praise…people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 32 6 tfw7 figs-rquestion 0 Do you reward Yahweh in this way … people? Moses uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You should give Yahweh proper praise … people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 32 6 bwz6 figs-doublet 0 you foolish and senseless people The words “foolish” and “senseless” mean the same thing and emphasize how foolish the people are for disobeying Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you extremely foolish people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -DEU 32 6 m2g1 0 your father…has created you…made you and established you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. +DEU 32 6 m2g1 0 your father … has created you … made you and established you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. DEU 32 6 aeq8 figs-rquestion 0 Is he not your father, the one who has created you? Moses uses a question to scold the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is your father and the one who created you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 32 7 ks26 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. -DEU 32 7 ki4q figs-you 0 Call to mind…think about…your father…show you…your elders…tell you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 32 7 ki4q figs-you 0 Call to mind … think about … your father … show you … your elders … tell you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 32 7 a5hd figs-idiom 0 Call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 32 7 ksl4 0 days of ancient times “days of long ago.” Moses refers to the time period when the ancestors of the people of Israel were alive. DEU 32 7 aba7 figs-parallelism 0 think about the years of many ages past This is a repetition of what Moses just said in the previous portion. Moses wants the people of Israel to focus on their history as a nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2156,16 +2156,16 @@ DEU 32 8 q59u figs-idiom 0 gave the nations their inheritance This is an idiom. DEU 32 8 vz2i 0 he set the boundaries of the peoples, as he also fixed the number of their gods God assigned each people group, together with its gods, to its own territory. In this way, he limited the influence of a people group’s idols. DEU 32 9 zcj3 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. As he speaks to the Israelites, he talks about them as if they were someone else and as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 32 9 j71r figs-parallelism 0 For Yahweh’s portion is his people; Jacob is his apportioned inheritance These two phrases means basically the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Jacob are Yahweh’s inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DEU 32 10 b2tx 0 He found him…shielded him and cared for him…guarded him “He found Jacob…shielded him and cared for him…guarded him” You may need to translate this as if Moses were talking about the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “He found our ancestors…shielded them and cared for them…guarded them” +DEU 32 10 b2tx 0 He found him … shielded him and cared for him … guarded him “He found Jacob … shielded him and cared for him … guarded him” You may need to translate this as if Moses were talking about the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “He found our ancestors … shielded them and cared for them … guarded them” DEU 32 10 lv7u 0 howling wilderness Here “howling” refers to the sound the wind makes as it blows through the empty land. DEU 32 10 q44y figs-idiom 0 he guarded him as the apple of his eye This is an idiom. The apple of an eye refers to the dark part inside the eyeball that allows a person to see. This is a very important and sensitive part of the body. This means that the people of Israel are very important to God and something he protects. Alternate translation: “he protected him as something very valuable and precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) DEU 32 11 x9dv figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 32 11 up27 figs-simile 0 As an eagle that guards her nest and flutters over her young, Yahweh spread out his wings and took them, and carried them on his pinions This means Yahweh watched over and protected the Israelites while they were in the desert. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) DEU 32 11 wh5r 0 pinions the outer edges of a bird’s wings -DEU 32 12 wp5e figs-pronouns 0 led him…with him Moses again speaks of the Israelites as “Jacob” ([Deuteronomy 32:9](./09.md)). You may need to translate as if Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “led them…with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +DEU 32 12 wp5e figs-pronouns 0 led him … with him Moses again speaks of the Israelites as “Jacob” ([Deuteronomy 32:9](./09.md)). You may need to translate as if Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “led them … with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) DEU 32 13 kx8r figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 32 13 sq4v figs-idiom 0 He made him ride on high places of the land This is an idiom. The word “him” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made them ride on high places of the land” or “Yahweh helped them take and occupy the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -DEU 32 13 jg4h figs-pronouns 0 made him ride…fed him…nourished him Moses continues to speak of the Israelites as “Jacob” ([Deuteronomy 32:9](./09.md)). You may need to translate this as though Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “made our ancestors ride…fed them…nourished them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +DEU 32 13 jg4h figs-pronouns 0 made him ride … fed him … nourished him Moses continues to speak of the Israelites as “Jacob” ([Deuteronomy 32:9](./09.md)). You may need to translate this as though Moses were speaking of the Israelites as many people. Alternate translation: “made our ancestors ride … fed them … nourished them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) DEU 32 13 t4p5 0 he fed him the fruits of the field “he brought him to a land with plenty of crops he could eat” DEU 32 13 wlf5 0 he nourished him with honey from the rock, and oil from the flinty crag The land had many wild bees, which produce honey, with hives inside rock holes. There were also many olive trees, which provide oil, and grow on rocks, hills, and mountains. DEU 32 13 yp29 figs-metaphor 0 nourished him with honey This is like a mother giving her breast to an infant. “allowed him to suck honey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2181,10 +2181,10 @@ DEU 32 17 u97e figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak his son DEU 32 17 c5ir 0 They sacrificed “The people of Israel sacrificed” DEU 32 17 hw1l 0 gods that recently appeared This means the Israelites recently learned about these gods. DEU 32 17 m59h figs-you 0 your fathers Moses is speaking to the Israelites as many people, so the word “your” is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 32 18 ch18 figs-you 0 You have deserted…your father…you forgot…gave you Moses is speaking to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 32 18 ch18 figs-you 0 You have deserted … your father … you forgot … gave you Moses is speaking to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 32 18 mpu7 figs-metaphor 0 You have deserted the Rock Here Yahweh is called the rock because he is strong and protective. Alternate translation: “You have left the protective care of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 32 18 ul7n figs-metaphor 0 the Rock This a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 32:4](../32/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 32 18 y9b3 figs-metaphor 0 who became your father…who gave you birth This compares Yahweh to a father and a mother. This means God caused them to live and to be a nation. Alternate translation: “who fathered you…who gave life to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 32 18 y9b3 figs-metaphor 0 who became your father … who gave you birth This compares Yahweh to a father and a mother. This means God caused them to live and to be a nation. Alternate translation: “who fathered you … who gave life to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 32 19 yfx6 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 32 19 eca4 figs-metaphor 0 his sons and his daughters This refers to the people of Israel whom Yahweh gave life to and made into a nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 32 20 jv62 figs-idiom 0 I will hide my face from them This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I will turn away from them” or “I will stop helping them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -2196,20 +2196,20 @@ DEU 32 21 qj69 figs-explicit 0 worthless things You may need to make explicit w DEU 32 21 vst4 0 those who are not a people “people who do not belong to one people group” DEU 32 21 zd9q 0 foolish nation Translate “foolish” as in [Deuteronomy 32:6](../32/06.md). DEU 32 22 wb8b figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DEU 32 22 i1bl figs-metaphor 0 For a fire is kindled by my anger…foundations of the mountains Yahweh compares his anger to a fire. This emphasizes his power to destroy what makes him angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 32 22 nll8 figs-activepassive 0 a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning…it is devouring…it is setting This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I start a fire because I am angry, and it burns…it is devouring…it is setting” or “when I am angry, I destroy my enemies like a fire, and I destroy everything on earth and in…I devour…I set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DEU 32 22 i1bl figs-metaphor 0 For a fire is kindled by my anger … foundations of the mountains Yahweh compares his anger to a fire. This emphasizes his power to destroy what makes him angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 32 22 nll8 figs-activepassive 0 a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning … it is devouring … it is setting This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I start a fire because I am angry, and it burns … it is devouring … it is setting” or “when I am angry, I destroy my enemies like a fire, and I destroy everything on earth and in … I devour … I set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 32 22 eis3 0 to the lowest Sheol “even to the world of the dead” DEU 32 23 g9k3 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 32 23 p1xb figs-metaphor 0 I will heap disasters on them Yahweh speaks of bad things that would happen to the Israelites as if they were something like dirt that he could pile up on top of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “I will make sure that many bad things happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 32 23 ys8x figs-metaphor 0 I will shoot all my arrows at them Here Yahweh compares the bad things he will make sure happen to the Israelites to someone shooting arrows from a bow. Alternate translation: “I will do all I can do to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 32 24 vr46 figs-activepassive 0 They will be wasted by hunger This can be stated in active form. The abstract noun “hunger” can be translated as the verb “be hungry.” Alternate translation: “They will grow weak and die because they are hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -DEU 32 24 sj74 figs-activepassive 0 They will…hunger and devoured by burning heat and bitter destruction Possible meanings of “burning heat” are (1) the Israelites will suffer from fevers or (2) the weather will be unusually hot during a drought or famine. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They will…hunger, and burning heat and terrible disasters will devour them” or “They will…hunger, and they will die from burning heat and terrible disasters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DEU 32 24 sj74 figs-activepassive 0 They will … hunger and devoured by burning heat and bitter destruction Here, **burning heat** could mean: (1) the Israelites will suffer from fevers or (2) the weather will be unusually hot during a drought or famine. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They will … hunger, and burning heat and terrible disasters will devour them” or “They will … hunger, and they will die from burning heat and terrible disasters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 32 24 l8d2 figs-synecdoche 0 I will send on them the teeth of wild animals, with the poison of things that crawl in the dust The teeth and the poison are synecdoches for the animals that use these things to kill. Alternate translation: “I will send wild animals to bite them, and things that crawl in the dust to bite and poison them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 32 25 ci4t figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 32 25 fy8e figs-metonymy 0 Outside the sword will bereave Here “sword” represents the army of the enemy. Alternate translation: “When the Israelites are outside, the enemy army will kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 32 25 kgf9 figs-personification 0 terror will do so Yahweh speaks of being afraid as if it were a person who comes into a house and kills those who live in it. Alternate translation: “you will die because you are afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) DEU 32 25 mhn4 figs-merism 0 young man and virgin, the nursing baby, and the man of gray hairs These terms describing people of different ages are combined to mean that all kinds of people will die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -DEU 32 26 p3ic figs-quotations 0 I said that I would…away, that I would…mankind. This can be translated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘I will…away, and I will…mankind.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +DEU 32 26 p3ic figs-quotations 0 I said that I would … away, that I would … mankind. This can be translated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘I will … away, and I will … mankind.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) DEU 32 26 ly17 0 I would make the memory of them to cease from among mankind “I would make all people forget about them” DEU 32 27 b351 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 32 27 gg1k 0 Were it not that I feared the provocation of the enemy “I was afraid of the provocation of the enemy” @@ -2221,7 +2221,7 @@ DEU 32 28 uqg7 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic so DEU 32 29 p62h figs-hypo 0 Oh, that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their coming fate Moses states something that he wishes were true, but he knows that they are not wise and do not understand that their disobedience will cause Yahweh to bring this disaster on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) DEU 32 29 c7cm figs-abstractnouns 0 their coming fate The abstract noun “fate” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “what is going to happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DEU 32 30 u5ex figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words and tell them more of what they would have understood if they were wise ([Deuteronomy 32:29](../32/29.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DEU 32 30 qr7h figs-rquestion 0 How could one chase a thousand…Yahweh had given them up? Moses uses a question to scold the people for not being wise enough to understand why their enemies are defeating them. This question can be translated as a statement as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DEU 32 30 qr7h figs-rquestion 0 How could one chase a thousand … Yahweh had given them up? Moses uses a question to scold the people for not being wise enough to understand why their enemies are defeating them. This question can be translated as a statement as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DEU 32 30 vu9l translate-numbers 0 How could one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “How could 1 enemy soldier chase 1,000 of your men, and 2 enemy soldiers cause 10,000 of your men to run away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) DEU 32 30 v82y figs-metaphor 0 unless their Rock had sold them The word “Rock” refers to Yahweh who is strong and able to protect his people. Alternate translation: “unless Yahweh, their Rock, had handed them over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 32 30 tv28 figs-metaphor 0 their Rock “The Rock” here is a proper name that Moses gives to Yahweh, who, like a rock, is strong and able to protect his people. Translate “Rock” as in [Deuteronomy 32:4](../32/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2229,7 +2229,7 @@ DEU 32 31 d2ny figs-metaphor 0 our Rock “The Rock” here is a proper name th DEU 32 31 r1wx 0 our enemies’ rock is not like our Rock The enemies’ idols and false gods are not powerful like Yahweh. DEU 32 31 lbx7 0 just as even our enemies admit “not only do we say so, but our enemies say so also” DEU 32 32 a5z3 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DEU 32 32 tch7 figs-metaphor 0 For their vine comes from the vine of Sodom…clusters are bitter Moses compares enemies who worship false gods to the wicked people who lived in Sodom and Gomorrah and to grapevines that produce poisonous fruit. This means their enemies are wicked and will cause the Israelites to die if the Israelites start to act like the people who live around them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 32 32 tch7 figs-metaphor 0 For their vine comes from the vine of Sodom … clusters are bitter Moses compares enemies who worship false gods to the wicked people who lived in Sodom and Gomorrah and to grapevines that produce poisonous fruit. This means their enemies are wicked and will cause the Israelites to die if the Israelites start to act like the people who live around them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 32 32 l3du figs-metaphor 0 their vine comes from the vine of Sodom, and from the fields of Gomorrah The vine is a metaphor for the people group. “it is as if their vine were a branch of the vines that grew in the fields of Sodom and Gomorrah” or Alternate translation: “they do evil the same way the people who lived in Sodom and Gomorrah did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 32 32 i5fv 0 their clusters “their clusters of grapes” DEU 32 33 y87k figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2289,7 +2289,7 @@ DEU 33 2 d89e translate-numbers 0 ten thousands of holy ones “10,000 angels DEU 33 2 v2fc 0 In his right hand were flashes of lightning Other This could mean: (1) “In his right hand were flames of fire” or (2) “He gave them a law of fire” or (3) “He came from the south, down his mountain slopes.” DEU 33 3 dj5y figs-parallelism 0 General Information: These verses are difficult to understand. Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). Moses speaks the blessing in the form of short poems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 33 3 pjq4 0 the peoples “the people of Israel” -DEU 33 3 uuu1 figs-pronouns 0 all his holy ones are in your hand…your feet…your words The pronouns “his” and “your” refer to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “all Yahweh’s holy ones are in his hand…his feet…his words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +DEU 33 3 uuu1 figs-pronouns 0 all his holy ones are in your hand … your feet … your words The pronouns “his” and “your” refer to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “all Yahweh’s holy ones are in his hand … his feet … his words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) DEU 33 3 sx8z figs-metonymy 0 all his holy ones are in your hand The hand is a metonym for power and protection. Alternate translation: “you protect all his holy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 33 4 j3nq 0 an inheritance “a possession” or “a precious possession” DEU 33 5 eer4 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Verse 5 is difficult to understand. Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). The blessings are short poems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2302,20 +2302,20 @@ DEU 33 7 hxx8 figs-metonymy 0 to the voice of Judah Here “voice of Judah” r DEU 33 7 v8f7 figs-abstractnouns 0 be a help The abstract noun “help” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “help him to fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DEU 33 8 hq6l figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). The blessings are short poems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 33 8 f539 figs-you 0 Your Thummim and your Urim These were sacred stones the high priest carried on his breastplate and used at times to determine God’s will. Here “your” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -DEU 33 8 d4cp figs-metonymy 0 your faithful one, the one whom you tested…with whom you struggled Moses refers to the tribe of Levi as if it were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +DEU 33 8 d4cp figs-metonymy 0 your faithful one, the one whom you tested … with whom you struggled Moses refers to the tribe of Levi as if it were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 33 8 p5zx 0 your faithful one “the one who seeks to please you.” DEU 33 8 l4zu 0 Massah See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 6:16](../06/16.md). Translator may add a footnote that says: “The name ‘Massah’ means ‘testing.’” DEU 33 8 vr2z 0 Meribah See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 32:51](../32/51.md). Translator may add a footnote that says: “The name ‘Meribah’ means ‘argue’ or ‘quarrel.’” DEU 33 9 a55p figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). The blessings are short poems. He continues describing the tribe of Levi, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:8](./08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 33 9 n8y3 0 your word “your commands” -DEU 33 9 mi7x figs-doublet 0 guarded…kept These words both mean to watch over and to protect. They are often metaphors for “obeyed,” but here they should be translated literally because they refer to a time when the Levites literally killed people who were rebelling against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 33 9 mi7x figs-doublet 0 guarded … kept These words both mean to watch over and to protect. They are often metaphors for “obeyed,” but here they should be translated literally because they refer to a time when the Levites literally killed people who were rebelling against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 33 10 n6nd figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Levi, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:8](../33/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DEU 33 10 q9bv 0 your…your…you…your Moses is speaking to Yahweh, so all these words are singular. +DEU 33 10 q9bv 0 your … your … you … your Moses is speaking to Yahweh, so all these words are singular. DEU 33 11 y1nd figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues describing the tribe of Levi, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:8](../33/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 33 11 m8mw 0 accept be pleased with DEU 33 11 g9hx figs-synecdoche 0 the work of his hands Here the word “hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “all the work that he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 33 11 qcv6 figs-metonymy 0 Shatter the loins of The loins were considered the center of strength, and are here represent strength. Alternate translation: “Take away the strength of” or “Utterly destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 33 11 m34s figs-metaphor 0 rise up…rise up This phrase is used twice as a metaphor. Alternate translation: “rise up to fight…cause any more trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 33 11 m34s figs-metaphor 0 rise up … rise up This phrase is used twice as a metaphor. Alternate translation: “rise up to fight … cause any more trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 33 11 d2c2 figs-idiom 0 rise up against This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “fight against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 33 12 c4ca figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 33 12 wbv9 figs-activepassive 0 The one loved by Yahweh lives Here Moses is referring to the members of the tribe of Benjamin. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The ones whom Yahweh loves live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2331,7 +2331,7 @@ DEU 33 14 tz8j figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless DEU 33 14 xt79 figs-activepassive 0 May his land be blessed This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 33:13](../33/13.md). Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 33 14 jc3s 0 with the precious things of the harvest of the sun “with the best crops that the sun causes to grow” DEU 33 14 w7c3 0 with the precious things of the produce of the months “with the best crops that grow month to month” -DEU 33 15 y6md figs-explicit 0 finest things…precious things Moses is probably referring to food crops. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “the best fruits…the precious fruits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +DEU 33 15 y6md figs-explicit 0 finest things … precious things Moses is probably referring to food crops. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “the best fruits … the precious fruits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 33 15 ex8p 0 ancient mountains “the mountains that existed long ago” DEU 33 15 e1pr 0 everlasting hills “the hills that will exist forever” DEU 33 16 rm3x figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Joseph, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:13](../33/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2345,7 +2345,7 @@ DEU 33 17 dw4y figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless DEU 33 17 h7um figs-metaphor 0 The firstborn of an ox, majestic is he The ox is a metaphor for something large and strong. The word “firstborn” is a metaphor for honor. Alternate translation: “People will honor Joseph’s descendants, who are many and powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 33 17 emy2 figs-metaphor 0 his horns are the horns of The horn is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “he is as strong as” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 33 17 s54w figs-metaphor 0 With them he will push Pushing with his horns is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “He is so strong that he will push” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 33 17 nv6i translate-numbers 0 ten thousands of Ephraim…the thousands of Manasseh This means the tribe of Ephraim will be stronger than the tribe of Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the people of Ephraim, who number many times 10,000…the people of Manasseh, who number many times 1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +DEU 33 17 nv6i translate-numbers 0 ten thousands of Ephraim … the thousands of Manasseh This means the tribe of Ephraim will be stronger than the tribe of Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the people of Ephraim, who number many times 10,000…the people of Manasseh, who number many times 1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 33 18 g9eh figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless each tribe of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He speaks to the tribes of Zebulun and Issachar as if they were one man, so the word “your” and the command “rejoice” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 33 18 m1l6 figs-explicit 0 Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out, and you, Issachar, in your tents The people of Zebulun were located near the Mediterranean Sea. They traveled by sea and traded with other people. The people of Issachar preferred peaceful living and working the land and raising cattle. You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 33 19 bwp6 0 There will they offer “It is there that they will offer” @@ -2368,22 +2368,22 @@ DEU 33 23 av3i figs-you 0 take possession Moses speaks as if the tribe of Napht DEU 33 23 q4kc figs-explicit 0 the land to the west and south This refers to the land around Lake Galilee. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 33 24 b3kp figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 33 24 frq4 figs-explicit 0 dip his foot in olive oil Olive oil was used for food and for the skin of the face and arms. Feet were dirty, so to put the foot in olive oil was to ruin valuable oil. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “have so much olive oil that he can afford to waste it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -DEU 33 25 ht1b figs-you 0 your city bars…your days…your security Moses speaks to the tribe of Asher as if they are one man, so all instances of “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 33 25 ht1b figs-you 0 your city bars … your days … your security Moses speaks to the tribe of Asher as if they are one man, so all instances of “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 33 25 eim5 figs-explicit 0 May your city bars be iron and bronze Cities had large bars across their gates to keep enemies out. The meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “May you be safe from attacks by your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -DEU 33 26 wxb7 figs-metaphor 0 rides through the heavens…on the clouds This is an image of Yahweh riding on clouds through the sky like a king on his chariot riding through a battlefield. Alternate translation: “rides through the heavens like a king rides through a battlefield…on the clouds like a king on his chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 33 26 wxb7 figs-metaphor 0 rides through the heavens … on the clouds This is an image of Yahweh riding on clouds through the sky like a king on his chariot riding through a battlefield. Alternate translation: “rides through the heavens like a king rides through a battlefield … on the clouds like a king on his chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 33 26 l9qh figs-you 0 to your help “to help you.” Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 33 27 if2j figs-abstractnouns 0 The eternal God is a refuge The abstract noun “refuge,” which means a shelter or a place safe from danger, can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “The eternal God will protect his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DEU 33 27 bk5r figs-metaphor 0 underneath are the everlasting arms The words “everlasting arms” are a metaphor for Yahweh’s promise to protect his people forever. Alternate translation: “he will support and take care of his people forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 33 27 hrf2 figs-pastforfuture 0 He thrust out…he said Moses speaks of the future as if it were the past to emphasize that what he is saying will come true. AT “He will thrust out…he will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -DEU 33 27 zfz8 figs-you 0 before you…Destroy Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” and the command “destroy” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +DEU 33 27 hrf2 figs-pastforfuture 0 He thrust out … he said Moses speaks of the future as if it were the past to emphasize that what he is saying will come true. AT “He will thrust out … he will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +DEU 33 27 zfz8 figs-you 0 before you … Destroy Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” and the command “destroy” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 33 27 an79 figs-quotations 0 he said, “Destroy!” If this direct quotation would not work well in your language, you may change it to an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “he will tell you to destroy them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -DEU 33 28 c8xi figs-pastforfuture 0 Israel dwelt…Jacob’s spring was secure This could mean: (1) Moses speaks of the future as if it were the past to emphasize that what he is saying will come true, “Israel will dwell…Jacob’s spring will be secure” or (2) Moses is blessing Israel, “May Israel dwell…and may Jacob’s spring be secure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +DEU 33 28 c8xi figs-pastforfuture 0 Israel dwelt … Jacob’s spring was secure This could mean: (1) Moses speaks of the future as if it were the past to emphasize that what he is saying will come true, “Israel will dwell … Jacob’s spring will be secure” or (2) Moses is blessing Israel, “May Israel dwell … and may Jacob’s spring be secure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) DEU 33 28 cp65 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob’s spring This could mean: (1) Jacob’s home or (2) Jacob’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 33 28 ze3a figs-metaphor 0 let his heavens drop dew The dew is spoken of as being so much that it is as if it were raining. This could mean: (1) Moses is blessing Israel, “may much dew cover the land like rain” or (2) Moses is telling what will happen in the future, “much dew will cover the land like rain.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 33 28 qcg6 0 dew water that forms on leaves and grass on cool mornings. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 32:2](../32/02.md). DEU 33 29 hn5q figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -DEU 33 29 q9sn figs-rquestion 0 Who is like you, a people saved by Yahweh…majesty? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There is no other people group like you, a people whom Yahweh has saved…majesty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 33 29 n3du figs-merism 0 the shield…the sword This merism speaks of Yahweh defending the Israelites from their enemies and enabling them to attack their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +DEU 33 29 q9sn figs-rquestion 0 Who is like you, a people saved by Yahweh … majesty? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There is no other people group like you, a people whom Yahweh has saved … majesty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DEU 33 29 n3du figs-merism 0 the shield … the sword This merism speaks of Yahweh defending the Israelites from their enemies and enabling them to attack their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 33 29 tm9a figs-metaphor 0 the shield of your help The word “shield” is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting and defending the Israelites. The abstract noun “help” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the one who protects you and helps you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DEU 33 29 cur3 figs-metaphor 0 the sword of your majesty The word “sword” is a metaphor for the power to kill with the sword in order to win battles. Alternate translation: “the one who enables you to win battles and so have majesty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 33 29 ly3l 0 you will trample down their high places This could mean: (1) the Israelites will destroy the places where the other people worship false gods or (2) the Israelites will walk on the backs of their enemies when the Israelites defeat them. @@ -2398,7 +2398,7 @@ DEU 34 7 l52x translate-numbers 0 one hundred twenty years old “30 days” (S DEU 34 7 gif3 0 his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated This means his eyes and body were still strong and healthy. DEU 34 8 uz65 translate-numbers 0 thirty days “30 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 34 9 znf5 0 son of Nun See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:38](../01/38.md). -DEU 34 9 g774 figs-metaphor 0 Joshua…was full of the spirit of wisdom The writer speaks as if Joshua were a container and the spirit were a physical object that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “Yahweh enabled Joshua…to be very wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DEU 34 9 g774 figs-metaphor 0 Joshua … was full of the spirit of wisdom The writer speaks as if Joshua were a container and the spirit were a physical object that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “Yahweh enabled Joshua … to be very wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 34 9 yd83 figs-explicit 0 Moses had laid his hands on him The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Moses had laid his hands on him to set Joshua apart so Joshua would serve Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 34 10 t1l8 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh knew face to face This is an idiom. It means Yahweh and Moses had a very close relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 34 12 mq8g 0 in all the great “who did all the great” diff --git a/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv b/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv index 4048c6118..4425bc079 100644 --- a/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv +++ b/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ JOS 1 8 lcs7 figs-doublet תַּצְלִ֥יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֖⁠ךָ JOS 1 9 vt4l figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא צִוִּיתִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Have I not commanded you? This refers to Yahweh commanding Joshua. Alternate translation: “I have commanded you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOS 1 9 fnz8 figs-imperative חֲזַ֣ק וֶ⁠אֱמָ֔ץ 1 Be strong and courageous! Yahweh is commanding Joshua. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) JOS 1 10 b59x figs-explicit הָ⁠עָ֖ם 1 the people This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOS 1 11 f3rg figs-quotesinquotes עִבְר֣וּ׀ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֗ה וְ⁠צַוּ֤וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָם֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הָכִ֥ינוּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם צֵידָ֑ה כִּ֞י בְּ⁠ע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים אַתֶּם֙ עֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה לָ⁠בוֹא֙ לָ⁠רֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶ֔ם נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 Go through the camp and command the people, ‘Prepare…possess.’ Embedded quotes can be expressed as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “Go through the camp and command the people to prepare provisions for themselves. In three days they will cross over this Jordan and go in and possess the land that Yahweh their God is giving them to possess.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) +JOS 1 11 f3rg figs-quotesinquotes עִבְר֣וּ׀ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֗ה וְ⁠צַוּ֤וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָם֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הָכִ֥ינוּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם צֵידָ֑ה כִּ֞י בְּ⁠ע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים אַתֶּם֙ עֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה לָ⁠בוֹא֙ לָ⁠רֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶ֔ם נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 Go through the camp and command the people, ‘Prepare … possess.’ Embedded quotes can be expressed as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “Go through the camp and command the people to prepare provisions for themselves. In three days they will cross over this Jordan and go in and possess the land that Yahweh their God is giving them to possess.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) JOS 1 11 ck8h בְּ⁠ע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים 1 In three days Here Joshua was counting his present day as day one. Alternate translation: “Two days from now” or “On the day after tomorrow” JOS 1 11 wg1e figs-idiom עֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן 1 cross over this Jordan “cross over” refers to going to the opposite side of the river. Alternate translation: “travel to the other side of the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 1 12 uji6 figs-explicit 0 General Information: The tribes of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Manasseh chose to settle east of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ JOS 1 14 mm4q 0 General Information: Joshua continues speaking to the Reubenit JOS 1 14 tf68 טַפְּ⁠כֶם֮ 1 your little ones “your little children” JOS 1 14 fb4d figs-idiom בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 beyond the Jordan This refers to the east side of the Jordan River. Later most of the Israelites would live west of the Jordan, so they called the east side “beyond the Jordan.” But at this time they were all still on the east side. Alternate translation: “east of the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 1 15 b5yt figs-idiom אֲשֶׁר־יָנִ֨יחַ…לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ 1 given your brothers rest This refers to Israel defeating all their enemies residing in Canaan that they were to conquer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JOS 1 15 g4ez וְ⁠שַׁבְתֶּ֞ם לְ⁠אֶ֤רֶץ יְרֻשַּׁתְ⁠כֶם֙ וִֽ⁠ירִשְׁתֶּ֣ם 1 you will…possess it This refers to living out their life on the land in peace. +JOS 1 15 g4ez וְ⁠שַׁבְתֶּ֞ם לְ⁠אֶ֤רֶץ יְרֻשַּׁתְ⁠כֶם֙ וִֽ⁠ירִשְׁתֶּ֣ם 1 you will … possess it This refers to living out their life on the land in peace. JOS 1 15 rrj2 figs-idiom בְּ⁠עֵ֥בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֖ן מִזְרַ֥ח הַ⁠שָּֽׁמֶשׁ 1 beyond the Jordan, where the sun rises This refers to the east side of the Jordan river. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 1 16 c7t9 0 General Information: These Isrelites were specifically the Reubenites, Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh that replied to Joshua. JOS 1 18 rel4 figs-parallelism יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗י⁠ךָ וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛י⁠ךָ 1 rebels against your commands and disobeys your words These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that any form of disobedience will be punished. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ JOS 2 4 k613 0 General Information: Rahab the prostitute protects the two Isra JOS 2 4 l15y וַ⁠תִּקַּ֧ח הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֛ה אֶת־שְׁנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים וַֽ⁠תִּצְפְּנ֑⁠וֹ 1 But the woman had taken the two men and hidden them This happened before the king’s messenger spoke to her. JOS 2 4 am3m הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֛ה 1 the woman This refers to Rahab, the prostitute. JOS 2 5 j3x6 בַּ⁠חֹ֨שֶׁךְ֙ 1 dusk This is the time that day begins to change to the darkness of night. -JOS 2 6 l5zb writing-background וְ⁠הִ֖יא הֶעֱלָ֣תַ⁠ם הַ⁠גָּ֑גָ⁠ה וַֽ⁠תִּטְמְנֵ⁠ם֙ בְּ⁠פִשְׁתֵּ֣י הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ הָ⁠עֲרֻכ֥וֹת לָ֖⁠הּ עַל־הַ⁠גָּֽג 1 But she had taken them…on the roof This is background information and explains how she had hidden the men in [Joshua 2:4](../02/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JOS 2 6 l5zb writing-background וְ⁠הִ֖יא הֶעֱלָ֣תַ⁠ם הַ⁠גָּ֑גָ⁠ה וַֽ⁠תִּטְמְנֵ⁠ם֙ בְּ⁠פִשְׁתֵּ֣י הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ הָ⁠עֲרֻכ֥וֹת לָ֖⁠הּ עַל־הַ⁠גָּֽג 1 But she had taken them … on the roof This is background information and explains how she had hidden the men in [Joshua 2:4](../02/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JOS 2 6 st56 הַ⁠גָּ֑גָ⁠ה 1 the roof The roof was flat and strong, so people could walk around on it. JOS 2 6 b99c בְּ⁠פִשְׁתֵּ֣י 1 flax a plant that is grown for its fibers, which is used in making cloth JOS 2 7 kdj3 וְ⁠הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֗ים רָדְפ֤וּ אַֽחֲרֵי⁠הֶם֙ 1 the men pursued them The men pursued the spies because of what Rahab had told them in [Joshua 2:5](../02/05.md). @@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ JOS 2 9 xr6a figs-metaphor נָפְלָ֤ה אֵֽימַתְ⁠כֶם֙ עָלֵ JOS 2 9 u74z figs-metaphor נָמֹ֛גוּ…מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 will melt away before you This compares the fearful people to ice melting and flowing away. Possible meanings are 1) they will be weak in the Israelites’ presence or 2) they will be scattered. Alternate translation: “will be so afraid that they will not resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 2 10 m3e1 0 General Information: Rahab continues to talk to the Israelite spies. JOS 2 10 bcm2 יַם־סוּף֙ 1 the Sea of Reeds This is another name for the Red Sea. -JOS 2 10 c6i6 translate-names לְ⁠סִיחֹ֣ן וּ⁠לְ⁠ע֔וֹג 1 Sihon…Og These are the names of the Amorite kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 2 10 c6i6 translate-names לְ⁠סִיחֹ֣ן וּ⁠לְ⁠ע֔וֹג 1 Sihon … Og These are the names of the Amorite kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 2 11 qx6v figs-doublet וַ⁠יִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבֵ֔⁠נוּ וְ⁠לֹא־קָ֨מָה ע֥וֹד ר֛וּחַ בְּ⁠אִ֖ישׁ 1 our hearts melted and there was no courage left in anyone These two phrases share similar meanings, combined for emphasis. The phrase “our hearts melted” compares the hearts of the fearful people of Jericho to ice melting and flowing away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 2 12 j6sz 0 General Information: Rahab continues to talk to the Israelite spies. -JOS 2 12 nmi4 figs-parallelism הִשָּֽׁבְעוּ־נָ֥א לִ⁠י֙…וּ⁠נְתַתֶּ֥ם לִ֖⁠י א֥וֹת אֱמֶֽת 1 please swear to me…Give me a sure sign These are similar statements of Rahab seeking assurance from the spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOS 2 12 nmi4 figs-parallelism הִשָּֽׁבְעוּ־נָ֥א לִ⁠י֙…וּ⁠נְתַתֶּ֥ם לִ֖⁠י א֥וֹת אֱמֶֽת 1 please swear to me … Give me a sure sign These are similar statements of Rahab seeking assurance from the spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 2 12 nh3t figs-you עָשִׂ֥יתִי עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם חָ֑סֶד 1 I have been kind to you The word “you” refers to the two spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JOS 2 13 m6i6 figs-euphemism וְ⁠הַחֲיִתֶ֞ם אֶת־…וְ⁠הִצַּלְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־נַפְשֹׁתֵ֖י⁠נוּ מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת 1 spare the lives…save us from death a polite way of saying “do not to kill us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +JOS 2 13 m6i6 figs-euphemism וְ⁠הַחֲיִתֶ֞ם אֶת־…וְ⁠הִצַּלְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־נַפְשֹׁתֵ֖י⁠נוּ מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת 1 spare the lives … save us from death a polite way of saying “do not to kill us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JOS 2 14 ji8q 0 General Information: The Israelite spies make the promise which Rahab asked for in [Joshua 2:12](../02/12.md) JOS 2 14 yb7i figs-idiom נַפְשֵׁ֤⁠נוּ תַחְתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לָ⁠מ֔וּת 1 Our life for yours, even to death This idiom is a way of swearing and asking God to curse them if they do not keep their promise. Alternate translation: “If we do not do what we promise, may Yahweh cause us to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 2 15 b3dr 0 General Information: The Israelite spies continue to talk to Rahab. @@ -142,10 +142,10 @@ JOS 4 22 lx8h 0 General Information: Joshua continues to remind the people the JOS 4 22 p6nk וְ⁠הוֹדַעְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֣ם 1 Tell your children It was for Israel to teach their children of God’s miracles so that they would honor Yahweh forever. JOS 4 24 qe29 figs-metonymy אֶת־יַ֣ד יְהוָ֔ה כִּ֥י חֲזָקָ֖ה הִ֑יא 1 the hand of Yahweh is mighty This refers to the power of Yahweh being strong. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 5 intro dv8f 0 # Joshua 05 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Circumcision

It would have been very unusual to be circumcised in a time of war. When men are circumcised they are unable to move without pain or to defend themselves in battle for several days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])

### Manna

Yahweh stops providing manna in this chapter and will no longer provide them with their daily allotment of food. This does not mean Yahweh’s care and provision will stop.
-JOS 5 1 el1p figs-parallelism וַ⁠יִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗⁠ם וְ⁠לֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥⁠ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ 1 their hearts melted…there was no longer any spirit in them These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of their fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOS 5 1 el1p figs-parallelism וַ⁠יִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗⁠ם וְ⁠לֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥⁠ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ 1 their hearts melted … there was no longer any spirit in them These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of their fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 5 1 q8mi figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗⁠ם 1 their hearts melted Here “hearts” refers to their courage. They were so afraid that it was as if their courage melted away like wax in a fire. Alternate translation: “they lost all their courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 5 1 a2wh figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥⁠ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ 1 there was no longer any spirit in them Here “spirit” refers to their will to fight. Alternate translation: “they no longer had any will to fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOS 5 3 m1u7 figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּעַשׂ־ל֥⁠וֹ יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ חַֽרְב֣וֹת צֻרִ֑ים וַ⁠יָּ֨מָל֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י 1 Joshua made himself flint knives…he circumcised all the males There were over 600,000 males, so it is understood that while Joshua was in charge of this task, many other people helped him. If this would confuse your readers, you may want to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “Joshua and the Israelites made themselves flint knives…they circumcised all the males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JOS 5 3 m1u7 figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּעַשׂ־ל֥⁠וֹ יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ חַֽרְב֣וֹת צֻרִ֑ים וַ⁠יָּ֨מָל֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י 1 Joshua made himself flint knives … he circumcised all the males There were over 600,000 males, so it is understood that while Joshua was in charge of this task, many other people helped him. If this would confuse your readers, you may want to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “Joshua and the Israelites made themselves flint knives … they circumcised all the males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOS 5 3 jin6 translate-names גִּבְעַ֖ת הָ⁠עֲרָלֽוֹת 1 Gibeath Haaraloth This is a place name which commemorates Israel rededicating themselves to Yahweh. It means “the hill of the foreskins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 5 4 i17c 0 General Information: The reason all the males of Israel had to be circumcised is explained. JOS 5 4 uz5p אַנְשֵׁ֣י הַ⁠מִּלְחָמָ֗ה 1 the men of war the men who were old enough to be soldiers @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ JOS 6 3 fu9e 0 Connecting Statement: God continues telling Joshua what the peo JOS 6 3 eik2 כֹּ֥ה תַעֲשֶׂ֖ה שֵׁ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 You must do this for six days “You must do this once each day for six days” JOS 6 4 b6ml וְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֣ה כֹהֲנִ֡ים יִשְׂאוּ֩ שִׁבְעָ֨ה שׁוֹפְר֤וֹת הַ⁠יּֽוֹבְלִים֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הָ⁠אָר֔וֹן 1 Seven priests must carry seven trumpets of rams’ horns before the ark The seven priests are to march in front of other priests who are carrying the ark and marching around the city. JOS 6 5 zdc7 0 Connecting Statement: God continues telling Joshua what the people must do. -JOS 6 5 d5rg בִּ⁠מְשֹׁ֣ךְ׀ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶן הַ⁠יּוֹבֵ֗ל 1 they must sound a long blast with the ram’s horn…of the trumpet The word “they” refers to the seven priests. The “ram’s horn” and “trumpet” refer to the trumpets of rams’ horns that the priests were blowing in [Joshua 6:4](../06/04.md). +JOS 6 5 d5rg בִּ⁠מְשֹׁ֣ךְ׀ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶן הַ⁠יּוֹבֵ֗ל 1 they must sound a long blast with the ram’s horn … of the trumpet The word “they” refers to the seven priests. The “ram’s horn” and “trumpet” refer to the trumpets of rams’ horns that the priests were blowing in [Joshua 6:4](../06/04.md). JOS 6 5 g97v חוֹמַ֤ת הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 the wall of the city “the outer wall of the city” or “the wall surrounding the city” JOS 6 6 h9cn translate-names נוּן֙ 1 Nun This is Joshua’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 6 6 s5ne שְׂא֖וּ אֶת־אֲר֣וֹן הַ⁠בְּרִ֑ית 1 Take up the ark of the covenant “Pick up the ark of the covenant” @@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ JOS 6 8 vk7j וְ⁠תָקְע֖וּ בַּ⁠שּֽׁוֹפָר֑וֹת 1 they JOS 6 8 ayf9 figs-explicit וַֽ⁠אֲרוֹן֙ בְּרִ֣ית יְהוָ֔ה הֹלֵ֖ךְ אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 The ark of the covenant of Yahweh followed after them It can be stated clearly that there were people carrying the ark. Alternate translation: “The priests who were carrying the ark of the covenant of Yahweh followed after them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOS 6 10 ls5v figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֹֽא־תַשְׁמִ֣יעוּ אֶת־קוֹלְ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠לֹא־יֵצֵ֥א מִ⁠פִּי⁠כֶ֖ם דָּבָ֑ר 1 No sound must leave your mouths Sound leaving someone’s mouth refers to that person’s speaking or shouting. Alternate translation: “Do not yell or speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 6 10 tw9q figs-events וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠עָם֩ צִוָּ֨ה יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ 1 But Joshua commanded the people Joshua had commanded the people before they started walking around the city. Alternate translation: “Joshua had commanded the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -JOS 6 13 k64v translate-numbers וְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֣ה הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֡ים…שִׁבְעָ֨ה שׁוֹפְר֜וֹת 1 seven priests…seven trumpets “7 priests…7 trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +JOS 6 13 k64v translate-numbers וְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֣ה הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֡ים…שִׁבְעָ֨ה שׁוֹפְר֜וֹת 1 seven priests … seven trumpets “7 priests…7 trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOS 6 13 ai87 וְ⁠תָקְע֖וּ בַּ⁠שּׁוֹפָר֑וֹת 1 gave blasts on the trumpets This means that they blew into their trumpets, causing them to make loud noises, multiple times. Alternate translation: “continually sounded the trumpets loudly” or “blew into the ram’s horn trumpets continually” JOS 6 14 j232 translate-ordinal בַּ⁠יּ֤וֹם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִי֙ 1 the second day the next day (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JOS 6 14 r4j1 כֹּ֥ה עָשׂ֖וּ 1 They did this Israel marched around Jericho once every day. @@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ JOS 6 26 anp8 figs-metaphor וּ⁠בִ⁠צְעִיר֖⁠וֹ יַצִּ֥יב JOS 6 27 brx7 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יְהִ֥י שָׁמְע֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 his fame spread throughout the land This refers to Joshua’s fame, not Yahweh’s. Becoming known among the people throughout the land is spoken of as if his fame spread. Alternate translation: “Joshua became famous throughout the land” or “people throughout the land learned about Joshua” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 7 intro uv41 0 # Joshua 07 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sin brought defeat

It was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
JOS 7 1 mtm4 בַּ⁠חֵ֑רֶם 1 the things that were set apart for destruction “the things that God had said they must set apart to him by destroying them” -JOS 7 1 z3zl translate-names עָכָ֣ן…כַּרְמִי֩…זַבְדִּ֨י…זֶ֜רַח 1 Achan…Karmi…Zabdi…Zerah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 7 1 z3zl translate-names עָכָ֣ן…כַּרְמִי֩…זַבְדִּ֨י…זֶ֜רַח 1 Achan … Karmi … Zabdi … Zerah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 7 1 li2v figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֥ף יְהוָ֖ה 1 Yahweh’s anger burned “anger” and “burned” indicates intensity, not that fire is present. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s anger burned like a fire” or “Yahweh was very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 7 3 ui7f כָּל־הָ⁠עָם֒ 1 all the people This refers to the army of Israel. JOS 7 3 z2xr מְעַ֖ט הֵֽמָּה 1 they are few in number The word “they” refers to the people of Ai. @@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ JOS 7 5 nyw2 translate-numbers כִּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים וְ⁠שִׁשׁ JOS 7 5 zcr5 figs-parallelism וַ⁠יִּמַּ֥ס לְבַב־הָ⁠עָ֖ם וַ⁠יְהִ֥י לְ⁠מָֽיִם 1 The hearts of the people melted and became like water These phrases “melted” and “became like water” share similar meanings and are combined to emphasize that the people were extremely afraid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 7 5 j2v2 figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יִּמַּ֥ס לְבַב־הָ⁠עָ֖ם 1 The hearts of the people melted Here the people are represented by their “hearts” to emphasize their emotions. Alternate translation: “The people were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOS 7 5 h4tc לְבַב־הָ⁠עָ֖ם 1 The hearts of the people The phrase “the people” refers to the Israelite soldiers. -JOS 7 6 ty1c translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּקְרַ֨ע יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ שִׂמְלֹתָ֗י⁠ו וַ⁠יִּפֹּל֩ עַל־פָּנָ֨י⁠ו אַ֜רְצָ⁠ה לִ⁠פְנֵ֨י אֲר֤וֹן יְהוָה֙ 1 tore his garments…put dust on their heads and lay facedown on the ground in front of the ark of Yahweh They did these things to show God how sad and distressed they were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +JOS 7 6 ty1c translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּקְרַ֨ע יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ שִׂמְלֹתָ֗י⁠ו וַ⁠יִּפֹּל֩ עַל־פָּנָ֨י⁠ו אַ֜רְצָ⁠ה לִ⁠פְנֵ֨י אֲר֤וֹן יְהוָה֙ 1 tore his garments … put dust on their heads and lay facedown on the ground in front of the ark of Yahweh They did these things to show God how sad and distressed they were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JOS 7 7 jb6r figs-ellipsis לָ֠⁠מָה הֵעֲבַ֨רְתָּ הַעֲבִ֜יר אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֤ם הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן לָ⁠תֵ֥ת אֹתָ֛⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יַ֥ד הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֖י לְ⁠הַאֲבִידֵ֑⁠נוּ 1 To give us into the hands of the Amorites to destroy us? Joshua was asking if this is the reason God had brought them across the Jordan. Alternate translation: “Did you do it in order to give us into the hands of the Amorites to destroy us?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JOS 7 7 run5 figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַ֥ד הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֖י 1 To give us into the hands of the Amorites to destroy us? The hands of the Amorites represents their control and power. Giving the Israelites into their hands to destroy them represents allowing the Amorites to have control of the Israelites and destroy them. Alternate translation: “To allow the Amorites to destroy us? (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 7 7 aq5b וְ⁠לוּ֙ הוֹאַ֣לְנוּ 1 If only we made a different decision The words “If only” show that this is a wish for something that had not happened. Alternate translation: “I wish we had made a different decision” @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ JOS 7 16 g7qp figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּלָּכֵ֖ד שֵׁ֥בֶט יְ JOS 7 17 br4y figs-idiom וַ⁠יַּקְרֵ֞ב אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֤חַת הַ⁠זַּרְחִי֙ לַ⁠גְּבָרִ֔ים 1 He brought near the clan of the Zerahites person by person The phrase “person by person” is an idiom meaning each person. The persons in this sentence were the leaders of their households. Alternate translation: “He brought near each person of the clan of the Zerahites” or “From the clan of the Zerahites, he brought near each man who was the leader of his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOS 7 17 z419 אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֤חַת הַ⁠זַּרְחִי֙ 1 the clan of the Zerahites The clan was named after the man named Zerah. JOS 7 17 ha7i translate-names זַבְדִּֽי 1 Zabdi This is a man’s name. Translate as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 7 18 u41u translate-names עָכָ֞ן…כַּרְמִ֧י…זַבְדִּ֛י…זֶ֖רַח 1 Zabdi…Achan…Karmi…Zerah These are men’s names. Translate them as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 7 18 u41u translate-names עָכָ֞ן…כַּרְמִ֧י…זַבְדִּ֛י…זֶ֖רַח 1 Zabdi … Achan … Karmi … Zerah These are men’s names. Translate them as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 7 19 k521 figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠תֶן־ל֣⁠וֹ תוֹדָ֑ה 1 give your confession to him The abstract noun “confession” can be expressed with the verb “confess.” Alternate translation: “confess to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOS 7 19 fv9g figs-metaphor אַל־תְּכַחֵ֖ד מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 Do not hide it from me Hiding information represents trying to keep someone from knowing it. Alternate translation: “Do not try to prevent me from knowing what you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 7 21 b9nn translate-bweight וּ⁠מָאתַ֧יִם שְׁקָלִ֣ים 1 two hundred shekels This is over two kilograms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) @@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ JOS 7 26 zcp9 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יָּ֥שָׁב יְהוָ֖ה מֵ⁠חֲר JOS 7 26 hfq5 עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 until this present day It was still called the valley of Achor at the time the author wrote this. Alternate translation: “even today” or “even now” JOS 8 intro f3jc 0 # Joshua 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sin brought defeat
It was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

### Built an altar
Altars were commonly built in the Ancient Near East to commemorate important events. Several altars were built in the Book of Joshua.
JOS 8 1 l4p8 figs-parallelism אַל־תִּירָ֣א וְ⁠אַל־תֵּחָ֔ת 1 Do not fear; do not be discouraged These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that there is no reason to be afraid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JOS 8 1 den6 figs-metonymy נָתַ֣תִּי בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֗ אֶת־מֶ֤לֶךְ הָ⁠עַי֙ וְ⁠אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת־עִיר֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת־אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ 1 I have given into your hand the king of Ai…and his land Giving them into Israel’s hand represents giving Israel victory and control over them. Alternate translation: “I have given you victory over the king of Ai and his people, and I have given you control over his city and his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JOS 8 1 den6 figs-metonymy נָתַ֣תִּי בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֗ אֶת־מֶ֤לֶךְ הָ⁠עַי֙ וְ⁠אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת־עִיר֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת־אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ 1 I have given into your hand the king of Ai … and his land Giving them into Israel’s hand represents giving Israel victory and control over them. Alternate translation: “I have given you victory over the king of Ai and his people, and I have given you control over his city and his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 8 1 t7bq figs-pastforfuture נָתַ֣תִּי 1 I have given God speaks of what he promises to do as though he had already done it, because he will certainly do it. Alternate translation: “I will certainly give” or “I am giving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) JOS 8 2 h3r6 figs-personification וּ⁠לְ⁠מַלְכָּ֗⁠הּ 1 her king The word “her” refers to the city of Ai. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “its king” or “their king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOS 8 3 k4uk עַ֥ם הַ⁠מִּלְחָמָ֖ה 1 the men of war “the army of Israel” @@ -276,13 +276,13 @@ JOS 8 13 nq1b עֲקֵב֖⁠וֹ 1 rear guard those who were “set in ambush JOS 8 15 a83i figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּנָּֽגְע֛וּ…לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 let themselves be defeated before them “let themselves be defeated before the people of Ai.” The phrase “before them” represents what the people of Ai would see and think. The phrase “be defeated” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let the people of Ai think that the Israelites were defeated” or “let the people of Ai think that they had defeated the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 8 15 w933 לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 before them the army of Ai JOS 8 15 bri5 וַ⁠יָּנֻ֖סוּ 1 they fled The army of Israel fled. -JOS 8 16 dr3a וַֽ⁠יִּרְדְּפוּ֙ 1 they went after…they were drawn away These occurrences of “they” refer to the army of Ai. +JOS 8 16 dr3a וַֽ⁠יִּרְדְּפוּ֙ 1 they went after … they were drawn away These occurrences of “they” refer to the army of Ai. JOS 8 16 m6sq לִ⁠רְדֹּ֖ף אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 to go after them to go after the army of Isreal JOS 8 16 lcb5 figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּזָּעֲק֗וּ כָּל־הָ⁠עָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר ב⁠עיר 1 All the people who were in the city were called together This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The city leaders called all the people in the city together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 8 16 k8ff figs-hyperbole כָּל־הָ⁠עָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר ב⁠עיר 1 All the people who were in the city The writer speaks in a general way about all the people, but “all the people” refers only to those who could fight. Alternate translation: “all the people in the city who could help chase the army of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JOS 8 17 zip6 וַ⁠יַּעַזְב֤וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עִיר֙ פְּתוּחָ֔ה 1 left it open “left the city gates open” JOS 8 18 xe2m figs-metonymy בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶ֑⁠נָּה 1 I will give Ai into your hand Giving Ai into Israel’s hand represents giving Israel victory and control over Ai. Alternate translation: “I will give you victory over Ai” or “I will cause you to capture Ai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOS 8 24 v2gf figs-parallelism כְּ⁠כַלּ֣וֹת יִשְׂרָאֵ֡ל לַ⁠הֲרֹג֩ אֶת־כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֨י…וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛⁠ם לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 when Israel had finished killing all the inhabitants…when all of them…had fallen by the edge of the sword The writer uses both of these sentences, which mean almost the same thing, to strongly say that the Israelites had obeyed God’s command to kill everyone in Ai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOS 8 24 v2gf figs-parallelism כְּ⁠כַלּ֣וֹת יִשְׂרָאֵ֡ל לַ⁠הֲרֹג֩ אֶת־כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֨י…וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛⁠ם לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 when Israel had finished killing all the inhabitants … when all of them … had fallen by the edge of the sword The writer uses both of these sentences, which mean almost the same thing, to strongly say that the Israelites had obeyed God’s command to kill everyone in Ai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 8 24 dd98 figs-euphemism וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛⁠ם לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 had fallen by the edge of the sword Here “fallen” is a euphemism for dying. Also, “the edge of the sword” represents whole swords, and swords represent either battle or the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “had died in battle” or “had died when the army of Israel attacked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 8 25 d2ud translate-numbers שְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָׂ֖ר אָ֑לֶף 1 twelve thousand “12,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOS 8 28 uiv3 שְׁמָמָ֔ה 1 an abandoned place It is a place where people once lived, but now, no one lives there. @@ -319,11 +319,11 @@ JOS 9 27 p81s עַד־הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 to this day “ev JOS 10 intro uy1f 0 # Joshua 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 10:12-13 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a poem.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel”
Israel’s conquest of the Promised Land was Yahweh’s war on the ungodly Canaanites more than Israel’s war. This type of war was different from other wars and God gave Israel special instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

The people of Gibeon used an idiom when they called for help from Israel: “Do not withdraw your hands,” meaning “do not stop protecting.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOS 10 1 au8p וַ⁠יְהִי֩ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells about a new person in the story, Adoni-Zedek. JOS 10 1 y65k translate-names אֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶק 1 Adoni-Zedek This is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 10 3 y6ss translate-names יַרְמ֜וּת…לָכִ֛ישׁ…עֶגְל֖וֹן 1 Jarmuth…Lachish…Eglon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 10 3 k9rg translate-names הוֹהָ֣ם…פִּרְאָ֨ם…יָפִ֧יעַ…דְּבִ֥יר 1 Hoham…Piram…Japhia…Debir These are the names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 10 3 y6ss translate-names יַרְמ֜וּת…לָכִ֛ישׁ…עֶגְל֖וֹן 1 Jarmuth … Lachish … Eglon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 10 3 k9rg translate-names הוֹהָ֣ם…פִּרְאָ֨ם…יָפִ֧יעַ…דְּבִ֥יר 1 Hoham … Piram … Japhia … Debir These are the names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 4 ct5k עֲלֽוּ־אֵלַ֣⁠י 1 Come up to me “Travel to where I am.” Jerusalem was higher in elevation than other cities in Canaan. JOS 10 5 d9vy translate-numbers חֲמֵ֣שֶׁת׀ מַלְכֵ֣י 1 five kings “5 kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JOS 10 5 m422 translate-names יַרְמוּת֙…לָכִ֣ישׁ…עֶגְל֔וֹן 1 Jarmuth…Lachish…Eglon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 10 5 m422 translate-names יַרְמוּת֙…לָכִ֣ישׁ…עֶגְל֔וֹן 1 Jarmuth … Lachish … Eglon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 5 vs78 וַֽ⁠יַּחֲנוּ֙ עַל 1 They set up their positions against Gibeon This means they set up their camp around their city. This was a way of weakening those in the city. It prevented people from escaping the city, and it prevented others from bringing food and water to them in the city. JOS 10 6 wk68 לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר 1 They said The word “They” here refers to Gibeonites. JOS 10 6 zhx9 figs-litotes אַל־תֶּ֥רֶף יָדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מֵֽ⁠עֲבָדֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Do not withdraw your hands from your servants This humble request is stated with two negatives to emphasize the need for a positive action. Alternate translation: “Please come and use your strength to protect us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) @@ -332,11 +332,11 @@ JOS 10 8 c4uw figs-metonymy בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ נְתַתִּ֑י⁠ם 1 I JOS 10 8 du96 נְתַתִּ֑י⁠ם 1 I have given them Here the word “them” refers to the attacking armies. JOS 10 9 ecq8 figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יָּבֹ֧א אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֛ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 1 Joshua came The entire army of Israel is referred to here by the name of their commander, Joshua. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOS 10 10 sq89 וַ⁠יְהֻמֵּ֤⁠ם יְהוָה֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Yahweh confused the enemy before Israel Here “Israel” refers to the entire army of Israel. -JOS 10 10 yr7y translate-names בֵית־חוֹרֹ֔ן…עֲזֵקָ֖ה…מַקֵּדָֽה 1 Beth Horon…Azekah…Makkedah These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 10 11 fbf9 translate-names בֵּית־חוֹרֹן֙…עֲזֵקָ֖ה 1 Beth Horon…Azekah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 10 10 yr7y translate-names בֵית־חוֹרֹ֔ן…עֲזֵקָ֖ה…מַקֵּדָֽה 1 Beth Horon … Azekah … Makkedah These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 10 11 fbf9 translate-names בֵּית־חוֹרֹן֙…עֲזֵקָ֖ה 1 Beth Horon … Azekah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 11 tuc9 הִשְׁלִ֣יךְ עֲלֵי⁠הֶם֩ אֲבָנִ֨ים גְּדֹל֧וֹת מִן־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֛יִם 1 threw large stones down from heaven “threw large hailstones from the sky” JOS 10 12 si1e figs-parallelism שֶׁ֚מֶשׁ בְּ⁠גִבְע֣וֹן דּ֔וֹם וְ⁠יָרֵ֖חַ בְּ⁠עֵ֥מֶק אַיָּלֽוֹן 1 Sun, be still at Gibeon, and moon, in the Valley of Aijalon Joshua is praying that Yahweh would make the progression of time stop on this day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JOS 10 12 j9zt figs-personification שֶׁ֚מֶשׁ…וְ⁠יָרֵ֖חַ 1 Sun…moon Joshua commands the sun and moon as if these were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JOS 10 12 j9zt figs-personification שֶׁ֚מֶשׁ…וְ⁠יָרֵ֖חַ 1 Sun … moon Joshua commands the sun and moon as if these were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOS 10 12 ug8m translate-names בְּ⁠עֵ֥מֶק אַיָּלֽוֹן 1 Valley of Aijalon This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 13 dq14 figs-metonymy גּוֹי֙ 1 the nation This refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 10 13 b91l figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹא־הִ֥יא כְתוּבָ֖ה עַל־סֵ֣פֶר הַ⁠יָּשָׁ֑ר 1 Is this not written in the Book of Jashar? The writer uses this question as background information to remind the reader that the incident is well-documented. Alternate translation: “This is written in The Book of Jashar.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -346,31 +346,31 @@ JOS 10 19 l8tl figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶֽם 1 into your hand The p JOS 10 21 kb3w translate-names מַקֵּדָ֖ה 1 Makkedah Translate the same way as you did in [Joshua 10:10](../10/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 21 py6w לֹֽא־חָרַ֞ץ לִ⁠בְנֵ֧י יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל לְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־לְשֹׁנֽ⁠וֹ 1 No one dared to say one word against “No one dared to say anything against” or “No one dared to complain or protest against” JOS 10 22 zs9n figs-idiom פִּתְח֖וּ אֶת־פִּ֣י הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֑ה 1 Open the mouth of the cave Here “mouth” is an idiom that means “entrance.” Alternate translation: “Open the entrance of the cave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JOS 10 23 g4te translate-names יַרְמ֔וּת…לָכִ֖ישׁ…עֶגְלֽוֹן 1 Jarmuth…Lachish…Eglon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 10 23 g4te translate-names יַרְמ֔וּת…לָכִ֖ישׁ…עֶגְלֽוֹן 1 Jarmuth … Lachish … Eglon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 24 dnc1 figs-synecdoche כָּל־אִ֣ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 every man of Israel Here the men of Israel represent only those who were soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOS 10 27 e9z9 עַד־עֶ֖צֶם הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 to this very day “until the author wrote this story” JOS 10 28 e1nc translate-names מַקֵּדָ֔ה 1 Makkedah This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [Joshua 10:10](../10/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 28 nhk6 figs-parallelism הֶחֱרִ֣ם אוֹתָ֗⁠ם וְ⁠אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠נֶּ֨פֶשׁ֙ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֔⁠הּ לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׂרִ֑יד 1 He completely destroyed everyone in it. He left no survivor in it The second sentence summarizes the first sentence to emphasize that Joshua left no person or animal alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 10 29 k439 translate-names לִבְנָ֑ה 1 Libnah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 10 31 dsk6 translate-names מִ⁠לִּבְנָ֖ה לָכִ֑ישָׁ⁠ה 1 Libnah…Lachish These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 10 31 dsk6 translate-names מִ⁠לִּבְנָ֖ה לָכִ֑ישָׁ⁠ה 1 Libnah … Lachish These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 32 yw79 figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַ֣ד יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 into the hand of Israel Here their “hand” represents their control. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave Lachish into the control of the nation of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 10 33 rff2 translate-names הֹרָם֙ 1 Horam This is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 10 33 lp2c translate-names גֶּ֔זֶר…אֶת־לָכִ֑ישׁ 1 Gezer…Lachish These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 10 34 y3g9 translate-names מִ⁠לָּכִ֖ישׁ עֶגְלֹ֑נָ⁠ה 1 Lachish…Eglon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 10 35 dqi7 figs-doublet וַ⁠יַּכּ֣וּ⁠הָ לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֔רֶב וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל־הַ⁠נֶּ֣פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־…הַ⁠ה֖וּא הֶחֱרִ֑ים 1 struck it with the edge of the sword…completely destroyed everyone in it These two phrases have similar meanings. Together they show the completeness of the destruction of Eglon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JOS 10 33 lp2c translate-names גֶּ֔זֶר…אֶת־לָכִ֑ישׁ 1 Gezer … Lachish These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 10 34 y3g9 translate-names מִ⁠לָּכִ֖ישׁ עֶגְלֹ֑נָ⁠ה 1 Lachish … Eglon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 10 35 dqi7 figs-doublet וַ⁠יַּכּ֣וּ⁠הָ לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֔רֶב וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל־הַ⁠נֶּ֣פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־…הַ⁠ה֖וּא הֶחֱרִ֑ים 1 struck it with the edge of the sword … completely destroyed everyone in it These two phrases have similar meanings. Together they show the completeness of the destruction of Eglon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JOS 10 36 a6ng translate-names מֵ⁠עֶגְל֖וֹנָ⁠ה 1 Eglon This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 37 gba2 figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּלְכְּד֣וּ⁠הָ וַ⁠יַּכּֽוּ⁠הָ־לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֠רֶב 1 They captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword The sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: “They captured and killed and destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 10 38 mr8b translate-names דְּבִ֑רָ⁠ה 1 Debir This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 10 39 g2ta translate-names לִ⁠דְבִ֨רָ⁠ה֙…לְ⁠לִבְנָ֖ה 1 Debir…Libnah These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 10 39 g2ta translate-names לִ⁠דְבִ֨רָ⁠ה֙…לְ⁠לִבְנָ֖ה 1 Debir … Libnah These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 39 m8bf figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּכּ֣וּ⁠ם לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֔רֶב 1 They struck them with the edge of the sword The sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: “They killed and destroyed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 10 40 u843 figs-parallelism וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל־מַלְכֵי⁠הֶ֔ם לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׂרִ֑יד וְ⁠אֵ֤ת כָּל־הַ⁠נְּשָׁמָה֙ הֶחֱרִ֔ים 1 Of all their kings he left not one survivor. He completely destroyed every living thing These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize the complete destruction that the people of Israel accomplished at Yahweh’s command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 10 42 qy8i כָּל־הַ⁠מְּלָכִ֤ים הָ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה֙ וְ⁠אֶת־אַרְצָ֔⁠ם לָכַ֥ד יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 1 Joshua captured all these kings and their land This refers to the kings and lands that were listed beginning in [Joshua 10:28](../10/28.md). JOS 10 42 rbp2 figs-synecdoche לָכַ֥ד יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 1 Joshua captured Here Joshua represents his whole army. Alternate translation: “Joshua and his soldiers captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOS 10 42 f9tx פַּ֣עַם אֶחָ֑ת 1 at one time This does not mean in one day. It means during one military campaign, which may have lasted many days or weeks. JOS 11 intro g8mw 0 # Joshua 11 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms

Yahweh said to Joshua, “Do not be afraid in their presence, because tomorrow at this time I am giving them all to Israel as dead men.” Even when the kingdoms of Canaan joined forces, they were not able to overcome the power of Yahweh.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel”
This phrase may present difficulties in translation. The translator should ensure that Yahweh receives credit for Israel’s victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-JOS 11 1 a1ca translate-names יָבִ֣ין…יוֹבָב֙ 1 Jabin…Jobab These are names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 11 1 zi5u translate-names חָצ֑וֹר…מָד֔וֹן…שִׁמְר֖וֹן…אַכְשָֽׁף 1 Hazor…Madon…Shimron…Akshaph These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 11 2 gz61 translate-names כִּֽנֲר֖וֹת…וּ⁠בְ⁠נָפ֥וֹת דּ֖וֹר 1 Kinnereth…Naphoth Dor These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 11 1 a1ca translate-names יָבִ֣ין…יוֹבָב֙ 1 Jabin … Jobab These are names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 11 1 zi5u translate-names חָצ֑וֹר…מָד֔וֹן…שִׁמְר֖וֹן…אַכְשָֽׁף 1 Hazor … Madon … Shimron … Akshaph These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 11 2 gz61 translate-names כִּֽנֲר֖וֹת…וּ⁠בְ⁠נָפ֥וֹת דּ֖וֹר 1 Kinnereth … Naphoth Dor These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 11 3 rds6 translate-names חֶרְמ֔וֹן 1 Mount Hermon This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 11 4 d9fb 0 General Information: All the Canaanite kings attack Joshua and the nation of Israel. JOS 11 4 e5l4 figs-hyperbole וְ⁠כָל־מַֽחֲנֵי⁠הֶם֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ם עַם־רָ֕ב כַּ⁠ח֛וֹל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל־שְׂפַת־הַ⁠יָּ֖ם לָ⁠רֹ֑ב 1 a great number of soldiers, in number like the sand on the seashore No one can count the grains of sand on the seashore. This exaggeration emphasizes the very large number of soldiers that these kings assembled. Alternate translation: “such a great number of soldiers that there appeared to be as many of them as there are grains of sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -379,22 +379,22 @@ JOS 11 6 n348 figs-metaphor אָנֹכִ֞י נֹתֵ֧ן אֶת־כֻּלָּ֛ JOS 11 6 lgk2 אֶת־סוּסֵי⁠הֶ֣ם תְּעַקֵּ֔ר 1 hamstring their horses “cripple their horses by cutting their legs.” This is a practice where the tendons in the backs of the legs are cut so that the horses cannot walk. JOS 11 7 sm9k translate-names מֵר֖וֹם 1 Merom This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 11 8 cw9y figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּתְּנֵ֨⁠ם יְהוָ֥ה בְּ⁠יַֽד־יִשְׂרָאֵל֮ 1 Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel Here the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh enabling the army of Israel to conquer their enemy is spoken of as if Yahweh had put the enemy army into Israel’s hand. Alternate translation: “Yahweh enabled Israel to conquer the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOS 11 8 n4ub וַ⁠יַּכּוּ⁠ם֒…וַ⁠יַּכֻּ֕⁠ם 1 struck them…struck them “attacked them…attacked them” +JOS 11 8 n4ub וַ⁠יַּכּוּ⁠ם֒…וַ⁠יַּכֻּ֕⁠ם 1 struck them … struck them “attacked them … attacked them” JOS 11 8 m9b1 translate-names מִשְׂרְפ֣וֹת מַ֔יִם 1 Misrephoth Maim This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 11 9 q7dn עִקֵּ֔ר 1 hamstrung This is a practice where the tendons in the backs of the legs are cut so that the horses cannot run. See how you translated this word in [Joshua 11:6](../11/06.md). JOS 11 10 pbp8 מַלְכָּ֖⁠הּ הִכָּ֣ה בֶ⁠חָ֑רֶב 1 He struck its king with the sword “Joshua killed the king of Hazor with his sword” JOS 11 10 cjd1 figs-metaphor חָצ֣וֹר לְ⁠פָנִ֔ים הִ֕יא רֹ֖אשׁ כָּל־הַ⁠מַּמְלָכ֥וֹת הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה 1 Hazor had been head of all these kingdoms Hazor being the most important city is spoken of as Hazor being the head of the other kingdoms. Alternate translation: Hazor had been the most important of all these kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 11 11 be72 figs-parallelism וַ֠⁠יַּכּוּ אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠נֶּ֨פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֤⁠הּ לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֨רֶב֙ הַֽחֲרֵ֔ם לֹ֥א נוֹתַ֖ר כָּל־נְשָׁמָ֑ה 1 They struck with the sword every living creature that was there…so there was not any living creature left alive These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOS 11 11 be72 figs-parallelism וַ֠⁠יַּכּוּ אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠נֶּ֨פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֤⁠הּ לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֨רֶב֙ הַֽחֲרֵ֔ם לֹ֥א נוֹתַ֖ר כָּל־נְשָׁמָ֑ה 1 They struck with the sword every living creature that was there … so there was not any living creature left alive These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 11 11 z2md figs-synecdoche הַֽחֲרֵ֔ם 1 he set them apart to be destroyed The word “he” refers to Joshua and represents himself and his army. Completely destroying every living thing in the city is spoken of as if those living things were dedicated for destruction. Alternate translation: “the army completely destroyed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 11 12 i5tz וַ⁠יַּכֵּ֥⁠ם לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 struck them with the edge of the sword “killed them” JOS 11 13 f8kv הֶ⁠עָרִ֗ים הָ⁠עֹֽמְדוֹת֙ עַל־תִּלָּ֔⁠ם 1 cities built on mounds “cities built on small hills” JOS 11 14 grk1 figs-rpronouns לָ⁠הֶ֖ם 1 for themselves This phrase refers to the army of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) JOS 11 14 n215 figs-parallelism אֶֽת־כָּל־הָ⁠אָדָ֞ם הִכּ֣וּ לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֗רֶב עַד־הִשְׁמִדָ⁠ם֙ אוֹתָ֔⁠ם לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖ירוּ כָּל־נְשָׁמָֽה 1 They killed every human being with the edge of the sword until all were dead. They left alive no creature that breathed. These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 11 15 ta4x figs-litotes לֹֽא־הֵסִ֣יר דָּבָ֔ר מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 He left nothing undone of all that Yahweh commanded Moses to do This negative phrase emphasizes that Joshua did everything that Yahweh commanded. Alternate translation: “Joshua did everything that Yahweh commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -JOS 11 17 yr6b translate-names הָ⁠הָ֤ר הֶֽ⁠חָלָק֙…בַּ֤עַל גָּד֙ 1 Mount Halak…Baal Gad These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 11 17 yr6b translate-names הָ⁠הָ֤ר הֶֽ⁠חָלָק֙…בַּ֤עַל גָּד֙ 1 Mount Halak … Baal Gad These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 11 20 pq7v figs-metaphor מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה׀ הָיְתָ֡ה לְ⁠חַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבָּ⁠ם֩ 1 it was Yahweh who hardened their hearts Yahweh causing the people of the cities to be stubborn is spoken of as if Yahweh had hardened their hearts. Alternate translation: “it was Yahweh who caused them to act stubbornly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 11 21 im1q translate-names אֶת־הָֽ⁠עֲנָקִים֙ 1 Anakim These are the descendants of Anak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 11 21 p6cd translate-names דְּבִ֣ר…עֲנָ֔ב 1 Debir…Anab These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 11 21 p6cd translate-names דְּבִ֣ר…עֲנָ֔ב 1 Debir … Anab These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 11 23 qe5v figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּתְּנָ⁠הּ֩ יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ לְ⁠נַחֲלָ֧ה לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל 1 Joshua gave it as an inheritance to Israel Joshua giving the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if he had given the Israelites an inheritance as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “Joshua gave the land to the Israelites as a permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 11 23 x695 figs-personification וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ שָׁקְטָ֖ה מִ⁠מִּלְחָמָֽה 1 the land had rest from the wars The people no longer fighting wars is spoken of as if the land were a person who rested from war. Alternate translation: “the people no longer fought wars in the land” or “there was peace in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 12 intro ga6k 0 # Joshua 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 12:2-5 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long list.
@@ -402,33 +402,33 @@ JOS 12 1 e45x writing-background וְ⁠אֵ֣לֶּה 1 Now This word is used h JOS 12 1 fe2c וְ⁠אֵ֣לֶּה׀ מַלְכֵ֣י 1 these are the kings This refers to the list of kings that continues through verse 24. JOS 12 1 g8ju translate-names הָ⁠עֲרָבָ֖ה 1 the Arabah These are the names of a region of land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 2 uv1m translate-names מֵ⁠עֲרוֹעֵ֡ר 1 Aroer This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 2 ts6s סִיחוֹן֙…בְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 Sihon…Heshbon See how you translated these words in [Joshua 9:10](../09/10.md). +JOS 12 2 ts6s סִיחוֹן֙…בְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 Sihon … Heshbon See how you translated these words in [Joshua 9:10](../09/10.md). JOS 12 3 dh7d יָ֨ם כִּנְר֜וֹת 1 Sea of Kinnereth This is a place. See how you translated this in [Joshua 11:2](../11/02.md). -JOS 12 3 gc3x translate-names בֵּ֣ית הַיְשִׁמ֑וֹת…הַ⁠פִּסְגָּֽה 1 Beth Jeshimoth…Mount Pisgah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 3 gc3x translate-names בֵּ֣ית הַיְשִׁמ֑וֹת…הַ⁠פִּסְגָּֽה 1 Beth Jeshimoth … Mount Pisgah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 4 zb6d ע֚וֹג מֶ֣לֶךְ הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֔ן 1 Og, king of Bashan See how you translated this man’s name in [Joshua 9:10](../09/10.md). JOS 12 4 m4ct translate-names הָ⁠רְפָאִ֑ים 1 the Rephaim These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 4 t7hy translate-names בְּ⁠עַשְׁתָּר֖וֹת וּ⁠בְ⁠אֶדְרֶֽעִי 1 Ashtaroth…Edrei These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 4 t7hy translate-names בְּ⁠עַשְׁתָּר֖וֹת וּ⁠בְ⁠אֶדְרֶֽעִי 1 Ashtaroth … Edrei These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 5 vu4f translate-names וּ⁠בְ⁠סַלְכָה֙ 1 Salekah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 5 sbq3 translate-names וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּעֲכָתִ֑י 1 Maacathites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 6 bsj6 לָ⁠רֻֽאוּבֵנִי֙ 1 Reubenites These are the descendants of Reuben. JOS 12 6 p8zt וְ⁠לַ⁠גָּדִ֔י 1 Gadites These are the descendants of Gad. JOS 12 6 zk48 וְ⁠לַ⁠חֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֥בֶט הַֽ⁠מְנַשֶּֽׁה 1 half tribe of Manasseh They are called a half tribe because the other half of the tribe received an inheritance in the land of Canaan. -JOS 12 7 nie7 translate-names מִ⁠בַּ֤עַל גָּד֙…הָ⁠הָ֥ר הֶ⁠חָלָ֖ק 1 Baal Gad…Mount Halak These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 7 nie7 translate-names מִ⁠בַּ֤עַל גָּד֙…הָ⁠הָ֥ר הֶ⁠חָלָ֖ק 1 Baal Gad … Mount Halak These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 8 z37z translate-names וּ⁠בָֽ⁠עֲרָבָה֙ 1 the Arabah This is the name of a region of land. Translate as in [Joshua 12:1](./01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 10 ps2m translate-names חֶבְר֖וֹן 1 Enaim This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 11 aj97 translate-names יַרְמוּת֙…לָכִ֖ישׁ 1 Jarmuth…Lachish These are the names of cities. Translate in the same way you did in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 12 bgl2 translate-names עֶגְלוֹן֙…גֶּ֖זֶר 1 Eglon…Gezer These are the names of cities. Translate “Eglon” in the same way you did in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 13 mgg8 translate-names דְּבִר֙…גֶּ֖דֶר 1 Debir…Geder These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 14 e9ba translate-names חָרְמָה֙…עֲרָ֖ד 1 Hormah…Arad These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 15 nec9 translate-names לִבְנָה֙…עֲדֻלָּ֖ם 1 Libnah…Adullam These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 11 aj97 translate-names יַרְמוּת֙…לָכִ֖ישׁ 1 Jarmuth … Lachish These are the names of cities. Translate in the same way you did in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 12 bgl2 translate-names עֶגְלוֹן֙…גֶּ֖זֶר 1 Eglon … Gezer These are the names of cities. Translate “Eglon” in the same way you did in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 13 mgg8 translate-names דְּבִר֙…גֶּ֖דֶר 1 Debir … Geder These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 14 e9ba translate-names חָרְמָה֙…עֲרָ֖ד 1 Hormah … Arad These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 15 nec9 translate-names לִבְנָה֙…עֲדֻלָּ֖ם 1 Libnah … Adullam These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 16 se49 translate-names מַקֵּדָה֙ 1 Makkedah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 17 g346 translate-names תַּפּ֨וּחַ֙…חֵ֖פֶר 1 Tappuah…Hepher These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 18 m8vl translate-names אֲפֵק֙…לַ⁠שָּׁר֖וֹן 1 Aphek…Lasharon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 19 ga17 translate-names מָדוֹן֙…חָצ֖וֹר 1 Madon…Hazor These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 20 cq4i translate-names שִׁמְר֤וֹן מְראוֹן֙…אַכְשָׁ֖ף 1 Shimron Meron…Akshaph These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 21 pv5n translate-names תַּעְנַךְ֙…מְגִדּ֖וֹ 1 Taanach…Megiddo These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 22 z2b9 translate-names קֶ֨דֶשׁ֙…יָקְנֳעָ֥ם 1 Kedesh…Jokneam These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 12 23 a6eq translate-names דּ֛וֹר לְ⁠נָפַ֥ת דּ֖וֹר…גּוֹיִ֥ם 1 Dor…Naphoth Dor…Goyim These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 17 g346 translate-names תַּפּ֨וּחַ֙…חֵ֖פֶר 1 Tappuah … Hepher These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 18 m8vl translate-names אֲפֵק֙…לַ⁠שָּׁר֖וֹן 1 Aphek … Lasharon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 19 ga17 translate-names מָדוֹן֙…חָצ֖וֹר 1 Madon … Hazor These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 20 cq4i translate-names שִׁמְר֤וֹן מְראוֹן֙…אַכְשָׁ֖ף 1 Shimron Meron … Akshaph These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 21 pv5n translate-names תַּעְנַךְ֙…מְגִדּ֖וֹ 1 Taanach … Megiddo These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 22 z2b9 translate-names קֶ֨דֶשׁ֙…יָקְנֳעָ֥ם 1 Kedesh … Jokneam These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 12 23 a6eq translate-names דּ֛וֹר לְ⁠נָפַ֥ת דּ֖וֹר…גּוֹיִ֥ם 1 Dor … Naphoth Dor … Goyim These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 24 kv8w translate-names תִּרְצָ֖ה 1 Tirzah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 24 aeg5 translate-numbers כָּל־מְלָכִ֖ים שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠אֶחָֽד 1 thirty-one in all “31 in all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOS 13 intro zl7s 0 # Joshua 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Israel.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Division of the land

There was still much land to be captured west of the Jordan River, but the tribe of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Mannasah received their land east of the Jordan. This land had been promised to them in Numbers 32.

### Driving out the people

While Yahweh achieved many great victories through Joshua, Israel was still supposed to drive out the rest of the Canaanites. Israel’s success in this would depend on their faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
@@ -436,49 +436,49 @@ JOS 13 2 s51z figs-explicit זֹ֥את הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ הַ⁠נִּשְׁא JOS 13 3 q1nv translate-names הַ⁠שִּׁיח֞וֹר 1 Shihor This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 3 a3iw figs-activepassive לַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֖י תֵּחָשֵׁ֑ב 1 which is considered property of the Canaanites This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which the Canaanites now consider their property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 13 3 jnl3 translate-names וְ⁠הָ⁠עַוִּֽים 1 Avvites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 4 b13s translate-names וּ⁠מְעָרָ֛ה…אֲפֵ֑קָ⁠ה 1 Arah…Aphek These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 5 bj71 translate-names מִ⁠בַּ֣עַל גָּ֔ד…הַר־חֶרְמ֑וֹן 1 Baal Gad…Mount Hermon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 4 b13s translate-names וּ⁠מְעָרָ֛ה…אֲפֵ֑קָ⁠ה 1 Arah … Aphek These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 5 bj71 translate-names מִ⁠בַּ֣עַל גָּ֔ד…הַר־חֶרְמ֑וֹן 1 Baal Gad … Mount Hermon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 5 jd8r translate-names הַ⁠גִּבְלִ֗י 1 Gebalites This is the name of a people group who lived in Geba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 6 b7pk translate-names מִשְׂרְפֹ֥ת מַ֨יִם֙ 1 Misrephoth Maim this is the name of a place (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 6 si8i figs-metaphor לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּֽ⁠נַחֲלָ֔ה 1 land…as an inheritance The land that Israel will claim is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they will receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 13 9 gfc4 translate-names מֵ⁠עֲרוֹעֵ֡ר…מֵידְבָ֖א…דִּיבֽוֹן 1 Aroer…Medeba…Dibon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 6 si8i figs-metaphor לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּֽ⁠נַחֲלָ֔ה 1 land … as an inheritance The land that Israel will claim is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they will receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOS 13 9 gfc4 translate-names מֵ⁠עֲרוֹעֵ֡ר…מֵידְבָ֖א…דִּיבֽוֹן 1 Aroer … Medeba … Dibon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 9 lk8d הַ⁠נַּ֛חַל 1 gorge a place where the river is far below the land on the sides JOS 13 9 t2an הַ⁠מִּישֹׁ֥ר 1 plateau flat land high above rivers JOS 13 10 zm4w translate-names בְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 Heshbon This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 11 whz4 translate-names סַלְכָֽה 1 Salekah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 11 kc79 וּ⁠גְב֧וּל הַ⁠גְּשׁוּרִ֣י וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּעֲכָתִ֗י 1 the region of the Geshurites and Maacathites “the land where the Geshurites and Maacathites lived” JOS 13 11 l98j translate-names וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּעֲכָתִ֗י 1 Maacathites These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 12 hw24 translate-names בְּ⁠עַשְׁתָּר֖וֹת וּ⁠בְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֑עִי 1 Ashtaroth…Edrei These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 12 hw24 translate-names בְּ⁠עַשְׁתָּר֖וֹת וּ⁠בְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֑עִי 1 Ashtaroth … Edrei These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 12 u2dn translate-names הָ⁠רְפָאִ֔ים 1 Rephaim This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 12 l1cu figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יַּכֵּ֥⁠ם מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 Moses struck them Here “Moses” represents himself and the Israelite army that Moses led. Alternate translation: “Moses and the Israelites attacked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOS 13 13 zb9l translate-names אֶת־הַ⁠גְּשׁוּרִ֖י וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠מַּעֲכָתִ֑י 1 the Geshurites or the Maacathites These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 13 hu1n figs-explicit גְּשׁ֤וּר וּ⁠מַֽעֲכָת֙ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶב יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Geshur and Maacath live among Israel “Geshur” and “Maacath” are either the names of the ancestors of “the Geshurites” and “the Maacathites” or are the names of the cities in which they lived. Alternate translation: “those people live among Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOS 13 13 xw7d עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 to this day This refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book. JOS 13 14 zs6y figs-metaphor לֹ֥א נָתַ֖ן נַחֲלָ֑ה 1 Moses gave no inheritance The land that Moses assigned to the tribes of Israel is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 13 14 v9zc figs-metaphor אִשֵּׁ֨י יְהוָ֜ה…ה֣וּא נַחֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 The offerings of Yahweh…are their inheritance The writer speaks of the great honor that the Levites had by serving Yahweh as priests as if the offerings were something that they would inherit. Alternate translation: “The offerings of Yahweh…are what they will have for their provision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOS 13 14 v9zc figs-metaphor אִשֵּׁ֨י יְהוָ֜ה…ה֣וּא נַחֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 The offerings of Yahweh … are their inheritance The writer speaks of the great honor that the Levites had by serving Yahweh as priests as if the offerings were something that they would inherit. Alternate translation: “The offerings of Yahweh … are what they will have for their provision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 13 14 br61 אִשֵּׁ֨י יְהוָ֜ה 1 offerings of Yahweh “offerings that the people were to bring to Yahweh” JOS 13 14 lz8a figs-activepassive אִשֵּׁ֨י 1 made by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the priests burned with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 13 16 f1uv translate-names מֵ⁠עֲרוֹעֵ֡ר…מֵידְבָֽא 1 Aroer…Medeba These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 16 s5yv נַ֨חַל…הַ⁠מִּישֹׁ֖ר 1 gorge…plateau See how you translated these words in [Joshua 13:9](../13/09.md). -JOS 13 17 y6iu translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֥וֹן…דִּיבוֹן֙ וּ⁠בָמ֣וֹת בַּ֔עַל וּ⁠בֵ֖ית בַּ֥עַל מְעֽוֹן 1 Heshbon…Dibon…Bamoth Baal…Beth Baal Meon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 18 i4fe translate-names וְ⁠יַ֥הְצָ⁠ה וּ⁠קְדֵמֹ֖ת וּ⁠מֵפָֽעַת 1 Jahaz…Kedemoth…Mephaath These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 19 f1h3 translate-names וְ⁠קִרְיָתַ֣יִם וְ⁠שִׂבְמָ֔ה וְ⁠צֶ֥רֶת הַשַּׁ֖חַר 1 Kiriathaim…Sibmah…Zereth Shahar These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 20 is7v translate-names וּ⁠בֵ֥ית פְּע֛וֹר…הַ⁠פִּסְגָּ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֥ית הַיְשִׁמֽוֹת 1 Beth Peor…Pisgah…Beth Jeshimoth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 16 f1uv translate-names מֵ⁠עֲרוֹעֵ֡ר…מֵידְבָֽא 1 Aroer … Medeba These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 16 s5yv נַ֨חַל…הַ⁠מִּישֹׁ֖ר 1 gorge … plateau See how you translated these words in [Joshua 13:9](../13/09.md). +JOS 13 17 y6iu translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֥וֹן…דִּיבוֹן֙ וּ⁠בָמ֣וֹת בַּ֔עַל וּ⁠בֵ֖ית בַּ֥עַל מְעֽוֹן 1 Heshbon … Dibon … Bamoth Baal … Beth Baal Meon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 18 i4fe translate-names וְ⁠יַ֥הְצָ⁠ה וּ⁠קְדֵמֹ֖ת וּ⁠מֵפָֽעַת 1 Jahaz … Kedemoth … Mephaath These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 19 f1h3 translate-names וְ⁠קִרְיָתַ֣יִם וְ⁠שִׂבְמָ֔ה וְ⁠צֶ֥רֶת הַשַּׁ֖חַר 1 Kiriathaim … Sibmah … Zereth Shahar These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 20 is7v translate-names וּ⁠בֵ֥ית פְּע֛וֹר…הַ⁠פִּסְגָּ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֥ית הַיְשִׁמֽוֹת 1 Beth Peor … Pisgah … Beth Jeshimoth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 21 uld7 translate-names בְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 Heshbon This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 21 j6hq translate-names סִיחוֹן֙…אֶת־אֱוִ֤י וְ⁠אֶת־רֶ֨קֶם֙ וְ⁠אֶת־צ֤וּר וְ⁠אֶת־חוּר֙ וְ⁠אֶת־רֶ֔בַע 1 Sihon…Evi…Rekem…Zur…Hur…Reba These are the names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 21 j6hq translate-names סִיחוֹן֙…אֶת־אֱוִ֤י וְ⁠אֶת־רֶ֨קֶם֙ וְ⁠אֶת־צ֤וּר וְ⁠אֶת־חוּר֙ וְ⁠אֶת־רֶ֔בַע 1 Sihon … Evi … Rekem … Zur … Hur … Reba These are the names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 21 x56e אֹת֣⁠וֹ׀ וְ⁠אֶת־נְשִׂיאֵ֣י מִדְיָ֗ן 1 together with the leaders of Midian “as he had defeated the leaders of Midian” JOS 13 23 gc1r וּ⁠גְב֑וּל זֹ֣את 1 this is their boundary The Jordan River was the western border of the land that the tribe of Reuben received. JOS 13 23 x56m figs-metaphor וּ⁠גְב֑וּל זֹ֣את נַחֲלַ֤ת בְּנֵֽי־רְאוּבֵן֙ 1 This was the inheritance of the tribe of Reuben The land that Moses assigned to the tribe of Reuben is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribe of Reuben received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 13 23 ud8m figs-activepassive לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔⁠ם 1 given to each of their clans This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that Moses gave to each of their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 13 25 fmp2 translate-names יַעְזֵר֙…עֲרוֹעֵ֕ר…רַבָּֽה 1 Jazer…Aroer…Rabbah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 26 mr54 translate-names וּ⁠מֵ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֛וֹן…רָמַ֥ת הַ⁠מִּצְפֶּ֖ה וּ⁠בְטֹנִ֑ים וּ⁠מִֽ⁠מַּחֲנַ֖יִם…לִדְבִֽר 1 Heshbon…Ramath Mizpah…Betonim…Mahanaim…Debir These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 27 ie4m translate-names בֵּ֣ית הָרָם֩ וּ⁠בֵ֨ית נִמְרָ֜ה וְ⁠סֻכּ֣וֹת וְ⁠צָפ֗וֹן…חֶשְׁבּ֔וֹן 1 Beth Haram…Beth Nimrah…Zaphon…Heshbon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 25 fmp2 translate-names יַעְזֵר֙…עֲרוֹעֵ֕ר…רַבָּֽה 1 Jazer … Aroer … Rabbah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 26 mr54 translate-names וּ⁠מֵ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֛וֹן…רָמַ֥ת הַ⁠מִּצְפֶּ֖ה וּ⁠בְטֹנִ֑ים וּ⁠מִֽ⁠מַּחֲנַ֖יִם…לִדְבִֽר 1 Heshbon … Ramath Mizpah … Betonim … Mahanaim … Debir These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 27 ie4m translate-names בֵּ֣ית הָרָם֩ וּ⁠בֵ֨ית נִמְרָ֜ה וְ⁠סֻכּ֣וֹת וְ⁠צָפ֗וֹן…חֶשְׁבּ֔וֹן 1 Beth Haram … Beth Nimrah … Zaphon … Heshbon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 28 hla2 figs-metaphor זֹ֛את נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵי־גָ֖ד 1 This is the inheritance of the tribe of Gad The land that Moses assigned to the tribe of Gad is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribe of Gad received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 13 29 we69 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה לַ⁠חֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 Moses gave an inheritance to the half tribe of Manasseh The land that Moses assigned to the half tribe of Manasseh is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he gave to them as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 13 29 gs84 לַ⁠חֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 half tribe of Manasseh Only half of the tribe received this land because the other half received land on the other side of the Jordan River. JOS 13 29 p8yw figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְהִ֗י לַ⁠חֲצִ֛י 1 It was assigned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Moses assigned it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 13 30 s32g translate-names מִ⁠מַּחֲנַ֨יִם…יָאִ֛יר 1 Mahanaim…Jair These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 13 31 b2aa translate-names וְ⁠עַשְׁתָּר֣וֹת וְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֔עִי 1 Ashtaroth…Edrei These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 30 s32g translate-names מִ⁠מַּחֲנַ֨יִם…יָאִ֛יר 1 Mahanaim … Jair These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 13 31 b2aa translate-names וְ⁠עַשְׁתָּר֣וֹת וְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֔עִי 1 Ashtaroth … Edrei These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 31 zde9 figs-activepassive לִ⁠בְנֵ֤י 1 These were assigned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Moses assigned these” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 13 31 g5si translate-names מָכִ֖יר 1 Machir This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 32 hh57 figs-metaphor אֵ֕לֶּה אֲשֶׁר־נִחַ֥ל מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 This is the inheritance that Moses assigned to them The land that Moses assigned to the tribes of Israel on the east side of the Jordan is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Moses gave to them as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This is the land that Moses assigned to them as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ JOS 14 6 g6g8 translate-names הַ⁠קְּנִזִּ֑י 1 Kenizzite This is th JOS 14 7 wqe2 figs-idiom וָ⁠אָשֵׁ֤ב אֹת⁠וֹ֙ דָּבָ֔ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר עִם־לְבָבִֽ⁠י 1 I brought him a report again as it was in my heart to make Here the word “heart” represents the thoughts. The phrase is an idiom that refers to a report that is given honestly. Alternate translation: “I brought back to him an honest report” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 14 8 q6zs figs-metaphor הִמְסִ֖יו אֶת־לֵ֣ב הָ⁠עָ֑ם 1 made the heart of the people melt with fear Making the people very afraid is spoken of as if it were making the hearts of the people melt. Alternate translation: “made the people very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 14 8 d53a figs-metaphor וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֣י מִלֵּ֔אתִי אַחֲרֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה 1 I completely followed Yahweh Being loyal to Yahweh is spoken of as if it were completely following Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I remained loyal to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 14 9 ew2r figs-metaphor הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙…בָּ֔⁠הּ לְ⁠ךָ֨ תִֽהְיֶ֧ה לְ⁠נַחֲלָ֛ה וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ עַד־עוֹלָ֑ם 1 the land…will be an inheritance for you and for your children forever The land that Caleb and his descendants would have is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOS 14 9 ew2r figs-metaphor הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙…בָּ֔⁠הּ לְ⁠ךָ֨ תִֽהְיֶ֧ה לְ⁠נַחֲלָ֛ה וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ עַד־עוֹלָ֑ם 1 the land … will be an inheritance for you and for your children forever The land that Caleb and his descendants would have is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 14 9 shc9 figs-synecdoche הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר דָּרְכָ֤ה רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֙ 1 the land on which your foot has walked Here “your foot” represents Caleb. Alternate translation: “the land on which you have walked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOS 14 10 m9sn הִנֵּה֩ 1 look “pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important” JOS 14 10 c4ma אֲשֶׁר־הָלַ֥ךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֑ר 1 while Israel walked in the wilderness “while the people of Israel traveled in the wilderness” @@ -517,27 +517,27 @@ JOS 15 1 ex51 translate-names צִ֛ן 1 Zin This is the name of the wilderness JOS 15 2 k5za מִ⁠קְצֵ֖ה יָ֣ם הַ⁠מֶּ֑לַח מִן־הַ⁠לָּשֹׁ֖ן הַ⁠פֹּנֶ֥ה נֶֽגְבָּ⁠ה 1 from the end of the Salt Sea, from the bay that faces to the south “from the bay that faces south at the end of the Salt Sea.” These two phrases refer to the same location. The second phrase clarifies the point at which the southern border begins. JOS 15 2 j6xn מִן־הַ⁠לָּשֹׁ֖ן הַ⁠פֹּנֶ֥ה נֶֽגְבָּ⁠ה 1 from the bay that faces to the south “from the bay that extends to the south” or “from the southern bay” JOS 15 2 qj2g הַ⁠לָּשֹׁ֖ן 1 bay smaller part of the sea that extends into the land -JOS 15 3 kb99 translate-names עַקְרַבִּים֙…צִ֔נָ⁠ה…חֶצְרוֹן֙…אַדָּ֔רָ⁠ה…הַ⁠קַּרְקָֽעָ⁠ה 1 Akrabbim…Zin…Hezron…Addar…Karka These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 3 kb99 translate-names עַקְרַבִּים֙…צִ֔נָ⁠ה…חֶצְרוֹן֙…אַדָּ֔רָ⁠ה…הַ⁠קַּרְקָֽעָ⁠ה 1 Akrabbim … Zin … Hezron … Addar … Karka These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 4 nzh3 translate-names עַצְמ֗וֹנָ⁠ה 1 Azmon This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 4 d1b1 translate-names נַ֣חַל מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 brook of Egypt a small river of water at the southwestern edge of the land, near Egypt (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 5 xrg4 figs-metaphor מִ⁠קְצֵ֖ה הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּֽן 1 at the mouth of the Jordan The point at which the river empties into the sea is spoken of as if it were the mouth of the river. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 15 5 bl5c וּ⁠גְב֞וּל 1 border…ran “border…was” -JOS 15 6 lbt5 translate-names בֵּ֣ית חָגְלָ֔ה…לְ⁠בֵ֣ית הָעֲרָבָ֑ה 1 Beth Hoglah…Beth Arabah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 5 bl5c וּ⁠גְב֞וּל 1 border … ran “border … was” +JOS 15 6 lbt5 translate-names בֵּ֣ית חָגְלָ֔ה…לְ⁠בֵ֣ית הָעֲרָבָ֑ה 1 Beth Hoglah … Beth Arabah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 6 eqi7 translate-names אֶ֥בֶן בֹּ֖הַן 1 the Stone of Bohan This was likely a large stone that someone set up as a landmark and named after the man, Bohan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 15 7 n7k5 translate-names דְּבִרָ⁠ה֮ מֵ⁠עֵ֣מֶק עָכוֹר֒…הַ⁠גִּלְגָּ֗ל…לְ⁠מַעֲלֵ֣ה אֲדֻמִּ֔ים…מֵי־עֵ֣ין שֶׁ֔מֶ…עֵ֥ין רֹגֵֽל 1 Debir…the Valley of Achor…the hill of Adummim…En Shemesh…En Rogel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 15 8 qa4u translate-names גֵּ֣י בֶן־הִנֹּ֗ם…עֵֽמֶק־רְפָאִ֖ים 1 the Valley of Ben Hinnom…the Valley of Rephaim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 15 9 hb3j translate-names נֶפְתּ֔וֹחַ…הַר־עֶפְר֑וֹן…קִרְיַ֥ת יְעָרִֽים 1 Nephtoah…Mount Ephron…Baalah…Kiriath Jearim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 15 10 h92v translate-names מִ⁠בַּעֲלָ֥ה…הַ֣ר שֵׂעִ֔יר…הַר־יְעָרִ֛ים…כְסָל֑וֹן…בֵּֽית־שֶׁ֖מֶשׁ…תִּמְנָֽה 1 Baalah…Mount Seir…Mount Jearim…Kesalon…Beth Shemesh…Timnah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 15 11 n6qt translate-names שִׁכְּר֔וֹנָ⁠ה…הַר־הַֽ⁠בַּעֲלָ֖ה…יַבְנְאֵ֑ל 1 Shikkeron…Mount Baalah…Jabneel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 7 n7k5 translate-names דְּבִרָ⁠ה֮ מֵ⁠עֵ֣מֶק עָכוֹר֒…הַ⁠גִּלְגָּ֗ל…לְ⁠מַעֲלֵ֣ה אֲדֻמִּ֔ים…מֵי־עֵ֣ין שֶׁ֔מֶ…עֵ֥ין רֹגֵֽל 1 Debir … the Valley of Achor … the hill of Adummim … En Shemesh … En Rogel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 8 qa4u translate-names גֵּ֣י בֶן־הִנֹּ֗ם…עֵֽמֶק־רְפָאִ֖ים 1 the Valley of Ben Hinnom … the Valley of Rephaim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 9 hb3j translate-names נֶפְתּ֔וֹחַ…הַר־עֶפְר֑וֹן…קִרְיַ֥ת יְעָרִֽים 1 Nephtoah … Mount Ephron … Baalah … Kiriath Jearim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 10 h92v translate-names מִ⁠בַּעֲלָ֥ה…הַ֣ר שֵׂעִ֔יר…הַר־יְעָרִ֛ים…כְסָל֑וֹן…בֵּֽית־שֶׁ֖מֶשׁ…תִּמְנָֽה 1 Baalah … Mount Seir … Mount Jearim … Kesalon … Beth Shemesh … Timnah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 11 n6qt translate-names שִׁכְּר֔וֹנָ⁠ה…הַר־הַֽ⁠בַּעֲלָ֖ה…יַבְנְאֵ֑ל 1 Shikkeron … Mount Baalah … Jabneel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 13 gx9f translate-names אֶת־קִרְיַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֛ע 1 Kiriath Arba These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 15 13 v154 translate-names אַרְבַּ֛ע…הָ⁠עֲנָ֖ק 1 Arba…Anak These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 13 v154 translate-names אַרְבַּ֛ע…הָ⁠עֲנָ֖ק 1 Arba … Anak These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 14 jp1i figs-explicit אֶת־שְׁלוֹשָׁ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י הָ⁠עֲנָ֑ק אֶת־שֵׁשַׁ֤י וְ⁠אֶת־אֲחִימַן֙ וְ⁠אֶת־תַּלְמַ֔י יְלִידֵ֖י הָ⁠עֲנָֽק 1 the three sons of Anak: Sheshai, Ahiman and Talmai, descendants of Anak These names represent clans of people who were descendants of Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai. The words “sons” and “descendants” in this context mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the three clans, Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai, who were descendants of Anak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOS 15 14 q23k translate-names הָ⁠עֲנָ֑ק אֶת־שֵׁשַׁ֤י וְ⁠אֶת־אֲחִימַן֙ וְ⁠אֶת־תַּלְמַ֔י 1 Anak…Sheshai…Ahiman…Talmai These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 14 q23k translate-names הָ⁠עֲנָ֑ק אֶת־שֵׁשַׁ֤י וְ⁠אֶת־אֲחִימַן֙ וְ⁠אֶת־תַּלְמַ֔י 1 Anak … Sheshai … Ahiman … Talmai These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 15 n52j וַ⁠יַּ֣עַל מִ⁠שָּׁ֔ם אֶל 1 He went up from there against “He went up from there to fight against” -JOS 15 15 k99v translate-names דְּבִ֥ר…קִרְיַת־סֵֽפֶר 1 Debir…Kiriath Sepher These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 15 k99v translate-names דְּבִ֥ר…קִרְיַת־סֵֽפֶר 1 Debir … Kiriath Sepher These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 16 hs9c translate-names אֶת־קִרְיַת־סֵ֖פֶר 1 Kiriath Sepher This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 16 z82q translate-names אֶת־עַכְסָ֥ה 1 Aksah This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 15 17 kvc1 translate-names עָתְנִיאֵ֥ל…קְנַ֖ז 1 Othniel…Kenaz These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 15 17 kvc1 translate-names עָתְנִיאֵ֥ל…קְנַ֖ז 1 Othniel … Kenaz These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 18 d6qf figs-idiom בְּ⁠בוֹאָ֗⁠הּ 1 Aksah came to Othniel This is an idiom that refers to Aksah becoming Othniel’s wife. Alternate translation: “when Aksah became Othniel’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 15 18 ia6d figs-quotations וַ⁠תְּסִיתֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ לִ⁠שְׁא֤וֹל מֵֽ⁠אֵת־אָבִ֨י⁠הָ֙ שָׂדֶ֔ה 1 she urged him to ask her father for a field. This can be translated as direct speech. Alternate translation: “she urged him, ‘Ask my father to give me a field.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) JOS 15 19 nun3 אֵ֚ת גֻּלֹּ֣ת עִלִּיּ֔וֹת וְ⁠אֵ֖ת גֻּלֹּ֥ת תַּחְתִּיּֽוֹת 1 the upper springs and lower springs The words “upper” and “lower” likely refer to the geographical altitude of the water springs. @@ -550,17 +550,17 @@ JOS 15 48 m88k translate-names 1 General Information: The writer lists cities o JOS 15 63 j68z עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 to this day This refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book. JOS 16 intro bpv3 0 # Joshua 16 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Drive them out
The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Ephraim, one of Joseph’s sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOS 16 1 b1k9 figs-explicit לִ⁠בְנֵ֤י יוֹסֵף֙ 1 the tribe of Joseph The “tribe of Joseph” consisted of the tribes of Joseph’s two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. Since half of the tribe of Manasseh had settled east of the Jordan, this phrase refers to the tribe of Ephraim and the other half of the tribe of Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Ephraim and the other half of the tribe of Manasseh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOS 16 2 g9td translate-names ל֑וּזָ⁠ה…עֲטָרֽוֹת 1 Luz…Ataroth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 16 2 g9td translate-names ל֑וּזָ⁠ה…עֲטָרֽוֹת 1 Luz … Ataroth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 16 2 zs9f translate-names הָ⁠אַרְכִּ֖י 1 Arkites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 16 3 w8gi translate-names הַ⁠יַּפְלֵטִ֗י 1 Japhletites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 16 3 id59 translate-names בֵּית־חוֹרֹ֛ן תַּחְתּ֖וֹן…גָּ֑זֶר 1 Lower Beth Horon…Gezer These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 16 3 id59 translate-names בֵּית־חוֹרֹ֛ן תַּחְתּ֖וֹן…גָּ֑זֶר 1 Lower Beth Horon … Gezer These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 16 4 u6fy בְנֵי־יוֹסֵ֖ף מְנַשֶּׁ֥ה וְ⁠אֶפְרָֽיִם 1 the tribes of Joseph, Manasseh and Ephraim “the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim, the sons of Joseph” JOS 16 4 r4qw figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּנְחֲל֥וּ 1 received their inheritance The land that the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “received this land as their inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 16 5 f2i9 figs-activepassive גְּב֥וּל בְּנֵֽי־אֶפְרַ֖יִם לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 The territory of the tribe of Ephraim, clan by clan This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The territory…that Joshua assigned to their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 16 5 m6lu translate-names עַטְר֣וֹת אַדָּ֔ר…בֵּ֥ית חוֹרֹ֖ן עֶלְיֽוֹן 1 Ataroth Addar…Upper Beth Horon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 16 6 vg46 translate-names הַֽ⁠מִּכְמְתָת֙…תַּאֲנַ֣ת שִׁלֹ֑ה…יָנֽוֹחָ⁠ה 1 Mikmethath…Taanath Shiloh…Janoah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 16 7 uyw7 translate-names מִ⁠יָּנ֖וֹחָ⁠ה עֲטָר֣וֹת וְ⁠נַעֲרָ֑תָ⁠ה 1 Janoah…Naarah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 16 8 at1t translate-names מִ⁠תַּפּ֜וּחַ…קָנָ֔ה 1 Tappuah…Kanah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 16 5 f2i9 figs-activepassive גְּב֥וּל בְּנֵֽי־אֶפְרַ֖יִם לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 The territory of the tribe of Ephraim, clan by clan This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The territory … that Joshua assigned to their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JOS 16 5 m6lu translate-names עַטְר֣וֹת אַדָּ֔ר…בֵּ֥ית חוֹרֹ֖ן עֶלְיֽוֹן 1 Ataroth Addar … Upper Beth Horon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 16 6 vg46 translate-names הַֽ⁠מִּכְמְתָת֙…תַּאֲנַ֣ת שִׁלֹ֑ה…יָנֽוֹחָ⁠ה 1 Mikmethath … Taanath Shiloh … Janoah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 16 7 uyw7 translate-names מִ⁠יָּנ֖וֹחָ⁠ה עֲטָר֣וֹת וְ⁠נַעֲרָ֑תָ⁠ה 1 Janoah … Naarah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 16 8 at1t translate-names מִ⁠תַּפּ֜וּחַ…קָנָ֔ה 1 Tappuah … Kanah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 16 8 mb6i figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־אֶפְרַ֖יִם לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 This was the inheritance of the tribe of Ephraim The land that Ephraim possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land that the tribe of Ephraim received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 16 8 ke41 figs-activepassive לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 clan by clan This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which Joshua assigned to their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 16 9 y6xs figs-activepassive וְ⁠הֶ⁠עָרִ֗ים הַ⁠מִּבְדָּלוֹת֙ 1 the cities that were chosen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the cities that Joshua had chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -571,8 +571,8 @@ JOS 17 intro m3nk 0 # Joshua 17 General Notes
## Special concepts in this JOS 17 1 j2sj translate-names לְ⁠מָכִיר֩ 1 Makir These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 17 1 zuz5 figs-activepassive וַֽ⁠יְהִי־ל֖⁠וֹ הַ⁠גִּלְעָ֥ד וְ⁠הַ⁠בָּשָֽׁן 1 Makir’s descendants were assigned the land of Gilead and Bashan This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned the land of Gilead and Bashan to Makir’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 17 2 al47 translate-names אֲבִיעֶ֜זֶר…חֵ֗לֶק…אַשְׂרִיאֵל֙…שֶׁ֔כֶם…חֵ֖פֶר…שְׁמִידָ֑ע 1 Abiezer, Helek, Asriel, Shechem, Hepher, and Shemida These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 17 2 us2l figs-activepassive וַ֠⁠יְהִי 1 Land was assigned…given to their clans This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned land…and gave them to their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 17 3 u2e9 translate-names וְ⁠לִ⁠צְלָפְחָד֩…חֵ֨פֶ 1 Zelophehad…Hepher These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 17 2 us2l figs-activepassive וַ֠⁠יְהִי 1 Land was assigned … given to their clans This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned land … and gave them to their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JOS 17 3 u2e9 translate-names וְ⁠לִ⁠צְלָפְחָד֩…חֵ֨פֶ 1 Zelophehad … Hepher These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 17 3 k5z5 translate-names מַחְלָ֣ה וְ⁠נֹעָ֔ה חָגְלָ֥ה מִלְכָּ֖ה וְ⁠תִרְצָֽה 1 Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milkah, and Tirzah These are women’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 17 4 x2q2 translate-names אֶלְעָזָ֨ר 1 Eleazar This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 17 4 q55m figs-metaphor לָֽ⁠תֶת־לָ֥⁠נוּ נַחֲלָ֖ה 1 to give to us an inheritance The land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the people received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “to give to us some land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -582,27 +582,27 @@ JOS 17 5 z7zr חַבְלֵֽי…עֲשָׂרָ֑ה 1 Ten parcels “Ten portio JOS 17 6 d9gb figs-metaphor נָחֲל֥וּ נַחֲלָ֖ה 1 received an inheritance The land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “received land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 17 6 qbx1 figs-activepassive הַ⁠גִּלְעָ֔ד הָיְתָ֥ה לִ⁠בְנֵֽי 1 The land of Gilead was assigned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned the land of Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 17 7 jln6 אֶל־הַ⁠יָּמִ֔ין 1 southward toward the south -JOS 17 7 dfe9 translate-names הַֽ⁠מִּכְמְתָ֔ת…תַּפּֽוּחַ 1 Mikmethath…Tappuah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 17 7 dfe9 translate-names הַֽ⁠מִּכְמְתָ֔ת…תַּפּֽוּחַ 1 Mikmethath … Tappuah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 17 9 k7gp הַ⁠גְּבוּל֩ 1 The border “The border of Manasseh’s land” JOS 17 9 l2af נַ֨חַל 1 brook a very small river JOS 17 9 qvi8 translate-names קָנָ֜ה 1 Kanah name of a brook (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 17 10 mi9b figs-activepassive וּ⁠בְ⁠אָשֵׁר֙ יִפְגְּע֣וּ⁠ן מִ⁠צָּפ֔וֹן 1 On the north side Asher can be reached Possible meanings are 1) that the border of Manasseh’s land on the north side touched the land that belonged to the tribe of Asher or 2) that one can travel north to reach Asher. Alternate translation: “Asher was on the north side” or “One can travel north to reach Asher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 17 10 fj36 figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בְ⁠יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר מִ⁠מִּזְרָֽח 1 to the east, Issachar The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “to the east, one can reach Issachar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JOS 17 11 s1sn translate-names בֵּית־שְׁאָ֣ן…וְ⁠יִבְלְעָ֨ם…דֹ֣אר…עֵֽין־דֹּר֙…תַעְנַךְ֙…מְגִדּ֖וֹ…הַ⁠נָּֽפֶת 1 Beth Shan…Ibleam…Dor…Endor…Taanach…Megiddo…Napheth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 17 11 s1sn translate-names בֵּית־שְׁאָ֣ן…וְ⁠יִבְלְעָ֨ם…דֹ֣אר…עֵֽין־דֹּר֙…תַעְנַךְ֙…מְגִדּ֖וֹ…הַ⁠נָּֽפֶת 1 Beth Shan … Ibleam … Dor … Endor … Taanach … Megiddo … Napheth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 17 14 b4j6 figs-explicit בְּנֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 the descendants of Joseph This refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOS 17 14 sk37 figs-rquestion מַדּוּעַ֩ נָתַ֨תָּה לִּ֜⁠י נַחֲלָ֗ה גּוֹרָ֤ל אֶחָד֙ וְ⁠חֶ֣בֶל אֶחָ֔ד וַֽ⁠אֲנִ֣י עַם־רָ֔ב עַ֥ד אֲשֶׁר־עַד־כֹּ֖ה בֵּֽרְכַ֥⁠נִי יְהוָֽה 1 Why have you given us only one…Yahweh has blessed us? The people of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh ask this question to emphasize that Joshua should have assigned to them more land. Alternate translation: “You should have given us more than one…Yahweh has blessed us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOS 17 14 sk37 figs-rquestion מַדּוּעַ֩ נָתַ֨תָּה לִּ֜⁠י נַחֲלָ֗ה גּוֹרָ֤ל אֶחָד֙ וְ⁠חֶ֣בֶל אֶחָ֔ד וַֽ⁠אֲנִ֣י עַם־רָ֔ב עַ֥ד אֲשֶׁר־עַד־כֹּ֖ה בֵּֽרְכַ֥⁠נִי יְהוָֽה 1 Why have you given us only one … Yahweh has blessed us? The people of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh ask this question to emphasize that Joshua should have assigned to them more land. Alternate translation: “You should have given us more than one … Yahweh has blessed us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOS 17 14 ju22 figs-doublet גּוֹרָ֤ל אֶחָד֙ וְ⁠חֶ֣בֶל אֶחָ֔ד 1 one assignment of land and one portion for an inheritance These two phrases mean basically the same thing. In the second, the land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the people received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “one assignment of land as our inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 17 14 dg92 וְ⁠חֶ֣בֶל 1 portion part JOS 17 14 p7z5 עַם־רָ֔ב עַ֥ד 1 people great in number “many people” JOS 17 15 d24l אִם־עַם־רַ֤ב אַתָּה֙ 1 If you are a people great in number “Since you are a people great in number” JOS 17 15 psc4 translate-names וְ⁠הָֽ⁠רְפָאִ֑ים 1 Rephaim This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 17 16 g788 translate-names בְּ⁠בֵית־שְׁאָן֙…יִזְרְעֶֽאל 1 Beth Shan…Jezreel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 17 16 g788 translate-names בְּ⁠בֵית־שְׁאָן֙…יִזְרְעֶֽאל 1 Beth Shan … Jezreel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 17 17 wa3y figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 the house of Joseph Here the word “house” refers to the descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 17 18 w4m4 וּ⁠בֵ֣רֵאת֔⁠וֹ 1 you will clear it “you will clear the forest of trees” or “you will cut down its trees” JOS 18 intro j38i 0 # Joshua 18 General Notes
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOS 18 1 fkg2 figs-events וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ נִכְבְּשָׁ֖ה לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 and they conquered the land They had conquered the people who lived in the land before they set up the tent of meeting. Alternate translation: “after they had conquered the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) JOS 18 2 ynk6 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־חָלְק֖וּ אֶת־נַֽחֲלָתָ֑⁠ם 1 whose inheritance had not been assigned The land that the tribes would receive is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to whom Joshua had not assigned land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 18 3 bia9 figs-rquestion עַד־אָ֨נָה֙ אַתֶּ֣ם מִתְרַפִּ֔ים לָ⁠בוֹא֙ לָ⁠רֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ נָתַ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֔ם יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 How long will you put off…has given you? Joshua asks this question in order to encourage the Israelites to take possession of the land. Alternate translation: “For long enough, you have put off…has given you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOS 18 3 bia9 figs-rquestion עַד־אָ֨נָה֙ אַתֶּ֣ם מִתְרַפִּ֔ים לָ⁠בוֹא֙ לָ⁠רֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ נָתַ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֔ם יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 How long will you put off … has given you? Joshua asks this question in order to encourage the Israelites to take possession of the land. Alternate translation: “For long enough, you have put off … has given you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOS 18 4 p7hg figs-idiom וְ⁠יִֽתְהַלְּכ֥וּ בָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ 1 the land up and down The words “up and down” mean in every direction. Alternate translation: “the land in every direction” or “throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 18 4 zry7 וְ⁠יִכְתְּב֥וּ אוֹתָ֛⁠הּ לְ⁠פִ֥י נַֽחֲלָתָ֖⁠ם 1 write out a description of it with a view to their inheritances This means that they will describe the portions of land that each tribe would like to receive for an inheritance. JOS 18 4 lh9w figs-metaphor נַֽחֲלָתָ֖⁠ם 1 their inheritances The land that they are to survey is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that each of the tribes would receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -621,12 +621,12 @@ JOS 18 10 pz3n figs-activepassive כְּ⁠מַחְלְקֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 to each JOS 18 11 hd7v בֵּ֚ין בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וּ⁠בֵ֖ין בְּנֵ֥י יוֹסֵֽף 1 between the descendants of Judah and the descendants of Joseph “between the land that belonged to the descendants of Judah and the land that belonged to the descendants of Joseph” JOS 18 11 ib4f figs-explicit בְּנֵ֥י יוֹסֵֽף 1 the descendants of Joseph This refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOS 18 12 ij99 translate-names בֵּ֥ית אָֽוֶן 1 Beth Aven This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 18 13 hx15 translate-names ל֨וּזָ⁠ה֙…בֵּֽית־אֵ֑ל…עַטְר֣וֹת אַדָּ֔ר…לְ⁠בֵית־חֹר֖וֹן 1 Luz…Ataroth Addar…Beth Horon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 18 13 hx15 translate-names ל֨וּזָ⁠ה֙…בֵּֽית־אֵ֑ל…עַטְר֣וֹת אַדָּ֔ר…לְ⁠בֵית־חֹר֖וֹן 1 Luz … Ataroth Addar … Beth Horon These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 18 14 h4e6 הַ⁠גְּבוּל֩ 1 The boundary This refers to the same thing as “the border” in verse 13. -JOS 18 14 eq7x translate-names קִרְיַת־בַּ֨עַל֙…קִרְיַ֣ת יְעָרִ֔ים 1 Kiriath Baal…Kiriath Jearim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 18 15 ulq2 translate-names קִרְיַ֣ת יְעָרִ֑ים…נֶפְתּֽוֹחַ 1 Kiriath Jearim…Ephron…Nephtoah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 18 16 br6t translate-names בֶן־הִנֹּ֔ם…רְפָאִ֖ים…הִנֹּ֜ם…עֵ֥ין רֹגֵֽל 1 Ben Hinnom…Rephaim…Hinnom…En Rogel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 18 17 d8dt translate-names עֵ֣ין שֶׁ֔מֶשׁ…גְּלִיל֔וֹת…אֲדֻמִּ֑ים 1 En Shemesh…Geliloth…Adummim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 18 14 eq7x translate-names קִרְיַת־בַּ֨עַל֙…קִרְיַ֣ת יְעָרִ֔ים 1 Kiriath Baal … Kiriath Jearim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 18 15 ulq2 translate-names קִרְיַ֣ת יְעָרִ֑ים…נֶפְתּֽוֹחַ 1 Kiriath Jearim … Ephron … Nephtoah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 18 16 br6t translate-names בֶן־הִנֹּ֔ם…רְפָאִ֖ים…הִנֹּ֜ם…עֵ֥ין רֹגֵֽל 1 Ben Hinnom … Rephaim … Hinnom … En Rogel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 18 17 d8dt translate-names עֵ֣ין שֶׁ֔מֶשׁ…גְּלִיל֔וֹת…אֲדֻמִּ֑ים 1 En Shemesh … Geliloth … Adummim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 18 17 z2mh translate-names אֶ֥בֶן בֹּ֖הַן 1 the Stone of Bohan This was likely a large stone that someone set up as a landmark and named after the man, Bohan. See how you translated this in [Joshua 15:6](../15/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 18 18 g6td figs-metaphor כֶּ֥תֶף מוּל־הָֽ⁠עֲרָבָ֖ה 1 the shoulder of Beth Arabah Land that is in the form of a slope or ridge is spoken of as if it were a shoulder. Alternate translation: “the slope of Beth Arabah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 18 18 b98y translate-names מוּל־הָֽ⁠עֲרָבָ֖ה 1 Beth Arabah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -654,41 +654,41 @@ JOS 19 9 p2ji בְּ⁠ת֥וֹךְ נַחֲלָתָֽ⁠ם 1 the middle of the JOS 19 10 f5gu וַ⁠יַּ֨עַל֙ הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֣ל הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֔י 1 The third casting of lots See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md). JOS 19 10 s2j1 translate-ordinal הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֔י 1 The third number three in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JOS 19 10 vde5 translate-names שָׂרִֽיד 1 Sarid This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 11 v9gp translate-names וּ⁠מַרְעֲלָ֖ה…בְּ⁠דַבָּ֑שֶׁת…יָקְנְעָֽם 1 Maralah…Dabbesheth…Jokneam These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 11 v9gp translate-names וּ⁠מַרְעֲלָ֖ה…בְּ⁠דַבָּ֑שֶׁת…יָקְנְעָֽם 1 Maralah … Dabbesheth … Jokneam These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 11 gx7v עַל־פְּנֵ֥י יָקְנְעָֽם 1 opposite Jokneam “across from Jokneam” -JOS 19 12 n9dc translate-names מִ⁠שָּׂרִ֗יד…כִּסְלֹ֖ת תָּבֹ֑ר…הַ⁠דָּֽבְרַ֖ת…יָפִֽיעַ 1 Sarid…Kisloth Tabor…Daberath…Japhia These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 13 dqd5 translate-names גִּתָּ֥⁠ה חֵ֖פֶר עִתָּ֣ה קָצִ֑ין…רִמּ֥וֹן…הַ⁠נֵּעָֽה 1 Gath Hepher…Eth Kazin…Rimmon…Neah These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 14 ja4s translate-names חַנָּתֹ֑ן…יִפְתַּח־אֵֽל 1 Hannathon…Iphtah El These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 15 xk4u translate-names וְ⁠קַטָּ֤ת וְ⁠נַֽהֲלָל֙ וְ⁠שִׁמְר֔וֹן וְ⁠יִדְאֲלָ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ית לָ֑חֶם 1 Kattath…Nahalal…Shimron…Idalah…Bethlehem These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 12 n9dc translate-names מִ⁠שָּׂרִ֗יד…כִּסְלֹ֖ת תָּבֹ֑ר…הַ⁠דָּֽבְרַ֖ת…יָפִֽיעַ 1 Sarid … Kisloth Tabor … Daberath … Japhia These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 13 dqd5 translate-names גִּתָּ֥⁠ה חֵ֖פֶר עִתָּ֣ה קָצִ֑ין…רִמּ֥וֹן…הַ⁠נֵּעָֽה 1 Gath Hepher … Eth Kazin … Rimmon … Neah These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 14 ja4s translate-names חַנָּתֹ֑ן…יִפְתַּח־אֵֽל 1 Hannathon … Iphtah El These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 15 xk4u translate-names וְ⁠קַטָּ֤ת וְ⁠נַֽהֲלָל֙ וְ⁠שִׁמְר֔וֹן וְ⁠יִדְאֲלָ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ית לָ֑חֶם 1 Kattath … Nahalal … Shimron … Idalah … Bethlehem These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 15 yn5n translate-names וּ⁠בֵ֣ית לָ֑חֶם 1 Bethlehem This is not the same “Bethlehem” that is south of Jerusalem in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 16 a4ee figs-metaphor זֹ֛את נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־זְבוּלֻ֖ן 1 This was the inheritance of the tribe of Zebulun The land and cities that the tribe of Zebulun received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Zebulun received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 19 17 fum5 יָצָ֖א הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֣ל הָֽ⁠רְבִיעִ֑י 1 The fourth casting of lots See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md). JOS 19 17 l33x translate-ordinal הָֽ⁠רְבִיעִ֑י 1 The fourth number four in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JOS 19 18 qmg4 translate-names וְ⁠הַ⁠כְּסוּלֹ֖ת וְ⁠שׁוּנֵֽם 1 Chesulloth…Shunem These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 19 c3ti translate-names וַ⁠חֲפָרַ֥יִם וְ⁠שִׁיאֹ֖ן וַ⁠אֲנָחֲרַֽת 1 Hapharaim…Shion…Anaharath These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 20 mft4 translate-names וְ⁠הָֽ⁠רַבִּ֥ית וְ⁠קִשְׁי֖וֹן וָ⁠אָֽבֶץ 1 Rabbith…Kishion…Ebez These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 21 b1ex translate-names וְ⁠רֶ֧מֶת וְ⁠עֵין־גַּנִּ֛ים וְ⁠עֵ֥ין חַדָּ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֥ית פַּצֵּֽץ 1 Remeth…En Gannim…En Haddah…Beth Pazzez These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 18 qmg4 translate-names וְ⁠הַ⁠כְּסוּלֹ֖ת וְ⁠שׁוּנֵֽם 1 Chesulloth … Shunem These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 19 c3ti translate-names וַ⁠חֲפָרַ֥יִם וְ⁠שִׁיאֹ֖ן וַ⁠אֲנָחֲרַֽת 1 Hapharaim … Shion … Anaharath These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 20 mft4 translate-names וְ⁠הָֽ⁠רַבִּ֥ית וְ⁠קִשְׁי֖וֹן וָ⁠אָֽבֶץ 1 Rabbith … Kishion … Ebez These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 21 b1ex translate-names וְ⁠רֶ֧מֶת וְ⁠עֵין־גַּנִּ֛ים וְ⁠עֵ֥ין חַדָּ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֥ית פַּצֵּֽץ 1 Remeth … En Gannim … En Haddah … Beth Pazzez These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 22 hs7i translate-names בְּ⁠תָב֤וֹר 1 Tabor This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 22 ht1e translate-names ו⁠שחצומ⁠ה 1 Shahazumah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 23 yll2 figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר 1 This was the inheritance of the tribe of Issachar The land and cities that the tribe of Issachar received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Issachar received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 19 24 lhr4 וַ⁠יֵּצֵא֙ הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֣ל הַֽ⁠חֲמִישִׁ֔י 1 The fifth casting of lots See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md). JOS 19 24 xa5a translate-ordinal הַֽ⁠חֲמִישִׁ֔י 1 The fifth number five in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JOS 19 25 prg9 translate-names חֶלְקַ֥ת וַ⁠חֲלִ֖י וָ⁠בֶ֥טֶן וְ⁠אַכְשָֽׁף 1 Helkath, Hali, Beten, Akshaph These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 26 v6t4 translate-names וְ⁠אַֽלַמֶּ֥לֶךְ וְ⁠עַמְעָ֖ד וּ⁠מִשְׁאָ֑ל…וּ⁠בְ⁠שִׁיח֖וֹר לִבְנָֽת 1 Allammelek, Amad, and Mishall…Shihor Libnath These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 27 pbh2 translate-names בֵּ֣ית דָּגֹן֒…וּ⁠בְ⁠גֵ֨י יִפְתַּח־אֵ֥ל…בֵּ֥ית הָעֵ֖מֶק וּ⁠נְעִיאֵ֑ל…כָּב֖וּל 1 Beth Dagon…Valley of Iphtah El…Beth Emek…Neiel…Kabul These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 28 ht1l translate-names וְ⁠עֶבְרֹ֥ן וּ⁠רְחֹ֖ב וְ⁠חַמּ֣וֹן וְ⁠קָנָ֑ה 1 Abdon…Rehob…Hammon…Kanah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 29 q8wz translate-names חֹסָ֔ה…אַכְזִֽיבָ⁠ה 1 Hosah…Akzib These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 30 y1g5 translate-names וְ⁠עֻמָ֥ה וַ⁠אֲפֵ֖ק וּ⁠רְחֹ֑ב 1 Ummah…Aphek…Rehob These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 26 v6t4 translate-names וְ⁠אַֽלַמֶּ֥לֶךְ וְ⁠עַמְעָ֖ד וּ⁠מִשְׁאָ֑ל…וּ⁠בְ⁠שִׁיח֖וֹר לִבְנָֽת 1 Allammelek, Amad, and Mishall … Shihor Libnath These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 27 pbh2 translate-names בֵּ֣ית דָּגֹן֒…וּ⁠בְ⁠גֵ֨י יִפְתַּח־אֵ֥ל…בֵּ֥ית הָעֵ֖מֶק וּ⁠נְעִיאֵ֑ל…כָּב֖וּל 1 Beth Dagon … Valley of Iphtah El … Beth Emek … Neiel … Kabul These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 28 ht1l translate-names וְ⁠עֶבְרֹ֥ן וּ⁠רְחֹ֖ב וְ⁠חַמּ֣וֹן וְ⁠קָנָ֑ה 1 Abdon … Rehob … Hammon … Kanah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 29 q8wz translate-names חֹסָ֔ה…אַכְזִֽיבָ⁠ה 1 Hosah … Akzib These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 30 y1g5 translate-names וְ⁠עֻמָ֥ה וַ⁠אֲפֵ֖ק וּ⁠רְחֹ֑ב 1 Ummah … Aphek … Rehob These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 31 x4aq figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־אָשֵׁ֖ר 1 This was the inheritance of the tribe of Asher The land and cities that the tribe of Asher received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Asher received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 19 32 jy7g יָצָ֖א הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֣ל הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֑י 1 The sixth casting of lots See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md). JOS 19 32 jjm6 translate-ordinal הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֑י 1 The sixth number six in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JOS 19 33 syr4 translate-names מֵ⁠חֵ֨לֶף…בְּ⁠צַעֲנַנִּ֗ים וַ⁠אֲדָמִ֥י הַנֶּ֛קֶב וְ⁠יַבְנְאֵ֖ל…לַקּ֑וּם 1 Heleph…Zaanannim…Adami Nekeb…Jabneel…Lakkum These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 34 lu5s translate-names אַזְנ֣וֹת תָּב֔וֹר…חוּקֹ֑קָ⁠ה 1 Aznoth Tabor…Hukkok These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 35 h8p6 translate-names הַ⁠צִּדִּ֣ים צֵ֔ר וְ⁠חַמַּ֖ת רַקַּ֥ת וְ⁠כִנָּֽרֶת 1 Ziddim…Zer…Hammath…Rakkath…Kinnereth These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 33 syr4 translate-names מֵ⁠חֵ֨לֶף…בְּ⁠צַעֲנַנִּ֗ים וַ⁠אֲדָמִ֥י הַנֶּ֛קֶב וְ⁠יַבְנְאֵ֖ל…לַקּ֑וּם 1 Heleph … Zaanannim … Adami Nekeb … Jabneel … Lakkum These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 34 lu5s translate-names אַזְנ֣וֹת תָּב֔וֹר…חוּקֹ֑קָ⁠ה 1 Aznoth Tabor … Hukkok These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 35 h8p6 translate-names הַ⁠צִּדִּ֣ים צֵ֔ר וְ⁠חַמַּ֖ת רַקַּ֥ת וְ⁠כִנָּֽרֶת 1 Ziddim … Zer … Hammath … Rakkath … Kinnereth These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 35 lq51 וְ⁠חַמַּ֖ת 1 Hammath This is not the same location as “Hamath,” but is located on the west shore of the Sea of Galilee. -JOS 19 36 e379 translate-names וַ⁠אֲדָמָ֥ה וְ⁠הָ⁠רָמָ֖ה וְ⁠חָצֽוֹר 1 Adamah…Ramah…Hazor These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 37 vez5 translate-names וְ⁠קֶ֥דֶשׁ וְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֖עִי וְ⁠עֵ֥ין חָצֽוֹר 1 Kedesh…Edrei…En Hazor These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 38 jp9v translate-names וְ⁠יִרְאוֹן֙ וּ⁠מִגְדַּל־אֵ֔ל חֳרֵ֥ם וּ⁠בֵית־עֲנָ֖ת וּ⁠בֵ֣ית שָׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 Yiron…Migdal El…Horem…Beth Anath These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 36 e379 translate-names וַ⁠אֲדָמָ֥ה וְ⁠הָ⁠רָמָ֖ה וְ⁠חָצֽוֹר 1 Adamah … Ramah … Hazor These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 37 vez5 translate-names וְ⁠קֶ֥דֶשׁ וְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֖עִי וְ⁠עֵ֥ין חָצֽוֹר 1 Kedesh … Edrei … En Hazor These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 38 jp9v translate-names וְ⁠יִרְאוֹן֙ וּ⁠מִגְדַּל־אֵ֔ל חֳרֵ֥ם וּ⁠בֵית־עֲנָ֖ת וּ⁠בֵ֣ית שָׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 Yiron … Migdal El … Horem … Beth Anath These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 39 s9en figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־נַפְתָּלִ֖י 1 This was the inheritance of the tribe of Naphtali The land and cities that the tribe of Naphtali received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Naphtali received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 19 40 q3a2 יָצָ֖א הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֥ל הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִֽי 1 The seventh casting of lots See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md). JOS 19 40 b1tt translate-ordinal הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִֽי 1 The seventh number seven in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) @@ -698,13 +698,13 @@ JOS 19 42 q637 translate-names וְ⁠שַֽׁעֲלַבִּ֥ין וְ⁠אַי JOS 19 43 sht1 translate-names וְ⁠אֵיל֥וֹן וְ⁠תִמְנָ֖תָ⁠ה וְ⁠עֶקְרֽוֹן 1 Elon, Timnah, Ekron These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 44 gca7 translate-names וְ⁠אֶלְתְּקֵ֥ה וְ⁠גִבְּת֖וֹן וּ⁠בַעֲלָֽת 1 Eltekeh, Gibbethon, Baalath These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 45 yan4 translate-names וִ⁠יהֻ֥ד וּ⁠בְנֵֽי־בְרַ֖ק וְ⁠גַת־רִמּֽוֹן 1 Jehud, Bene Berak, Gath Rimmon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 46 ddh6 translate-names וּ⁠מֵ֥י הַיַּרְק֖וֹן וְ⁠הָֽ⁠רַקּ֑וֹן 1 Me Jarkon…Rakkon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 19 46 ddh6 translate-names וּ⁠מֵ֥י הַיַּרְק֖וֹן וְ⁠הָֽ⁠רַקּ֑וֹן 1 Me Jarkon … Rakkon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 46 w42c מ֥וּל יָפֽוֹ 1 across from Joppa “opposite Joppa” or “beside Joppa” JOS 19 47 i8zh translate-names לֶ֜שֶׁם 1 Leshem This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 48 cx9h figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־דָ֖ן 1 This was the inheritance of the tribe of Dan The land and cities that the tribe of Dan received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Dan received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 19 49 jzi6 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֨וּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל נַחֲלָ֛ה לִ⁠יהוֹשֻׁ֥עַ בִּן־נ֖וּן בְּ⁠תוֹכָֽ⁠ם 1 gave an inheritance among themselves to Joshua son of Nun The city that Joshua received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “gave a city within their own land as an inheritance to Joshua son of Nun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 19 50 ac8r translate-names אֶת־תִּמְנַת־סֶ֖רַח 1 Timnath Serah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 19 51 cs47 figs-metaphor אֵ֣לֶּה הַ⁠נְּחָלֹ֡ת אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִחֲל֣וּ 1 These are the inheritances…assigned The land and cities that the various tribes received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “These are the portions of land and the cities…assigned as inheritances” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOS 19 51 cs47 figs-metaphor אֵ֣לֶּה הַ⁠נְּחָלֹ֡ת אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִחֲל֣וּ 1 These are the inheritances … assigned The land and cities that the various tribes received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “These are the portions of land and the cities … assigned as inheritances” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 20 intro vg5f 0 # Joshua 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Cities of Refuge

If a person was killed, it was the duty of his relatives to kill the killer. If the death was an accident, this would be unfair. Therefore, God told the Israelites to make cities of refuge for a person who killed someone accidentally. In the city where he sought refuge, his case would be solved legally: “Do this so that one who unintentionally kills a person can go there. These cities will be a place of refuge from anyone who seeks to avenge the blood of a person who was killed.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/refuge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
JOS 20 2 qhs6 figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 by the hand of Moses Here “hand of Moses” refers to the scriptures that Moses wrote down. Alternate translation: “through the things that Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 20 3 a1vg מַכֵּה־נֶ֥פֶשׁ בִּ⁠שְׁגָגָ֖ה 1 unintentionally kills This happens when a person accidentally kills another person, without intending to do so. @@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ JOS 20 8 cy8e לְ⁠יַרְדֵּ֤ן 1 the Jordan This is a short name for t JOS 20 9 b89x figs-idiom וְ⁠לֹ֣א יָמ֗וּת בְּ⁠יַד֙ גֹּאֵ֣ל הַ⁠דָּ֔ם 1 would not die by the hand of the one Here “by the hand” is an idiom that means to be the specific cause of something. Alternate translation: “would not be killed by the one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 20 9 j61z figs-metonymy גֹּאֵ֣ל הַ⁠דָּ֔ם 1 avenge the blood that was shed This can be stated in active form. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Joshua 20:3](../20/03.md). Alternate translation: “avenge a person’s death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 21 intro pp5c 0 # Joshua 21 General Notes
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Levi. Even though they did not receive a large piece of land like the other tribes, they did receive small pieces of land to live on and for their animals. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-JOS 21 1 js4y translate-names אֶלְעָזָר֙…נ֑וּן 1 Eleazar…Nun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 1 js4y translate-names אֶלְעָזָר֙…נ֑וּן 1 Eleazar … Nun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 2 wk1t וַ⁠יְדַבְּר֨וּ אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֜ם 1 They said to them “The Levites said to them” JOS 21 2 wk1m figs-idiom יְהוָה֙ צִוָּ֣ה בְ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 Yahweh commanded you by the hand of Moses The phrase “by the hand of” is an idiom that means that Yahweh used Moses to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told Moses to command you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 21 3 f9ei אֶת־הֶ⁠עָרִ֥ים 1 following cities This refers to the cities to be listed in the next verses. @@ -741,45 +741,45 @@ JOS 21 11 kwe7 מִגְרָשֶׁ֖⁠הָ 1 pasturelands An area covered with JOS 21 12 aj9s שְׂדֵ֥ה הָ⁠עִ֖יר 1 fields of the city Areas of open land, usually, planted with crops, belonging to and surrounding the city. JOS 21 12 uz84 חֲצֵרֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 villages Small communities, usually smaller than a town. JOS 21 13 p1nr translate-names לִבְנָ֖ה 1 Libnah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 14 q8gl translate-names יַתִּר֙…אֶשְׁתְּמֹ֖עַ 1 Jattir…Eshtemoa These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 15 cb4t translate-names חֹלֹן֙…דְּבִ֖ר 1 Holon…Debir These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 16 bx8i translate-names עַ֣יִן…יֻטָּה֙ 1 Ain…Juttah These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 14 q8gl translate-names יַתִּר֙…אֶשְׁתְּמֹ֖עַ 1 Jattir … Eshtemoa These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 15 cb4t translate-names חֹלֹן֙…דְּבִ֖ר 1 Holon … Debir These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 16 bx8i translate-names עַ֣יִן…יֻטָּה֙ 1 Ain … Juttah These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 17 e8r4 figs-activepassive וּ⁠מִ⁠מַּטֵּ֣ה בִנְיָמִ֔ן 1 From the tribe of Benjamin were given Gibeon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Benjamin gave Gibeon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 21 17 fd6z translate-names אֶת־גֶּ֖בַע 1 Geba This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 18 sk7n translate-names אֶת־עֲנָתוֹת֙…עַלְמ֖וֹן 1 Anathoth…Almon These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 18 sk7n translate-names אֶת־עֲנָתוֹת֙…עַלְמ֖וֹן 1 Anathoth … Almon These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 19 ha9f translate-numbers שְׁלֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה עָרִ֖ים 1 thirteen cities “13 cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOS 21 20 lfp9 translate-names וּ⁠לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּח֤וֹת בְּנֵֽי־קְהָת֙ 1 the Kohathite clans The priests in this group were descendants of Levi’s son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohath’s grandson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 20 x8eu figs-activepassive וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ עָרֵ֣י גֽוֹרָלָ֔⁠ם 1 they had cities given to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they received cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 21 20 tg75 גֽוֹרָלָ֔⁠ם 1 casting of lots A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md). JOS 21 21 kz7k translate-names גֶּ֖זֶר 1 Gezer This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 22 tv2m translate-names קִבְצַ֨יִם֙…בֵּ֥ית חוֹרֹ֖ן 1 Kibzaim…Beth Horon names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 22 tv2m translate-names קִבְצַ֨יִם֙…בֵּ֥ית חוֹרֹ֖ן 1 Kibzaim … Beth Horon names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 22 r4hl translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע 1 four cities in all This refers to the list by the total number. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOS 21 23 dw9x figs-activepassive וּ⁠מִ⁠מַּ֨טֵּה־דָ֔ן 1 From the tribe of Dan, the clan of Kohath was given Eltekeh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Dan gave to the clan of Kohath Eltekeh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 21 23 r7qr translate-names אֶֽת־אֶלְתְּקֵ֖א…גִּבְּת֖וֹן 1 Eltekeh…Gibbethon These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 24 g45w translate-names אֶת־אַיָּלוֹן֙…אֶת־גַּת־רִמּ֖וֹן 1 Aijalon…Gath Rimmon These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 23 r7qr translate-names אֶֽת־אֶלְתְּקֵ֖א…גִּבְּת֖וֹן 1 Eltekeh … Gibbethon These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 24 g45w translate-names אֶת־אַיָּלוֹן֙…אֶת־גַּת־רִמּ֖וֹן 1 Aijalon … Gath Rimmon These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 24 g4ma translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע 1 four cities This refers to the number of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOS 21 25 e6cl figs-activepassive וּ⁠מִֽ⁠מַּחֲצִית֙ מַטֵּ֣ה מְנַשֶּׁ֔ה אֶת־תַּעְנַךְ֙ 1 From the half tribe of Manasseh, the clan of Kohath was given Taanach This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The half tribe of Manasseh gave to the clan of Kohath Taanach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 21 25 yn8h translate-names אֶת־תַּעְנַךְ֙…גַּת־רִמּ֖וֹן 1 Taanach…Gath Rimmon These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 25 yn8h translate-names אֶת־תַּעְנַךְ֙…גַּת־רִמּ֖וֹן 1 Taanach … Gath Rimmon These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 26 hn9j translate-names לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּח֥וֹת בְּנֵֽי־קְהָ֖ת 1 clans of the Kohathites The priests in this group were descendants of Levi’s son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohath’s grandson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 27 knk6 translate-names אֶת־גּוֹלָ֤ן…אֶֽת־בְּעֶשְׁתְּרָ֖ה 1 Golan…Be Eshterah names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 27 knk6 translate-names אֶת־גּוֹלָ֤ן…אֶֽת־בְּעֶשְׁתְּרָ֖ה 1 Golan … Be Eshterah names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 27 bmc9 הָ⁠רֹצֵ֔חַ 1 killed another unintentionally This refers to a death resulting from an action not intended to harm a person. JOS 21 27 a1zs translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים שְׁתָּֽיִם 1 two cities number of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JOS 21 28 r9hc translate-names אֶת־קִשְׁי֖וֹן…אֶת־דָּֽבְרַ֖ת 1 Kishion…Daberath names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 29 u8z9 translate-names אֶת־יַרְמוּת֙…עֵ֥ין גַּנִּ֖ים 1 Jarmuth…En Gannim names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 28 r9hc translate-names אֶת־קִשְׁי֖וֹן…אֶת־דָּֽבְרַ֖ת 1 Kishion … Daberath names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 29 u8z9 translate-names אֶת־יַרְמוּת֙…עֵ֥ין גַּנִּ֖ים 1 Jarmuth … En Gannim names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 30 rbf6 figs-activepassive וּ⁠מִ⁠מַּטֵּ֣ה אָשֵׁ֔ר אֶת־מִשְׁאָ֖ל 1 From the tribe of Asher, they gave Mishal This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They received from the tribe of Asher Mishal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 21 30 px1s translate-names אֶת־מִשְׁאָ֖ל…אֶת־עַבְדּ֖וֹ 1 Mishal…Abdon names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 31 ziw8 translate-names אֶת־חֶלְקָת֙…רְחֹ֖ב 1 Helkath…Rehob names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 32 h2j8 translate-names חַמֹּ֥ת דֹּאר֙…קַרְתָּ֖ן 1 Hammoth Dor…Kartan These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 30 px1s translate-names אֶת־מִשְׁאָ֖ל…אֶת־עַבְדּ֖וֹ 1 Mishal … Abdon names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 31 ziw8 translate-names אֶת־חֶלְקָת֙…רְחֹ֖ב 1 Helkath … Rehob names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 32 h2j8 translate-names חַמֹּ֥ת דֹּאר֙…קַרְתָּ֖ן 1 Hammoth Dor … Kartan These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 33 c7dt translate-numbers שְׁלֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה עִ֖יר 1 thirteen cities in all “13 cities in total” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOS 21 34 yuv3 figs-activepassive וּ⁠לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּח֣וֹת בְּנֵֽי־מְרָרִי֮ הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֣ם הַ⁠נּוֹתָרִים֒ מֵ⁠אֵת֙ מַטֵּ֣ה זְבוּלֻ֔ן אֶֽת־יָקְנְעָ֖ם 1 To the rest of the Levites—the clans of Merari—were given out of the tribe of Zebulun: Jokneam This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: The rest of the Levites—the clans of Merari—received from the tribe of Zebulun Jokneam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 21 34 ws8g translate-names מְרָרִי֮ 1 Merari This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 34 ng32 translate-names אֶֽת־יָקְנְעָ֖ם…אֶת־קַרְתָּ֖ה 1 Jokneam…Kartah These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 35 ek4f translate-names אֶת־דִּמְנָה֙…אֶֽת־נַהֲלָ֖ל 1 Dimnah…Nahalal names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 36 dh5c translate-names אֶת־בֶּ֖צֶר…וְ⁠אֶת־יַ֖הְצָ⁠ה 1 Bezer…Jahaz names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 34 ng32 translate-names אֶֽת־יָקְנְעָ֖ם…אֶת־קַרְתָּ֖ה 1 Jokneam … Kartah These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 35 ek4f translate-names אֶת־דִּמְנָה֙…אֶֽת־נַהֲלָ֖ל 1 Dimnah … Nahalal names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 36 dh5c translate-names אֶת־בֶּ֖צֶר…וְ⁠אֶת־יַ֖הְצָ⁠ה 1 Bezer … Jahaz names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 37 jbp6 translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע 1 four cities This refers to the total number of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JOS 21 37 e538 translate-names אֶת־קְדֵמוֹת֙…מֵיפָ֖עַת 1 Kedemoth…Mephaath names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 38 r7m5 translate-names אֶת־רָמֹ֥ת…מַחֲנַ֖יִם 1 Ramoth…Mahanaim These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JOS 21 39 a2l1 translate-names אֶת־חֶשְׁבּוֹן֙…אֶת־יַעְזֵ֖ר 1 Heshbon…Jazer These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 37 e538 translate-names אֶת־קְדֵמוֹת֙…מֵיפָ֖עַת 1 Kedemoth … Mephaath names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 38 r7m5 translate-names אֶת־רָמֹ֥ת…מַחֲנַ֖יִם 1 Ramoth … Mahanaim These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 21 39 a2l1 translate-names אֶת־חֶשְׁבּוֹן֙…אֶת־יַעְזֵ֖ר 1 Heshbon … Jazer These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 40 x17x translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים שְׁתֵּ֥ים עֶשְׂרֵֽה 1 twelve cities in all “12 cities in total” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOS 21 40 q83e figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְהִי֙ גּוֹרָלָ֔⁠ם עָרִ֖ים שְׁתֵּ֥ים עֶשְׂרֵֽה 1 twelve cities in all were given to them by the casting of lots This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they received these twelve cities by the casting of lots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 21 40 at28 גּוֹרָלָ֔⁠ם 1 casting of lots A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md). @@ -809,15 +809,15 @@ JOS 22 16 sy2y כֹּ֣ה אָמְר֞וּ כֹּ֣ל׀ עֲדַ֣ת יְהוָ JOS 22 17 lcv2 figs-rquestion הַ⁠מְעַט־לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן פְּע֔וֹר אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־הִטַּהַ֨רְנוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה 1 Was our sin at Peor not enough for us? This question emphasizes how serious their previous sin was. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We had already sinned terribly at Peor!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOS 22 17 b18v translate-names פְּע֔וֹר 1 Peor This is name of a place. Translate the same way as in [Joshua 13:20](../13/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 22 17 ie2t figs-litotes אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־הִטַּהַ֨רְנוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ 1 we have not even now cleansed ourselves from it This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we are still dealing with the guilt of that sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -JOS 22 20 kyw7 translate-names עָכָ֣ן…זֶ֗רַח 1 Achan…Zerah names of men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 22 20 kyw7 translate-names עָכָ֣ן…זֶ֗רַח 1 Achan … Zerah names of men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 22 20 v3qy figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֣וֹא׀ עָכָ֣ן בֶּן־זֶ֗רַח מָ֤עַל מַ֨עַל֙ בַּ⁠חֵ֔רֶם 1 Did not Achan son of Zerah break faith in the matter of those things that had been reserved for God? Did not wrath fall on all the people of Israel? These questions are used to remind the people of the punishment for past sins. These questions can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “Achan son of Zerah sinned by taking things that had been reserved for God. And because of that God punished all the people of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOS 22 22 x5pm figs-hypo אִם־בְּ⁠מֶ֤רֶד וְ⁠אִם־בְּ⁠מַ֨עַל֙ בַּֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה אַל־תּוֹשִׁיעֵ֖⁠נוּ הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 If it was in rebellion…on this day The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar in rebellion or breach of faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JOS 22 23 sku4 figs-hypo לִ⁠בְנ֥וֹת לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ מִזְבֵּ֔חַ לָ⁠שׁ֖וּב מֵ⁠אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וְ⁠אִם־לְ⁠הַעֲל֨וֹת עָלָ֜י⁠ו עוֹלָ֣ה וּ⁠מִנְחָ֗ה וְ⁠אִם־לַ⁠עֲשׂ֤וֹת עָלָי⁠ו֙ זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֔ים יְהוָ֖ה ה֥וּא יְבַקֵּֽשׁ 1 If we built…let Yahweh make us pay for it The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar to worship another god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JOS 22 22 x5pm figs-hypo אִם־בְּ⁠מֶ֤רֶד וְ⁠אִם־בְּ⁠מַ֨עַל֙ בַּֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה אַל־תּוֹשִׁיעֵ֖⁠נוּ הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 If it was in rebellion … on this day The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar in rebellion or breach of faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JOS 22 23 sku4 figs-hypo לִ⁠בְנ֥וֹת לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ מִזְבֵּ֔חַ לָ⁠שׁ֖וּב מֵ⁠אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וְ⁠אִם־לְ⁠הַעֲל֨וֹת עָלָ֜י⁠ו עוֹלָ֣ה וּ⁠מִנְחָ֗ה וְ⁠אִם־לַ⁠עֲשׂ֤וֹת עָלָי⁠ו֙ זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֔ים יְהוָ֖ה ה֥וּא יְבַקֵּֽשׁ 1 If we built … let Yahweh make us pay for it The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar to worship another god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOS 22 24 cei9 0 General Information: The tribes of Reuben, Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh now give their answer. -JOS 22 24 xpn5 figs-hypo יֹאמְר֨וּ בְנֵי⁠כֶ֤ם לְ⁠בָנֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר מַה־לָּ⁠כֶ֕ם וְ⁠לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 your children might say to our children…God of Israel? This is a hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JOS 22 24 xpn5 figs-hypo יֹאמְר֨וּ בְנֵי⁠כֶ֤ם לְ⁠בָנֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר מַה־לָּ⁠כֶ֕ם וְ⁠לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 your children might say to our children … God of Israel? This is a hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOS 22 24 qr6z figs-rquestion מַה־לָּ⁠כֶ֕ם וְ⁠לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 What have you to do with Yahweh, the God of Israel? The three tribes use this rhetorical question to emphasize the situation they are trying to avoid. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have nothing to do with Yahweh, the God of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOS 22 25 qfc4 0 General Information: The tribes of Reuben, Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh continue their answer. -JOS 22 25 w2sv figs-hypo וּ⁠גְב֣וּל נָֽתַן־יְ֠הוָה בֵּינֵ֨⁠נוּ וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֤ן וּ⁠בְנֵי־גָד֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן אֵין־לָ⁠כֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק בַּֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה 1 For Yahweh has made the Jordan…nothing to do with Yahweh This is the continuation of the hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JOS 22 25 w2sv figs-hypo וּ⁠גְב֣וּל נָֽתַן־יְ֠הוָה בֵּינֵ֨⁠נוּ וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֤ן וּ⁠בְנֵי־גָד֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן אֵין־לָ⁠כֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק בַּֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה 1 For Yahweh has made the Jordan … nothing to do with Yahweh This is the continuation of the hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOS 22 25 w3az אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן 1 the Jordan This is a short name for the Jordan River. JOS 22 25 iy97 figs-hypo  וְ⁠הִשְׁבִּ֤יתוּ בְנֵי⁠כֶם֙ אֶת־בָּנֵ֔י⁠נוּ לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י יְרֹ֥א אֶת־יְהוָֽה 1 So your children might make our children cease to worship Yahweh The three tribes built the altar to avoid this hypothetical situation from happening in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOS 22 26 ueg6 0 General Information: The tribes of Reuben, Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh now give their answer. @@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ JOS 22 27 m97u figs-metaphor עֵ֨ד ה֜וּא בֵּינֵ֣י⁠נוּ וּ JOS 22 27 gs6k figs-hypo וְ⁠לֹא־יֹאמְר֨וּ בְנֵי⁠כֶ֤ם מָחָר֙ לְ⁠בָנֵ֔י⁠נוּ אֵין־לָ⁠כֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק בַּ⁠יהוָֽה 1 so that your children will never say to our children in time to come, “You have no share in Yahweh.” This is the hypothetical situation that the three tribes did not want to happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOS 22 27 n3i9 אֵין־לָ⁠כֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק 1 no share “no portion” or “no inheritance” JOS 22 28 bf3h 0 General Information: The tribes of Reuben, Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh now finish their answer. -JOS 22 28 kuu5 figs-hypo וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כִּֽי־יֹאמְר֥וּ אֵלֵ֛י⁠נוּ וְ⁠אֶל־דֹּרֹתֵ֖י⁠נוּ מָחָ֑ר וְ⁠אָמַ֡רְנוּ רְא֣וּ אֶת־תַּבְנִית֩ מִזְבַּ֨ח יְהוָ֜ה אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂ֣וּ אֲבוֹתֵ֗י⁠נוּ לֹ֤א לְ⁠עוֹלָה֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א לְ⁠זֶ֔בַח כִּי־עֵ֣ד ה֔וּא בֵּינֵ֖י⁠נוּ וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 If this should be said…a witness between us and you.” The three tribes are describing their potential answer to an accusation that might or might not be made at a future time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JOS 22 28 kuu5 figs-hypo וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כִּֽי־יֹאמְר֥וּ אֵלֵ֛י⁠נוּ וְ⁠אֶל־דֹּרֹתֵ֖י⁠נוּ מָחָ֑ר וְ⁠אָמַ֡רְנוּ רְא֣וּ אֶת־תַּבְנִית֩ מִזְבַּ֨ח יְהוָ֜ה אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂ֣וּ אֲבוֹתֵ֗י⁠נוּ לֹ֤א לְ⁠עוֹלָה֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א לְ⁠זֶ֔בַח כִּי־עֵ֣ד ה֔וּא בֵּינֵ֖י⁠נוּ וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 If this should be said … a witness between us and you.” The three tribes are describing their potential answer to an accusation that might or might not be made at a future time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOS 22 29 b4w1 figs-idiom חָלִילָ⁠ה֩ לָּ֨⁠נוּ מִמֶּ֜⁠נּוּ לִ⁠מְרֹ֣ד 1 May it be far from us that we should rebel The unlikely chance that they would rebel is spoken of as if it is something that is a great distance away from them. Alternate translation: “We would certainly not rebel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 22 29 i8y4 figs-metaphor וְ⁠לָ⁠שׁ֤וּב הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ מֵ⁠אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה 1 turn away from following him To stop following Yahweh is spoken of as if they were turning away from him. Alternate translation: “stop following him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 22 30 ysf8 וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֞ע…אֶת־הַ֨⁠דְּבָרִ֔ים 1 heard the words “heard the message” @@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ JOS 24 1 e4nq figs-metaphor וַ⁠יֶּאֶסֹ֧ף יְהוֹשֻׁ֛עַ א JOS 24 1 c7pt וַ⁠יִּֽתְיַצְּב֖וּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י 1 presented themselves before “came and stood in front of” or “came before” JOS 24 2 tn5x מֵֽ⁠עוֹלָ֔ם 1 long ago “many years ago” JOS 24 2 y8s6 כֹּֽה־אָמַ֣ר 1 This is what Joshua begins to quote what Yahweh had said previously. The quotation continues until the end of verse 13. -JOS 24 2 uke1 translate-names תֶּ֛רַח…נָח֑וֹר 1 Terah…Nahor These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 24 2 uke1 translate-names תֶּ֛רַח…נָח֑וֹר 1 Terah … Nahor These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 24 3 h2vy 0 General Information: Joshua continues quoting what Yahweh said about his dealings with his people. JOS 24 4 z8e8 translate-names שֵׂעִיר֙ 1 Seir This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 24 4 azj7 יָרְד֥וּ 1 went down Egypt was lower in elevation that the land of Canaan. Alternate translation: “traveled” @@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ JOS 24 5 hrk4 0 General Information: Joshua continues quoting what Yahweh said JOS 24 5 shc6 figs-you הוֹצֵ֥אתִי אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם 1 brought you out The word “you” is plural and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JOS 24 6 uxu8 figs-you וָֽ⁠אוֹצִ֤יא אֶת־אֲבֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶם֙ 1 brought your ancestors out The word “your” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JOS 24 7 w52l 0 General Information: Joshua continues quoting what Yahweh said about his dealings with his people. -JOS 24 7 t8kg figs-you וַ⁠יִּצְעֲק֣וּ…בֵּינֵי⁠כֶ֣ם 1 your ancestors…you Yahweh continually alternates between these two phrases, which both refer to all the Israelites, past and present. The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JOS 24 7 t8kg figs-you וַ⁠יִּצְעֲק֣וּ…בֵּינֵי⁠כֶ֣ם 1 your ancestors … you Yahweh continually alternates between these two phrases, which both refer to all the Israelites, past and present. The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JOS 24 7 rv8q אֶת־הַ⁠יָּם֙ 1 the sea This refers to the Sea of Reeds. JOS 24 7 gqs1 בַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֖ר 1 in the wilderness an uninhabited area, a desert JOS 24 8 jpf2 0 General Information: Joshua continues quoting what Yahweh said about his dealings with his people. @@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ JOS 24 8 xwk4 figs-you אֶתְ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 you The word “you” is plural th JOS 24 8 ew9g הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן 1 the Jordan This is a short name for the Jordan River. JOS 24 8 wu3t figs-metonymy וָ⁠אֶתֵּ֨ן אוֹתָ֤⁠ם בְּ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶם֙ 1 gave them into your hand Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “enabled you to conquer them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 24 9 wi7h 0 General Information: Joshua continues quoting what Yahweh said about his dealings with his people. -JOS 24 9 eb7h translate-names בָּלָ֤ק…צִפּוֹר֙ 1 Balak…Zippor men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 24 9 eb7h translate-names בָּלָ֤ק…צִפּוֹר֙ 1 Balak … Zippor men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 24 9 l9gd figs-you אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם 1 you The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JOS 24 10 jr3f figs-metonymy וָ⁠אַצִּ֥ל אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם מִ⁠יָּדֽ 1 rescued you out of his hand Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “enabled you to overcome him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 24 11 wlg7 0 General Information: Joshua continues quoting what Yahweh said about his dealings with his people. @@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ JOS 24 12 d1wr אֶת־הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֔ה 1 the hornet A small fast flyi JOS 24 13 qv5z 0 General Information: Joshua finishes quoting what Yahweh said about his dealings with his people. JOS 24 15 gei6 figs-metaphor וְ⁠אִם֩ רַ֨ע בְּֽ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶ֜ם 1 If it seems wrong in your eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or desire. Alternate translation: “If you do not want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 24 15 bff7 figs-metonymy וּ⁠בֵיתִ֔⁠י 1 my house This represents his family that lives in his house. Alternate translation: “my family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOS 24 17 uf71 figs-pronouns אֹתָ֧⁠נוּ וְ⁠אֶת־אֲבוֹתֵ֛י⁠נוּ 1 us and our ancestors…we The people speak as if they were present with their ancestors, and interchange the words “us” and “we” with “our ancestors.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +JOS 24 17 uf71 figs-pronouns אֹתָ֧⁠נוּ וְ⁠אֶת־אֲבוֹתֵ֛י⁠נוּ 1 us and our ancestors … we The people speak as if they were present with their ancestors, and interchange the words “us” and “we” with “our ancestors.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) JOS 24 17 n1g2 figs-idiom מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֑ים 1 house of slavery Here “house” is an idiom that refers to the location of their slavery. Alternate translation: “place where we were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 24 17 v2lc הָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָבַ֖רְנוּ 1 nations through whom we passed “nations that we passed through” JOS 24 19 in4p הָ⁠עָ֗ם 1 people This refers to the Israelites. @@ -901,13 +901,13 @@ JOS 24 25 g8by figs-metaphor וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם ל֛⁠וֹ חֹ֥ק וּ JOS 24 26 n7ac בְּ⁠סֵ֖פֶר תּוֹרַ֣ת אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 the Book of the law of God This appears to be a continuation of the writings of Moses. JOS 24 26 ct9g וַ⁠יְקִימֶ֣⁠הָ שָּׁ֔ם 1 set it up there “placed it there” JOS 24 27 u7ad הָ⁠עָ֗ם 1 people This refers to the Israelites. -JOS 24 27 mkt9 figs-personification הָ⁠אֶ֤בֶן הַ⁠זֹּאת֙ תִּֽהְיֶה־בָּ֣⁠נוּ לְ⁠עֵדָ֔ה כִּֽי־הִ֣יא שָׁמְעָ֗ה אֵ֚ת כָּל־אִמְרֵ֣י 1 this stone will be a testimony…It has heard all the words The stone that Joshua set up is spoken of as if it were a person who heard what was spoken and would be able to testify about what was said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JOS 24 27 mkt9 figs-personification הָ⁠אֶ֤בֶן הַ⁠זֹּאת֙ תִּֽהְיֶה־בָּ֣⁠נוּ לְ⁠עֵדָ֔ה כִּֽי־הִ֣יא שָׁמְעָ֗ה אֵ֚ת כָּל־אִמְרֵ֣י 1 this stone will be a testimony … It has heard all the words The stone that Joshua set up is spoken of as if it were a person who heard what was spoken and would be able to testify about what was said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOS 24 27 h23i פֶּֽן־תְּכַחֲשׁ֖וּ⁠ן 1 should you ever “if you ever” JOS 24 29 e9uy translate-numbers בֶּן־מֵאָ֥ה וָ⁠עֶ֖שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 110 years old “one hundred and ten years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JOS 24 30 iyt3 translate-names בְּ⁠תִמְנַת־סֶ֖רַח…לְ⁠הַר־גָּֽעַשׁ 1 Timnath Serah…Mount Gaash names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOS 24 30 iyt3 translate-names בְּ⁠תִמְנַת־סֶ֖רַח…לְ⁠הַר־גָּֽעַשׁ 1 Timnath Serah … Mount Gaash names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 24 31 gf2q figs-idiom כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֣י יְהוֹשֻׁ֑עַ 1 all of Joshua’s days This is an idiom that refers to Joshua’s entire life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 24 31 r7xz הֶאֱרִ֤יכוּ יָמִים֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ 1 outlived Joshua “lived longer than Joshua” -JOS 24 32 a3ik עַצְמ֣וֹת י֠וֹסֵף…קָבְר֣וּ בִ⁠שְׁכֶם֒ 1 The bones of Joseph…they buried them at Shechem, It may be helpful to change the order of the beginning of this sentence. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel brought the bones of Joseph up out of Egypt and buried them at Shechem” +JOS 24 32 a3ik עַצְמ֣וֹת י֠וֹסֵף…קָבְר֣וּ בִ⁠שְׁכֶם֒ 1 The bones of Joseph … they buried them at Shechem, It may be helpful to change the order of the beginning of this sentence. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel brought the bones of Joseph up out of Egypt and buried them at Shechem” JOS 24 32 ve2g translate-numbers בְּ⁠מֵאָ֣ה קְשִׂיטָ֑ה 1 one hundred pieces “100 pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOS 24 33 ur16 translate-names וְ⁠אֶלְעָזָ֥ר 1 Eleazar This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 24 33 rv7j translate-names בְּ⁠גִבְעַת֙ 1 Gibeah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) diff --git a/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv b/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv index fdfdde8e6..647a5ffd1 100644 --- a/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv +++ b/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ JDG 1 2 i2v6 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am JDG 1 2 ysi6 figs-explicit 0 this land This refers to the land where the Canaanites lived. Alternate translation: “the land of the Canaanites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 1 3 k7aq 0 their brothers “their fellow Israelites” or “their relatives” JDG 1 3 x2kz 0 Come up with us The people of the tribes of Judah and Simeon were camped with the rest of the Israelite people in the valley of the Jordan River. The land given to Judah was in the hills above the valley. Some languages do not usually indicate whether people were going up or down. Alternate translation: “Come with us” or “Go with us” -JDG 1 3 p8mq figs-activepassive 0 that was assigned to us…that was assigned to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh assigned to us…that Yahweh assigned to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JDG 1 3 p8mq figs-activepassive 0 that was assigned to us … that was assigned to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh assigned to us … that Yahweh assigned to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 1 3 yz2b 0 We will likewise go with you “We will also go with you” or “In the same way, we will go with you” JDG 1 4 ku4h figs-explicit 0 The men of Judah attacked It is implied that the men of Simeon attacked with the men of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 1 4 n19d translate-numbers 0 They killed ten thousand “They killed about 10,000” or “They killed a large number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ JDG 1 15 rz4u figs-explicit 0 Since you have given me the land of the Negev Cal JDG 1 15 n8di figs-explicit 0 Since you have given me the land This implies that Caleb did give her the field when she asked him for it (verse 14). She is now asking for springs of water in addition to that field. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 1 16 x6ei 0 of Moses’ father-in-law “of the father of Moses’ wife” JDG 1 16 fqe9 0 father-in-law the Kenite went up “father-in-law, who was one of the Ken people, went up” -JDG 1 16 n6kh 0 went up from the City of Palms…into the wilderness “left the City of Palms…and went into the wilderness” +JDG 1 16 n6kh 0 went up from the City of Palms … into the wilderness “left the City of Palms … and went into the wilderness” JDG 1 16 a29w figs-explicit 0 City of Palms This is another name for the city of Jericho. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 1 16 u7t8 translate-names 0 Arad This is the name of a city in Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 1 17 e48a 0 the men of Simeon their brothers Here “brothers” means relatives who were in another tribe of Israel. @@ -62,30 +62,30 @@ JDG 1 25 ncm9 figs-synecdoche 0 with the edge of the sword “with the point of JDG 1 25 uw87 figs-idiom 0 get away This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 1 26 i4r5 0 Luz This new town started in the land of the Hittites was named after the town of Luz, near Bethel, that the man had left. JDG 1 26 ym4e 0 which is its name to this day “which is still its name.” Here “to this day” refers to the time when the book of Judges was written. -JDG 1 27 va98 translate-names 0 Beth Shan…Taanach…Dor…Ibleam…Megiddo These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 1 27 va98 translate-names 0 Beth Shan … Taanach … Dor … Ibleam … Megiddo These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 1 27 grh4 0 because the Canaanites were determined to live in that land To “determine” is to firmly decide something. Alternate translation: “because the Canaanites firmly decided not to leave that land” JDG 1 28 m64k figs-metonymy 0 When Israel became strong Here “Israel” represents the people. Alternate translation: “When the people of Israel became stronger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 1 28 h7tu 0 they forced the Canaanites to serve them with hard labor “they forced the Canaanites to do hard work for them” JDG 1 29 ek8n figs-metonymy 0 Ephraim did not Here “Ephraim” the men or the soldiers of the tribe of Ephraim. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 1 29 u8mq translate-names 0 Gezer The name of one of the cities in the Ephraim area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 1 30 z9je figs-metonymy 0 Zebulun did not drive out Here “Zebulun” represents the men or the soldiers of the tribe of Zebulun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JDG 1 30 p5am translate-names 0 Kitron…Nahalol These are names of cities in the land of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 1 30 p5am translate-names 0 Kitron … Nahalol These are names of cities in the land of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 1 30 l8tv figs-metonymy 0 but Zebulun forced Here “Zebulun” represents the people of the tribe of Zebulun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 1 30 cp5q 0 hard labor “difficult labor” JDG 1 31 e29r figs-metonymy 0 Asher did not drive Here “Asher” represents the men or the soldiers of the tribe of Asher. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JDG 1 31 b612 translate-names 0 Akko…Sidon…Ahlab, Akzib, Helbah, Aphek…Rehob These are names of cities in the land of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JDG 1 33 d9v1 translate-names 0 Beth Shemesh…Beth Anath These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 1 31 b612 translate-names 0 Akko … Sidon … Ahlab, Akzib, Helbah, Aphek … Rehob These are names of cities in the land of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 1 33 d9v1 translate-names 0 Beth Shemesh … Beth Anath These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 1 33 pck2 figs-activepassive 0 the inhabitants of Beth Shemesh and Beth Anath were forced into hard labor for Naphthali This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of Naphtali forced the people of Beth Shemesh and Beth Anath to work for them as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 1 34 w8it 0 not allowing them to come down “stopping them from coming down” JDG 1 34 ijt5 0 plain a very large area of flat land without trees JDG 1 35 qwt2 translate-names 0 Mount Heres This is the name of a large hill on which the city of Aijalon was built. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JDG 1 35 cw8t translate-names 0 Aijalon…Shaalbim These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 1 35 cw8t translate-names 0 Aijalon … Shaalbim These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 1 35 x276 0 the military might of the house of Joseph conquered them “the tribes of people who descended from Joseph were able to conquer them because of their powerful army” JDG 1 35 uvw1 figs-metonymy 0 house of Joseph Here “house” represents descendants. Manasseh and Ephraim were sons of Joseph, and the “house of Joseph” can refer to the descendants of Manasseh and Ephraim. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Manasseh and Ephraim” or “the men of the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 1 36 g7nx translate-names 0 the hill of Akrabbim This was a pass southwest of the Dead Sea. It is also called the “Scorpion Pass.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 1 36 qr2w translate-names 0 Sela This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 2 intro mf6a 0 # Judges 02 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh tests Israel

Yahweh said, “Because this nation has broken the terms of my covenant.” Completely removing the Canaanites from the land was a test from Yahweh. While Yahweh displayed covenant faithfulness, Israel did not. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) -JDG 2 1 tt9y 0 angel of Yahweh Possible meaning are (1) “angel who represents Yahweh” or (2) “messenger who serves Yahweh” or (3) it may refer to Yahweh himself, who looked like an angel as he talked to a person. Either one of these meanings would explain the angel’s use of “I” as if Yahweh himself were talking. +JDG 2 1 tt9y 0 angel of Yahweh This could mean: (1) “angel who represents Yahweh” or (2) “messenger who serves Yahweh” or (3) it may refer to Yahweh himself, who looked like an angel as he talked to a person. Either one of these meanings would explain the angel’s use of “I” as if Yahweh himself were talking. JDG 2 1 q2ka 0 went up from Gilgal to Bokim “left Gilgal and went to Bokim” JDG 2 1 x66i translate-names 0 Bokim This is what the Israelites named this place in 2:5 after the angel rebukes the people. “Bokim” means “crying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 2 1 te37 figs-ellipsis 0 and said It is understood that the angel of Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “and said to the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -95,20 +95,20 @@ JDG 2 1 p92u figs-idiom 0 break my covenant with you This is an idiom. Alternat JDG 2 2 syq4 figs-metonymy 0 you have not listened to my voice Here “voice” represents what Yahweh said. Alternate translation: “you have not obeyed my commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 2 2 w8ys figs-rquestion 0 What is this that you have done? This question is asked to cause the people of Israel to realize they have disobeyed Yahweh and will suffer because of it. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 2 3 lva5 0 General Information: The angel of Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel. -JDG 2 3 kdq3 figs-quotesinquotes 0 So now I say, ‘I will not…trap for you.’ This has a quotation within a quotation. This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “So now I tell you that I will not…trap for you.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +JDG 2 3 kdq3 figs-quotesinquotes 0 So now I say, ‘I will not … trap for you.’ This has a quotation within a quotation. This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “So now I tell you that I will not … trap for you.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) JDG 2 3 plg4 figs-metaphor 0 become thorns in your sides The Canaanites troubling the Israelites is spoken of as if the Canaanites would be thorns in the side of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “cause you trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 2 3 y4wm 0 thorns sharp pieces of wood up to 7 centimeters long that stick out from some plants JDG 2 3 b6w1 figs-metaphor 0 their gods will become a trap for you The Israelites worshiping the Canaanite gods is spoken of as if the false gods were a hunter’s trap that catches an animal and causes it harm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 2 4 f5v2 0 shouted and wept “cried many tears” JDG 2 6 p53v 0 Now when Joshua Here “Now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator begins a summary that explains how the generations of Israelites after Joshua sinned and worshiped false gods so that Yahweh punished them, but then he would send judges to rescue them. This summary ends in 2:23. -JDG 2 6 u1xb writing-background 0 when Joshua…of their land The events of 1:1-2:5 happened after Joshua died. This is recounting events that happened at the end of the book of Joshua. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JDG 2 6 u1xb writing-background 0 when Joshua … of their land The events of 1:1-2:5 happened after Joshua died. This is recounting events that happened at the end of the book of Joshua. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 2 6 i12e figs-explicit 0 to the place assigned This statement can be made clearer. Alternate translation: “to the place Yahweh gave them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 2 7 kcc2 writing-background 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 2 7 ydz9 0 during the lifetime This means the time that someone lived. Alternate translation: “during the life” JDG 2 7 g5ah 0 the elders Here this means the men who helped lead Israel, participating in matters of social justice and in religious matters such as maintaining the law of Moses. JDG 2 7 qml9 0 outlived him This means to live longer than someone else. Alternate translation: “lived longer than he did” JDG 2 8 ii19 writing-background 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JDG 2 8 m4jx writing-background 0 Joshua son of Nun…died at the age of 110 years old The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 ends. The events of 1:1-2:5 happened after Joshua died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JDG 2 8 m4jx writing-background 0 Joshua son of Nun … died at the age of 110 years old The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 ends. The events of 1:1-2:5 happened after Joshua died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 2 8 k12w translate-names 0 Nun This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 2 8 xfn6 translate-numbers 0 110 years old “one hundred and ten years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 2 9 ne2z figs-activepassive 0 he was assigned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that God gave him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ JDG 2 17 p49i 0 they would not listen to their judges “they would not obey t JDG 2 17 dv8s figs-simile 0 gave themselves like prostitutes to other gods and worshiped them The people betraying Yahweh and worshiping other gods is spoken of as if the people were prostitutes. Alternate translation: “betrayed him by worshiping false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JDG 2 17 wwn4 0 their fathers “their ancestors” or “their forefathers” JDG 2 18 eau5 figs-metaphor 0 When Yahweh raised up judges Yahweh appointing persons to be judges is spoken of as if he raised or lifted up the persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JDG 2 18 hz8j 0 judges for them…rescued them The word “them” refers to the Israelites. +JDG 2 18 hz8j 0 judges for them … rescued them The word “them” refers to the Israelites. JDG 2 18 ql9k figs-metonymy 0 the hand of their enemies Here “hand” refers to power of the enemies to hurt Israel. Alternate translation: “the power of their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 2 18 j2rk 0 all the days the judge lived “as long as the judge lived” JDG 2 18 n8w4 0 pity to have compassion for someone or something @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ JDG 3 3 upq5 translate-names 0 Mount Baal Hermon This is the highest mountain i JDG 3 3 z6zc translate-names 0 Hamath Pass This is the name of an area at the northern boundary of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 3 4 vqn2 figs-activepassive 0 These nations were left This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left these nations in Canaan” or “Yahweh allowed these nations to continue to live in Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 3 4 dzs7 0 as a means “as a way” -JDG 3 4 f89f 0 whether they would…gave their ancestors The words “they” and “their” refer to the people of Israel. +JDG 3 4 f89f 0 whether they would … gave their ancestors The words “they” and “their” refer to the people of Israel. JDG 3 4 wbc7 0 the commands he gave “the commands Yahweh gave” JDG 3 7 p6m5 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [Judges 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 3 7 e1t1 figs-idiom 0 forgot Yahweh their God Here “forgot” is an idiom that means “they stopped obeying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ JDG 3 8 zj78 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of Cushan-Rishathaim Here “hand” JDG 3 8 b1vl translate-names 0 Cushan-Rishathaim This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 3 8 a27l translate-names 0 Aram Naharaim This is the name of a country. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 3 9 vg5k figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh raised up someone Yahweh appointing someone to do a special work for him is spoken of as if Yahweh raised or lifted up the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JDG 3 9 k6r6 0 Othniel…Kenaz See how you translated these men’s names in [Judges 1:13](../01/13.md). +JDG 3 9 k6r6 0 Othniel … Kenaz See how you translated these men’s names in [Judges 1:13](../01/13.md). JDG 3 10 y845 0 empowered him This phrase means that Yahweh helped Othniel to have and develop the qualities he needed to be a great leader. JDG 3 10 rq2z 0 he judged Israel Here “judged” means he led the people of Israel. JDG 3 10 k8cd figs-synecdoche 0 he went out to war Here “he” refers to Othniel who represents himself and the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “Othniel and the Israelite soldiers went to fight against the army of Cushan-Rishathaim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ JDG 3 13 rp3h 0 the City of Palms This is another name for the city of Jericho JDG 3 14 h6y6 translate-numbers 0 eighteen years “18 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 3 15 mpv5 0 called out to Yahweh Here this means to shout or speak loudly to someone far away. It can also mean to ask someone for help, especially God. JDG 3 15 zn6d figs-metaphor 0 raised up someone Yahweh appointing someone to do a special service for him is spoken of as if he raised or lifted up the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JDG 3 15 jja5 translate-names 0 Ehud…Gera These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 3 15 jja5 translate-names 0 Ehud … Gera These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 3 15 w4sk 0 left-handed Ehud was better able to hold a sword with his left hand. JDG 3 16 fm5l translate-bdistance 0 one cubit If it is necessary to use a modern measurement of length, here are two ways of doing it. Alternate translation: “46 centimeters” or “about one half meter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) JDG 3 16 i3y7 0 he strapped it on under his clothing on his right thigh “he tied it to his right thigh under his clothing” @@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ JDG 3 23 djg4 0 porch an outside room with low walls and a roof covering JDG 3 24 z2qt figs-euphemism 0 Surely he is relieving himself This is a polite way to speak about a person having a bowel movement (defecating) or urinating. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JDG 3 25 d7zv 0 until they felt they were neglecting their duty They waited until they became worried that something was wrong and it was their duty to open the doors to their king’s private room. JDG 3 25 e1jf 0 took the key and opened them “took the key and opened the doors” -JDG 3 26 r2ig figs-events 0 While the servants were waiting…Ehud escaped This tells what happened before the servants opened the doors to the upper room and found the king dead. Alternate translation: “Meanwhile, as the servants were still waiting outside of the upper room…Ehud escaped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) +JDG 3 26 r2ig figs-events 0 While the servants were waiting … Ehud escaped This tells what happened before the servants opened the doors to the upper room and found the king dead. Alternate translation: “Meanwhile, as the servants were still waiting outside of the upper room … Ehud escaped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) JDG 3 26 x36q translate-names 0 Seirah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 3 27 zet1 figs-ellipsis 0 When he arrived This could be made clearer. Alternate translation: “When he arrived in Seirah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JDG 3 28 s9y4 0 General Information: Ehud speaks to the people of Israel in Ephraim. @@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ JDG 4 intro pjw5 0 # Judges 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting## Structure and formatting

The account of Deborah and Barak continues in this chapter.

Some translations prefer to set apart quotations, prayers, and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of Chapter 5, which is a song, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### The flood

God caused rain and flooding to bog down Jaban’s chariots making
them vulnerable to soldiers on foot, even though it is not said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 5 1 w7ex figs-explicit 0 On that day The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “On the day the Israelites defeated the army of King Jabin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 5 1 pfq9 0 Deborah See how you translated this name in [Judges 4:4](../04/04.md). -JDG 5 1 l3sj 0 Barak…Abinoam See how you translated these names in [Judges 4:6](../04/06.md). +JDG 5 1 l3sj 0 Barak … Abinoam See how you translated these names in [Judges 4:6](../04/06.md). JDG 5 2 s181 0 when the people gladly volunteer for war “when the men agree to fight in battle” JDG 5 3 awd4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Deborah and Barak’s song continues using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) JDG 5 3 hs8j figs-apostrophe 0 Listen, you kings! Pay attention, you leaders Deborah and Barak speak to the kings and leaders as if they were there listening to the song. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JDG 5 3 cbt1 0 you kings…you leaders This refers to kings and leaders in general, not to specific kings or leaders. +JDG 5 3 cbt1 0 you kings … you leaders This refers to kings and leaders in general, not to specific kings or leaders. JDG 5 4 f5pu figs-metaphor 0 when you went out from Seir, when you marched from Edom This refers to the time when the Israelites left Edom to start conquering the people in Canaan. Yahweh empowering his people to defeat the people of Canaan is spoken of as if he were a warrior leading the Israelite army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 5 4 vj7e translate-names 0 Seir Seir is a mountain on the border of the land of Israel and Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 5 4 hw54 figs-metaphor 0 the earth shook, and the skies also trembled; also the clouds poured down water This could mean: (1) this is poetic language that emphasizes Yahweh’s power by describing it as causing earthquakes and storms or (2) the people of Canaan being terrified as the Israelites were about to attack them is spoken of as if the earth and sky were shaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ JDG 5 5 p4qp figs-personification 0 The mountains quaked This probably refers t JDG 5 5 d62l figs-metonymy 0 before the face of Yahweh Here “face” refers Yahweh’s presence. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 5 5 wuf5 figs-explicit 0 even Mount Sinai quaked When Moses and Israel were at Mount Sinai, it quaked. Alternate translation: “long ago, even Mount Sinai quaked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 5 6 he9e 0 In the days of “During the lifetime of” -JDG 5 6 asi7 translate-names 0 Shamgar…Anath…Jael These are the names of people. See how you translated Shamgar and Anath in [Judges 3:31](../03/31.md) and Jael in [Judges 4:18](../04/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 5 6 asi7 translate-names 0 Shamgar … Anath … Jael These are the names of people. See how you translated Shamgar and Anath in [Judges 3:31](../03/31.md) and Jael in [Judges 4:18](../04/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 5 6 rw34 writing-background 0 son of Anath Shamgar’s father is mentioned to help identify Shamgar and when he lived. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 5 6 ki5e figs-activepassive 0 the main roads were abandoned This can be stated in active form and you can make explicit why the roads were abandoned Alternate translation: “people stopped using the main roads; because they were afraid of Israel’s enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 5 6 i6j5 0 the winding paths This refers to smaller roads that fewer people traveled on. @@ -312,15 +312,15 @@ JDG 5 8 duj5 figs-synecdoche 0 there was fighting at the city gates Here “gat JDG 5 8 v83h figs-hyperbole 0 there were no shields or spears seen among forty thousand in Israel This statement is probably an exaggeration about how few weapons the Israelites had. Alternate translation: “few weapons for battle remained in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JDG 5 8 dl2n translate-numbers 0 forty thousand in Israel “40,000 in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 5 9 u5zy figs-metonymy 0 My heart goes out to the commanders of Israel The word “heart” represents a person’s emotions. The phrase “My heart goes out to” is a way of saying that Deborah feels gratitude or appreciation. Alternate translation: “I appreciate the commanders of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JDG 5 10 dt2p figs-merism 0 you who ride on white donkeys…you who walk along the road This contrast probably refers to rich people and poor people. Alternate translation: “you rich people who ride on white donkeys…you poor people who walk along the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +JDG 5 10 dt2p figs-merism 0 you who ride on white donkeys … you who walk along the road This contrast probably refers to rich people and poor people. Alternate translation: “you rich people who ride on white donkeys … you poor people who walk along the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JDG 5 10 vf24 0 sitting on rugs for saddles These rugs were probably used as saddles on the donkey’s back to make the rider more comfortable. JDG 5 11 v16w 0 General Information: The song of Deborah and Barak continues. JDG 5 11 v4bj figs-synecdoche 0 Hear the voices of those Here “voices” represents the people singing. Alternate translation: “Listen to those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 5 11 f6il figs-synecdoche 0 went down to the city gates Here “gates” represents the whole city. Alternate translation: “returned to their cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 5 12 q8vl writing-poetry 0 General Information: Deborah and Barak’s song continues using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) -JDG 5 12 de7e 0 Awake, awake Possible speakers are (1) the people of Israel or (2) Deborah who is speaking to herself or (3) the poet who wrote the song. +JDG 5 12 de7e 0 Awake, awake Possible speakers are: (1) the people of Israel or (2) Deborah who is speaking to herself or (3) the poet who wrote the song. JDG 5 12 jc43 0 Deborah See how you translated this name in [Judges 4:4](../04/04.md). -JDG 5 12 qc51 0 Barak…Abinoam See how you translated these names in [Judges 4:6](../04/06.md). +JDG 5 12 qc51 0 Barak … Abinoam See how you translated these names in [Judges 4:6](../04/06.md). JDG 5 13 tl3e 0 to me with the warriors The word “me” refers to Deborah. JDG 5 14 e478 figs-metaphor 0 from Ephraim, whose root is in Amalek The people of Ephraim living in the land where the descendants of Amalek originally lived is spoken of as if the people of Ephraim were planted and their roots grew into the land. Alternate translation: “from Ephraim, that land where the descendants of Amalek once lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 5 14 k3ph figs-you 0 followed you Here “you” refers to the people of Ephraim. It can be stated in third person. Alternate translation: “followed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -345,9 +345,9 @@ JDG 5 17 q466 figs-explicit 0 Asher remained on the coast and lived close to hi JDG 5 17 hk9v figs-metonymy 0 Asher remained Here “Asher” represents the men who should have gone to fight in battle. Alternate translation: “The men of Asher remained” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 5 17 s37f 0 harbors places at the seacoast with deeper water where ships were kept JDG 5 18 iq38 figs-ellipsis 0 Naphtali, also You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “Naphtali was a tribe who would also risk their lives to the point of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JDG 5 19 klr4 figs-synecdoche 0 The kings came, they fought…the kings of Canaan fought The king of a people group is used to refer to himself and the army he commands. Alternate translation: “The kings and their armies came and fought…the kings of Canaan and their armies fought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JDG 5 19 qh9s figs-ellipsis 0 they fought…fought The word “us” is understood. Alternate translation: “they fought us…fought us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JDG 5 19 bwx4 0 Taanach…Megiddo Translate the names of these places as you did in [Judges 1:27](../01/27.md). +JDG 5 19 klr4 figs-synecdoche 0 The kings came, they fought … the kings of Canaan fought The king of a people group is used to refer to himself and the army he commands. Alternate translation: “The kings and their armies came and fought … the kings of Canaan and their armies fought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JDG 5 19 qh9s figs-ellipsis 0 they fought … fought The word “us” is understood. Alternate translation: “they fought us … fought us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JDG 5 19 bwx4 0 Taanach … Megiddo Translate the names of these places as you did in [Judges 1:27](../01/27.md). JDG 5 19 jn5l figs-synecdoche 0 no silver as plunder Here “silver” represents any treasure in general. Alternate translation: “no silver or other treasures as plunder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 5 19 lin6 0 plunder things taken by force, usually in battle or by thieves JDG 5 20 uwf8 figs-personification 0 From heaven the stars fought, from their paths across the heavens they fought against Sisera Yahweh helping the Israelite to defeat Sisera and his army is spoken of as if the stars themselves fought against Sisera and his army. This may refer to Yahweh using natural elements, specifically rain storms, to defeat Sisera. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -374,11 +374,11 @@ JDG 5 27 e9gf 0 limp without strength or movement JDG 5 27 ezv3 figs-activepassive 0 he was violently killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she killed him” or “he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 5 28 duq1 0 the lattice This is a frame in the window made of crossed wood. JDG 5 28 mw4d figs-parallelism 0 Why has it taken his chariot so long to come? Why have the hoofbeats of the horses that pull his chariots been delayed? Both of these questions mean the same thing. These two statements can be combined. Alternate translation: “Why is it taking Sisera so long to arrive home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JDG 5 28 k2dy figs-metonymy 0 taken his chariot…Why have the hoofbeats of the horses that pull his chariots Both of these represent Sisera. Alternate translation: “taken Sisera…Why has he” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JDG 5 28 k2dy figs-metonymy 0 taken his chariot … Why have the hoofbeats of the horses that pull his chariots Both of these represent Sisera. Alternate translation: “taken Sisera … Why has he” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 5 29 xa2n 0 wisest princesses A “princess” is the daughter of a king, but a “princess” can also mean female advisers to the king’s family. Alternate translation: “wisest ladies” JDG 5 29 mw32 0 she gave herself the same answer “she said to herself the same thing” -JDG 5 30 l98i figs-rquestion 0 Have they not found and divided up the plunder—a womb…plunder? The women use a question to emphasize that they believe this is what certainly happened. Alternate translation: “They must have so much plunder that it is taking a long time to divide it. They have…plunder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JDG 5 30 cw6v figs-rquestion 0 a womb, two wombs for every man…of those who plunder? The women use a question to emphasize that they believe this is what certainly happened. Alternate translation: “There must be a womb, two wombs for every man…of those who plunder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JDG 5 30 l98i figs-rquestion 0 Have they not found and divided up the plunder—a womb … plunder? The women use a question to emphasize that they believe this is what certainly happened. Alternate translation: “They must have so much plunder that it is taking a long time to divide it. They have … plunder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JDG 5 30 cw6v figs-rquestion 0 a womb, two wombs for every man … of those who plunder? The women use a question to emphasize that they believe this is what certainly happened. Alternate translation: “There must be a womb, two wombs for every man … of those who plunder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 5 30 xgr7 figs-synecdoche 0 a womb, two wombs for every man Here “womb” represents a woman. Sisera’s mother believes Sisera’s men have captured many women. Alternate translation: “Each soldier will receive a woman or two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 5 30 p9nz 0 dyed fabric “colored cloth” or “colored clothes” JDG 5 30 zp9h 0 embroidered having designs made of colored threads @@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ JDG 6 38 ub6l 0 wrung twist and squeeze something to remove water JDG 7 intro q545 0 # Judges 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Gideon continues in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God gets all of the credit

God said, “There are too many soldiers for me to give you victory over the Midianites. Make sure that Israel will not boast against me, saying, ‘Our own power has saved us.’” By lowering the number of fighting soldiers, it emphasizes that the victory is achieved through God’s power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) JDG 7 1 u963 0 Jerub Baal This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated his name in [Judges 6:32](../06/32.md). JDG 7 1 se4n 0 they encamped “they set up their camp” -JDG 7 1 q9lu translate-names 0 spring of Harod…hill of Moreh These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 7 1 q9lu translate-names 0 spring of Harod … hill of Moreh These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 7 1 w8xb figs-metonymy 0 The camp of Midian was to their north Here “Midian” represents the Midianite army. Alternate translation: “The Midianite army set up their camp to the north of the Israelite army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 7 2 ja78 figs-abstractnouns 0 for me to give you victory over the Midianites The word “victory” is an abstract noun that can be translated as a verb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “for me to allow you to defeat the Midianites” or “for me to cause you to be victorious over the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JDG 7 2 ww36 figs-metonymy 0 Our own power has saved us Here “power” represents the people themselves. Alternate translation: “We have saved ourselves without God’s help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ JDG 7 10 u4w3 translate-names 0 Purah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://e JDG 7 11 j99j figs-activepassive 0 your courage will be strengthened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what you hear will be encourage you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 7 11 wv5r 0 guard posts places around the edge of an area where soldiers stand to watch for an enemy army JDG 7 12 r5ww figs-simile 0 as thick as a cloud of locusts Here “cloud” means a swarm. The author speaks of the army as if it were a swarm of locusts to emphasize how many soldiers there were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JDG 7 12 zt6s figs-hyperbole 0 Their camels were more…in number than the grains of the sand on the seashore The author uses a hyperbole, an exaggeration, to emphasize that there were very many camels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JDG 7 12 zt6s figs-hyperbole 0 Their camels were more … in number than the grains of the sand on the seashore The author uses a hyperbole, an exaggeration, to emphasize that there were very many camels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JDG 7 12 d37k figs-activepassive 0 Their camels were more than could be counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their camels were more than anyone could count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 7 14 yg52 figs-metonymy 0 This is nothing other than the sword of Gideon Here “the sword of Gideon” refers to Gideon’s army attacking. Alternate translation: “The loaf of barley bread in your dream must be the army of Gideon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 7 14 v4e2 figs-pastforfuture 0 God has given him victory over Midian This future event is spoken of as if it were a past event. This emphasizes that it will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “God will certainly help the Israelites defeat the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) @@ -505,12 +505,12 @@ JDG 7 19 wba7 0 right at the beginning of the middle watch The beginning of th JDG 7 20 zfw1 figs-metonymy 0 The sword of Yahweh and of Gideon Here “sword” refers to their fighting. Alternate translation: “We fight for Yahweh and for Gideon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 7 22 nw1r translate-numbers 0 three hundred trumpets “300 trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 7 22 nk36 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh set every Midianite man’s sword against his comrades Here “sword” refers to their attack with the use of the sword. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused every Midianite man to fight against his fellow soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JDG 7 22 rv5b translate-names 0 Beth Shittah…Zererah…Abel Meholah…Tabbath These are the names of towns and cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 7 22 rv5b translate-names 0 Beth Shittah … Zererah … Abel Meholah … Tabbath These are the names of towns and cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 7 23 u5e9 figs-activepassive 0 The men of Israel from Naphtali, Asher, and all Manasseh were called out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Gideon called out the Israelites from the tribes of Naphtali, Asher, and all Mannasseh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 7 24 js9y translate-names 0 Beth Barah This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 7 24 u7ze 0 took control of the waters, as far as Beth Barah and the Jordan River “took control of the area of the Jordan River as far south as Beth Barah” -JDG 7 25 hn84 figs-explicit 0 at the rock of Oreb…at the winepress of Zeeb The places were given these names after the Israelites killed Oreb and Zeeb there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JDG 7 25 rvj8 translate-names 0 Oreb…Zeeb These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 7 25 hn84 figs-explicit 0 at the rock of Oreb … at the winepress of Zeeb The places were given these names after the Israelites killed Oreb and Zeeb there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JDG 7 25 rvj8 translate-names 0 Oreb … Zeeb These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 8 intro zh95 0 # Judges 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Gideon concludes in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Succoth’s refusal to help Gideon
The men of Succoth feared the Midianites more than Gideon. This is why they refused to help Gideon. By allying themselves with the Midianites, they aligned themselves against Yahweh. Because of this, Gideon treated them like he treated the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Gideon refuses to be king

Gideon said to them, “I will not rule over you, neither will my son rule over you. Yahweh will rule over you.” Although the book of Deuteronomy anticipates a king in Israel, it was sinful for Israel to desire to have a king. He did though take a share of everyone’s plunder as a king would have done through taxes. This may serve as a warning to Israel about their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) JDG 8 1 sea3 figs-rquestion 0 What is this you have done to us? The people of the tribe of Ephraim were rebuking Gideon with this rhetorical question for not including them in his army. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have not treated us fairly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 8 1 f8fy figs-metonymy 0 against Midian Here “Midian” represents the Midianite army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ JDG 8 14 a6z2 figs-explicit 0 questioned him It can be stated explicitly what G JDG 8 14 l2rr translate-numbers 0 seventy-seven officials “77 officials” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 8 15 buj3 0 Zebah and Zalmunna See how you translated these names in [Judges 8:5](../08/05.md). JDG 8 15 bnf8 figs-rquestion 0 Have you already conquered Zebah and Zalmunna? Gideon quotes the people of Succoth as using a question to mock him. Alternate translation: “You have not yet conquered Zebah and Zalmunna.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JDG 8 16 ct8g figs-synecdoche 0 Gideon took…he punished Here “Gideon” represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Gideon and his soldiers took…they punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JDG 8 16 ct8g figs-synecdoche 0 Gideon took … he punished Here “Gideon” represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Gideon and his soldiers took … they punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 8 16 vr3e 0 thorns and briers These are sharp, pointed pieces on vines or tree limbs that stick out and can cut people and animals. See how you translated this in [Judges 8:7](../08/07.md). JDG 8 17 dbh6 figs-synecdoche 0 he pulled Gideon and his soldiers pulled. Alternate translation: “Gideon and his soldiers pulled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 8 17 jg81 0 Peniel Translate the name of this city as you did in [Judges 8:8](../08/08.md). @@ -626,17 +626,17 @@ JDG 9 8 p19p figs-parables 0 The trees once went out to anoint a king over them JDG 9 8 x1ky translate-symaction 0 to anoint a king over them Here, to anoint with oil is a symbolic action that represents appointing a person to be king. Alternate translation: “to appoint a king to rule over all of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JDG 9 8 ai6t 0 Reign over us “Be our king” JDG 9 9 ns1k 0 General Information: Jotham continues telling the parable he begins in [Judges 9:7](../09/07.md), where the trees represent the Israelites. -JDG 9 9 q6h3 figs-rquestion 0 Should I give up my abundance…over the other trees? The olive tree is asking this question to refuse to be king. This question can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will not give up my abundance…over the other trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JDG 9 9 q6h3 figs-rquestion 0 Should I give up my abundance … over the other trees? The olive tree is asking this question to refuse to be king. This question can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will not give up my abundance … over the other trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 9 9 v5cc figs-metonymy 0 abundance This word for “wealth” is a metonym for the olives that come from the tree. People ate olives as food and crushed them to make oil for lamps. Alternate translation: “oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 9 9 b42t 0 by which gods and men are honored This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “by which people honor both gods and other men” -JDG 9 9 ctc8 0 gods It is possible to translate the same Hebrew word as “god,” “God,” or “gods,” so possible meanings here are (1) “gods” or (2) “God.” +JDG 9 9 ctc8 0 gods It is possible to translate the same Hebrew word as “god,” “God,” or “gods,” so this could mean: (1) “gods” or (2) “God.” JDG 9 9 a9cy figs-metaphor 0 sway over To sway is to move back and forth. Trees sway when the wind blows them. Here this is a metaphor for ruling over people. Jotham is also using irony, saying that the work of any ruler will be useless because the “trees,” the people, will not obey anyone who rules them. Alternate translation: “rule over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JDG 9 11 df3r figs-parables 0 the fig tree said to them Jotham continues describing the trees as doing things that humans do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JDG 9 11 bi3f figs-rquestion 0 Should I give up my sweetness…over the other trees? The fig tree is asking this question to refuse to be king. This question can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will not give up my sweetness…over the other trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JDG 9 11 bi3f figs-rquestion 0 Should I give up my sweetness … over the other trees? The fig tree is asking this question to refuse to be king. This question can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will not give up my sweetness … over the other trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 9 11 jkz5 figs-abstractnouns 0 my sweetness and my good fruit The word “sweetness” is an abstract noun. It can be stated as an adjective that describes the fruit that grows on the tree. Alternate translation: “my good sweet fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JDG 9 12 akj6 0 General Information: Jotham continues telling the parable he begins in [Judges 9:7](../09/07.md), where the trees represent the Israelites. JDG 9 12 m2h3 figs-parables 0 The trees said to the vine In this parable, Jotham describes the trees and the vine as doing things that humans do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JDG 9 13 i2y3 figs-rquestion 0 Should I give up my new wine…over the other trees? The vine is asking this question to refuse to be king. This question can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will not give up my new wine…over the other trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JDG 9 13 i2y3 figs-rquestion 0 Should I give up my new wine … over the other trees? The vine is asking this question to refuse to be king. This question can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will not give up my new wine … over the other trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 9 14 mp3a 0 thornbush Thorns are sharp spikes or spurs that hurt. This bush has many sharp spikes along its branches. JDG 9 15 ne2j 0 General Information: Jotham continues telling his parable, where trees represent various people groups, and makes the application. JDG 9 15 g1p2 figs-parables 0 The thornbush said to the trees In this parable, Jotham describes the thornbush and the trees as doing things that humans do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ JDG 9 16 ayq2 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to dr JDG 9 16 y7g3 0 Jerub Baal This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this in [Judges 6:32](../06/32.md). JDG 9 16 nu7n figs-metonymy 0 his house Here “house” represents Gideon’s family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 9 17 x8ae 0 General Information: Jotham makes the application to the situation at that time and place. -JDG 9 17 fpm7 0 to think that my father fought for you…out of the hand of Midian Here Jotham is expressing that he cannot believe how badly the people of Shechem have treated Gideon and his family even after Gideon fought to save the people of Shechem. +JDG 9 17 fpm7 0 to think that my father fought for you … out of the hand of Midian Here Jotham is expressing that he cannot believe how badly the people of Shechem have treated Gideon and his family even after Gideon fought to save the people of Shechem. JDG 9 17 kqc3 figs-metonymy 0 out of the hand of Midian Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Midianites” or “from the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 9 18 cr5w figs-idiom 0 you have risen up against This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you have opposed” or “you have rebelled against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 9 18 i5zw figs-metonymy 0 my father’s house Here “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “my father’s family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -664,18 +664,18 @@ JDG 9 20 ibq3 figs-metaphor 0 Let fire come out from the men of Shechem and Bet JDG 9 20 iey1 0 Beth Millo This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Judges 9:6](../09/06.md). JDG 9 21 pan4 translate-names 0 Beer This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 9 23 bv9r 0 God sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the leaders of Shechem This means that God applied the curse Jotham made by sending an evil spirit to cause trouble and animosity between Abimelech and the leaders of Shechem. -JDG 9 24 xf1e figs-activepassive 0 God did this so the violence done…helped him murder his brothers The passive phrases can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God did this to avenge the seventy sons whom Abimelech their brother murdered and the men of Shechem helped murder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JDG 9 24 xf1e figs-activepassive 0 God did this so the violence done … helped him murder his brothers The passive phrases can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God did this to avenge the seventy sons whom Abimelech their brother murdered and the men of Shechem helped murder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 9 24 cb41 translate-numbers 0 seventy “70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 9 24 b1g1 0 Jerub Baal This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this in [Judges 6:32](../06/32.md). JDG 9 25 b7tx 0 positioned men to lie in wait on the hilltops that they might ambush him “sent men to hide on the hilltops and wait to attack Abimelech” JDG 9 25 pd3x figs-activepassive 0 This was reported to Abimelech This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Abimelech about the men waiting to attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JDG 9 26 r2ue translate-names 0 Gaal…Ebed These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 9 26 r2ue translate-names 0 Gaal … Ebed These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 9 26 mv9b figs-abstractnouns 0 had confidence in him The word “confidence” is an abstract noun that can be stated with the verb “trust.” Alternate translation: “trusted him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JDG 9 27 i6sf 0 They went out into the field Here “They” refers to Gaal and his relatives and the men of Shechem. JDG 9 27 r8w9 figs-explicit 0 they trampled on them They did this to squeeze out the grape juice to make wine with it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 9 27 c3x3 0 trampled “crushed” or “stomped” JDG 9 27 d9l2 figs-metonymy 0 in the house Here “house” represents a temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JDG 9 28 yyy5 0 Gaal…Ebed See how you translated these names in [Judges 9:26](../09/26.md). +JDG 9 28 yyy5 0 Gaal … Ebed See how you translated these names in [Judges 9:26](../09/26.md). JDG 9 28 w9hj figs-rquestion 0 Who is Abimelech, and who is Shechem, that we should serve him? Gaal uses a question to emphasize that the people of Shechem should not serve Abimelech. Alternate translation: “We should not serve Abimelech!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 9 28 dfp7 figs-parallelism 0 Who is Abimelech, and who is Shechem, that we should serve him? Both of these questions means the same thing. Gaal refers to Abimelech as “Shechem” because Abimelech’s mother was from Shechem. Alternate translation: “We should not serve Abimelech, that is, Shechem!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 9 28 a6ws figs-rquestion 0 Is he not the son of Jerub Baal? Is Zebul not his officer? Gaal uses a question to emphasize that the people of Shechem should not serve Abimelech. Alternate translation: “He is just the son of Jerub Baal, and Zebul is just his officer.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ JDG 9 28 ju72 figs-rquestion 0 Why should we serve Abimelech? Gaal uses a quest JDG 9 29 v1e2 0 I wish that this people were under my command “I wish that I ruled the people of Shechem” JDG 9 30 qj5l 0 Zebul See how you translated this name in [Judges 9:28](../09/28.md). JDG 9 30 a53k 0 heard the words of Gaal son of Ebed “heard what Gaal son of Ebed said” -JDG 9 30 p2rs 0 Gaal…Ebed See how you translated these names in [Judges 9:26](../09/26.md). +JDG 9 30 p2rs 0 Gaal … Ebed See how you translated these names in [Judges 9:26](../09/26.md). JDG 9 30 u13b figs-metaphor 0 his anger was kindled Becoming angry is spoken of as if a fire were starting. Alternate translation: “he became very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 9 30 lx8u figs-metonymy 0 the city Here “city” represents the people of the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 9 31 u898 0 in order to deceive Zebul is deceiving Gaal and the people of Shechem. Alternate translation: “secretly” @@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ JDG 9 32 mrh8 0 an ambush “to hide and attack them suddenly” JDG 9 33 k1f3 0 do whatever you can to them This means that they can do what they want to destroy the followers of Gaal. JDG 9 34 be8t 0 all the men who were with him “all the men accompanying Abimelech” or “all the men fighting for Abimelech” JDG 9 34 b14p translate-numbers 0 dividing into four units “separating into 4 groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JDG 9 35 q22c 0 Gaal…Ebed See how you translated these names in [Judges 9:26](../09/26.md). +JDG 9 35 q22c 0 Gaal … Ebed See how you translated these names in [Judges 9:26](../09/26.md). JDG 9 36 v8bb 0 Gaal This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Judges 9:26](../09/26.md). JDG 9 36 vu4i 0 Zebul This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Judges 9:28](../09/28.md). JDG 9 36 gz9v 0 You are seeing the shadows on the hills like they are men Zebul is trying to confuse Gaal and keep him from preparing for battle. Alternate translation: “That is not people, it is only shadows on the hills” @@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ JDG 9 43 e8ph 0 they set an ambush in the fields “they hid in the fields to JDG 9 43 l12e figs-synecdoche 0 he attacked Here “he” refers to Abimelech who represents himself and all of his soldiers. Alternate translation: “they attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 9 44 h6g9 0 the units “the groups of soldiers” JDG 9 44 a246 translate-numbers 0 other two “other 2” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JDG 9 45 e7uy figs-synecdoche 0 Abimelech fought…He tore down Here “Abimelech” represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Abimelech and his soldiers fought…They tore down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JDG 9 45 e7uy figs-synecdoche 0 Abimelech fought … He tore down Here “Abimelech” represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Abimelech and his soldiers fought … They tore down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 9 45 ch7p figs-metonymy 0 against the city Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “against the people of Shechem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 9 45 zi77 0 tore down “demolished” JDG 9 45 t928 figs-explicit 0 spread salt over it “spread salt over the land.” Spreading salt over land keeps anything from growing there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ JDG 9 57 fx65 figs-idiom 0 made all the evil of the men of Shechem turn back on JDG 9 57 hua1 figs-idiom 0 on them came the curse of Jotham son of Jerub Baal This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the curse of Jotham son of Jerub Baal happened to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 9 57 q7dp 0 Jerub Baal This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this name in [Judges 6:32](../06/32.md). JDG 10 intro zqn2 0 # Judges 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the account of Jephthah ([Judges 10-12](./01.md)).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel’s punishment
In Judges, Israel’s actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) -JDG 10 1 g7ww translate-names 0 Tola…Puah…Dodo These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 10 1 g7ww translate-names 0 Tola … Puah … Dodo These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 10 1 ti4g translate-names 0 Shamir This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 10 1 lxh7 0 arose to deliver Israel “came to deliver Israel” or “became the leader to deliver Israel” JDG 10 1 i5f3 figs-metonymy 0 deliver Israel Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -769,13 +769,13 @@ JDG 10 8 psa9 figs-doublet 0 crushed and oppressed These two words basically me JDG 10 8 q2ml translate-numbers 0 eighteen years “18 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 10 8 msz6 0 who were beyond the Jordan This means on the east side of the Jordan River. JDG 10 8 b5w4 0 which is in Gilead “this region is also called Gilead” -JDG 10 9 wq6g figs-metonymy 0 Judah…Benjamin “Judah” and “Benjamin” refer to the people belonging to those tribes. Alternate translation: “the people of the tribe of Judah…the people of the tribe of Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JDG 10 9 wq6g figs-metonymy 0 Judah … Benjamin “Judah” and “Benjamin” refer to the people belonging to those tribes. Alternate translation: “the people of the tribe of Judah … the people of the tribe of Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 10 9 nt9c figs-metonymy 0 house of Ephraim The “house” refers to the people of the tribe of Ephraim. Alternate translation: “the people of the tribe of Ephraim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 10 9 gl3b figs-metonymy 0 so that Israel was greatly distressed “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “so that the people of Israel suffered much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 10 10 lda9 0 the people of Israel called out to Yahweh This means the people of Israel desperately asked Yahweh for help. JDG 10 10 b8t5 figs-metaphor 0 because we abandoned our God The people no longer obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if they left Yahweh and went somewhere else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 10 10 t38a figs-123person 0 abandoned our God The people are speaking to Yahweh and refer to him as “our God.” This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “abandoned you, our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JDG 10 12 lf73 figs-rquestion 0 and also from the Sidonians? God is rebuking the people of Israel for their worship of other gods. The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Did I not deliver you” in verse 11 ends here. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am the one who delivered you…and also from the Sidonians.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JDG 10 12 lf73 figs-rquestion 0 and also from the Sidonians? God is rebuking the people of Israel for their worship of other gods. The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Did I not deliver you” in verse 11 ends here. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am the one who delivered you … and also from the Sidonians.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 10 12 w39a translate-names 0 Maonites These are the people from the clan or family of Maon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 10 12 e4ml figs-metonymy 0 from their power Here “power” represents the Amalekites and the Maonites. Alternate translation: “from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 10 13 p759 figs-metaphor 0 you abandoned me again The people no longer obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if they left Yahweh and went somewhere else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ JDG 11 11 w6mk 0 all the promises he made This refers to the promises he made JDG 11 12 ybt9 0 What is this conflict between us “Why is there conflict between us?” Jephthah is asking the king why they are angry with Israel. JDG 11 12 su7k figs-synecdoche 0 Why have you come with force to take our land The word “you” refers to the King of Ammon and represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Why have your soldiers come to seize our land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 11 12 hwk4 0 come with force to take “come to forcefully take” -JDG 11 13 qdz6 translate-names 0 Arnon…Jabbok These are the names of two rivers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 11 13 qdz6 translate-names 0 Arnon … Jabbok These are the names of two rivers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 11 13 ps71 0 over to the Jordan “on the other side of the Jordan River” JDG 11 13 tsw4 0 in peace “peacefully” or “and do not try to defend them” JDG 11 15 i4ns figs-explicit 0 he said Here the word “he” refers to the messenger who was speaking to the king. This may be written with the word “they” as in the UST, referring to the group of messengers. Alternate translation: “Jephthah told the messengers to say” or “they said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -822,14 +822,14 @@ JDG 11 20 d9ga figs-synecdoche 0 there he fought The word “he” refers to Si JDG 11 21 sf5x 0 General Information: Jephthah’s messengers continue to speak. JDG 11 21 fsk6 0 Sihon See how you translated this man’s name in [Judges 11:19](../11/19.md). JDG 11 21 vp7w figs-metonymy 0 gave Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel Here “hand” refers to power to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “gave Israel power over Sihon and all his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JDG 11 22 ce2e 0 Arnon…Jabbok See how you translated the names of these rivers in [Judges 11:13](../11/13.md). +JDG 11 22 ce2e 0 Arnon … Jabbok See how you translated the names of these rivers in [Judges 11:13](../11/13.md). JDG 11 23 v22e 0 General Information: Jephthah’s messengers continue to speak. JDG 11 23 ru3n figs-rquestion 0 should you now take possession of their land? Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with this rhetorical question. The word “their” refers to the Israel. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “therefore, you should not take possession of their land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 11 24 nr59 figs-rquestion 0 Will you not take over the land that Chemosh, your god, gives you? Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should only take over the land that Chemosh, your god, gives you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 11 24 bcm5 figs-idiom 0 take over This is an idiom which means to take control of something. Alternate translation: “take control of” or “take possession of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 11 24 z3zh translate-names 0 Chemosh This is the name of a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 11 25 wln3 figs-rquestion 0 Now are you really better than Balak son of Zippor, king of Moab? Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are not better than Balak son of Zippor, who was king of Moab.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JDG 11 25 fk7m translate-names 0 Balak…Zippor These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 11 25 fk7m translate-names 0 Balak … Zippor These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 11 25 giw3 figs-rquestion 0 Did he dare to have an argument with Israel? Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated with a statement. Alternate translation: “Yet he did not dare to have an argument with Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 11 25 k8y5 figs-rquestion 0 Did he ever wage war against them? Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated with a statement. Alternate translation: “Nor did he ever wage war against them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 11 26 pty2 0 General Information: Jephthah’s messengers continue to speak. @@ -838,18 +838,18 @@ JDG 11 26 pu9w 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city the same way that you JDG 11 26 c2xi translate-names 0 Aroer This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 11 26 h61t figs-rquestion 0 why then did you not take them back during that time? Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you should have taken them back during that time.” or “now it is too late; you should have taken them back long ago.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 11 27 aei3 figs-synecdoche 0 I have not done you wrong, but you are doing me wrong by attacking me Jephthah is speaking to the Sihon. Here Jephthah speaks about the Israelites as though they were himself and of the Ammonites as if they were Sihon their king. Alternate translation: “The Israelites have not done wrong to your people, but your people are doing us wrong by attacking us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JDG 11 27 n4fk figs-idiom 0 done you wrong…doing me wrong This is an idiom. To do someone wrong means to do something wrong to them. Alternate translation: “treated you wrongly…treating me wrongly” or “treated you unfairly…treating me unfairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JDG 11 27 n4fk figs-idiom 0 done you wrong … doing me wrong This is an idiom. To do someone wrong means to do something wrong to them. Alternate translation: “treated you wrongly … treating me wrongly” or “treated you unfairly … treating me unfairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 11 29 p2lw figs-idiom 0 the Spirit of Yahweh came on Jephthah This is an idiom which means that the Spirit influenced Jephthah’s decisions. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of Yahweh took control of Jephthah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JDG 11 29 dq1c figs-explicit 0 he passed through Gilead and Manasseh…from Mizpah of Gilead Jephthah passed through these places enlisting men for his army to go to war with the people of Ammon. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “he gathered men for his army as he passed through Gilead and Manasseh…from Mizpah of Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JDG 11 29 dq1c figs-explicit 0 he passed through Gilead and Manasseh … from Mizpah of Gilead Jephthah passed through these places enlisting men for his army to go to war with the people of Ammon. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “he gathered men for his army as he passed through Gilead and Manasseh … from Mizpah of Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 11 31 kh4e figs-idiom 0 I will offer it up This is an idiom which means to give something as an offering. Alternate translation: “I will offer it to you” or “I will sacrifice it to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JDG 11 32 wr1n figs-synecdoche 0 So Jephthah passed through…Yahweh gave him victory Since Jephthah was the leader of his army, he and his army are often spoken of as Jephthah himself. Alternate translation: “So Jephthah and his army passed through…Yahweh gave them victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JDG 11 32 wr1n figs-synecdoche 0 So Jephthah passed through … Yahweh gave him victory Since Jephthah was the leader of his army, he and his army are often spoken of as Jephthah himself. Alternate translation: “So Jephthah and his army passed through … Yahweh gave them victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 11 33 rt2j figs-synecdoche 0 He attacked Since Jephthah was the leader of his army, he and his army are often spoken of as Jephthah himself (verse 32). Alternate translation: “they attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 11 33 dl1t 0 Aroer Translate the name of this city the same way you did in [Judges 11:26](../11/26.md). -JDG 11 33 pfq6 translate-names 0 Minnith…Abel Keramim These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 11 33 pfq6 translate-names 0 Minnith … Abel Keramim These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 11 33 i18j translate-numbers 0 twenty cities “including 20 cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 11 34 ng9v translate-unknown 0 tambourines musical instruments with heads like drums that can be hit and with pieces of metal around their sides that sound when the instruments are shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) JDG 11 35 md3n translate-symaction 0 he tore his clothes This is an act that shows mourning or great sadness. Alternate translation: “he tore his clothes from grief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JDG 11 35 puu2 figs-parallelism 0 You have crushed me with sorrow…you have become one who causes me pain Jephthah said basically the same thing twice to emphasize that he was very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JDG 11 35 puu2 figs-parallelism 0 You have crushed me with sorrow … you have become one who causes me pain Jephthah said basically the same thing twice to emphasize that he was very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JDG 11 35 qi6c figs-metaphor 0 You have crushed me with sorrow Here Jephthah speaks of his great sorrow as something that crushes him. Alternate translation: “You have caused me great sorrow” or “You have filled me with sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 11 35 dvs5 figs-metaphor 0 you have become one who causes me pain Here Jephthah talks about his great distress and trouble as if it were pain. Alternate translation: “you have become someone who troubles me” or “you cause me great distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 11 35 gvy5 figs-idiom 0 I cannot turn back on my promise This is an idiom. To turn back on a promise means to not do what you have promised to do. Alternate translation: “I must do what I have promised” or “I cannot break my promise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -859,9 +859,9 @@ JDG 11 37 dh7s 0 grieve over my virginity “weep because I am a virgin” or JDG 11 39 n4my figs-euphemism 0 had never known a man This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “had never had sexual relations with a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JDG 11 40 s739 0 the Gileadite This refers to someone from Gilead. See how you translated this in [Judges 10:3](../10/03.md). JDG 12 intro p8zn 0 # Judges 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Shibboleth
This is a word in Hebrew. Its importance in this chapter is because of its sounds, not its meaning. The translator should not translate the meaning of this word, but should transliterate or transfer it into the target language by substituting letters that have the same sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -JDG 12 1 mp3k figs-abstractnouns 0 A call went out to the men of Ephraim Here the abstract noun “call” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “The men of Ephraim were called together” or “The men…of Ephraim called together their soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JDG 12 1 mp3k figs-abstractnouns 0 A call went out to the men of Ephraim Here the abstract noun “call” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “The men of Ephraim were called together” or “The men … of Ephraim called together their soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JDG 12 1 ubq3 translate-names 0 Zaphon This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JDG 12 1 hh1l 0 passed through…pass through or “traveled through…travel” or “journeyed through…journey” +JDG 12 1 hh1l 0 passed through … pass through or “traveled through … travel” or “journeyed through … journey” JDG 12 1 lt7l figs-idiom 0 We will burn your house down over you This idiom means to burn down a house with people inside it. Alternate translation: “We will burn your house down with you still in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 12 2 fsb1 figs-you 0 When I called you, you Here the word “you” is plural and refers to the people of Ephraim. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JDG 12 2 nxf4 figs-synecdoche 0 did not rescue me Jephthah uses the word “me” to refer to himself and all the people of Gilead. Alternate translation: “do not rescue us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -878,24 +878,24 @@ JDG 12 5 dcy5 0 to Ephraim “to the land of Ephraim” JDG 12 5 f8sh 0 The Gileadites captured “The Gileadites controlled” or “The Gileadites occupied” JDG 12 5 yc1p 0 fords These are places where you can cross the river on foot because the water is shallow. JDG 12 5 w1cc 0 Ephraimite person from the tribe of Ephraim -JDG 12 6 cee8 translate-transliterate 0 Shibboleth…Sibboleth These words have no meaning. Copy these words into your language, and make sure that the beginning of the words, that is the letters “Sh” and “S” are translated differently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) +JDG 12 6 cee8 translate-transliterate 0 Shibboleth … Sibboleth These words have no meaning. Copy these words into your language, and make sure that the beginning of the words, that is the letters “Sh” and “S” are translated differently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) JDG 12 6 uc7k 0 pronounce the word “make the sound of the word” JDG 12 6 d82p translate-numbers 0 Forty-two thousand “42,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 12 6 c2bb figs-activepassive 0 Forty-two thousand Ephraimites were killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They killed forty-two thousand Ephraimites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 12 7 v8rv figs-activepassive 0 Jephthah the Gileadite died and was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Jephthah the Gileadite died and they buried him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 12 8 ha85 translate-names 0 Ibzan of Bethlehem This is the name of a man from Bethlehem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JDG 12 9 d515 figs-idiom 0 He gave away thirty daughters in marriage Here “give away…in marriage” is an idiom which means that he allowed his daughters to get married. Alternate translation: “He had thirty daughters and arranged a marriage for each of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JDG 12 9 d515 figs-idiom 0 He gave away thirty daughters in marriage Here “give away … in marriage” is an idiom which means that he allowed his daughters to get married. Alternate translation: “He had thirty daughters and arranged a marriage for each of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 12 9 r2m9 figs-idiom 0 he brought in thirty daughters of other men for his sons, from the outside The idiom “bring them in from the outside” means that he had women from other clans marry his sons. Alternate translation: “he arranged for thirty daughters of other men from outside of his clan to marry his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 12 10 jbg6 figs-activepassive 0 was buried at Bethlehem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they buried him in Bethlehem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 12 11 k8nx translate-names 0 Elon This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 12 11 jl6e 0 Zebulunite someone from the tribe of Zebulun JDG 12 12 dn79 0 Aijalon Translate the name of this place the same way you did in [Judges 1:35](../01/35.md). JDG 12 12 dzh4 figs-activepassive 0 was buried in Aijalon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they buried him in Aijalon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JDG 12 13 x9gz translate-names 0 Abdon…Hillel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 12 13 x9gz translate-names 0 Abdon … Hillel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 12 13 z3n6 translate-names 0 Pirathon This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 12 14 n7k2 figs-metonymy 0 They rode on seventy donkeys These men owned seventy donkeys, which they did ride. Here the word “rode” is used instead of “owned.” Alternate translation: “They owned seventy donkeys” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JDG 12 14 ua8s translate-numbers 0 forty sons…thirty grandsons…seventy donkeys “40 sons…30 grandsons…70 donkeys (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JDG 12 15 wqm2 translate-names 0 Pirathonite…Pirathon Pirathon is the name of a place, someone who is from that place is called a Pirathonite. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 12 14 ua8s translate-numbers 0 forty sons … thirty grandsons … seventy donkeys “40 sons…30 grandsons…70 donkeys (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +JDG 12 15 wqm2 translate-names 0 Pirathonite … Pirathon Pirathon is the name of a place, someone who is from that place is called a Pirathonite. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 13 intro eu67 0 # Judges 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the account of Samson ([Judges 13-16](./01.md)).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Warning not to cut his hair

The angel of the Lord prophesied about Samson and gave instructions to Samson’s mother. Samson’s mother was to offer up her son under a Nazarite vow. This was a special type of vow, dedicating Samson to Yahweh. Part of this vow prohibited the cutting of the person’s hair. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) JDG 13 1 acr5 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [Judges 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 13 1 g29r figs-metonymy 0 he gave them into the hand of the Philistines Here “hand” refers to power to gain victory in battle. Alternate translation: “he allowed the Philistines to defeat them” or “he allowed them to be oppressed by the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -941,7 +941,7 @@ JDG 13 24 n565 0 the woman “Manoah’s wife” JDG 13 24 lz2q figs-idiom 0 gave birth to a son This refers to childbirth. Alternate translation: “bore a son” or “had a baby boy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 13 24 ht9i 0 grew up “became an adult” or “matured” JDG 13 25 hmc1 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s Spirit began to stir him Here the way Yahweh’s Spirit influences Samson is compared to the way a spoon stirs food in a pot. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s Spirit began to influence Samson” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JDG 13 25 wnc2 translate-names 0 Mahaneh Dan…Eshtaol Mahaneh Dan is the name of a temporary camp that the tribe of Dan lived in while they looked for a permanent home. Eshtaol is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JDG 13 25 wnc2 translate-names 0 Mahaneh Dan … Eshtaol Mahaneh Dan is the name of a temporary camp that the tribe of Dan lived in while they looked for a permanent home. Eshtaol is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 13 25 x4d3 0 Zorah Translate the name of this town the same way you did in [Judges 13:2](../13/02.md). JDG 14 intro cl2d 0 # Judges 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Samson continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:14, 18.

### Special concepts in this chapter

### Intermarriage
It was considered sinful for an Israel to marry a Canaanite or anyone from a different people group. This is why Samson’s parents did not want him to marry a Philistine woman. They use rhetorical questions to convince him that he is sinning. This woman caused Samson many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 14 1 bwa3 translate-names 0 Samson went down to Timnah The phrase “went down” is used here because Timnah is lower in elevation than where his father’s house was. Timah is the name of a city in the Sorek Valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ JDG 14 5 d4lt translate-names 0 Samson went down to Timnah The phrase “went d JDG 14 5 ty9r figs-idiom 0 And, look, there one of the young lions came up Here the word “look” is used to draw the readers attention to a surprising event that happens in the story. The phrase “came up” means that the lion came near him. Alternate translation: “Suddenly, a young lion came near him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 14 5 szi7 0 was roaring at him “threatened him.” This is the kind of noise that a lion makes when it threatens to attack something. JDG 14 6 m9m5 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh’s Spirit suddenly came on him The phrase “came on” means that Yahweh’s Spirit influenced Samson. In this case, he made him very strong. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s Spirit made him very strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JDG 14 6 ryx9 0 tore…apart tore into two pieces +JDG 14 6 ryx9 0 tore … apart tore into two pieces JDG 14 6 t92d figs-litotes 0 had nothing in his hand Here it states that he had nothing in his hand to emphasize that he was not holding a weapon. Alternate translation: “did not have a weapon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) JDG 14 7 s2mj figs-explicit 0 she pleased Samson This means that he thought she was very beautiful. Alternate translation: “he was pleased by how beautiful she was” or “he thought she was very beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 14 8 d5v9 figs-idiom 0 he turned aside This means that he left his path to do something. Alternate translation: “he left the path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ JDG 15 8 m2qa figs-idiom 0 he went down Here the phrase “went down” does no JDG 15 8 xk3p 0 cave an opening in a hill or mountainside JDG 15 8 yl63 0 cliff a high, rocky hill or mountainside JDG 15 8 b6rw translate-names 0 Etam This is the name of the rocky hill country near Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JDG 15 9 g7cb 0 the Philistines came up…in Judah The phrase “came up” is used here because the Philistines went to Judah which is higher in elevation than where they traveled from. +JDG 15 9 g7cb 0 the Philistines came up … in Judah The phrase “came up” is used here because the Philistines went to Judah which is higher in elevation than where they traveled from. JDG 15 9 fkh2 0 prepared for battle “organized themselves for battle” JDG 15 9 v6jw translate-names 0 Lehi This is the name of a town in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 15 10 ut2q figs-explicit 0 do to him as he has done to us The Philistines are comparing how they want to kill Samson to how he killed many of the Philistines. Alternate translation: “kill him like he killed many of our people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1057,7 +1057,7 @@ JDG 15 16 dzp6 0 the jawbone of a donkey “a donkey’s jawbone” JDG 15 16 dm4v figs-explicit 0 heaps upon heaps This phrase describes how many people Samson killed. There were enough bodies to make large piles of bodies. Alternate translation: “I have made heaps of dead bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 15 17 ra2d translate-names 0 Ramath Lehi This is the name of a place. It’s name means “Jawbone Hill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 15 18 ta26 0 was very thirsty “needed water to drink” -JDG 15 18 t3wx figs-hyperbole 0 But now will I die of thirst and fall into…uncircumcised? This could mean: (1) Samson is so thirsty he could literally die. Alternate translation: “But now I will die of thirst and my body will fall into…uncircumcised.” or (2) Samson exaggerates how thirsty he is by asking if he will die of thirst. Alternate translation: “But now will you allow me to become so weak from my thirst that I fall into…uncircumcised?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JDG 15 18 t3wx figs-hyperbole 0 But now will I die of thirst and fall into … uncircumcised? This could mean: (1) Samson is so thirsty he could literally die. Alternate translation: “But now I will die of thirst and my body will fall into … uncircumcised.” or (2) Samson exaggerates how thirsty he is by asking if he will die of thirst. Alternate translation: “But now will you allow me to become so weak from my thirst that I fall into … uncircumcised?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JDG 15 18 h9yr figs-idiom 0 die of thirst This means to die because you have not drank enough and therefore, you do not have enough water in your body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 15 18 u4x9 figs-idiom 0 fall into the hands of those who are uncircumcised The phrase “fall into the hands” means to be captured. “Those who are uncircumcised” refers to the Philistines and with the word “uncircumcised” emphasizing that they do not worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “be captured by those godless Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 15 19 c7pf 0 split open the hollow place “opened a hole in the ground” or “opened the low place.” This refers to a low area of ground where Yahweh caused a spring of water to appear. @@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@ JDG 15 20 l52v translate-numbers 0 for twenty years “for 20 years” (See: [[ JDG 16 intro u81n 0 # Judges 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Samson concludes in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Samson’s mistake

Samson mistakenly thought that he was the source of his strength. He did not realize that Yahweh had left him and without Yahweh, he had no strength. This was not Samson’s only mistake. His foreign wife created most of his problems. JDG 16 1 l289 figs-euphemism 0 he went to bed with her The phrase “went to bed with” is a polite way of referring to having sex. Alternate translation: “he had sex with her” or “he slept with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JDG 16 2 j859 translate-names 0 The Gazites were told The word “Gazites” refers to people from Gaza. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told the people of Gaza” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JDG 16 2 fyj2 0 The Gazites surrounded the place…they waited for him all night at the city gate This implies that some Gazites surrounded the place where Samson was staying and others waited at the city gate so that he could not leave. +JDG 16 2 fyj2 0 The Gazites surrounded the place … they waited for him all night at the city gate This implies that some Gazites surrounded the place where Samson was staying and others waited at the city gate so that he could not leave. JDG 16 2 lsy6 0 They kept silent all night This could mean: (1) “They did not make any noise all night” or (2) “They made no attempt to attack him all night.” JDG 16 3 iye2 0 until midnight “until the middle of the night” JDG 16 3 fv5x 0 its two posts These are supports for the city gate. These posts were probably made from tree trunks and were buried deep into the ground. The doors of the city gate were attached to these posts. @@ -1109,7 +1109,7 @@ JDG 16 14 h61l figs-idiom 0 The Philistines are upon you The phrase “upon you JDG 16 14 k9fi figs-explicit 0 he pulled out the fabric and the pin from the loom Samson pulled out the fabric from the loom when he pulled his hair away from the loom. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “pulled away his hair, taking with it the pin of the loom and the fabric in the loom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 16 14 lc6p 0 the pin This is the wooden nail or peg used to fasten the fabric to the loom. JDG 16 15 zzt1 figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, ‘I love you,’ when you do not share your secrets with me? Delilah asks this question to say that if Samson really loved her he would tell her his secrets. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “When you say ‘I love you,’ you are lying because you do not share your secrets with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JDG 16 16 s5ui figs-idiom 0 pressed him hard…pressured him Here the author speaks of how Delilah tries to persuade Samson as if she were putting pressure on him to convince him to tell her what she wants to know. Alternate translation: “tried hard to persuade him…kept trying to persuade him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JDG 16 16 s5ui figs-idiom 0 pressed him hard … pressured him Here the author speaks of how Delilah tries to persuade Samson as if she were putting pressure on him to convince him to tell her what she wants to know. Alternate translation: “tried hard to persuade him … kept trying to persuade him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 16 16 imn2 0 with her words “by what she said to him” JDG 16 16 iqa6 figs-hyperbole 0 that he wished he would die The author used a hyperbole, an exaggeration, to emphasize how miserable Sampson felt. Alternate translation: “that he was completely miserable” or “that he was very unhappy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JDG 16 17 c8q9 figs-explicit 0 told her everything everything about the source of his strength. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “told her the source of his strength” or “told her the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ JDG 16 23 p125 0 has conquered “has defeated” JDG 16 23 ekg1 figs-metaphor 0 put him in our grasp Here the author speak of Samson being under the rulers’ control as if he were something grasped tightly by their hands. Alternate translation: “put him under our control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 16 24 ums1 0 the destroyer of our country This refers to Samson. The word “destroyer” can be expressed with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “the man who has destroyed our country” JDG 16 24 y4qk figs-synecdoche 0 who killed many of us Here the word “us” refers to the Philistine people. Those who are talking are not counting themselves among the people whom Samson killed. Alternate translation: “who killed many of our people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JDG 16 25 hiy5 figs-explicit 0 Call for Samson…They called for Samson Since Samson was a prisoner, he would not be called directly, but rather the people were asking for the men in charge of the prison to bring him to them. Alternate translation: “Call for them to bring out Samson…They brought Samson” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JDG 16 25 hiy5 figs-explicit 0 Call for Samson … They called for Samson Since Samson was a prisoner, he would not be called directly, but rather the people were asking for the men in charge of the prison to bring him to them. Alternate translation: “Call for them to bring out Samson … They brought Samson” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 16 26 b8yg 0 the boy “the young man” This was not a young child, but rather a youth. JDG 16 26 d2gs 0 Permit me to touch the pillars on which the building rests “Allow me to touch the pillars which hold up the building” JDG 16 27 fx8p writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story while the writer tells background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ JDG 16 30 i5lw figs-nominaladj 0 the dead This refers to people who are dead. A JDG 16 30 u7yd 0 were more “were a greater amount” JDG 16 31 rl5r figs-metonymy 0 all the house of his father Here the word “house” refers to his family. Alternate translation: “all of his father’s family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 16 31 jg6m 0 came down The phrase “came down” is used here because the place that Samson’s family traveled form was higher in elevation than Gaza. -JDG 16 31 na1k 0 Zorah…Eshtaol See how you translated the names of these places in [Judges 13:2](../13/02.md) and [Judges 13:25](../13/25.md). +JDG 16 31 na1k 0 Zorah … Eshtaol See how you translated the names of these places in [Judges 13:2](../13/02.md) and [Judges 13:25](../13/25.md). JDG 16 31 de6c 0 in the burial place of Manoah, his father “where his father, Manoah, is buried” JDG 16 31 i2d4 translate-names 0 Manoah See how you translated this man’s name in [Judges 13:2](../13/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 16 31 wv8z figs-explicit 0 Samson had judged Israel for twenty years This same sentence is also in [Judges 15:20](../15/20.md). It is repeated here to remind readers of how long he judged Israel. Alternate translation: “Samson had judged Israel for twenty years before he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@ JDG 17 12 t9an figs-idiom 0 Micah set apart the Levite Here “set apart” mea JDG 17 12 s6d6 figs-metonymy 0 was in Micah’s house Here living in Micah’s house is spoken of as “being” in his house. Alternate translation: “lived in Micah’s house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 18 intro y2ru 0 # Judges 18 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The tribe of Dan

The tribe of Dan lacked faith in Yahweh and had yet to conquer its inheritance. In this chapter, they begin to conquer their land, but they also started to worship an idol. Their conquering of the land is much different than the other tribes’ victories. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) JDG 18 1 d1r4 writing-newevent 0 In those days This phrase introduces the beginning of another event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -JDG 18 1 w9qn writing-background 0 In those days…from among the tribes of Israel This is background information about Israel and the people of the tribe of Dan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JDG 18 1 w9qn writing-background 0 In those days … from among the tribes of Israel This is background information about Israel and the people of the tribe of Dan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 18 1 g4f2 figs-explicit 0 not received any inheritance from This refers specifically to land inherited where they would live. Alternate translation: “not received a land inheritance from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 18 2 f83t figs-metonymy 0 from the whole number of their tribe The phrase “the whole number” refers to all of the men in the tribe. Alternate translation: “from among all of the men in their tribe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 18 2 j6xd 0 experienced warriors “experienced fighters” @@ -1219,13 +1219,13 @@ JDG 18 12 z66i translate-names 0 Kiriath Jearim This is the name of a town. (Se JDG 18 12 q4cf 0 Mahaneh Dan Translate the name of this place the same as you did in [Judges 13:25](../13/25.md). JDG 18 12 f453 figs-idiom 0 to this day This means that something remains the same. It refers to the “present” time. Alternate translation: “and that is still its name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 18 14 l46p 0 Laish Translate the name of this town the same as you did in [Judges 18:7](../18/07.md). -JDG 18 14 g3gr figs-rquestion 0 in these houses there are an ephod,…metal figure? Decide…will do The five men asked this question to suggest and encourage the men that they should steal the idols. This can be written as a statement, and the implied information may be given in a parenthetical phrase. Alternate translation: “these houses contain an ephod,…metal figure. (They were suggesting that the men steal these things.) Decide…will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JDG 18 14 g3gr figs-rquestion 0 in these houses there are an ephod,…metal figure? Decide … will do The five men asked this question to suggest and encourage the men that they should steal the idols. This can be written as a statement, and the implied information may be given in a parenthetical phrase. Alternate translation: “these houses contain an ephod,…metal figure. (They were suggesting that the men steal these things.) Decide … will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 18 14 g8xi 0 in these houses there are “in one of these house there is” or “among these houses is” JDG 18 15 cx88 0 they turned in there “they turned” JDG 18 15 tf6m 0 they greeted him The word “him” refers to the Levite. JDG 18 16 m84v translate-numbers 0 six hundred Danites “600 Danites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 18 17 a6nq translate-numbers 0 six hundred men “600 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JDG 18 19 fje7 figs-rquestion 0 Is it better for you to be priest for the house of one man…a clan in Israel? They ask this as a rhetorical question to imply that it is true. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is better for you to be priest for a tribe and a clan in Israel than for just the house of one man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JDG 18 19 fje7 figs-rquestion 0 Is it better for you to be priest for the house of one man … a clan in Israel? They ask this as a rhetorical question to imply that it is true. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is better for you to be priest for a tribe and a clan in Israel than for just the house of one man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 18 20 z2bp figs-synecdoche 0 The priest’s heart was glad Here the priest is referred to by his “heart” to emphasize his emotions. Alternate translation: “The priest was glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 18 21 v31e figs-explicit 0 They put the small children in front of themselves They traveled this way to protect the children. If Micah and his people attacked them the would reach the warriors first and not the children. Alternate translation: “They put the small children in front of themselves to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 18 21 t33e 0 they turned “the Danites turned around” @@ -1282,7 +1282,7 @@ JDG 19 20 ep3p 0 Only do not “Do not.” The word “only” is used here to JDG 19 20 jm1p 0 square This refers to the city square. See how you translated this [Judges 19:17](../19/17.md). JDG 19 21 z5ah figs-idiom 0 brought the Levite into his house This means that he invited the Levite to spend the night in his house. Also, by inviting the Levite he was inviting the man’s concubine and servant as well. Alternate translation: “invited the Levite and his servants to stay in his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 19 22 dx6j figs-idiom 0 they were making their hearts glad The phrase “making their hearts glad” is an idiom that means to have a good time with someone else. Alternate translation: “they were have a good time together” or “they were enjoying themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JDG 19 22 q1dh 0 some men of…surrounded the house Some men stood on all sides of the house. +JDG 19 22 q1dh 0 some men of … surrounded the house Some men stood on all sides of the house. JDG 19 24 k4nm 0 See This word is used to get the peoples’ attention. Alternate translation: “Listen” JDG 19 25 lk3t figs-metaphor 0 the men would not listen to him Here the author speaks of “agreeing” as if it were “listening.” Alternate translation: “the men would not accept his offer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 19 25 ty8i 0 the man seized his concubine there could be confusion as to the identity of the man. Alternate translation: “the Levite seized his concubine” @@ -1304,10 +1304,10 @@ JDG 20 6 gkc4 figs-hendiadys 0 wickedness and outrage The word “outrage” de JDG 20 7 h9h3 0 Now This word is used to introduce the conclusion of the speech of the Levite. JDG 20 7 wp5t figs-doublet 0 give your advice and counsel here The words “advice” and “counsel” refer to the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “decide what we need to do about this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JDG 20 8 s9g2 figs-simile 0 as one This simile speaks of the group as acting as a single person. They all acted together in exactly the same way. Alternate translation: “as if they were a single man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JDG 20 8 s835 figs-parallelism 0 None of us will go to his tent…none of us will return to his house These two clauses say basically the same thing twice for emphasis. They can be combined. The words “none…go” and “none…return” emphasizes how the people will continue to stay there. They can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will all stay here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +JDG 20 8 s835 figs-parallelism 0 None of us will go to his tent … none of us will return to his house These two clauses say basically the same thing twice for emphasis. They can be combined. The words “none … go” and “none … return” emphasizes how the people will continue to stay there. They can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will all stay here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) JDG 20 9 xy7l 0 But now These words introduce the main portion of what the people say after the initial exclamation. JDG 20 9 l369 0 as the lot directs This involved tossing or rolling small marked stones to determine what God wants. -JDG 20 10 wsa9 translate-numbers 0 ten men of a hundred…one hundred of a thousand…one thousand of ten thousand “10 men out of 100…100 out of 1,000…1,000 out of 10,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +JDG 20 10 wsa9 translate-numbers 0 ten men of a hundred … one hundred of a thousand … one thousand of ten thousand “10 men out of 100…100 out of 1,000…1,000 out of 10,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 20 10 mm9k 0 provisions food and other things the people need JDG 20 11 wfs1 0 assembled against the city “came together to attack the city” JDG 20 13 m9f5 figs-idiom 0 put them to death This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “kill them” or “execute them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1328,7 +1328,7 @@ JDG 20 25 t59r translate-numbers 0 eighteen thousand “18,000” (See: [[rc:// JDG 20 26 y97x 0 before Yahweh “in Yahweh’s presence” or “to Yahweh” JDG 20 27 usm6 writing-background 0 for the ark of the covenant of God was there in those days This is background information that the author inserted to help the reader understand how the people asked Yahweh for an answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 20 27 cs7a 0 was there in those days “was at Bethel in those days” -JDG 20 28 ly8e writing-background 0 and Phinehas…was serving before the ark in those days This is background information that the author inserted to help the reader understand how the people asked Yahweh for an answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JDG 20 28 ly8e writing-background 0 and Phinehas … was serving before the ark in those days This is background information that the author inserted to help the reader understand how the people asked Yahweh for an answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 20 28 d9ma figs-explicit 0 was serving before the ark The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “was serving as priest before the ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 20 28 w427 figs-explicit 0 Attack The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Attack the army of Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 20 29 f7uq figs-metonymy 0 Israel set men Here “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@ JDG 20 34 de7z translate-numbers 0 ten thousand “10,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta JDG 20 34 wk8a figs-idiom 0 chosen men This is an idiom that means these were particularly good soldiers. Alternate translation: “well-trained soldier” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 20 34 p4k5 figs-metaphor 0 disaster was close to them Here immanent disaster is spoken of as if it was standing very close by them. Alternate translation: “they would soon be completely defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 20 35 bt91 translate-numbers 0 25,100 men “twenty-five thousand one hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JDG 20 36 mrd4 writing-background 0 The men of Israel had given ground to Benjamin, because they were counting on the men…outside Gibeah From this sentence until the end of verse 41 is background information that the writer inserted to explain to the readers how the ambush defeated the Benjamites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JDG 20 36 mrd4 writing-background 0 The men of Israel had given ground to Benjamin, because they were counting on the men … outside Gibeah From this sentence until the end of verse 41 is background information that the writer inserted to explain to the readers how the ambush defeated the Benjamites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 20 36 i3ru figs-idiom 0 had given ground to Benjamin This is an idiom that means they intentionally retreated. Alternate translation: “had allowed Benjamin to move forward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 20 36 sq9e figs-idiom 0 they were counting on the men This is an idiom that means they trusted their men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 20 39 btm9 writing-background 0 General Information: This verse continues to give background information that the writer inserted to explain to the readers how the ambush defeated the Benjamites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -1358,7 +1358,7 @@ JDG 20 43 cis4 figs-metaphor 0 trampled them down The completed destruction of JDG 20 44 jd79 translate-numbers 0 eighteen thousand “18,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 20 44 c8tw 0 were distinguished in battle “had fought bravely in the battle” JDG 20 45 akn8 0 They turned and fled “The remaining Benjamites turned and fled” -JDG 20 45 e3cs translate-numbers 0 five thousand…two thousand “5,000…2,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +JDG 20 45 e3cs translate-numbers 0 five thousand … two thousand “5,000…2,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 20 45 y3ry translate-names 0 Gidom This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 20 46 d674 translate-numbers 0 twenty-five thousand “25,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 20 47 h1ci translate-numbers 0 six hundred “600” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1366,7 +1366,7 @@ JDG 20 48 h7m3 0 turned back against the people of Benjamin These people of Be JDG 20 48 l4rw figs-metonymy 0 the city Here “the city” refers to the people in that city. Alternate translation: “everyone who was in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 20 48 ue39 figs-idiom 0 in their path This idiom refers to everything that they found as they went toward the city. Alternate translation: “they came to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 21 intro bf76 0 # Judges 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter concludes the account of the previous chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sin and immorality

At the end of Judges, there is much sin and immorality. The people are doing wrong and fixing their wrongs by doing more evil things. This period of Judges is typified by this final account and summarized by the statement, “everyone did what was right in his own eyes.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -JDG 21 1 w65e writing-background 0 Now the men of Israel had made a promise…marry a Benjamite.” This background information tells the reader about the promise that the Israelites made before the battle with the Benjamites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JDG 21 1 w65e writing-background 0 Now the men of Israel had made a promise … marry a Benjamite.” This background information tells the reader about the promise that the Israelites made before the battle with the Benjamites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 21 1 rw2t 0 Benjamite This is the name of the descendants of Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Judges 3:15](../03/15.md). JDG 21 3 q8cb figs-rquestion 0 Why, Yahweh, God of Israel, has this happened to Israel, that one of our tribes should be missing today? The people of Israel used this rhetorical question to express their deep sadness. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Oh Yahweh, we are so sad that one of the tribes of Israel has been completely destroyed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 21 5 xs35 0 The people of Israel said, “Which of all the tribes of Israel did not come up in the assembly to Yahweh?” The people are referring back to the assembly of the Israelites at Mizpah before they attacked the Benjamites. @@ -1380,7 +1380,7 @@ JDG 21 9 jyg7 0 people were set out in an orderly manner “people that were a JDG 21 9 qs2v figs-explicit 0 none of the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead were there This refers back to the earlier assembly at Mizpah. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “none of the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead had been present at Mizpah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 21 10 p52b translate-numbers 0 twelve thousand “12,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 21 10 qw5x 0 strike the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead with the edge of the sword, including the women and children The next verse will add an exception to this general instruction. -JDG 21 10 ajh8 0 strike…with the edge of the sword “kill…with their swords” +JDG 21 10 ajh8 0 strike … with the edge of the sword “kill … with their swords” JDG 21 12 n2u2 0 Jabesh Gilead This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Judges 21:8](../21/08.md). JDG 21 12 ani7 translate-numbers 0 four hundred young women “400 young women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 21 12 w47b figs-euphemism 0 who had not known a man by lying with him This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “who had not had sexual relations with a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -1390,14 +1390,14 @@ JDG 21 14 iu7g 0 there were not enough women for all of them There were six hu JDG 21 15 v114 0 made a division between the tribes of Israel “had caused the tribes of Israel not to be unified” JDG 21 16 sc2b 0 Benjamites This refers to the descendants of Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Judges 3:15](../03/15.md). JDG 21 16 rgy2 figs-activepassive 0 the women of Benjamin have been killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we killed all the Benjamite women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JDG 21 17 mk7l figs-hyperbole 0 There must be an inheritance…is not destroyed from Israel The Israelites are exaggerating. They had already given wives to four hundred of the Benjamites, so the tribe would not be completely destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JDG 21 17 mk7l figs-hyperbole 0 There must be an inheritance … is not destroyed from Israel The Israelites are exaggerating. They had already given wives to four hundred of the Benjamites, so the tribe would not be completely destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JDG 21 18 qnk3 figs-synecdoche 0 a wife to Benjamin Here Benjamin refers to the male descendants of Benjamin. Alternate translation: “a wife to the men of Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JDG 21 19 u453 writing-background 0 which is north of Bethel, east of the road that goes up from Bethel to Shechem, and south of Lebonah This is background information to explain to the reader where the city of Shiloh is located. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 21 19 m2hz translate-names 0 Lebonah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JDG 21 21 am3f figs-explicit 0 each one of you should grab a wife…go back to the land of Benjamin It is understood that the Benjamites would take these women back to their own land with them. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “each one of you should seize one of the girls of Shiloh, and then take her back with you to the land of Benjamin to become your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JDG 21 21 am3f figs-explicit 0 each one of you should grab a wife … go back to the land of Benjamin It is understood that the Benjamites would take these women back to their own land with them. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “each one of you should seize one of the girls of Shiloh, and then take her back with you to the land of Benjamin to become your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 21 22 z5gg figs-abstractnouns 0 Show us favor The abstract noun “favor” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “Act kindly toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JDG 21 22 zsi5 figs-explicit 0 because we did not get wives for each man during the war The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because we did not get wives for each of them during the war with Jabesh Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JDG 21 22 pcc6 0 You are innocent…not give your daughters to them This refers to the men of Shiloh. They did not voluntarily give their daughters to the Benjamites, and therefore did not break their promise not to do that. +JDG 21 22 pcc6 0 You are innocent … not give your daughters to them This refers to the men of Shiloh. They did not voluntarily give their daughters to the Benjamites, and therefore did not break their promise not to do that. JDG 21 23 ng9r 0 the number of wives that they needed This refers to one wife for each of the two hundred Benjamite men who did not receive wives from Jabesh Gilead ([Judges 21:14](../21/14.md)). JDG 21 25 b8xe 0 there was no king in Israel “Israel did not yet have a king” JDG 21 25 d46g figs-metaphor 0 what was right in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what he judged to be right” or “what he considered to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv b/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv index b6d0ee103..394cf8378 100644 --- a/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv +++ b/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ RUT 1 2 e53a אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּ RUT 1 3 rxb1 הִ֖יא וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠הָ׃ 1 she was left, her and her two sons **Naomi had only her two sons remaining with her** RUT 1 4 pk7g figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ 1 they took wives for themselves **married women**. This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 1 4 k7y9 מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת 1 from the women of Moab Naomi’s sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods. -RUT 1 4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽ⁠אַחַת֙…וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖י 1 the name of the first woman was…and the name of the second woman was **the name of one woman was…the name of the other woman was** +RUT 1 4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽ⁠אַחַת֙…וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖י 1 the name of the first woman was … and the name of the second woman was **the name of one woman was … the name of the other woman was** RUT 1 4 rt4c כְּ⁠עֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 for about ten years About ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died. RUT 1 5 dbr3 וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה מִ⁠שְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖י⁠הָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠אִישָֽׁ⁠הּ 1 the woman was left without her two children or her husband Naomi was widowed and both her sons died. RUT 1 6 u9q2 וְ⁠כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 her daughters-in-law the women who married Naomi’s sons @@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ RUT 2 10 abc7 figs-idiom מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ RUT 2 10 abc8 figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 in your eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” or “that you decided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) RUT 2 10 x6f8 נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 foreigner A **foreigner** is someone from another country. Even though Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, everyone knew that she was from Moab, not Israel. Often Israelites were not kind to foreigners, even though God wanted them to be kind to them. This shows that Boaz was living to please God. RUT 2 11 ab14 figs-doublet וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן בֹּ֨עַז֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר 1 Boaz answered and said Both **answered** and **said** describe the same action. If this is confusing in your language, you may want to use only one verb for this, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -RUT 2 11 app6 figs-activepassive הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗⁠י 1 Everything…has fully been reported to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: **People have reported to me** or **People have told me** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -RUT 2 11 abc9 figs-idiom הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד 1 Everything…has fully been reported Here two forms of the word for **report** are repeated in the original Hebrew text to emphasize the certainty or extent of the statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 2 11 app6 figs-activepassive הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗⁠י 1 Everything … has fully been reported to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: **People have reported to me** or **People have told me** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +RUT 2 11 abc9 figs-idiom הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד 1 Everything … has fully been reported Here two forms of the word for **report** are repeated in the original Hebrew text to emphasize the certainty or extent of the statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 2 11 r44n figs-metonymy וַ⁠תֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם 1 and you came to a people Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion that she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) RUT 2 11 ab60 figs-idiom תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃ 1 the day before yesterday This is an idiom that means “recently” or “previously” RUT 2 12 x5ct יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 May Yahweh reward your work **May Yahweh repay you** or **May Yahweh pay you back** @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ RUT 2 22 ab64 grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ RUT 2 23 e2vq וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֞ק 1 So she stayed close by Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe. RUT 2 23 a7qp וַ⁠תֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ 1 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night. RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Boaz’s integrity

Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth until they were married. He was also concerned with preserving Ruth’s good reputation. Displaying Boaz’s good character is an important point in this chapter.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### **So that it may be well with you**

Naomi wanted Ruth to have a secure home with a good husband who would care for her. She could see that Boaz would be the best husband for her. She also thought that Boaz, as a kinsman-redeemer, had an obligation to marry her. This could be true because, even though Ruth was a Gentile by birth, she had become part of Naomi’s family and part of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 3 1 jdr3 writing-newevent וַ⁠תֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖⁠הּ נָעֳמִ֣י 1 Naomi…said to her, This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) +RUT 3 1 jdr3 writing-newevent וַ⁠תֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖⁠הּ נָעֳמִ֣י 1 Naomi … said to her, This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) RUT 3 1 r7ar חֲמוֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 her mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband. RUT 3 1 f1uc בִּתִּ֞⁠י 1 My daughter Ruth became part of Naomi’s family by marrying her son and became like a daughter to her by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem. RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 should I not seek a resting place for you, that will be good for you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.” or “I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ RUT 3 7 y6gk וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣א בַ⁠לָּ֔ט 1 Then she came quietly ** RUT 3 7 eq2u וַ⁠תְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 and uncovered his feet **and removed the covering from his legs** RUT 3 7 pb6l וַ⁠תִּשְׁכָּֽב 1 and lay down **and lay down there** RUT 3 8 pz92 writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִי֙ בַּ⁠חֲצִ֣י הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה 1 Then it happened in the middle of the night This clause introduces a new event in the story, explaining when Boaz woke up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -RUT 3 8 xun6 וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 that…was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs. +RUT 3 8 xun6 וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 that … was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs. RUT 3 8 ab23 figs-exclamations וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 And behold This word shows that what follows was very surprising to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) RUT 3 8 e7ui אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness. RUT 3 9 wj9e אֲמָתֶ֔⁠ךָ -1 your female servant Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect. @@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ RUT 3 11 ab08 figs-idiom כָּל־שַׁ֣עַר עַמִּ֔⁠י 1 the whole RUT 3 11 ab31 אֵ֥שֶׁת חַ֖יִל 1 a woman of worth **a woman of good character**, **a good woman** RUT 3 12 jdr7 וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that” a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth and the possibility of another man marrying her instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) RUT 3 12 ab30 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠גַ֛ם יֵ֥שׁ 1 but there is This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth (verse 11) and the possibility of another man marrying her instead (verse 12). Alternate translation: “Even so, there is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]). -RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 a kinsman-redeemer…nearer than I It was the duty of the male relative who was closest in family relationship to the man who died to help his widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f) and make sure that it also makes sense here. +RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 a kinsman-redeemer … nearer than I It was the duty of the male relative who was closest in family relationship to the man who died to help his widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f) and make sure that it also makes sense here. RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥⁠ךְ 1 if he will redeem you **redeem** here means “marry according to our custom concerning widows.” Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and raise a son to carry on the dead man’s family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) RUT 3 13 tkz9 חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 as Yahweh lives **as surely as Yahweh lives** or **by the life of Yahweh**. This was a common Hebrew vow that obligated the speaker to perform what he said. Use the normal phrasing for a vow in your language. RUT 3 14 vn8p וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מַרְגְּלוֹתָיו֙ 1 So she lay at his feet Ruth slept at Boaz’s feet. They did not have sex. @@ -211,13 +211,13 @@ RUT 4 1 ab38 figs-idiom פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י 1 a certain some RUT 4 1 ab39 figs-quotations פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י 1 a certain someone In many languages, this is an awkward and unnatural way for someone to address another person. A way to make this more natural could be to turn this into an indirect quotation as in the UST. A combination of indirect and direct quotation is also possible: “Boaz called him by name, and said, ‘Turn aside and sit down here.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]). RUT 4 2 ab40 וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח עֲשָׂרָ֧ה אֲנָשִׁ֛ים 1 Then he took ten men **Then he chose ten men** RUT 4 2 bf74 מִ⁠זִּקְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עִ֖יר 1 from the elders of the city **from the leaders of the city** -RUT 4 3 es9g חֶלְקַת֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה…מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י 1 Naomi…is selling the portion of the field It was the responsibility of the nearest kinsman to Elimelek to buy back the land that had belonged to Elimelek and to care for Elimelek’s family. +RUT 4 3 es9g חֶלְקַת֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה…מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י 1 Naomi … is selling the portion of the field It was the responsibility of the nearest kinsman to Elimelek to buy back the land that had belonged to Elimelek and to care for Elimelek’s family. RUT 4 4 ab41 figs-idiom אֶגְלֶ֧ה אָזְנְ⁠ךָ֣ 1 I should uncover your ear This is an idiom that means “I should tell you” or “I should let you know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]). RUT 4 4 c6xi נֶ֥גֶד 1 in the presence of **in the presence of**. Having these men as witnesses would make the transaction legal and binding. RUT 4 4 lgq1 גְּאָ֔ל 1 redeem it **redeem** means to buy the land to keep it within the family. RUT 4 4 ab42 grammar-connect-exceptions אֵ֤ין זוּלָֽתְ⁠ךָ֙ לִ⁠גְא֔וֹל וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 there is no one to redeem it besides you, and I am after you In some languages, it may be confusing to say these things together: (1) there is no one to redeem the land, (2) only you can redeem the land, (3) then I can redeem the land. If that is so in your language, see the UST for a way that is more clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) RUT 4 4 u548 וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 and I am after you Boaz was the next nearest kinsman to Elimelek, and so had the second right to redeem the land. -RUT 4 5 ut23 בְּ⁠יוֹם־קְנוֹתְ⁠ךָ֥…וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת…קָנִ֔יתָה 1 On the day that you buy…you also acquire Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land. Alternate translation: “When you buy the land, you also get” +RUT 4 5 ut23 בְּ⁠יוֹם־קְנוֹתְ⁠ךָ֥…וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת…קָנִ֔יתָה 1 On the day that you buy … you also acquire Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land. Alternate translation: “When you buy the land, you also get” RUT 4 5 ymn8 figs-synecdoche מִ⁠יַּ֣ד נָעֳמִ֑י 1 from the hand of Naomi Here the word **hand** represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) RUT 4 5 dya3 figs-idiom וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת ר֣וּת…קָנִ֔יתָה 1 you also acquire Ruth **you must also marry Ruth** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 4 5 b3ps אֵֽשֶׁת־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ 1 the wife of the dead man **the widow of Elimelek’s son who died** @@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ RUT 4 5 b3sy לְ⁠הָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת עַל־נַחֲ RUT 4 5 ab43 figs-nominaladj הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת 1 the dead Ruth’s husband was **the dead**. This can be stated differently to avoid the nominal adjective **the dead**. Alternate translation: “the man who died” or “her husband who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑⁠י 1 damaging my own inheritance The man would need to give some of his wealth in exchange for the property. Then if he were to marry Ruth, that property would belong to her son, not to his own children. In that way, he would be taking away from the wealth that his own children would inherit from him and giving it instead to the children that Ruth might bear. Alternate translation: “taking away from my own children’s inheritance.” RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־לְ⁠ךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔⁠י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption **You yourself redeem it instead of me** -RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְ⁠זֹאת֩ 1 Now…this is how **Now this was the custom**. The writer of the book stops telling the story in order to give some background information that explains the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. Use your language’s way of giving background information in a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְ⁠זֹאת֩ 1 Now … this is how **Now this was the custom**. The writer of the book stops telling the story in order to give some background information that explains the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. Use your language’s way of giving background information in a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background לְ⁠פָנִ֨ים 1 in earlier times **in earlier times** or **long ago**. This implies that this custom was no longer practiced when the book of Ruth was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) RUT 4 7 d46w לְ⁠רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 to his friend **to the other person**. This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]). RUT 4 8 ab44 וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֛ל 1 So the kinsman-redeemer said The events of the story start again here after the background information of verse 7. Use your language’s way of starting to tell the events of the story again. @@ -261,10 +261,10 @@ RUT 4 15 ab48 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 For **We know this becau RUT 4 15 rpc3 figs-idiom ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔⁠ךְ מִ⁠שִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים 1 better to you than seven sons **seven** represented the idea of completeness or perfection. This is a way to praise Ruth for how she has provided for Naomi by bearing a grandson for her by Boaz, when Naomi’s sons could not provide for her because they had died. Alternate translation: “better to you than any son” or “worth more to you than many sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 4 16 k1w4 וַ⁠תִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ 1 Naomi took the child **Naomi picked up the child** This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth in any hostile way. RUT 4 16 ab49 וַ⁠תְּהִי־ל֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠אֹמֶֽנֶת׃ 1 and became his nurse **and took care of him** -RUT 4 17 ab50 וַ⁠תִּקְרֶאנָה֩ ל֨⁠וֹ הַ⁠שְּׁכֵנ֥וֹת שֵׁם֙…וַ⁠תִּקְרֶ֤אנָֽה שְׁמ⁠וֹ֙ עוֹבֵ֔ד 1 So the neighbor women called out a name for him…And they called his name Obed. The first phrase introduces the naming event, and the second repeats it in order to report the event. If this is confusing, the two phrases can be combined. **So the neighbor women gave him the name Obed** or **The women of the neighborhood said…and they named him Obed** +RUT 4 17 ab50 וַ⁠תִּקְרֶאנָה֩ ל֨⁠וֹ הַ⁠שְּׁכֵנ֥וֹת שֵׁם֙…וַ⁠תִּקְרֶ֤אנָֽה שְׁמ⁠וֹ֙ עוֹבֵ֔ד 1 So the neighbor women called out a name for him … And they called his name Obed. The first phrase introduces the naming event, and the second repeats it in order to report the event. If this is confusing, the two phrases can be combined. **So the neighbor women gave him the name Obed** or **The women of the neighborhood said … and they named him Obed** RUT 4 17 fkf2 יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֑י 1 A son has been born to Naomi **It is as though Naomi has a son again**. It was understood that the child was Naomi’s grandson, not her physical son, but he would carry on the family line of both Naomi and Ruth. RUT 4 17 ab51 ה֥וּא אֲבִי־יִשַׁ֖י 1 He was the father of Jesse **Later, he became the father of Jesse** It may be necessary to make it clear that much time passed between the births of Obed, Jesse, and David. RUT 4 17 f9ha figs-explicit אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד 1 the father of David **father of King David**. Though **King** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that this David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) RUT 4 18 mzm1 תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ 1 the generations of Perez **the successive descendants of our clan, starting with Perez**. Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez. Verse 17 was the end of the story about Naomi and Ruth, and verse 18 begins a final section that lists the family line of the clan of Ephrathah, showing how important Obed was as the grandfather of King David. Use a connecting word that signals that this is a new section. You may also need to make it clear that this verse refers to a much earlier time than the time period of the story. -RUT 4 19 rl3k translate-names וְ⁠חֶצְרוֹן֙…עַמִּֽינָדָֽב׃ 1 Hezron…Amminadab Use forms of these names that are natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +RUT 4 19 rl3k translate-names וְ⁠חֶצְרוֹן֙…עַמִּֽינָדָֽב׃ 1 Hezron … Amminadab Use forms of these names that are natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) RUT 4 22 abcd figs-explicit דָּוִֽד 1 David **King David**. See the note about **David** on [4:17](../04/17/f9ha). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv b/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv index b2c600328..96faefc3c 100644 --- a/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv +++ b/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 1 intro cj3l 0 # 1 Samuel 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter introduces Samuel. It is the beginning of the section 1 Samuel 1-7 which tells about Samuel, the religious leader of Israel.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Two wives
This was a common practice in the ancient Near East. It was against the law of Moses. The men of Israel would have sinned if they married more than one woman. This type of marriage always creates problems because of jealousy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])

### “Pay his vow”
It was customary for Israelites to promise God to make a sacrifice to him if God answered special prayers. Making such a sacrifice was called paying one’s vow. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idioms

When Hannah wanted to assure Eli she was telling the truth, she used the idiom “as you live.” This is a type of oath formula meaning “I promise you I am telling the truth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])

The author also uses the phrase “call to mind.” This is a common idiom meaning “remember.” 1SA 1 1 xa1t translate-names 0 Ramathaim This is the name of a small village possibly located eight kilometers northwest of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 1 1 mwm2 translate-names 0 the Zuphites This is the name of a people group that descended from Zuph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 1 1 cjl8 translate-names 0 Elkanah…Jeroham…Elihu…Tohu…Zuph These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 1 1 cjl8 translate-names 0 Elkanah … Jeroham … Elihu … Tohu … Zuph These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 1 2 g5tk translate-names 0 Peninnah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 1 3 zzb5 0 This man “This man” refers to Elkanah. 1SA 1 3 wr8l 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. @@ -63,16 +63,16 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 2 4 rd1s 0 The bow of the mighty men are broken This could mean: (1) the bows themselves are broken or (2) the men who carry the bows are prevented from acting. Alternate translation: “Mighty bowmen are kept from acting” 1SA 2 4 re5w figs-activepassive 0 The bow of the mighty men are broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh breaks the bows of the mighty men” or “Yahweh can make even the strongest of people weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 2 4 nr6l figs-metaphor 0 those who stumble put on strength like a belt This metaphor means they will no longer stumble, but their strength will remain with them as tightly as a belt. Alternate translation: “he will make those who stumble strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1SA 2 4 u785 0 put on…a belt This is the general term for putting something around one’s waist to prepare for work. +1SA 2 4 u785 0 put on … a belt This is the general term for putting something around one’s waist to prepare for work. 1SA 2 5 t7ag figs-parallelism 0 Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1SA 2 5 q5su 0 gives birth to seven “gives birth to seven children” 1SA 2 5 uun5 0 languishes becomes weak and sad and lonely 1SA 2 6 rlw4 figs-parallelism 0 Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1SA 2 6 wy38 figs-merism 0 Yahweh kills…brings to life…brings down…raises up Yahweh is in control of everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +1SA 2 6 wy38 figs-merism 0 Yahweh kills … brings to life … brings down … raises up Yahweh is in control of everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1SA 2 7 rdi6 figs-parallelism 0 Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1SA 2 7 p7gh figs-merism 0 makes some people poor…some rich…humbles…lifts up Yahweh is in control of everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +1SA 2 7 p7gh figs-merism 0 makes some people poor … some rich … humbles … lifts up Yahweh is in control of everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1SA 2 8 ui1h figs-parallelism 0 Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1SA 2 8 x5qk figs-metaphor 0 out of the dust…from the ash heap These are metaphors for the lowest position in society. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1SA 2 8 x5qk figs-metaphor 0 out of the dust … from the ash heap These are metaphors for the lowest position in society. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1SA 2 8 kfa7 0 the needy people who do not have the things that they need 1SA 2 9 n8u2 figs-parallelism 0 Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1SA 2 9 qa5r figs-metonymy 0 guard the feet of his faithful people Here “feet” is a metonym for the way a person walks, which in turn is a metaphor for the way a person decides how to live his life. Alternate translation: “keep his faithful people from making foolish decisions” or “enable his faithful people to make wise decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -109,13 +109,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 2 25 eb5j 0 speak for him “ask Yahweh to have mercy on him” 1SA 2 25 cvx3 figs-synecdoche 0 the voice of their father Here the father’s “voice” represents the father. Alternate translation: “their father” or “what their father said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 2 27 f6z6 0 man of God This phrase usually means a prophet of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “a man who hears and tells words from God” -1SA 2 27 r882 figs-rquestion 0 Did I not reveal myself…house? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should know that I revealed myself…house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 2 27 r882 figs-rquestion 0 Did I not reveal myself … house? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should know that I revealed myself … house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 2 27 k8sr figs-metonymy 0 the house of your ancestor The word “house” is a metonym for the people who lived in the house. Alternate translation: “the family of your ancestor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 2 27 u541 0 your ancestor Aaron 1SA 2 28 z66e 0 to go up to my altar, and to burn incense This refers to making an offering to Yahweh. 1SA 2 28 vv14 figs-metonymy 0 to wear an ephod before me The words “wear an ephod” are a metonym for the work of the priests who wear the ephod. Alternate translation: “to do what I had commanded the priests to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 2 29 tk44 0 Connecting Statement: The man of God continues to speak to Eli. -1SA 2 29 rx55 figs-rquestion 0 Why, then, do you scorn my sacrifices…live? This rhetorical question is a rebuke. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not scorn my sacrifices…where I live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 2 29 rx55 figs-rquestion 0 Why, then, do you scorn my sacrifices … live? This rhetorical question is a rebuke. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not scorn my sacrifices … where I live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 2 29 ai4j 0 the place where I live “the place where my people bring offerings to me” 1SA 2 29 en93 0 making yourselves fat with the best of every offering The best part of the offering was to be burned up as an offering to Yahweh, but the priests were eating it. 1SA 2 30 b5d5 figs-metonymy 0 the house of your ancestor The word “house” is a metonym for the people who lived in the house. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 2:27](../02/27.md). Alternate translation: “the family of your ancestor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 2 30 agt3 0 Far be it from me to do this “I will certainly not allow your family to serve me forever” 1SA 2 30 hd3e figs-irony 0 those who despise me will be lightly esteemed The words “lightly esteemed” is an ironic euphemism for “greatly despised.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will lightly esteem those who despise me” or “I will greatly despise those who despise me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 2 31 wg4e 0 See “Listen carefully to what I am about to say” or “What I am about to say is very important” -1SA 2 31 h1ax figs-euphemism 0 I will cut off your strength and the strength of your father’s house The words “cut off…strength” are probably a euphemism for the death of strong, young men; the words “your father’s house” are a metonym for “your family.” Alternate translation: “I will kill you and all strong, young male descendants in your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1SA 2 31 h1ax figs-euphemism 0 I will cut off your strength and the strength of your father’s house The words “cut off … strength” are probably a euphemism for the death of strong, young men; the words “your father’s house” are a metonym for “your family.” Alternate translation: “I will kill you and all strong, young male descendants in your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 2 31 l1i2 0 be any old man “be any old men” or “be any men who grow old” 1SA 2 33 l8ta 0 cause your eyes to fail “cause you to lose your eyesight” or “cause you to go blind” -1SA 2 35 vaw9 figs-idiom 0 I will raise up…a faithful priest This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I will cause a man to become priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1SA 2 35 vaw9 figs-idiom 0 I will raise up … a faithful priest This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I will cause a man to become priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 2 35 i1g2 figs-idiom 0 for myself This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “to serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 2 35 zj6d 0 what is in my heart and in my soul “what I want him to do and what I tell him to do” 1SA 2 35 bg77 figs-idiom 0 I will build him a sure house Here “house” is an idiom used for “descendants.” Alternate translation: “I will ensure that he always has a descendant who serves as high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 3 9 m2t2 figs-pronouns 0 your servant is Eli tells Samuel to speak to Yahweh as if Samuel were another person so that Samuel would show respect to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 3 10 tcr3 0 Yahweh came and stood This could mean: (1) Yahweh actually appeared and stood before Samuel or (2) Yahweh made his presence known to Samuel. 1SA 3 10 z33m figs-pronouns 0 your servant is Samuel speaks to Yahweh as if Samuel were another person to show respect to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -1SA 3 11 huj9 figs-idiom 0 at which the ears of everyone who hears it will tingle Here “ears…will tingle” is an idiom that means everyone will be shocked by what they hear. Alternate translation: “that will shock everyone who hears it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1SA 3 11 huj9 figs-idiom 0 at which the ears of everyone who hears it will tingle Here “ears … will tingle” is an idiom that means everyone will be shocked by what they hear. Alternate translation: “that will shock everyone who hears it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 3 11 z6qj 0 tingle This means to feel like someone is gently poking with small, sharp objects, usually because of the cold or because someone has slapped that body part with their hand. 1SA 3 12 z75y figs-merism 0 from beginning to end This is a merism for completeness. Alternate translation: “absolutely everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1SA 3 13 dp7i 0 brought a curse upon themselves “did those things which Yahweh had said he would punish those who did them” @@ -156,20 +156,20 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 3 20 q8cs figs-merism 0 from Dan to Beersheba This is a merism for “in every part of the land.” Alternate translation: “from one end of the land to the other” or “from Dan in the very north to Beersheba in the very south” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1SA 3 20 v6xm figs-activepassive 0 Samuel was appointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had appointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 4 intro a7dh 0 # 1 Samuel 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### The Ark of the Covenant in Philistine country

This chapter begins a new section on the Ark and the Philistines. It recounts two battles between Israel and the Philistines. In both battles, Israel was badly defeated and, in the second, the Ark was captured.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The Ark is captured

The Philistine army invaded Israel, and Israel’s army went to fight them but was defeated. Israel decided that if they took the Ark into the next battle, God would cause them to win. When Eli’s sons took the Ark into the next battle and the Philistines won the battle, they killed Eli’s two sons and captured the Ark. When Eli heard the Ark was captured, he fell over, broke his neck, and died. Hearing this news, his daughter-in-law named her baby “the glory has departed.”

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Question

The Philistines expressed their fear using a rhetorical question: “Who will protect us from the strength of this mighty God?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1SA 4 1 ahq8 translate-names 0 Ebenezer…Aphek These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 4 1 ahq8 translate-names 0 Ebenezer … Aphek These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 4 2 in3q figs-activepassive 0 Israel was defeated by the Philistines, who killed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Philistines defeated the Israelites and killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 4 2 c78l translate-numbers 0 about four thousand men Here the number four thousand is a round number. There may have been a few more than that or a few less than that. The word “about” shows that it is not an exact number. Alternate translation: “about 4,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 4 3 v2ec 0 the people the soldiers who had been fighting the battle -1SA 4 3 d9z9 0 Why has Yahweh defeated us today before the Philistines? Let us bring…enemies The elders truly did not know why Yahweh had defeated them, but they wrongly thought they knew how to make sure it did not happen again, by bringing the ark to be with them. +1SA 4 3 d9z9 0 Why has Yahweh defeated us today before the Philistines? Let us bring … enemies The elders truly did not know why Yahweh had defeated them, but they wrongly thought they knew how to make sure it did not happen again, by bringing the ark to be with them. 1SA 4 4 s4ks figs-explicit 0 who sits above the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “who sits on his throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 4 4 vz4l 0 Phinehas This Phinehas is not the same as the grandson of Aaron in Exodus and Numbers. 1SA 4 4 w7gp 0 were there were in Shiloh 1SA 4 5 ym2q figs-explicit 0 When the ark of the covenant of Yahweh came into the camp “When the people carried the ark of the covenant of Yahweh into the camp” Some languages may need to add understood information to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “The people, along with Hophni and Phinehas, picked up the ark of the covenant of Yahweh and carried it into the camp. When the people carried the ark into the camp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 4 6 hsc8 0 the ark of Yahweh had come into the camp “the people had carried the ark of Yahweh into the camp” -1SA 4 7 hw97 0 they said…They said “they said to themselves…They said to each other” or “they said to each other…They said to each other.” The second clause clearly refers to what the Philistines said to each other. The first clause probably refers to what they thought, though it could also refer to what they said to each other. If possible, avoid stating who was spoken to. +1SA 4 7 hw97 0 they said … They said “they said to themselves … They said to each other” or “they said to each other … They said to each other.” The second clause clearly refers to what the Philistines said to each other. The first clause probably refers to what they thought, though it could also refer to what they said to each other. If possible, avoid stating who was spoken to. 1SA 4 7 n37y figs-pronouns 0 A god has come The Philistines worshiped many gods, so they probably believed that one of those gods, or one whom they did not worship, had come into the camp. Another possible meaning is that they were speaking the proper name of the God of Israel: “Yahweh has come.” Because 4:8 speaks of “gods,” some translations read, “Gods have come,” that is, “It is gods who have come.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 4 8 xaq3 figs-rquestion 0 Who will protect us from the strength of these mighty gods? This rhetorical question is an expression of deep fear. It can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one who can protect us from these mighty gods.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1SA 4 8 rx6y figs-pronouns 0 these mighty gods…the gods who attacked Because the word “god” (or “God”) in 4:7 is singular, many translations read “this mighty god…the god who attacked,” referring to any one of many possible gods, or “this mighty God…the God who attacked,” using the proper name of the God of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +1SA 4 8 rx6y figs-pronouns 0 these mighty gods … the gods who attacked Because the word “god” (or “God”) in 4:7 is singular, many translations read “this mighty god … the god who attacked,” referring to any one of many possible gods, or “this mighty God … the God who attacked,” using the proper name of the God of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 4 9 b9tg figs-idiom 0 be men This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “be strong and fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 4 10 bt9k figs-activepassive 0 Israel was defeated This can be stated in active form. Also, “Israel” refers to the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “they defeated the army of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 4 11 s6sx figs-activepassive 0 The ark of God was taken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Philistines also took the ark of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 4 14 p7if 0 The man “The man of Benjamin” 1SA 4 16 c94p figs-metaphor 0 my son Eli was not the other man’s true father. Eli speaks as if he were the man’s father to show the man that he is not angry but that the man needs to answer him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1SA 4 17 q67g 0 Israel fled from the Philistines This is a general statement about what happened. The rest of the man’s words give details. -1SA 4 17 knm8 0 Also, there has been…people. Also, your two sons “I will now tell you something worse…I will now tell you something worse” or “Not only has there been…people, but your two sons” +1SA 4 17 knm8 0 Also, there has been … people. Also, your two sons “I will now tell you something worse … I will now tell you something worse” or “Not only has there been … people, but your two sons” 1SA 4 17 b1fy figs-activepassive 0 the ark of God has been taken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Philistines have taken the ark of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 4 18 li8q 0 When he mentioned “When the man of Benjamin mentioned” 1SA 4 18 duf3 0 mentioned “spoke of” @@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 6 6 qg9r figs-rquestion 0 did not the Egyptians send away the people, and they left? This is another rhetorical question used to remind the Philistines how the Egyptians finally sent the Israelites out of Egypt so that God would stop afflicting the Egyptians. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “remember that the Egyptians sent the Israelites out of Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 6 7 c676 0 two nursing cows “two cows that have calves that are still drinking milk” 1SA 6 8 d3hf 0 Then send it off and let it go its own way Normally the two cows would head back home to their calves. -1SA 6 9 n756 0 if it goes…to Beth Shemesh, then it is Yahweh It is unlikely that the cows would choose to wander to Beth Shemesh when their calves are back in the Philistine area. +1SA 6 9 n756 0 if it goes … to Beth Shemesh, then it is Yahweh It is unlikely that the cows would choose to wander to Beth Shemesh when their calves are back in the Philistine area. 1SA 6 10 vqs4 0 two nursing cows “two cows that have calves that are still drinking milk” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 6:7](../06/07.md). 1SA 6 11 l2qq 0 mice Translated this as in [1 Samuel 6:4](../06/04.md). 1SA 6 11 hg4l 0 castings of their tumors “models of their tumors” @@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 6 17 rf99 0 tumors This could mean: (1) painful swelling under the skin or (2) hemorrhoids. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:6](../05/06.md). 1SA 6 18 vv5i 0 mice Translated this as in [1 Samuel 6:4](../06/04.md). 1SA 6 18 j566 0 fortified cities These are cities with high walls around them to protect the people inside from attack by their enemies. -1SA 6 18 jy47 figs-personification 0 The great stone…remains a witness The stone is referred to as if it is a person who can see. Alternate translation: “The great stone…is still there, and people remember what happened on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +1SA 6 18 jy47 figs-personification 0 The great stone … remains a witness The stone is referred to as if it is a person who can see. Alternate translation: “The great stone … is still there, and people remember what happened on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1SA 6 18 z1wl translate-names 0 Joshua This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 6 18 i2ln translate-names 0 the Bethshemite This is what a person from Beth Shemesh is called. Alternate translation: “from Beth Shemesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 6 18 ksv7 0 to this day to the time at which the writer wrote the book @@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 6 21 n5gr translate-names 0 Kiriath Jearim This was a town in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 7 intro hd2a 0 # 1 Samuel 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter completes the section on Samuel leading Israel.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel begins to worship Yahweh again

Samuel told the people to get rid of all their idols and worship Yahweh alone. The people were obedient. When the Philistines heard the Israelites were all gathered together, the Philistines attacked, but God defeated them. There was a time of peace during which Samuel settled disputes between the people as the judges had done before.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idioms

Whenever Samuel spoke to a group of people, he used many idioms: “to turn to” means “to worship”; “with your whole heart” means “completely”; and “rescue from the hand” means “rescued from the power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 7 1 vxi4 translate-names 0 Kiriath Jearim This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 7 1 uf4m translate-names 0 Abinadab…Eleazar These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 7 1 uf4m translate-names 0 Abinadab … Eleazar These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 7 2 kwf8 translate-numbers 0 twenty years “20 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 7 3 iz8m figs-metonymy 0 the entire house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house and their descendants. Alternate translation: “all of the descendants of Israel” or “all of the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 7 3 yb5d figs-idiom 0 return to Yahweh with your whole heart Here “with your whole heart” is an idiom that means to be completely devoted to something. Alternate translation: “become completely devoted to worshiping and obeying Yahweh only” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -277,19 +277,19 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 7 9 b1zp 0 nursing lamb a lamb that is still drinking its mother’s milk 1SA 7 9 w6zg 0 cried out “cried out for help” 1SA 7 9 plu5 0 Yahweh answered him “Yahweh did what Samuel asked him to do” -1SA 7 10 k1nw 0 As Samuel…they were routed before Israel This begins to explain what the writer means by “Yahweh answered him” in ([1 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md)). +1SA 7 10 k1nw 0 As Samuel … they were routed before Israel This begins to explain what the writer means by “Yahweh answered him” in ([1 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md)). 1SA 7 10 cd8j figs-idiom 0 threw them into confusion The word “confusion” here is used as a casual way of saying the Philistines were unable to think clearly. Alternate translation: “made them unable to think clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 7 10 k6pl figs-activepassive 0 they were routed before Israel This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh routed them before Israel” or (2) “Israel routed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 7 10 i1ra 0 routed To rout people is to defeat them before they can cause any harm. -1SA 7 11 h1ei 0 The men of Israel…Beth Kar This finishes explaining what the writer means by “Yahweh answered him” in ([1 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md)). +1SA 7 11 h1ei 0 The men of Israel … Beth Kar This finishes explaining what the writer means by “Yahweh answered him” in ([1 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md)). 1SA 7 11 z9iq translate-names 0 Beth Kar This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 7 12 wsp2 0 took a stone and set it The Israelites and other peoples in that land would place a large stone where important events had happened as a reminder of God’s help. -1SA 7 12 p5qv translate-names 0 Mizpah…Shen These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 7 12 p5qv translate-names 0 Mizpah … Shen These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 7 13 tts1 0 So the Philistines were subdued The writer has just finished telling how the Philistines were subdued. If your language has a way of marking the end of a description, you could use it here. 1SA 7 13 xt6p figs-activepassive 0 the Philistines were subdued This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh subdued the Philistines” or “Yahweh kept the Philistines from causing harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 7 13 xr1h 0 they did not enter the border of Israel The Philistines did not enter Israel’s border to attack them. 1SA 7 13 lb3d figs-metonymy 0 The hand of Yahweh was against the Philistines The word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his power against the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1SA 7 14 li9a figs-activepassive 0 The towns…from Israel were restored to Israel This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) Here “Israel” refers to the “land” of Israel. “Yahweh restored to the land of Israel the towns…from Israel” or (2) “Israel” is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel were able to reclaim the towns…from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1SA 7 14 li9a figs-activepassive 0 The towns … from Israel were restored to Israel This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) Here “Israel” refers to the “land” of Israel. “Yahweh restored to the land of Israel the towns … from Israel” or (2) “Israel” is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel were able to reclaim the towns … from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 7 16 p2sh 0 went on a circuit traveled from place to place in a rough circle 1SA 7 16 qa19 0 He decided disputes Disputes are arguments or disagreements between two or more people. 1SA 8 intro ek6j 0 # 1 Samuel 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
### Saul and Samuel

The section including chapters 8-16 begins a new part of the story. The people wanted a king, and God chose Saul, the man the people wanted, to be their king. He was not the king Yahweh wanted.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The people want a king

When Samuel was old, he appointed his sons to be judges. They were corrupt and took bribes, so the people came and asked Samuel to appoint a king for them. Samuel asked God, who gave them a king but warned them what a king would be like. Despite Samuel’s warning that a king would oppress them, the people still wanted a king. This was sinful because they were rejecting God as their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) @@ -298,13 +298,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 8 5 rx69 figs-idiom 0 do not walk in your ways The way a person lives is spoken of as walking on a path. Alternate translation: “do not do the things you do” or “do not do what is just the way you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 8 5 qj8f 0 Appoint for us a king to judge us like all the nations This could mean: (1) “Appoint for us a king like the kings of all the nations so that he can judge us” or (2) “Appoint for us a king who will judge us the way the kings of the nations judge them” 1SA 8 5 jwe4 0 Appoint for us a king to judge us The leaders wrongly believed that a king, and his sons after him, would rule justly. -1SA 8 6 z6je 0 But it displeased Samuel…Give us a king to judge us Samuel was unhappy that the people did not just want him to remove his corrupt sons and to appoint honest judges, but they wanted a king to rule over them like other countries had. +1SA 8 6 z6je 0 But it displeased Samuel … Give us a king to judge us Samuel was unhappy that the people did not just want him to remove his corrupt sons and to appoint honest judges, but they wanted a king to rule over them like other countries had. 1SA 8 7 lz95 figs-metonymy 0 Obey the voice of the people Here “the voice” is a metonym for the will or the desire of the people. Alternate translation: “Do what the people say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 8 7 a4k7 0 but they have rejected me Yahweh knew that the people were not just rejecting corrupt judges, but they were rejecting Yahweh as their king. 1SA 8 8 xfk7 0 I brought them out of Egypt This refers to Yahweh freeing the Israelites from slavery in Egypt many years before. 1SA 8 9 dmf6 0 Now listen to them “Now do what they are asking you to do” 1SA 8 9 c3yq 0 warn them solemnly “be very serious as you warn them” -1SA 8 11 lsu4 0 This will be the practice…He will take The practice of the king will be to take. This begins the list of things he will take. +1SA 8 11 lsu4 0 This will be the practice … He will take The practice of the king will be to take. This begins the list of things he will take. 1SA 8 11 ah6l figs-abstractnouns 0 This will be the practice of the king who will reign over you The abstract noun “practice” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “This is how the king who will reign over you will act” or “This is what the king who will reign over you will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1SA 8 11 s2yh 0 appoint them to his chariots “have them drive chariots in battle” 1SA 8 11 w2k2 0 be his horsemen They will ride horses into battle. @@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 8 13 m3k5 0 to be perfumers “to make good-smelling oils to put on his body” 1SA 8 14 uib2 0 olive orchards “fields of olive trees” 1SA 8 15 bsk5 translate-fraction 0 a tenth of your grain They will have to divide their grain into ten equal parts and give one of those parts to the king’s officers and servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) -1SA 8 15 l9c7 translate-fraction 0 a tenth…of your vineyards They will have to divide the wine that they produce in their vineyards into ten equal parts and give one of those parts to the king’s officers and servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) +1SA 8 15 l9c7 translate-fraction 0 a tenth … of your vineyards They will have to divide the wine that they produce in their vineyards into ten equal parts and give one of those parts to the king’s officers and servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) 1SA 8 15 bsq9 0 officers These are the leaders of the king’s army. 1SA 8 16 eii9 0 Connecting Statement: Samuel continues to tell what things the king will take. 1SA 8 17 yl2b translate-fraction 0 the tenth of your flocks They will have to divide their flocks into ten equal parts and give one of those parts to the king’s officers and servants. See how you translated “tenth” in [1 Samuel 8:15](../08/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) @@ -325,21 +325,21 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 9 intro kus3 0 # 1 Samuel 09 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Samuel chooses Saul to be their king

When the donkeys of Saul’s father strayed away, Saul went looking for them. When he could not find them, he asked Samuel to ask God where they were. Samuel said the donkeys had been found. He invited Saul as the guest of honor to a feast and gave him a place to sleep for the night.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions

Saul uses two rhetorical questions to convince Samuel he is not important: “Am not I a Benjamite, from the smallest of the tribes of Israel? Is not my clan the least of all the clans of the tribe of Benjamin?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 9 1 y487 writing-background 0 General Information: If your language has a way of telling the reader that the writer is giving background information in these verses, you could use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 1SA 9 1 k9kq 0 a man of influence This could mean: (1) he was a wealthy man or (2) he was a nobleman or (3) he was a mighty and brave man. -1SA 9 1 sxy3 translate-names 0 Kish…Abiel…Zeror…Bekorath…Aphiah These are names of the men of Saul’s family line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 9 1 sxy3 translate-names 0 Kish … Abiel … Zeror … Bekorath … Aphiah These are names of the men of Saul’s family line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 9 1 q9zb 0 Benjamite A Benjamite is someone who belongs to the tribe of Benjamin. 1SA 9 2 b5il 0 handsome someone who looks good 1SA 9 2 vg77 0 From his shoulders upward he was taller than any of the people The other tall people in Israel did not even come up to his shoulders. 1SA 9 3 cd5a 0 Now The writer has ended the background information that began in ([1 Samuel 9:1](../09/01.md)) and starts a new main part of the story. 1SA 9 3 f2dz 0 arise and go “stop what you are doing and go” -1SA 9 4 z5qc translate-names 0 the hill country of Ephraim…the land of Shalishah…the land of Shaalim…the land of the Benjamites These are all areas in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 9 4 kh3y 0 did not find them…they were not there…did not find them The words “them” and “they” all refer to the donkeys. +1SA 9 4 z5qc translate-names 0 the hill country of Ephraim … the land of Shalishah … the land of Shaalim … the land of the Benjamites These are all areas in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 9 4 kh3y 0 did not find them … they were not there … did not find them The words “them” and “they” all refer to the donkeys. 1SA 9 5 sqm4 translate-names 0 land of Zuph This is an area in Israel just north of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 9 6 vuh9 0 man of God This phrase usually means a prophet of Yahweh. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 2:27](../02/27.md). Alternate translation: “a man who hears and tells words from God” 1SA 9 6 bwk4 0 which way we should go on our journey “which way we should go to find the donkeys” 1SA 9 7 mr9g 0 what can we bring the man? Giving a gift is a sign of respect for the man of God. 1SA 9 7 mnj1 0 man of God This phrase usually means a prophet of Yahweh. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 2:27](../02/27.md). Alternate translation: “a man who hears and tells words from God” 1SA 9 8 hwa8 translate-bmoney 0 one-fourth of a shekel “1/4 of a shekel.” A shekel is a type of money used in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) -1SA 9 9 d7ht writing-background 0 Formerly in Israel…seer This is cultural information added by the Hebrew author. If it is not natural in your language to state this information here, it can be moved to the end of verse 11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +1SA 9 9 d7ht writing-background 0 Formerly in Israel … seer This is cultural information added by the Hebrew author. If it is not natural in your language to state this information here, it can be moved to the end of verse 11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 1SA 9 9 ejv4 0 For today’s prophet was formerly called a seer “Seer is the old name for what we call a prophet today” 1SA 9 12 lk9k 0 the people are sacrificing today These are likely the feast or first-fruit sacrifices, not the sin sacrifices, which must be held at the tabernacle. 1SA 9 14 uw7s 0 to go up to the high place This is a place that the people had designated as holy to make sacrifices and offerings to Yahweh. The writer writes as though it were outside the wall that was around the city. @@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 9 17 g1vw 0 Yahweh told him “Yahweh told Samuel” 1SA 9 18 pwf2 0 the seer “the prophet of Yahweh” 1SA 9 20 fdy4 figs-rquestion 0 Then on whom are all the desires of Israel set? Is it not on you and all your father’s house? These questions are an expression of deep conviction that Saul is the one whom Yahweh wants to be the king that the Israelites are looking for. The questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You should know that it is on you that all the desires of Israel are set. They are set on you and your father’s family.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1SA 9 21 z2ng figs-rquestion 0 Am not I a Benjamite…of Israel? Is not my clan…Benjamin? Why then have you spoken to me in this manner? Saul is expressing surprise because Benjamin was the smallest tribe in Israel, and other Israelites considered the tribe unimportant. Also, Benjamites considered the clan of which Saul was a member as unimportant. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I am from the tribe of Benjamin, the least important of all tribes. And my clan is the least important clan in our tribe. I do not understand why you are saying that the Israelite people want me and my family to do something important.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 9 21 z2ng figs-rquestion 0 Am not I a Benjamite … of Israel? Is not my clan … Benjamin? Why then have you spoken to me in this manner? Saul is expressing surprise because Benjamin was the smallest tribe in Israel, and other Israelites considered the tribe unimportant. Also, Benjamites considered the clan of which Saul was a member as unimportant. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I am from the tribe of Benjamin, the least important of all tribes. And my clan is the least important clan in our tribe. I do not understand why you are saying that the Israelite people want me and my family to do something important.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 9 22 wn3v 0 the hall The writer assumes that the reader knows that near the place where they would offer sacrifices there was a large building in which people would eat together. 1SA 9 22 rw25 0 head place This is the seat of honor. 1SA 9 22 tpy7 translate-numbers 0 thirty people “30 people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -381,18 +381,18 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 10 14 kwk6 0 Then Saul’s uncle said to him “Then the brother of Saul’s father said to Saul” 1SA 10 16 t8y5 0 he did not tell him about the matter of the kingdom “Saul did not tell his uncle that God had appointed him to be the king of Israel” 1SA 10 18 j92a figs-metonymy 0 I brought up Israel out of Egypt The name “Israel” is a metonym for the people of Israel. “I brought the people of Israel out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1SA 10 18 yy7r figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of all the kingdoms The word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “the power of the Egyptians…the power of all the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1SA 10 18 yy7r figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the Egyptians … the hand of all the kingdoms The word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “the power of the Egyptians … the power of all the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 10 19 x7u7 0 today Samuel is speaking of the time since Israel had begun to reject God, not only the time since the sun had last set. 1SA 10 19 r9bd 0 Set a king over us “Give us a king to rule us” 1SA 10 19 ut8y 0 present yourselves before Yahweh by your tribes and by your clans “gather together by tribes and clans and come to stand before Yahweh” 1SA 10 20 qbp1 figs-activepassive 0 the tribe of Benjamin was chosen This can be translated in active form. It is probably best not to say how the people knew whom Yahweh had chosen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh chose the tribe of Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1SA 10 21 f8p3 figs-activepassive 0 the clan of the Matrites was chosen…Saul son of Kish was chosen This can be translated in active form. It is probably best not to say how the people knew whom Yahweh had chosen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh chose the clan of the Matrites…Yahweh chose Saul son of Kish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1SA 10 21 f8p3 figs-activepassive 0 the clan of the Matrites was chosen … Saul son of Kish was chosen This can be translated in active form. It is probably best not to say how the people knew whom Yahweh had chosen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh chose the clan of the Matrites … Yahweh chose Saul son of Kish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 10 23 ab3b 0 he was taller than any of the people from his shoulders upward The other tall people in Israel did not even come up to his shoulders. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 9:2](../09/02.md). 1SA 10 25 v52k figs-abstractnouns 0 the customs and rules of kingship The abstract noun “kingship” can be translated with a noun clause. Alternate translation: “the customs and rules that a king would be required to follow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1SA 10 26 re4y figs-idiom 0 whose hearts God had touched God touching a person’s heart is an idiom that means God put something in their mind or moved them to do something. Alternate translation: “who wanted to go with Saul because God had changed their thinking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 10 27 u77f figs-rquestion 0 How can this man save us? This is a rhetorical question that is used to express sarcasm. Alternate translation: “This man has no power to save us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 10 27 qwt6 0 despised strongly disliked or hated -1SA 11 intro abcb 0 # 1 Samuel 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the story of King Saul by telling of his first victory in war.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead

Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the city’s leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Saul’s army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idioms

The idioms in this chapter explain the effect God has on his people: “rushed upon him” means “empowered him”; “terror…fell” means “they became afraid”; “as one man” means “they all agreed”; and “put to death” means “kill.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1SA 11 intro abcb 0 # 1 Samuel 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the story of King Saul by telling of his first victory in war.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead

Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the city’s leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Saul’s army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idioms

The idioms in this chapter explain the effect God has on his people: “rushed upon him” means “empowered him”; “terror … fell” means “they became afraid”; “as one man” means “they all agreed”; and “put to death” means “kill.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 11 1 q5a1 translate-names 0 Nahash This is a man from Ammon, a descendent of Lot, Abraham’s nephew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 11 1 y34w translate-names 0 Jabesh Gilead This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 11 2 ztl3 0 I gouge out “I cut out” or “I pluck out” @@ -406,13 +406,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 11 8 zr4f translate-numbers 0 the people of Israel were three hundred thousand, and the men of Judah thirty thousand “the people of Israel were 300,000, and the men of Judah were 30,000” ( See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 11 9 gxn1 0 They said to the messengers “They” refers to Samuel and Saul. 1SA 11 9 li2q 0 by the time the sun is hot “before the hottest part of the day” or “before noon” -1SA 11 9 lst9 0 Jabesh Gilead…Jabesh These are the names of places. See how you translated them in [1 Samuel 11:1](../11/01.md). +1SA 11 9 lst9 0 Jabesh Gilead … Jabesh These are the names of places. See how you translated them in [1 Samuel 11:1](../11/01.md). 1SA 11 10 h3ne 0 Nahash This is the name of a king. See how you translated this name in [1 Samuel 11:1](../11/01.md). 1SA 11 11 d6lh 0 the morning watch This was before dawn when most people in the camp were still asleep. 1SA 11 15 anj5 0 made Saul king before Yahweh “made Saul king while Yahweh watched” 1SA 11 15 y7hb 0 There they sacrificed peace offerings before Yahweh Part of Samuel’s service to Yahweh is to offer sacrifices even though he is not from the line of Aaron or Levi. 1SA 12 intro abcc 0 # 1 Samuel 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Samuel’s farewell address
This chapter serves as a type of farewell address. This is a way for leaders to give instructions to their followers before they leave or die. Samuel first established his holiness before calling on the people to repent of their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

It is common in Scripture to use Israel’s history to show how faithful God has been. This gives the readers evidence to trust in Yahweh in their current situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -1SA 12 2 jw1v figs-idiom 0 the king walking before you…I have walked before you These expressions mean that people can actually see the kind of lives Saul and Samuel are living. Alternate translation: “the king’s life was seen…My life was seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1SA 12 2 jw1v figs-idiom 0 the king walking before you … I have walked before you These expressions mean that people can actually see the kind of lives Saul and Samuel are living. Alternate translation: “the king’s life was seen … My life was seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 12 3 y8su figs-explicit 0 Here I am; testify against me before Yahweh and before his anointed one By this statement, Samuel is challenging the people to speak up if he has done anything wrong to anyone. Alternate translation: “I stand in front of you now. I ask you to speak in front of Yahweh and his anointed king if I have done you any wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 12 3 zf3n figs-rquestion 0 Whose ox have I taken? Whose donkey have I taken? Samuel uses rhetorical questions to remind the people that he has never stolen their animals. Alternate translation: “I have never stolen a prized animal from anyone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 12 3 ui7w figs-rquestion 0 Whom have I defrauded? Samuel uses another rhetorical question to say he has always been honest. Alternate translation: “I have never cheated or bribed any man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -420,8 +420,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 12 4 w6u5 figs-euphemism 0 from any man’s hand This phrase means what a person possesses or what they have done to obtain favor from others. This is a polite way of saying he has not stolen, nor has he given or taken bribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 1SA 12 5 s4uv figs-euphemism 0 in my hand This phrase means what a person possesses or what they have done to obtain favor from others. This is a polite way of saying he has not stolen, nor has he given or taken bribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 1SA 12 7 p1jp 0 all of the righteous deeds of Yahweh Samuel is calling their attention to the history of Yahweh’s dealing with Israel, which has been filled with goodness and purpose. -1SA 12 8 hds1 translate-names 0 Jacob…Moses…Aaron These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 12 9 s9g1 0 into the hand of Sisera…Philistines…king of Moab “into the power of Sisera…Philistines…king of Moab” +1SA 12 8 hds1 translate-names 0 Jacob … Moses … Aaron These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 12 9 s9g1 0 into the hand of Sisera … Philistines … king of Moab “into the power of Sisera … Philistines … king of Moab” 1SA 12 9 yb45 translate-names 0 Sisera This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 12 9 db38 translate-names 0 Hazor This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 12 9 tqv1 0 he sold them This is an expression for God giving them over to their enemies to be their slaves. @@ -429,10 +429,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 12 10 k54u figs-metonymy 0 have served the Baals and the Ashtoreths Serving here is referring to acting worshipful towards the false gods. Alternate translation: “have worshiped false gods and goddesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 12 10 rl36 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of our enemies This statement is using “hand” to refer to power. Alternate translation: “the power or control of our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 12 11 frh4 0 Jerub Baal This is sometimes translated Jerubbaal. This is a name of godly honor and strength to fight the false god. -1SA 12 11 zc87 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh sent…and gave you victory Samuel is telling the story of what God did after the people’s confession of sin and plea for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1SA 12 11 zc87 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh sent … and gave you victory Samuel is telling the story of what God did after the people’s confession of sin and plea for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 12 11 uy4l translate-names 0 Jerub Baal, Bedan, Jephthah, and Samuel These are the names of some judges that God raised up. Samuel included himself in this list. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 12 13 b1z6 figs-parallelism 0 whom you have chosen, whom you have asked for These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that this is the king whom the people wanted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1SA 12 14 qrk5 figs-parallelism 0 fear…serve…obey…not rebel These similar words are used to emphasize how important this is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1SA 12 14 qrk5 figs-parallelism 0 fear … serve … obey … not rebel These similar words are used to emphasize how important this is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1SA 12 15 qw1k figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s hand will be against you, as it was against your ancestors This speaks of Yahweh punishing the people as his “hand” being against them. The word “hand” here represents Yahweh’s power and control. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish you, just as he punished your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 12 16 p8gu figs-synecdoche 0 before your eyes The word “eyes” here represents the people of the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “out in the open where all of the nation of Israel may see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 12 17 y9za figs-rquestion 0 Is it not the wheat harvest today? Samuel knows it is harvest time. He is using a rhetorical question to emphasize that it does not usually rain at this time so the people will know that the rain that will ruin their harvest is a judgment from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is harvest time and does not usually rain at this time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 12 23 jh36 figs-explicit 0 far be it from me that I should sin against Yahweh by ceasing to pray for you The people are filled with fear because of the rain and thunder that Yahweh sent when Samuel prayed. Some people may believe Samuel would use his prayers to harm them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 13 intro abcd 0 # 1 Samuel 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is the beginning of a story about Jonathan’s victory over the Philistines.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Preparation for the battle

Saul sent most of his army home before Jonathan attacked and defeated a Philistine garrison. This attack made the Philistines very angry, and they brought a huge army into Israel and camped at the top of a hill. Most of Saul’s army ran away in fear and hid from the Philistines. There are many aspects of this story that give the reader the impression that Israel was unprepared for battle.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Hyperbole

Wanting to express the vast number of enemy soldiers, the author uses a hyperbole: “as numerous as the sand on the seashore,” meaning “too many to count.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1SA 13 1 xn4d 0 General Information: Samuel has renewed Saul’s kingdom at Gilgal and Samuel has reminded the people to follow the Lord. -1SA 13 1 cyx8 0 Saul was thirty years old…over Israel The text of this verse in ancient copies seems to have been mutilated, so modern versions have many different translations. They are all attempts to represent the most probable meaning of the original text. +1SA 13 1 cyx8 0 Saul was thirty years old … over Israel The text of this verse in ancient copies seems to have been mutilated, so modern versions have many different translations. They are all attempts to represent the most probable meaning of the original text. 1SA 13 2 gep7 translate-numbers 0 chose three thousand men “chose 3,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 13 2 z3qf translate-numbers 0 Two thousand were with him “2,000 men were with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 13 2 gq8s translate-names 0 Michmash This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 13 4 m9rj 0 All Israel heard that Saul had defeated Possible meanings are that (1) Saul was taking responsibility for Jonathan’s actions or (2) Saul was taking credit for Jonathan’s actions. 1SA 13 4 mef1 figs-metaphor 0 Israel had become a rotten smell to the Philistines The Philistines hating the Israelites is spoken of as if the Israelites had become a bad smell that offended the Philistines. Alternate translation: “the Philistines hated the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1SA 13 4 en9q figs-activepassive 0 the soldiers were summoned together to join Saul at Gilgal This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Saul called the soldiers together to join him at Gilgal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1SA 13 5 ez1f translate-numbers 0 three thousand…six thousand “3,000…6,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +1SA 13 5 ez1f translate-numbers 0 three thousand … six thousand “3,000…6,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 13 5 ilg1 figs-hyperbole 0 troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore This is an exaggeration that means a group of soldiers so large that it was difficult to count them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1SA 13 5 xgl1 translate-names 0 Michmash This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 13 5 m7kg translate-names 0 Beth Aven This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -480,12 +480,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 13 16 gre7 0 Philistines camped at Michmash Michmash is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 13:2](../13/02.md). 1SA 13 17 h5tq 0 Raiders came Raiders are normally military people who attack enemy villages for their food and other supplies. 1SA 13 17 plh5 translate-names 0 Ophrah, to the land of Shual These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 13 18 jd1r translate-names 0 Beth Horon…Valley of Zeboyim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 13 18 jd1r translate-names 0 Beth Horon … Valley of Zeboyim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 13 19 nlg3 0 General Information: The narrative shifts to background information regarding blacksmiths in Israel. 1SA 13 19 fqi8 figs-activepassive 0 No blacksmith could be found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one could find a blacksmith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 13 19 v3wd 0 blacksmith Here “blacksmith” refers to someone who made or sharpened metal tools and weapons. 1SA 13 20 u2vp 0 sharpen his plow points The words “plow points” refer to the point of a metal tool used for digging up the ground for planting crops. -1SA 13 20 gyk2 0 mattock…ax…sickle These are common garden tools. +1SA 13 20 gyk2 0 mattock … ax … sickle These are common garden tools. 1SA 13 20 rk53 0 mattock A “mattock” is a broad-bladed axe, with a horizontal blade that is used for breaking up hard soil. 1SA 13 20 rc73 0 sickle a curved blade for cutting grasses and grain stalks 1SA 13 21 wv2t translate-bmoney 0 two-thirds of a shekel The shekel is divided into 3 parts, 2 of 3 parts are given. “2/3 of a shekel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) @@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 14 3 ihr7 0 Phinehas son of Eli Phinehas was one of the priests. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 1:3](../01/03.md). 1SA 14 4 r7in translate-names 0 One rocky cliff was called Bozez A “cliff” is a rocky height with a steep drop. The cliff was well-known and given the name “Bozez.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 14 4 g7r2 translate-names 0 the other rocky cliff was called Seneh This was the name of the other cliff. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 14 5 t2qr translate-names 0 Michmash…Geba towns north of Jerusalem (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 14 5 t2qr translate-names 0 Michmash … Geba towns north of Jerusalem (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 14 6 zb4m 0 his young armor bearer This was a teenage boy who was responsible for caring for his master’s weapons of war. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 14:1](../14/01.md). 1SA 14 6 v7vs 0 uncircumcised fellows a derogatory term used for non-Jewish men 1SA 14 6 i4mm 0 work on our behalf “work for our support” or “help us” @@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 14 15 lmj6 0 the raiders the Philistines who were raiding Israelite cities 1SA 14 15 ety8 figs-explicit 0 The earth quaked It may be helpful to state the cause. Alternate translation: “God caused the ground to shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 14 16 y56n translate-names 0 Gibeah This was the town where Saul was born. Translated “Gibeah” as in [1 Samuel 10:26](../10/26.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 14 16 fxf9 figs-parallelism 0 was dispersing…going here and there These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that the soldiers were running away in every direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1SA 14 16 fxf9 figs-parallelism 0 was dispersing … going here and there These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that the soldiers were running away in every direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1SA 14 18 b8k3 translate-textvariants 0 Bring the ark of God here A few versions have “ephod” here instead of “ark of God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) 1SA 14 19 f1gk 0 commotion great noise and confusion 1SA 14 19 db4u figs-idiom 0 Withdraw your hand This seems to be an idiom the means “Stop what you are doing.” Saul did not want Ahijah to continue to use the ark to ask God for direction. Alternate translation: “Do not bring the sacred chest at this time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 14 27 m3rq figs-idiom 0 his eyes brightened This idiom means that he was strengthened. Alternate translation: “he regained his strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 14 29 cip2 figs-metonymy 0 for the land This is a metonym that represents the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “for Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 14 29 z3xa figs-idiom 0 my eyes have become brightened This idiom means that he was strengthened. Alternate translation: “I regained my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1SA 14 30 v75u figs-rquestion 0 How much better if the people…that they found? Jonathan uses this hypothetical question to state that the people should have been allowed to eat. This can be a statement. Alternate translation: “Our victory would have been better if the people had eaten freely today of the plunder that they took from their enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +1SA 14 30 v75u figs-rquestion 0 How much better if the people … that they found? Jonathan uses this hypothetical question to state that the people should have been allowed to eat. This can be a statement. Alternate translation: “Our victory would have been better if the people had eaten freely today of the plunder that they took from their enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 1SA 14 30 m8aj 0 plunder This word refers to the things the people had taken from the battle with their enemy. 1SA 14 30 v717 0 Because now the slaughter has not been great Because the troops were not able to eat during the battle, as the day progressed, they became weaker. Because of this, they were not able to kill as many of the Philistines. 1SA 14 31 f2fj 0 General Information: Jonathan’s words lead the army to sin against God in their great hunger. @@ -589,26 +589,26 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 14 47 wyv4 0 Wherever he turned “Wherever he sent his army” 1SA 14 48 kxf5 figs-metonymy 0 out of the hands The word “hand” represents control. Alternate translation: “out of the control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 14 49 t582 0 General Information: This is background information on Saul’s family. -1SA 14 49 tt1b translate-names 0 Ishvi…Malki-Shua These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 14 49 f4ri translate-names 0 Merab…Michal These are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 14 49 tt1b translate-names 0 Ishvi … Malki-Shua These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 14 49 f4ri translate-names 0 Merab … Michal These are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 14 50 qv1q translate-names 0 Ahinoam This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 14 50 rvk7 translate-names 0 Ahimaaz…Abner…Ner These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 14 51 eci8 translate-names 0 Kish…Ner…Abner…Abiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 14 50 rvk7 translate-names 0 Ahimaaz … Abner … Ner These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 14 51 eci8 translate-names 0 Kish … Ner … Abner … Abiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 14 52 e8ef 0 all the days of Saul “all of Saul’s life” 1SA 14 52 ezp3 0 he attached him to himself “he forced him to join his army” 1SA 15 intro abcf 0 # 1 Samuel 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the end of the section on Saul and Samuel (8-15).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God wants total obedience
Samuel told Saul that God wanted him to completely destroy the Amalekite people and animals. Saul fought the Amalekites and killed all the people except the king. He destroyed the animals that were not very good but saved the best animals. Saul told Samuel he had obeyed God’s command. Samuel asked him about the animals Saul had. Saul said he had saved them for a sacrifice to God. God said that obedience was better than sacrifice. Because Saul had disobeyed him, God had chosen someone else to become king.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom
“He has turned back from following me” is an idiom meaning “he has stopped obeying me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])

### Rhetorical questions
When Saul insisted that he had obeyed God, Samuel rebuked him with these rhetorical questions: “What then is this bleating of sheep in my ears, and the lowing of the oxen that I hear?”; “Though you are little in your own sight, were you not made the head of the tribes of Israel?”; “Why then did you not obey the voice of Yahweh, but instead you seized the booty and did what was evil in the sight of Yahweh?”; and “Has Yahweh as much delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of Yahweh?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 15 1 t4nn 0 the words of Yahweh “the message of Yahweh” -1SA 15 3 q1vz figs-parallelism 0 completely destroy all that they have…kill both man and woman, child and infant, ox and sheep, camel and donkey These two phrases mean the same thing. The second phrase gives specific details about what they are to destroy completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1SA 15 3 q1vz figs-parallelism 0 completely destroy all that they have … kill both man and woman, child and infant, ox and sheep, camel and donkey These two phrases mean the same thing. The second phrase gives specific details about what they are to destroy completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1SA 15 3 ik1k figs-litotes 0 Do not spare them This negative statement emphasizes the completeness of the destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 1SA 15 4 m856 0 the people “the army” 1SA 15 4 sp3s 0 numbered them “counted them” 1SA 15 4 ppw8 translate-numbers 0 two hundred thousand men on foot, and ten thousand men of Judah “200,000 men on foot, and 10,000 men of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 15 6 stl7 translate-names 0 Kenites a nomad people group that had always been friendly to the nation of Israel (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 15 7 t6tl translate-names 0 Havilah…Shur These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 15 7 t6tl translate-names 0 Havilah … Shur These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 15 8 n8xb 0 General Information: Yahweh had told Saul to destroy everything, but here Saul disobeys Yahweh’s command. 1SA 15 8 ey6y figs-synecdoche 0 he took Agag Here Saul represents himself accompanied by his army. Alternate translation: “Saul and his army took Agag” or “Saul and his army captured Agag” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 15 8 kfl9 figs-synecdoche 0 he completely destroyed all the people with the edge of the sword The “edge of the sword” represents the swords and other weapons that soldiers used in battle. Here Saul represents himself accompanied by his army. Alternate translation: “they completely destroyed all of the people with their swords” or “they killed all of the people with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1SA 15 9 ln2i 0 Saul…spared Agag Saul disobeyed God by letting Agag live. +1SA 15 9 ln2i 0 Saul … spared Agag Saul disobeyed God by letting Agag live. 1SA 15 9 nh2u 0 as well as the best of the sheep Saul disobeyed God by keeping the best of the livestock. 1SA 15 10 w6bp figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Samuel, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Samuel. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Samuel:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 15 11 u8i3 0 It grieves me “I am sorry” @@ -620,14 +620,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 15 12 fp2t 0 down to Gilgal Gilgal was lower in elevation than Carmel. 1SA 15 13 wpf4 0 I have fulfilled the command of Yahweh It is not clear if Saul understood that he had not fully obeyed God’s command to completely destroy the Amalekites. 1SA 15 14 g3x7 0 General Information: Samuel questions why Saul did not utterly destroyed the Amalekites. -1SA 15 14 kf8w 0 bleating of sheep…lowing of the oxen These are the sounds that these animals make. Your language may have different terms for these. -1SA 15 14 cme2 figs-parallelism 0 in my ears…that I hear These two phrases mean the same thing. Here “in my ears” refers to hearing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1SA 15 15 ks4s 0 They have brought…the people spared The word “they” and the phrase “the people” here both represent Saul’s army. Saul is blaming the people rather than himself. +1SA 15 14 kf8w 0 bleating of sheep … lowing of the oxen These are the sounds that these animals make. Your language may have different terms for these. +1SA 15 14 cme2 figs-parallelism 0 in my ears … that I hear These two phrases mean the same thing. Here “in my ears” refers to hearing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1SA 15 15 ks4s 0 They have brought … the people spared The word “they” and the phrase “the people” here both represent Saul’s army. Saul is blaming the people rather than himself. 1SA 15 15 vin9 0 to sacrifice to Yahweh your God Saul is arguing that animals for sacrifice were an exception to Yahweh’s command to destroy everything. 1SA 15 15 a6ie 0 Yahweh your God Saul here does not describe Samuel’s God as his own God. 1SA 15 17 a18m figs-metaphor 0 in your own sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your own opinion” or “in your judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1SA 15 17 a7ji figs-rquestion 0 were you not made the head of the tribes of Israel? Samuel uses this question to remind Saul of now much God had given him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made you the ruler of the tribes of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1SA 15 19 yu1z figs-rquestion 0 Why did you not obey…Yahweh? Samuel asks this question to rebuke Saul for disobeying Yahweh. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have obeyed…Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 15 19 yu1z figs-rquestion 0 Why did you not obey … Yahweh? Samuel asks this question to rebuke Saul for disobeying Yahweh. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have obeyed … Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 15 19 w3n7 figs-metonymy 0 the voice of Yahweh Here “voice” refers to the commands that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “the things that Yahweh commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 15 19 x74v 0 but instead you seized the booty Samuel is accusing Saul of direct disobedience. Yahweh commanded Saul to completely destroy everything belonging to the Amalekites, and not to bring anything back to camp. 1SA 15 19 b9eg 0 the booty “the plunder” or “the possessions you took from the enemy” @@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 15 33 dqu4 figs-parallelism 0 As your sword has made women childless, so shall your mother be childless among women Both of these phrases have similar meaning and may be intended to be in poetic form. Alternate translation: “Since you have killed people, you will also be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1SA 15 33 z9kf figs-euphemism 0 made women childless, so shall your mother be childless This is a polite way of referring to killing people. Alternate translation: “killed the sons of other women, so shall I kill your mother’s son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 1SA 15 33 lwq9 0 Then Samuel chopped Agag to pieces Samuel is the one who completed this task that Yahweh commanded Saul to do. Alternate translation: “Then Samuel cut Agag into pieces with his sword” -1SA 15 34 p6j7 translate-names 0 Ramah…Gibeah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 15 34 p6j7 translate-names 0 Ramah … Gibeah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 15 34 wed2 0 went up to his house at Gibeah Gibeah was higher in elevation than Gilgal where Saul and Samuel had been talking. 1SA 15 35 hha6 0 Samuel did not see Saul until the day of his death “Samuel did not see Saul again for as long as he lived” 1SA 16 intro abcg 0 # 1 Samuel 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### 1 Samuel 16-31 Saul and David
Chapter 16 establishes God’s choice of David to be the next king. David receives the Holy Spirit to empower and guide him as the king. This chapter also records the Holy Spirit leaving Saul because of his disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David chosen to be the next king
Humans judge others by what they look like, but God judges people by their true inner character. God rejected David’s older brothers in favor of David, who truly loved and obeyed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

==Rhetorical Question ==
God scolds Samuel with this rhetorical question for his unwillingness to accept God’s decision: “How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel?” It was wrong to mourn because it was God’s punishment of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -680,13 +680,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 16 2 t5yc figs-quotesinquotes 0 say, ‘I have come to sacrifice to Yahweh.’ This has a quotation within a quotation. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “say to the people there that you have come to sacrifice to Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 1SA 16 4 ead8 figs-explicit 0 The elders of the city were trembling as they came to meet him It seems the elders were trembling because they were worried that Samuel came to rebuke them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 16 5 tt5t figs-ellipsis 0 In peace This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “Yes, I have come in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1SA 16 5 a67l 0 to set…apart To set someone apart means to get that person ready for Yahweh’s purposes by making sure that person is ritually clean according to the law of Moses. +1SA 16 5 a67l 0 to set … apart To set someone apart means to get that person ready for Yahweh’s purposes by making sure that person is ritually clean according to the law of Moses. 1SA 16 6 jj6a 0 When they came Here “they” refers to Jesse and his sons. 1SA 16 6 tns5 0 he looked at Eliab Here “he” refers to Samuel. 1SA 16 6 ug8f translate-names 0 Eliab This is the name of Jesse’s oldest son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 16 6 lj9m 0 standing before him Here “him” refers to Yahweh. 1SA 16 7 hbc3 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh does not see as man sees Here “see” means to evaluate something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1SA 16 7 v16l figs-123person 0 For Yahweh does not see…Yahweh looks Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “For I, Yahweh, do not see…I, Yahweh, look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +1SA 16 7 v16l figs-123person 0 For Yahweh does not see … Yahweh looks Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “For I, Yahweh, do not see … I, Yahweh, look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 1SA 16 7 s3tv figs-metonymy 0 on the heart Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 16 8 k8wq translate-names 0 Abinadab This is the name of one of Jesse’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 16 8 qht8 0 made him pass before Samuel “told him to go to Samuel” @@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 16 9 xzq5 translate-names 0 Shammah This is the name of one of Jesse’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 16 11 j3g3 0 There remains yet the youngest “There is still my youngest son” 1SA 16 11 r1tl figs-ellipsis 0 we will not sit down It is understood that they were waiting to sit down and eat. Alternate translation: “we will not sit down to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1SA 16 12 ie4h 0 Now…appearance The word “Now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells about a new person in the story. +1SA 16 12 ie4h 0 Now … appearance The word “Now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells about a new person in the story. 1SA 16 12 ev69 0 this son was ruddy The word “ruddy” means David was healthy looking. 1SA 16 13 gsz8 0 the horn of oil The term “horn” was sometimes used to refer to a “flask” that was shaped like a horn and was used for holding water or oil. A flask of oil was used for anointing a king. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 16:1](../16/01.md). 1SA 16 13 r2qg figs-explicit 0 Samuel rose up and went It is implied that he rose up after they sat down to eat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 17 11 p19l 0 all Israel This refers to the Israelite soldiers who were there. 1SA 17 11 su45 figs-doublet 0 they were discouraged and greatly afraid The words “discouraged” and “greatly afraid” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of their fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1SA 17 12 pz4w 0 He had eight sons “He” refers to Jesse. -1SA 17 12 apl3 figs-parallelism 0 Jesse was an old man…very old among men The two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1SA 17 12 apl3 figs-parallelism 0 Jesse was an old man … very old among men The two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1SA 17 13 a3gr 0 second to him Abinadab, and the third Shammah “Abinadab the second born, and Shammah the third born.” This phrase shows birth order. 1SA 17 14 kp25 figs-explicit 0 The three oldest The implied information is that these are the sons of Jesse. Alternate translation: “The three oldest sons of Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 17 16 wi92 translate-numbers 0 For forty days “For 40 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 17 25 nx3g figs-rquestion 0 Have you seen this man who has come up? The soldiers were saying this to draw one another’s attention to the man Goliath. Alternate translation: “Look at this man who has come up!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 17 25 i1j1 figs-explicit 0 The king This refers to the king of Israel. Alternate translation: “Our king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 17 25 h9r9 0 his daughter This refers to the king’s daughter. -1SA 17 25 nt1f 0 to him…his father’s house The words “him” and “his” refer to the man who kills Goliath. +1SA 17 25 nt1f 0 to him … his father’s house The words “him” and “his” refer to the man who kills Goliath. 1SA 17 25 d62y figs-metonymy 0 will make his father’s house free from taxation in Israel The word “house” refers to the household or family. Alternate translation: “will no longer require his family to pay taxes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 17 26 ys91 figs-abstractnouns 0 takes away the disgrace from Israel This can be expressed with the verb “disgrace.” Alternate translation: “stops Israel from being disgraced” or “stops him from disgracing Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1SA 17 26 vrc8 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God? David said this to show his anger that this Philistine was defying God’s army. Alternate translation: “This uncircumcised Philistine certainly has no power that he should defy the armies of the living God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -786,12 +786,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 17 45 aq63 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of Yahweh Here “name” represents God’s power or authority. Alternate translation: “with the power of Yahweh” or “with the authority of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 17 45 pku5 0 whom you have defied “whom you have provoked” or “whom you have insulted” 1SA 17 46 a7g6 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to Goliath. -1SA 17 46 mcz7 figs-metaphor 0 I will give the dead bodies…to the birds…and to the wild beasts of the earth David speaks of leading the Israelites in killing the Philistines and leaving their bodies on the ground for the animals to eat them as if he were to give their bodies to the animals. Alternate translation: “We Israelites will kill the Philistine army, and the birds of the heavens and the wild beasts of the earth will eat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1SA 17 46 mcz7 figs-metaphor 0 I will give the dead bodies … to the birds … and to the wild beasts of the earth David speaks of leading the Israelites in killing the Philistines and leaving their bodies on the ground for the animals to eat them as if he were to give their bodies to the animals. Alternate translation: “We Israelites will kill the Philistine army, and the birds of the heavens and the wild beasts of the earth will eat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1SA 17 46 h6s8 figs-metonymy 0 all the earth may know The word “earth” refers to the people on earth. Alternate translation: “all the people of the earth may know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 17 47 mfy6 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh does not give victory with sword or spear Swords and spears are examples of battle weapons. They represent human ways of fighting. Alternate translation: “The victory that Yahweh gives does not depend on sword and spear” or “when Yahweh gives us victory, he does not depend on how we fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 17 47 duh1 figs-metonymy 0 the battle is Yahweh’s Winning the battle is spoken of as owning the battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always wins the battle” or “the victory belongs to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 17 47 n39p figs-metonymy 0 he will give you into our hand Giving the Philistines into Israel’s hand represents helping Israel to defeat the Philistines in battle. Alternate translation: “he will help us defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1SA 17 50 kd4h 0 David defeated…He hit…killed…There was no sword in David’s hand Verse 50 is a summary of David’s amazing victory over Goliath. The details about how he hit and killed Goliath are in [1 Samuel 17:49](../17/49.md) and 17:51. Some languages do not use summary statements like this. In those situations, translators may restructure the verses as they are in the UST. +1SA 17 50 kd4h 0 David defeated … He hit … killed … There was no sword in David’s hand Verse 50 is a summary of David’s amazing victory over Goliath. The details about how he hit and killed Goliath are in [1 Samuel 17:49](../17/49.md) and 17:51. Some languages do not use summary statements like this. In those situations, translators may restructure the verses as they are in the UST. 1SA 17 51 ifn9 0 Then David ran and stood over the Philistine David did this after Goliath fell to the ground in [1 Samuel 17:49](../17/49.md). 1SA 17 51 k64x 0 took his sword “took the Philistine’s sword.” Here the word “his” refers to Goliath. 1SA 17 52 c1ad figs-explicit 0 The dead Philistines lay along the way to Shaaraim It can be stated clearly that the Israelites were killing the Philistines as they chased them. Alternate translation: “And they killed the Philistines as they chased them, and the bodies of the dead Philistines were on the ground along the way to Shaaraim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -829,11 +829,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 18 16 bgb3 figs-metonymy 0 all Israel and Judah loved David Here “Israel and Judah” represent the people of all of the tribes. Alternate translation: “all the people in Israel and Judah loved David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 18 16 c9ce figs-idiom 0 went out and came in before them The phrases “went out” and “came in” are idioms that refer to leading the people into battle and leading them home from battle. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 18:13](../18/13.md). Alternate translation: “led his soldiers into battle and led them home from battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 18 17 ptz6 figs-metaphor 0 Let not my hand be on him, but let the hand of the Philistines be on him Harming someone is spoken of as if it were placing one’s hand on that person. Here, Saul is referring to killing David. Alternate translation: “I will not be the one to kill him; I will let the Philistines kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -1SA 18 18 ij43 figs-rquestion 0 Who am I, and who are my relatives, or my father’s clan in Israel…to the king? David uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that he is not worthy of being Saul’s son-in-law. Alternate translation: “I am nobody and neither my relatives nor my father’s family are important enough in Israel…to the king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 18 18 ij43 figs-rquestion 0 Who am I, and who are my relatives, or my father’s clan in Israel … to the king? David uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that he is not worthy of being Saul’s son-in-law. Alternate translation: “I am nobody and neither my relatives nor my father’s family are important enough in Israel … to the king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 18 18 hga5 0 son-in-law to the king “husband of the king’s daughter” 1SA 18 19 imc2 figs-activepassive 0 when Merab, Saul’s daughter, should have been given to David This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when Saul should have given his daughter Merab to David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 18 19 vdc5 figs-activepassive 0 she was given to Adriel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Saul gave her to Adriel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1SA 18 20 hv3f 0 Michal…loved David Here “loved” means she had romantic feelings for David. +1SA 18 20 hv3f 0 Michal … loved David Here “loved” means she had romantic feelings for David. 1SA 18 20 vz4x 0 They told Saul Here “they” refers to people who found out about Michal’s feelings, not to David and Michal. 1SA 18 21 dd2e figs-metaphor 0 that the hand of the Philistines may be against him Harming someone is spoken of as if it were placing one’s hand on that person. Here, Saul is referring to killing David. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 18:17](../18/17.md). Alternate translation: “so that the Philistines may kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 1SA 18 21 q35l 0 You will be my son-in-law “You will be the husband of my daughter” @@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 19 9 bfj9 0 A harmful spirit from Yahweh Here “harmful spirit” may refer to either “a spirit that causes trouble” or “an evil spirit.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 16:14](../16/14.md). 1SA 19 10 gmw1 0 pin David to the wall with the spear throw his spear so it would go through David and into the wall 1SA 19 11 di9d 0 he might kill him “Saul might kill David” -1SA 19 11 gt2f 0 Michal…told him Michal told David +1SA 19 11 gt2f 0 Michal … told him Michal told David 1SA 19 11 zcu4 figs-idiom 0 If you do not save your life Here “save your life” is an idiom that refers to escape. Alternate translation: “If you do not escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 19 11 www7 figs-activepassive 0 you will be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 19 12 rx5e 0 General Information: Michal helps David escape King Saul. She uses a household idol to make David’s bed look like he is sleeping in it. @@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 19 19 tg6x 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 1SA 19 20 a8aj figs-metonymy 0 standing as head over them Here “head” refers to a position of authority. Alternate translation: “acting as their leader” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 19 21 nrq8 figs-activepassive 0 When Saul was told this This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When someone told Saul this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1SA 19 22 l3p8 translate-names 0 Ramah…Seku…Naioth These are place names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 19 22 l3p8 translate-names 0 Ramah … Seku … Naioth These are place names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 19 24 tj4i writing-proverbs 0 This is why they ask, “Is Saul also among the prophets?” This became a proverb among the Israelites. Apparently people said this to express surprise when a person unexpectedly did something that he had not done before. The implied meaning of the question can be stated explicitly. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 10:12](../10/12.md). Alternate translation: “That is the reason that when people see someone doing something that is very unexpected, they say, ‘Is Saul also a prophet?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 19 24 knd8 0 they ask Here “they” refers to people in general. The question became a proverb among the people. 1SA 20 intro abck 0 # 1 Samuel 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jonathan warns David
David tells Jonathan that Saul is still trying to kill him. Jonathan promises to find out if this is true. When David misses dinner two consecutive days, Saul asks about him. Jonathan says that David went home for an annual sacrifice. Saul gets angry at Jonathan, telling him he will never be king unless they kill David. Saul throws his spear at Jonathan. Jonathan warns David to run away, but first they both promise to always be friends. It was usually a king’s son who became king after his death in the ancient Near East. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
David uses a powerful metaphor and an oath to impress Jonathan with the danger he is in: “But as truly as Yahweh lives, and as you live, there is but a step between me and death.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -898,10 +898,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 20 5 unn4 0 until the third day at evening “until the evening of the day after tomorrow” 1SA 20 6 f9fa 0 Connecting Statement: David’s continues to describe the test he proposes. 1SA 20 6 a9bs 0 asked leave of me “asked me if I would allow him to leave” -1SA 20 7 t7n5 0 he says…he is…he has decided The word “he” refers to Saul. +1SA 20 7 t7n5 0 he says … he is … he has decided The word “he” refers to Saul. 1SA 20 7 x3iw figs-pronouns 0 your servant will have peace David speaks of himself as if he were another person to show that he respects Jonathan. Alternate translation: “I, your servant, will have peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 20 8 v33p 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to Jonathan. -1SA 20 8 avp9 figs-pronouns 0 with your servant…have brought your servant David speak of himself in the third person as a form of humility. Alternate translation: “with me, your servant…have brought me, your servant” or “with me…have brought me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +1SA 20 8 avp9 figs-pronouns 0 with your servant … have brought your servant David speak of himself in the third person as a form of humility. Alternate translation: “with me, your servant … have brought me, your servant” or “with me … have brought me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 20 8 ap89 figs-explicit 0 you have brought your servant into a covenant of Yahweh with you What it was that the two men agreed on can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh heard you when you made a solemn agreement with me that you and I will always be good friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 20 8 hbz6 figs-rquestion 0 for why then should you bring me to your father? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “then there would be no reason for you to bring me to your father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 20 9 ge5b figs-idiom 0 Far be it from you! This is an idiom that means it will never happen to you. Alternate translation: “This will never happen to you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 20 19 h78l translate-names 0 the stone Ezel “Ezel” was the name of the stone. Alternate translation: “the stone that people call Ezel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 20 20 dvu1 0 Connecting Statement: Jonathan continues to speak to David. 1SA 20 20 q6e9 0 to the side of it Here the word “it” refers to the stone by which David was to hide. -1SA 20 21 z7dp 0 my young man…the young boy These refer to the same person. +1SA 20 21 z7dp 0 my young man … the young boy These refer to the same person. 1SA 20 21 qr7r 0 Look “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 1SA 20 21 qbg1 0 then come “then you, David, come” 1SA 20 22 ch37 0 Connecting Statement: Jonathan continues to speak to David. @@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 20 29 j146 figs-pronouns 0 the king’s table Jonathan speaks of Saul as if he is another person to show that he respects Saul. Alternate translation: “your table” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 20 30 yn6q figs-metonymy 0 Saul’s anger burned against Jonathan Here “anger burned” is a metonym that refers to becoming very angry. Alternate translation: “Saul became very angry with Jonathan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 20 30 vv24 figs-idiom 0 You son of a perverse, rebellious woman! This is an idiom. Saul uses this phrase as a harsh rebuke to Jonathan and his concern for David. Alternate translation: “You stupid son of a prostitute” or “You stupid traitor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1SA 20 30 yr6n figs-rquestion 0 Do I not know that you have chosen the son of Jesse…mother’s nakedness? Saul uses this question to emphasize that he knows that Jonathan and David are friends. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that you have chosen the son of Jesse…mother’s nakedness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 20 30 yr6n figs-rquestion 0 Do I not know that you have chosen the son of Jesse … mother’s nakedness? Saul uses this question to emphasize that he knows that Jonathan and David are friends. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that you have chosen the son of Jesse … mother’s nakedness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 20 30 g94g figs-idiom 0 to the shame of your mother’s nakedness Here “mother’s nakedness” is an idiom that refers to the mother who gave birth to you. Alternate translation: “to the shame of your mother who gave birth to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 20 31 zl6b figs-activepassive 0 neither you nor your kingdom will be established This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not become king and will not establish your kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 20 32 ux46 figs-rquestion 0 For what reason should he be put to death? What has he done? Jonathan is trying to get Saul to think carefully about what he is doing. This can be translated as a statement, and the words “should he be put to death” can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have no good reason to put him to death. He has done nothing wrong.” or “You have no good reason to kill him. He has done nothing wrong.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -967,15 +967,15 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 21 6 u4vn figs-activepassive 0 the bread that was set apart This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the bread that the priests had set apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 21 6 vbr7 figs-activepassive 0 which was removed from before Yahweh, in order to put This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “which the priests had removed from before Yahweh so that they could put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 21 7 tmz8 figs-activepassive 0 detained before Yahweh Possible meanings are that (1) Doeg had some religious work regarding Yahweh to do there. Alternate translation: “for some work before Yahweh” or (2) Yahweh detained Doeg there. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh had detained him there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1SA 21 7 z642 figs-explicit 0 Doeg…herdsmen You may need to say clearly that Doeg saw what David did. Alternate translation: “Doeg…herdsmen, and he saw what Ahimelech did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1SA 21 7 z642 figs-explicit 0 Doeg … herdsmen You may need to say clearly that Doeg saw what David did. Alternate translation: “Doeg … herdsmen, and he saw what Ahimelech did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 21 7 zg8g translate-names 0 Doeg the Edomite This is the name of a man from the land of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 21 7 ye4p 0 herdsmen the keepers and protectors of a herd, especially of cattle or sheep 1SA 21 8 xr45 figs-metonymy 0 Now is there not here on hand any spear or sword? Here “on hand” is a metonym meaning “available.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:3](../21/03.md). Alternate translation: “Do you have a spear or sword that you can give me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 21 8 wb13 0 weapons a general name for such things as swords, knives, bows and arrows, and spears 1SA 21 9 rpf7 translate-names 0 Valley of Elah This is the name of a place in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 21 11 zg9d figs-hyperbole 0 Is not this David, the king of the land? They were probably exaggerating when they said that David was king of the land. They used this question to imply that David was a powerful enemy and Achish should not let him stay there. Alternate translation: “You know that this is David, who is as dangerous as the king of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1SA 21 11 sc99 figs-rquestion 0 Did they not sing to one another about him in dances, ‘Saul…thousands?’ This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that when the people of the land were dancing, they sang to each other about him, ‘Saul…thousands.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1SA 21 12 rqg7 figs-metonymy 0 David took these words to heart Here “took…to heart” is a metonym to think seriously about what was said. Alternate translation: “David thought seriously about what the servants said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1SA 21 11 sc99 figs-rquestion 0 Did they not sing to one another about him in dances, ‘Saul … thousands?’ This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that when the people of the land were dancing, they sang to each other about him, ‘Saul … thousands.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 21 12 rqg7 figs-metonymy 0 David took these words to heart Here “took … to heart” is a metonym to think seriously about what was said. Alternate translation: “David thought seriously about what the servants said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 21 13 ai6n figs-synecdoche 0 in their hands Here “hands” are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “in their presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 21 14 w6kd figs-rquestion 0 Why have you brought him to me? This could mean: (1) Achish demands that his servants explain why they have brought David to him or (2) Achish is scolding them with a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “You should have known not to bring him to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 21 15 kl34 figs-rquestion 0 Do I lack madmen, so that you have brought this fellow to behave like one in my presence? This rhetorical question is a rebuke. Alternate translation: “There are enough madmen here who waste my time. You should not have brought this fellow to behave like one in my presence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 22 1 wbc2 0 cave a hollow space under the ground, generally opening into the side of a hill, large enough for people to enter 1SA 22 1 h42f translate-names 0 Adullam This is the name of a town near the city of Gath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 22 1 mjh9 0 heard it heard that David had gone to hide in the cave -1SA 22 2 x1s9 figs-hyperbole 0 Everyone who was in distress…everyone who was discontented This is a generalization. Alternate translation: “Many people who were distressed…many people who were unhappy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +1SA 22 2 x1s9 figs-hyperbole 0 Everyone who was in distress … everyone who was discontented This is a generalization. Alternate translation: “Many people who were distressed … many people who were unhappy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1SA 22 2 w6kr 0 captain military officer who leads soldiers 1SA 22 2 nik2 translate-numbers 0 four hundred “400” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 22 3 n6gm 0 Then David went from there “Then David went from the cave at Adullam” @@ -1003,12 +1003,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 22 7 ktw6 translate-numbers 0 captains of thousands and captains of hundreds This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of soldiers that these captains led. Alternate translation: “captains of 1,000 soldiers and captains of 100 soldiers” or (2) the words translated as “thousands” and “hundreds” do not represent exact numbers, but are the names of larger and smaller military divisions. Alternate translation: “captains of large military divisions and captains of smaller military divisions” See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 17:18](../17/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 22 8 r9wd 0 Connecting Statement: This continues what Saul said to his servants. 1SA 22 9 e96p translate-names 0 Doeg the Edomite This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:7](../21/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 22 9 mj61 translate-names 0 Nob…Ahimelech This is a place name and the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:1](../21/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 22 9 mj61 translate-names 0 Nob … Ahimelech This is a place name and the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:1](../21/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 22 9 kcg3 translate-names 0 Ahitub This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 22 10 p71d 0 He prayed to Yahweh that he might help him, and he gave him Ahitub prayed to Yahweh that Yahweh might help David, and Ahitub gave David 1SA 22 13 vs5z 0 in that you have given “by giving” 1SA 22 13 rp7f 0 rise up “rebel” or “fight” -1SA 22 14 mme1 figs-rquestion 0 Who among all your servants is so faithful as David…house? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of your servants is as faithful as David…house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 22 14 mme1 figs-rquestion 0 Who among all your servants is so faithful as David … house? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of your servants is as faithful as David … house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 22 14 iy7u 0 bodyguard a person or group of people who protect someone 1SA 22 14 aui9 figs-metonymy 0 is honored in your house The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom your family honors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 22 15 sq72 figs-rquestion 0 Is today the first time I have prayed to God to help him? Ahimelech asks himself this question before Saul can ask it, then immediately answers it. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is not the first time I have prayed to God to help David.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1021,11 +1021,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 22 17 dgp5 figs-idiom 0 Turn and kill Here “Turn” means to turn around or turn away from the king. Alternate translation: “Go and kill” or “Kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 22 17 nr49 figs-synecdoche 0 their hand also is with David The word “hand” is a metonym for the work done with the hand. Alternate translation: “they also help David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 22 17 gd4u figs-metonymy 0 would not put out their hand to kill The word “hand” is a metonym for the work done with the hand. Alternate translation: “did not do anything to kill” or “refused to kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1SA 22 18 kxa2 figs-idiom 0 Turn and kill the priests…turned and attacked the priests Here “Turn” means to turn around or turn away from the king. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 22:17](../22/17.md). Alternate translation: “Go and kill the priests…went and attacked” or “Kill the priest…attacked the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1SA 22 18 g41e figs-explicit 0 Doeg the Edomite turned and attacked…he killed This could mean: (1) Doeg killed all the priests himself or (2) the word “Doeg” is a synecdoche for Doeg and the men who went with him. Alternate translation: “Doeg the Edomite and his men turned and attacked…they killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1SA 22 18 kxa2 figs-idiom 0 Turn and kill the priests … turned and attacked the priests Here “Turn” means to turn around or turn away from the king. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 22:17](../22/17.md). Alternate translation: “Go and kill the priests … went and attacked” or “Kill the priest … attacked the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1SA 22 18 g41e figs-explicit 0 Doeg the Edomite turned and attacked … he killed This could mean: (1) Doeg killed all the priests himself or (2) the word “Doeg” is a synecdoche for Doeg and the men who went with him. Alternate translation: “Doeg the Edomite and his men turned and attacked … they killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 22 18 lsc1 translate-names 0 Doeg the Edomite This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:7](../21/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 22 18 c5xv translate-numbers 0 eighty-five persons “85 men” or “85 priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1SA 22 19 qi5d figs-explicit 0 He also put to the sword…he put to the sword This could mean: (1) Doeg killed all the priests himself or (2) the word “Doeg” is a synecdoche for Doeg and the men who went with him. Alternate translation: “They also put to the sword…they put to the sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1SA 22 19 qi5d figs-explicit 0 He also put to the sword … he put to the sword This could mean: (1) Doeg killed all the priests himself or (2) the word “Doeg” is a synecdoche for Doeg and the men who went with him. Alternate translation: “They also put to the sword … they put to the sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 22 19 eh6l 0 put to the sword “killed with the sword” 1SA 22 19 ru75 translate-names 0 Nob Nob is the name of a city. Here the name “Nob” represents the people of that city. Alternate translation: “the people in the city of Nob” or “the people of Nob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 22 20 g9ps translate-names 0 Abiathar This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 23 1 by75 translate-names 0 fighting against Keilah “Keilah” is the name of a town. Here “Keilah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “fighting against the people of Keilah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 23 1 g4uk 0 threshing separating the grain or seeds, generally from a cereal plant or wheat by some mechanical means 1SA 23 3 e1kx figs-rquestion 0 How much more then if we go to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We will be even more fearful if we go to Keilah to fight the armies of the Philistines.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1SA 23 5 ij1x figs-synecdoche 0 went…fought…led…struck…saved The writer pays the most attention to David, so these words are all singular, though David’s men helped him do all these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1SA 23 5 ij1x figs-synecdoche 0 went … fought … led … struck … saved The writer pays the most attention to David, so these words are all singular, though David’s men helped him do all these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 23 6 jj3s translate-names 0 Ahimelech This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:1](../21/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 23 7 fhu9 figs-activepassive 0 Saul was told This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Saul” or “They told Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 23 8 rz5t 0 summoned officially called. The reader should understand that Saul probably told his officials to gather the soldiers. He did not call with a loud voice to get them to come. @@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 23 10 f699 0 David said “David asked” or “David prayed” 1SA 23 10 g8im figs-pronouns 0 your servant has indeed heard David speaks as if he were someone else to show his respect for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I have indeed heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 23 10 cg3l 0 destroy the city make the city so no one could live in it and kill all the people who live there -1SA 23 11 m2bi figs-pronouns 0 as your servant has heard…tell your servant David speaks as if he were someone else to show his respect for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “as I have heard…tell me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +1SA 23 11 m2bi figs-pronouns 0 as your servant has heard … tell your servant David speaks as if he were someone else to show his respect for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “as I have heard … tell me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 23 11 dwu8 figs-metonymy 0 surrender me into his hand Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “give me over to Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 23 12 p7uu 0 David said or “David asked” or “David prayed” 1SA 23 12 w6q4 figs-metonymy 0 surrender me and my men into the hand of Saul Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “give me and my men over to Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 23 16 c2id figs-idiom 0 strengthened his hand in God This is an idiom. AT “encouraged him to trust in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 23 17 lm7k figs-metonymy 0 For the hand of Saul my father will not find you Here “hand” is a metonym for Saul and his power. Alternate translation: “For Saul my father will not find you” or “For Saul my father will never be able to have power over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 23 19 zz5k translate-names 0 Ziphites This is the name of the people group from Ziph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 23 19 t8kp figs-rquestion 0 Is not David hiding among us in…Jeshimon? This rhetorical question can be translated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “David is hiding among us in…Jeshimon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 23 19 t8kp figs-rquestion 0 Is not David hiding among us in … Jeshimon? This rhetorical question can be translated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “David is hiding among us in … Jeshimon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 23 19 f1lt translate-names 0 the hill of Hakilah This is the name of a hill in the wilderness of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 23 19 n8vj translate-names 0 Jeshimon This is the name of a desert area near the Dead Sea. It can also be translated as “the Judean Wilderness” or “the wasteland.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 23 20 tx3q figs-pronouns 0 surrender him into the king’s hand The word “hand” is a metonym for power. The Ziphites speak to Saul as if he were another man to show him that they respect him. Alternate translation: “give David to you so you can do whatever you desire with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1162,30 +1162,30 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 25 20 d3l8 0 David and his men “David and his army” 1SA 25 20 wcs5 0 by the cover of the mountain This could mean: (1) into a low, narrow stream bed or (2) to where the men were hiding. 1SA 25 21 h5uv writing-background 0 The writer gives background information before he continues with the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -1SA 25 21 nzw1 0 Now David had said, “Surely…for good. The reader needs to understand that David had said these things before he said, “Every man strap on his sword” in [1 Samuel 25:13](../25/13.md). +1SA 25 21 nzw1 0 Now David had said, “Surely … for good. The reader needs to understand that David had said these things before he said, “Every man strap on his sword” in [1 Samuel 25:13](../25/13.md). 1SA 25 21 vv7p 0 Now David The word “Now” shows that the writer has stopped writing about Abigail and started writing about David. 1SA 25 21 n566 figs-litotes 0 nothing was missed of all that belonged to him This can be stated positively and in active form. Alternate translation: “he still has everything that was his” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1SA 25 22 zn6m 0 May God do so to me…belong to him The reader needs to understand that David had said these things before he said, “Every man strap on his sword” in [1 Samuel 25:13](../25/13.md). +1SA 25 22 zn6m 0 May God do so to me … belong to him The reader needs to understand that David had said these things before he said, “Every man strap on his sword” in [1 Samuel 25:13](../25/13.md). 1SA 25 22 cg4h 0 May God do so to me, David The Hebrew text has “May God strike the enemies of David,” and some versions follow this. However, the reading of the ULT follows the main Greek tradition of the Old Testament, as some other modern versions do. 1SA 25 22 l2bk 0 all who belong “all the people who belong to him” or “those in his family” 1SA 25 23 l6e2 writing-background 0 The writer has finished giving background information, so he continues the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 1SA 25 23 l5ga 0 lay before David facedown and bowed herself to the ground Abigail was being humble and showing that she would obey David because he was a powerful leader. 1SA 25 24 c4nh 0 listen to “hear” -1SA 25 24 ljp8 figs-pronouns 0 my master…your servant…words of your servant “David…me…my words.” Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people, to show that she respects David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +1SA 25 24 ljp8 figs-pronouns 0 my master … your servant … words of your servant “David … me … my words.” Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people, to show that she respects David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 25 25 zt8e 0 Connecting Statement: Abigail continues to advise David not to take revenge. -1SA 25 25 q94v figs-pronouns 0 Let not my master regard…I your servant…the young men of my master Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are other people to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “Do not regard…I…your young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -1SA 25 25 zwq8 figs-explicit 0 But I…did not see…whom you sent You may need to make explicit what Abigail would have done. Alternate translation: “But if I…had seen…whom you sent, I would have given them food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1SA 25 25 q94v figs-pronouns 0 Let not my master regard … I your servant … the young men of my master Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are other people to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “Do not regard … I…your young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +1SA 25 25 zwq8 figs-explicit 0 But I … did not see … whom you sent You may need to make explicit what Abigail would have done. Alternate translation: “But if I … had seen … whom you sent, I would have given them food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 25 26 b9lx 0 Connecting Statement: Abigail continues to advise David not to take revenge. -1SA 25 26 tc8r figs-pronouns 0 my master…my master Abigail speaks of David as if he is another person to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “David…you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +1SA 25 26 tc8r figs-pronouns 0 my master … my master Abigail speaks of David as if he is another person to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “David … you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 25 26 j7ne 0 bloodshed murder 1SA 25 26 j55q figs-metonymy 0 avenging yourself with your own hand The hand is a metonym for what a person does with the hand. Abigail assumes that David should allow Yahweh to take vengeance for him. Alternate translation: “taking vengeance yourself instead of letting Yahweh do it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1SA 25 26 p12k figs-explicit 0 let your enemies…be like Nabal Abigail speaks as if Yahweh has already punished Nabal. Alternate translation: “I hope that Yahweh will punish your enemies…as he will punish Nabal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +1SA 25 26 p12k figs-explicit 0 let your enemies … be like Nabal Abigail speaks as if Yahweh has already punished Nabal. Alternate translation: “I hope that Yahweh will punish your enemies … as he will punish Nabal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) 1SA 25 27 s1mh 0 Connecting Statement: Abigail continues to tell David not to be angry. 1SA 25 27 lh33 figs-activepassive 0 let this present that your servant has brought to my master be given to the young men Abigail uses the passive to show her respect for David. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “please give this present, which your servant has brought to my master, to the young men” or “please let my master give this present, which your servant has brought to my master, to the young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 25 27 ew7h 0 this present “these gifts.” The “present” was actually many different things. -1SA 25 27 yj2z figs-pronouns 0 your servant has…my master…my master Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “I have…you…you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +1SA 25 27 yj2z figs-pronouns 0 your servant has … my master … my master Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “I have … you … you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 25 28 lg88 0 Connecting Statement: Abigail continues to reason with David. -1SA 25 28 m9sh figs-pronouns 0 the trespass of your servant…my master…my master is Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people, to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “my trespass…you…you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +1SA 25 28 m9sh figs-pronouns 0 the trespass of your servant … my master … my master is Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people, to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “my trespass … you … you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 25 28 iqt4 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh will certainly make my master a sure house Here “house” is an idiom used for “descendants.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh will ensure that my master always has a descendant who serves as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 25 28 qq1m 0 fighting the battles of Yahweh “fighting against Yahweh’s enemies” 1SA 25 28 cd6h figs-activepassive 0 evil will not be found in you This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever see you do any evil thing” or “you will never do anything evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1199,10 +1199,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 25 30 m21u figs-pronouns 0 my master Abigail speaks of David as if he is another person, to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 25 31 lm3s 0 Connecting Statement: Abigail finishes reasoning with David. 1SA 25 31 wg25 figs-litotes 0 This will not be a staggering burden for you—that you have poured out innocent blood, or because my master attempted to rescue himself Abigail is stating that if David chooses not to take revenge he will have a clear conscience when Yahweh makes him king of Israel. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You will always be glad you acted as you did-that you have not poured out innocent blood, or because my master did not attempt to rescue himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -1SA 25 31 bql2 figs-pronouns 0 my master…himself…my master…your servant Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people, to show that she respects David. “you…yourself…you…me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +1SA 25 31 bql2 figs-pronouns 0 my master … himself … my master … your servant Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people, to show that she respects David. “you … yourself … you … me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 25 31 m9fd 0 when Yahweh will do good for my master That is, when Yahweh actually makes him king after Saul’s reign is over. 1SA 25 32 i5t4 0 General Information: David accepts Abigail’s counsel and gifts. -1SA 25 32 ze7a figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh…be blessed, he who This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) “I praise Yahweh…who” or (2) “May all people praise Yahweh…who.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1SA 25 32 ze7a figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh … be blessed, he who This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) “I praise Yahweh … who” or (2) “May all people praise Yahweh … who.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 25 33 xel2 figs-activepassive 0 Your wisdom is blessed and you are blessed, because This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I thank Yahweh because he has blessed you by making you wise and because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 25 33 m4g6 0 bloodshed murder. The same word appears in [1 Samuel 25:26](../25/26.md). 1SA 25 33 er78 figs-metonymy 0 with my own hand The word “hand” here is a metonym for the action taken by the hand. Alternate translation: “by my own actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1231,10 +1231,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 25 43 fx9v translate-names 0 Ahinoam This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 25 44 t45u writing-background 0 Saul had given Michal This event took place before David married Abigail. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 1SA 25 44 eld8 translate-names 0 Michal This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 25 44 rm51 translate-names 0 Paltiel…Laish These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 25 44 rm51 translate-names 0 Paltiel … Laish These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 25 44 qbi9 translate-names 0 Gallim This is a town north of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 26 intro abcq 0 # 1 Samuel 26 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Vengeance
David has another opportunity to kill Saul but he refuses to kill the one God had chosen as king. This contrasts with Saul, who tried to find David and kill him. Saul came to admit that David was more righteous than he was because he did not kill his enemy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical question
David put his reason for not killing Saul in a rhetorical question: “Do not destroy him; for who can extend his hand against Yahweh’s anointed one and be guiltless?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1SA 26 1 xrk7 figs-rquestion 0 Is not David hiding…Jeshimon? This rhetorical question can be translated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “David is hiding…Jeshimon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 26 1 xrk7 figs-rquestion 0 Is not David hiding … Jeshimon? This rhetorical question can be translated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “David is hiding … Jeshimon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 26 1 u73j 0 before Jeshimon “from which we can see Jeshimon” 1SA 26 1 x3kj translate-names 0 Jeshimon This is the name of a desert area near the Dead Sea. It can also be translated as “the Judean Wilderness” or “the wasteland.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 23:19](../23/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 26 2 xlu2 figs-idiom 0 Then Saul arose and went The word “arose” is an idiom for taking action. Alternate translation: “Then Saul took action and he went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1243,10 +1243,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 26 3 bg6j 0 before Jeshimon “from which they could see Jeshimon” 1SA 26 3 x3ka translate-names 0 Jeshimon This is the name of a desert area near the Dead Sea. It can also be translated as “the Judean Wilderness” or “the wasteland.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 23:19](../23/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 26 5 m1dq 0 David arose and went “David took action and he went” -1SA 26 5 m7ex translate-names 0 Abner…Ner These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 26 6 zm97 translate-names 0 Ahimelech…Abishai These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 26 5 m7ex translate-names 0 Abner … Ner These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 26 6 zm97 translate-names 0 Ahimelech … Abishai These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 26 6 kzq7 translate-names 0 Zeruiah These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 26 6 fp9z 0 go down…to David and his men were probably on higher ground than Saul. +1SA 26 6 fp9z 0 go down … to David and his men were probably on higher ground than Saul. 1SA 26 6 n7u2 0 I! I will go down “I want to be the one who goes down” 1SA 26 8 m51q figs-metonymy 0 God has put your enemy into your hand Abishai speaks as if the enemy were a small object that God had put into David’s hand. The word “hand” is a metonym for the power the hand can wield. Alternate translation: “God has given you complete control over your enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 26 8 lze4 figs-metonymy 0 pin him to the ground with the spear This is a metonym that refers to “kill with a spear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1318,25 +1318,25 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 27 12 g4e6 figs-pronouns 0 Achish the king of Gath (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 28 intro abcs 0 # 1 Samuel 28 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Talking to the dead

Talking to the dead was against the law of Moses. God or the Holy Spirit left Saul because of his sin and would not help him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical question
Samuel uses a rhetorical question to say it was useless to ask his advice since there was no way Saul could be successful with God against him: “What then do you ask me, since Yahweh has left you, and he has become your enemy?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 28 1 u8jp 0 host large assembly of armies -1SA 28 2 au3y grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 So you will know…So I will The word “so” shows that the speaker agrees with what the other person has just said. Alternate translation: “Yes, I will go with you so that you will know…Very well, I will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +1SA 28 2 au3y grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 So you will know … So I will The word “so” shows that the speaker agrees with what the other person has just said. Alternate translation: “Yes, I will go with you so that you will know … Very well, I will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 1SA 28 2 a7g3 0 you will know what your servant can do David probably wanted Achish to think that David would kill many Israelites, but “what your servant can do” could also mean that David was planning to kill Philistines instead. Try to translate so that the reader can see both of these possible meanings. 1SA 28 2 b6jy figs-pronouns 0 your servant David speaks as if he is another person so that Achish will think David respects him. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 28 2 m1je figs-pronouns 0 make you The word “you” refers to David and so is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1SA 28 2 ltp1 0 bodyguard a person who protects another person -1SA 28 3 v29c writing-background 0 Now Samuel…with spirits The writer provides background information to prepare the reader for the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +1SA 28 3 v29c writing-background 0 Now Samuel … with spirits The writer provides background information to prepare the reader for the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 1SA 28 3 k6lf 0 banned from the land officially removed from the country or region, or prevented from entering Alternate translation: “expel from Israel” -1SA 28 3 x928 0 those who talked with the dead or with spirits The words “those who talked with the dead” translate as one word in the original language, and the words “those who…talked with spirits” also translate as one word in the original language. If your language has one word for those who talk with the dead and one word for those who talk with spirits, or if your language has only one word for those who talk with the dead and with spirits, you should use those words here. +1SA 28 3 x928 0 those who talked with the dead or with spirits The words “those who talked with the dead” translate as one word in the original language, and the words “those who … talked with spirits” also translate as one word in the original language. If your language has one word for those who talk with the dead and one word for those who talk with spirits, or if your language has only one word for those who talk with the dead and with spirits, you should use those words here. 1SA 28 4 jp42 0 Then the Philistines gathered after David and Achish spoke ([1 Samuel 28:2](../28/02.md)) 1SA 28 4 gv6k 0 gathered all Israel together “gathered all his armies in Israel together” -1SA 28 4 nut5 translate-names 0 Shunem…Gilboa these are names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 28 4 nut5 translate-names 0 Shunem … Gilboa these are names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 28 5 bi99 figs-synecdoche 0 he was afraid, and his heart trembled very much These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of his fear. Here Saul is referred to by his “heart.” Alternate translation: “he was terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1SA 28 6 l97l 0 Urim The high priest carried the sacred lots called Urim and Thummin in his breastplate, in a marked pouch, next to his heart. 1SA 28 7 p66e 0 who talks with the dead These words translate as one word in the original language. If your language has one word for a person who talks to the dead, you should use it here. See how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 28:3](../28/03.md). 1SA 28 7 iy9x translate-names 0 Endor This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 28 8 q4zi 0 Saul disguised himself…and went…to the woman by night Saul disguised himself because the way from Gilboa ([1 Samuel 28:4](../28/04.md)) to Endor ([1 Samuel 28:7](./07.md)) was through land that the Philistines were living in. He traveled all day and reached the woman after the sun had gone down. +1SA 28 8 q4zi 0 Saul disguised himself … and went … to the woman by night Saul disguised himself because the way from Gilboa ([1 Samuel 28:4](../28/04.md)) to Endor ([1 Samuel 28:7](./07.md)) was through land that the Philistines were living in. He traveled all day and reached the woman after the sun had gone down. 1SA 28 8 by4s 0 disguised changed his usual appearance no one would know who he was -1SA 28 8 mj1t 0 Divine for me…with a spirit “Talk to the dead for me” -1SA 28 9 qv53 0 those who talk with the dead or with spirits The words “those who talk with the dead” translate as one word in the original language, and the words “those who…talk with spirits” also translate as one word in the original language. If your language has one word for those who talk with the dead and one word for those who talk with spirits, or if your language has only one word for those who talk with the dead and with spirits, you should use those words here. See how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 28:3](../28/03.md). +1SA 28 8 mj1t 0 Divine for me … with a spirit “Talk to the dead for me” +1SA 28 9 qv53 0 those who talk with the dead or with spirits The words “those who talk with the dead” translate as one word in the original language, and the words “those who … talk with spirits” also translate as one word in the original language. If your language has one word for those who talk with the dead and one word for those who talk with spirits, or if your language has only one word for those who talk with the dead and with spirits, you should use those words here. See how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 28:3](../28/03.md). 1SA 28 9 fdu8 figs-synecdoche 0 my life The word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 28 13 bz39 0 a god Other This could mean: (1) “one like God” or (2) “a judge” ([1 Samuel 7:15](../07/15.md)). 1SA 28 17 wpr2 figs-metaphor 0 torn the kingdom out of your hand Samuel speaks as if the kingdom were a physical object that could be held in the hand and grabbed out by another person. Alternate translation: “made you so you are no longer king” or “made another person king in your place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1349,19 +1349,19 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 28 23 yci7 0 Saul refused “Saul would not do what they asked” 1SA 28 23 htn7 0 compelled him “forced him” 1SA 28 24 x7b9 0 fatted calf a calf that has been grown and fed to be available for a special feast -1SA 28 24 zn9w 0 she…kneaded it She mixed flour and oil, working and rolling the mixture thoroughly with her hands to produce dough for baking. +1SA 28 24 zn9w 0 she … kneaded it She mixed flour and oil, working and rolling the mixture thoroughly with her hands to produce dough for baking. 1SA 29 intro abct 0 # 1 Samuel 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 29:5.

## Other possible translation difficulties

It is unclear whether David wanted to go into battle with the Philistines. He would have been fighting against Saul, but he also would have been fighting against Israel’s soldiers. It is probably best to see that David is conflicted over this issue, but some scholars believe that David planned on turning against the Philistines in the battle. 1SA 29 1 w2gw 0 spring a small stream of water flowing naturally from the Earth 1SA 29 2 tq6l 0 passed on by hundreds and by thousands “divided their men into groups; some groups had one hundred soldiers and some groups had one thousand soldiers” -1SA 29 2 j1vs translate-numbers 0 hundreds…thousands 100s…1,000s (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +1SA 29 2 j1vs translate-numbers 0 hundreds … thousands 100s…1,000s (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 29 2 vft1 0 David and his men passed on in the rear guard with Achish The groups of hundreds and thousands passed on first, then Achish and his helpers, and then David, his men, and the other Philistine soldiers, who were guarding Achish. 1SA 29 3 s77q figs-rquestion 0 What are these Hebrews doing here? Possible ways to translate this rhetorical question as a statement are Alternate translation: (1) “You should not have allowed these Hebrews, our enemies, to be here with us.” or (2) “Tell us who these Hebrews are.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1SA 29 3 sj73 figs-rquestion 0 Is not this David…these years, and I have found…this day? Another possible translation is “Is not this David,…these years? I have found…this day.” The rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should know that this is David…these years. I have found…this day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 29 3 sj73 figs-rquestion 0 Is not this David … these years, and I have found … this day? Another possible translation is “Is not this David,…these years? I have found … this day.” The rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should know that this is David … these years. I have found … this day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 29 3 ri13 figs-litotes 0 I have found no fault with him This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I know of nothing that he has done wrong” or “I am very pleased with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 1SA 29 4 i611 figs-synecdoche 0 He will not go down with us into battle The person here is a synecdoche for the army he commands. Alternate translation: “Do not let his army join with our army against our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 29 4 vr1n figs-rquestion 0 For how else could he make himself acceptable to his master than by taking the heads of our own men? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Here “taking the heads” is a metonym for killing. Alternate translation: “The best way for David to make peace with his master would be by killing our soldiers!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1SA 29 5 ce4n figs-rquestion 0 Is this not David of whom they sang one to another in dances, saying, ‘Saul…ten thousands’? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not trust David—he is the one of whom they sang one to another in dances, saying, ‘Saul…ten thousands’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1SA 29 5 e1pv translate-numbers 0 thousands…ten thousands “1,000s…10,000s” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +1SA 29 5 ce4n figs-rquestion 0 Is this not David of whom they sang one to another in dances, saying, ‘Saul … ten thousands’? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not trust David—he is the one of whom they sang one to another in dances, saying, ‘Saul … ten thousands’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1SA 29 5 e1pv translate-numbers 0 thousands … ten thousands “1,000s…10,000s” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 29 6 pw9s figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives This is an idiom. “As certainly as Yahweh lives” or “This is a true statement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 29 6 tzt2 0 your going out and your coming in with me in the army is good “I am happy to have you go out and come in with me and my army” or “It is good that you go everywhere with me and my army” 1SA 29 8 p5pg figs-pronouns 0 my master the king David speaks as if Achish were another person so that Achish will think David respects him. Alternate translation: “you, my master and king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) @@ -1372,13 +1372,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 30 1 u6dp 0 Ziklag Ziklag is a city in the southern part of Judah. This was where David and his men kept their families. 1SA 30 2 i8bg 0 they the Amalekites 1SA 30 2 l5au 0 both small and great This could mean: (1) “both unimportant people and important people” or (2) “both physically small and physically large.” -1SA 30 3 tr67 0 their wives…sons…daughters belonging to David and his men -1SA 30 3 hh3k figs-activepassive 0 it was burned, and their wives…daughters were taken captive This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they saw that someone had burned it and taken their wives…captive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1SA 30 3 tr67 0 their wives … sons … daughters belonging to David and his men +1SA 30 3 hh3k figs-activepassive 0 it was burned, and their wives … daughters were taken captive This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they saw that someone had burned it and taken their wives … captive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 30 4 i5ts 0 the people that were with him These were mainly his army of men. 1SA 30 5 nc5k 0 General Information: David finds strength in Yahweh after the raid. 1SA 30 5 z5m8 0 Ahinoam the Jezreelite woman “Ahinoam from Jezreel” 1SA 30 5 hq7z 0 Nabal the Carmelite “Nabal the man from Carmel” -1SA 30 5 acw2 translate-names 0 Ahinoam…Abigail women’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 30 5 acw2 translate-names 0 Ahinoam … Abigail women’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 30 6 e6z1 0 distressed suffering 1SA 30 6 q4yw figs-synecdoche 0 all the people were bitter in spirit The word “bitter” is a metaphor for the desire to rebel. The word “spirit” is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “all the people were ready to rebel against David” or “all the people were very unhappy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 30 6 plf4 0 David strengthened himself in Yahweh, his God This could mean: (1) “David took courage because he knew Yahweh his God would help him” or (2) “Yahweh his God made David strong.” @@ -1398,11 +1398,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 30 13 lrz8 translate-numbers 0 three days 3 days (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1SA 30 14 z8mp 0 a raid an attack on a town to take property 1SA 30 15 rpy7 0 raiding party a group of armed warriors who attack people or places unexpectedly -1SA 30 15 ln2l figs-metonymy 0 you will not…betray me up into the hands of my master Here “hands” refers to control. Alternate translation: “you will not…violate the trust I have in you by allowing my master to control me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1SA 30 15 ln2l figs-metonymy 0 you will not … betray me up into the hands of my master Here “hands” refers to control. Alternate translation: “you will not … violate the trust I have in you by allowing my master to control me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 30 16 tp7i 0 booty the goods they had stolen in the raid 1SA 30 17 ac8n 0 twilight the time just after the sun goes down until the sky is dark 1SA 30 17 uap2 translate-numbers 0 four hundred 400 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1SA 30 18 gv1e 0 recovered…rescued “got back…got back.” These two words translate the same Hebrew word. Your language may also have a word for a person getting his own property back from the person who stole it that is different from the word for a person getting his wife back from those who have captured her. +1SA 30 18 gv1e 0 recovered … rescued “got back … got back.” These two words translate the same Hebrew word. Your language may also have a word for a person getting his own property back from the person who stole it that is different from the word for a person getting his wife back from those who have captured her. 1SA 30 18 zen4 0 rescued his two wives “got his two wives back” or “saved his two wives from danger” 1SA 30 19 f95n 0 Nothing was missing “None of the items the Amalekites had stolen were lost” 1SA 30 19 h16q 0 neither small nor great This could mean: (1) “neither unimportant people nor important people” or (2) “neither physically small nor physically large.” See how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 30:2](../30/02.md). @@ -1422,14 +1422,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 30 26 l1ll 0 booty goods that David had taken from the Amalekites after the battle. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 30:16](../30/16.md). 1SA 30 26 ies7 0 a present “a gift” 1SA 30 27 j2r9 0 Connecting Statement: The writer begins a list of towns whose elders received gifts from David. -1SA 30 27 rha5 translate-names 0 Bethel…Jattir These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 30 27 rha5 translate-names 0 Bethel … Jattir These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 30 28 qm9t 0 Connecting Statement: The writer continues the list that began in [1 Samuel 30:27](../30/27.md) of towns whose elders received gifts from David. -1SA 30 28 r7zx translate-names 0 Aroer…Siphmoth…Eshtemoa These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 30 28 r7zx translate-names 0 Aroer … Siphmoth … Eshtemoa These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 30 29 xiz3 0 Connecting Statement: The writer continues the list that began in [1 Samuel 30:27](../30/27.md) of towns whose elders received gifts from David. 1SA 30 29 v2kd translate-names 0 Rakal This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 30 29 a93e translate-names 0 Jerahmeelites…Kenites These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 30 29 a93e translate-names 0 Jerahmeelites … Kenites These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 30 30 re7a 0 Connecting Statement: The writer continues the list that began in [1 Samuel 30:27](../30/27.md) of towns whose elders received gifts from David. -1SA 30 30 n9nu translate-names 0 Hormah…Bor Ashan…Athak These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1SA 30 30 n9nu translate-names 0 Hormah … Bor Ashan … Athak These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 30 31 k11c 0 Connecting Statement: The writer finishes the list that began in [1 Samuel 30:27](../30/27.md) of towns whose elders received gifts from David. 1SA 31 intro abcv 0 # 1 Samuel 31 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the end of the section on Saul, but the book continues in 2 Samuel 1.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Saul’s punishment
Saul receives his punishment from God: death for his disobedience and resisting the will of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]]) 1SA 31 1 k1fi 0 Now the Philistines fought against Israel This battle was the result of the conflict between David and the Philistines in [1 Samuel 29:11](../29/11.md). The writer has finished telling the story of David that began in [1 Samuel 30:1](../30/01.md), and now he tells about the battle between the Israelites and the Philistines. diff --git a/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv b/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv index 6218c3aeb..1cbe69b8e 100644 --- a/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv +++ b/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv @@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 1 9 t8ly figs-personification 0 great suffering has taken hold of me Saul’s suffering is spoken of as something terrible that has grabbed hold of him. Alternate translation: “I am suffering terribly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 2SA 1 9 he7b figs-idiom 0 life is still in me This idiom means he is still alive. Alternate translation: “I am still alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 1 10 fh71 0 he would not live after he had fallen “he would die anyway” -2SA 1 11 lzf2 translate-symaction 0 David tore his clothes…the men with him did the same David and his men tore their clothes as a sign of mourning for the death of King Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +2SA 1 11 lzf2 translate-symaction 0 David tore his clothes … the men with him did the same David and his men tore their clothes as a sign of mourning for the death of King Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2SA 1 12 j5yt figs-parallelism 0 for the people of Yahweh, and for the house of Israel Both statements mean basically same thing. The word “house” is a metonym that represents the descendants of Israel. But, both “people” and “house” probably are a synecdoche representing the soldiers of Israel. Alternate translation: “for the Israelite soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 1 12 v2al 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. 2SA 1 12 h78c figs-euphemism 0 they had fallen by the sword Here “fallen” is a polite way of referring to being killed. Also, “sword” represents a battle. This here means “had been killed.” Alternate translation: “they had died in battle” or “enemies had killed them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 1 13 tje8 0 Where are you from? The man had already stated that he is an Amalekite in [2 Samuel 1:8](../01/08.md). David apparently asks the man to confirm this because of the serious judgment that David was going to pronounce on the man. -2SA 1 14 f3mp figs-rquestion 0 Why were you not afraid to kill Yahweh’s anointed…hand? This rhetorical question is used to rebuke the man. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have feared Yahweh and not killed his anointed…hand!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 1 14 f3mp figs-rquestion 0 Why were you not afraid to kill Yahweh’s anointed … hand? This rhetorical question is used to rebuke the man. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have feared Yahweh and not killed his anointed … hand!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 1 14 gdq9 0 Yahweh’s anointed king This refers to Saul. 2SA 1 14 llc8 figs-metonymy 0 with your own hand This phrase refers to doing something yourself. Alternate translation: “yourself” or “personally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 1 15 k3ww figs-idiom 0 struck him down This idiom means “killed him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 1 19 bch8 figs-metonymy 0 Your glory, Israel, is dead “Your glory” refers to Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 1 19 luf3 figs-metonymy 0 the mighty The phrase “the mighty” refers to both Saul and Jonathan. This nominal adjective is plural, and can be stated as “the mighty ones.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 2SA 1 19 v53l figs-euphemism 0 have fallen The word “fallen” here means “died.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -2SA 1 20 as79 figs-parallelism 0 Do not tell it in Gath…do not proclaim it in the streets of Ashkelon These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated as part of the poetry of the song. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -2SA 1 20 new3 0 Gath…Ashkelon Gath and Ashkelon are two of the Philistines’ major cities. The Philistines killed Saul and Jonathan. -2SA 1 20 m8lh figs-parallelism 0 so that the daughters of the Philistines may not rejoice…so that the daughters of the uncircumcised may not celebrate These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated as part of the poetry of the song. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +2SA 1 20 as79 figs-parallelism 0 Do not tell it in Gath … do not proclaim it in the streets of Ashkelon These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated as part of the poetry of the song. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +2SA 1 20 new3 0 Gath … Ashkelon Gath and Ashkelon are two of the Philistines’ major cities. The Philistines killed Saul and Jonathan. +2SA 1 20 m8lh figs-parallelism 0 so that the daughters of the Philistines may not rejoice … so that the daughters of the uncircumcised may not celebrate These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated as part of the poetry of the song. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2SA 1 20 kk6n figs-metonymy 0 the daughters of the uncircumcised This phrase refers to people who do not follow Yahweh, such as the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 1 21 yma7 figs-apostrophe 0 Mountains of Gilboa David speaks directly to the “Mountains of Gilboa” as if they were listening to his song. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 2SA 1 21 k9a4 0 let there not be dew or rain on you David curses the ground where King Saul died in the battle. This was out of reverence for Saul, who was God’s anointed king. @@ -62,39 +62,39 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 2 6 jp9r 0 this thing They buried Saul. 2SA 2 7 ss4u figs-synecdoche 0 let your hands be strong Here “hands” refers to the people of Jabesh Gilead. Alternate translation: “be strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 2 7 c3td translate-symaction 0 anointed me king In this symbolic act, they poured oil on David’s head to show that he was selected to be the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -2SA 2 8 m5pw translate-names 0 Ner…Ishbosheth These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 2 8 m5pw translate-names 0 Ner … Ishbosheth These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 2 8 i3ah translate-names 0 Mahanaim This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 2 9 e9wt translate-names 0 Gilead…Jezreel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 2 9 e9wt translate-names 0 Gilead … Jezreel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 2 10 fb37 figs-idiom 0 the house of Judah followed David Obeying David’s rule is spoken of as “following” him. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Judah obeyed David as their king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 2 10 kz8s 0 house of Judah Here “house” is used to mean “tribe.” -2SA 2 12 t3hi translate-names 0 Abner…Ner…Ishbosheth…Saul These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 2 12 t3hi translate-names 0 Abner … Ner … Ishbosheth … Saul These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 2 13 n2wn translate-names 0 Zeruiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 2 16 ni8p figs-euphemism 0 they fell down together This is a polite way of saying they died. Alternate translation: “they both died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2SA 2 16 x416 translate-names 0 Helkath Hazzurim This is a name given to remind people what happened there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 2 17 gm4c figs-explicit 0 The battle was very severe that day It may be helpful to explicitly state that this was the large battle that followed the contest of the young men. Alternate translation: “Then the others started to fight also. It was a very fierce battle that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2SA 2 18 smv9 translate-names 0 Zeruiah…Joab…Abishai…Asahel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 2 18 smv9 translate-names 0 Zeruiah … Joab … Abishai … Asahel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 2 18 n11n figs-simile 0 Asahel was swift in his feet like a wild gazelle Here Asahel is compared to a gazelle, an animal that runs very fast. Alternate translation: “Asahel could run very fast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 2SA 2 18 aak9 0 wild gazelle This small, four-legged animal, with two long horns on its head, runs very fast. 2SA 2 19 mmf2 translate-names 0 Abner This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 2 19 j8wb 0 followed him without turning away in any direction Here “without turning away” is stated in negative form to emphasize how closely he followed Abner’s path. Alternate translation: “followed him wherever he went” 2SA 2 20 jd6r translate-names 0 Asahel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 2 21 we6k 0 Turn aside to your right or to your left…turn aside “Stop chasing me…stop chasing Abner” +2SA 2 21 we6k 0 Turn aside to your right or to your left … turn aside “Stop chasing me … stop chasing Abner” 2SA 2 21 ck9f figs-euphemism 0 seize one of the young men and take his armor Abner was asking Asahel to kill and plunder another younger soldier who would not be as dangerous as Abner. He did not want to kill Asahel. Alternate translation: “fight with another soldier and take his equipment as plunder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2SA 2 22 mpv8 figs-rquestion 0 Why should I strike you to the ground? This rhetorical question is used to warn Asahel of the danger he faced. “Strike to the ground” is a polite way of saying “to kill.” Alternate translation: “I do not wish to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2SA 2 22 k44v figs-rquestion 0 How then could I hold up my face to Joab, your brother? This rhetorical question emphasizes that Abner does not want to fight and kill Asahel because it would destroy Abner’s relationship with Joab. Here “hold up my face to Joab” is an idiom that means that he would be too ashamed to look at Joab. Alternate translation: “I would be too ashamed to look at your brother, Joab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 2 23 y5pa 0 turn aside This means to “halt” or “stop chasing.” 2SA 2 23 eb53 figs-explicit 0 the blunt end of his spear This refers to the handle, which is not sharp or designed to pierce anything. It can be implied that Abner was only trying to stop Asahel from following him, and did not intend to kill him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 2 24 dk79 translate-names 0 Abishai This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 2 24 ja3r translate-names 0 hill of Ammah…Giah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 2 24 ja3r translate-names 0 hill of Ammah … Giah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 2 26 w79x 0 Abner called “Abner shouted” or “Abner yelled” 2SA 2 26 bju9 figs-rquestion 0 Must the sword devour forever? This rhetorical question emphasizes that the battle had already continued too long. Here “sword” refers to the fighting. The killing in the battle is spoken of as if a wild animal was eating the soldiers. Alternate translation: “We do not need to keep using our swords to fight and kill each other.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 2 26 ukm3 figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know it will be bitter in the end? This rhetorical question is used to force Joab to acknowledge that continued fighting could only result in more suffering. Here “bitter” is a euphemism for the terrible suffering that would occur. Alternate translation: “You know very well that there will be a terrible result if this continues!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2SA 2 26 e6un figs-rquestion 0 How long will it be before you tell your men to stop pursuing their brothers? This rhetorical question is intended to convince Joab to stop fighting their fellow Israelites. Here “brother” is used to represent the members of the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “Stop this now so that Israelites will not have to kill each other!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 2 27 yh65 0 Just as God lives This is a very strong vow. Alternate translation: “With God as my witness” or “God will affirm that I mean what I say” -2SA 2 27 gze5 figs-hypo 0 if you had not said that…pursued their brothers until the morning This hypothetical statement tells what might have happened if Abner had not spoken wisely to Joab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +2SA 2 27 gze5 figs-hypo 0 if you had not said that … pursued their brothers until the morning This hypothetical statement tells what might have happened if Abner had not spoken wisely to Joab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 2SA 2 28 qt3n figs-explicit 0 blew the trumpet Trumpets were used to signal orders to the armies across great distances. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 2 28 zk88 figs-synecdoche 0 did not pursue Israel Here “Israel” refers to the Israelite soldiers. Alternate translation: “did not continue to chase the Israelite soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2SA 2 29 g9ir translate-names 0 Arabah…Mahanaim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 2 29 g9ir translate-names 0 Arabah … Mahanaim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 2 30 ju9l translate-names 0 Asahel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 2 31 e92j 0 360 men of Benjamin with Abner “360 men from Benjamin who followed Abner.” Abner did not die. 2SA 2 31 qxt6 translate-numbers 0 360 men “three hundred and sixty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 3 1 dju3 figs-metaphor 0 grew weaker and weaker This metaphor means the number of people supporting Saul’s family decreased. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 3 2 w7d8 figs-activepassive 0 Sons were born to David This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “David’s wives gave birth to six sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 3 2 q2r6 translate-names 0 Ahinoam This is the name of a woman, a wife of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 3 3 j96y translate-numbers 0 second son…third These two sons were born after the “firstborn” (verse 2). This is the numerical order of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2SA 3 3 hxl2 translate-names 0 Abigail…Maacah These are women’s names. They are the wives of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 3 3 hy1j translate-names 0 Kileab…Nabal…Talmai These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 3 4 m8yp translate-numbers 0 fourth son…fifth son This is the numerical order of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2SA 3 4 d5td translate-names 0 Adonijah…Shephatiah These are the names of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 3 4 ai9y translate-names 0 Haggith…Abital These are names of David’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 3 3 j96y translate-numbers 0 second son … third These two sons were born after the “firstborn” (verse 2). This is the numerical order of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2SA 3 3 hxl2 translate-names 0 Abigail … Maacah These are women’s names. They are the wives of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 3 3 hy1j translate-names 0 Kileab … Nabal … Talmai These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 3 4 m8yp translate-numbers 0 fourth son … fifth son This is the numerical order of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2SA 3 4 d5td translate-names 0 Adonijah … Shephatiah These are the names of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 3 4 ai9y translate-names 0 Haggith … Abital These are names of David’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 5 nky8 translate-numbers 0 the sixth This is the numerical order of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 3 5 n4tz translate-names 0 Ithream This is the name of one of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 5 ujk6 translate-names 0 Eglah This is the name of one of David’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 3 6 n8iu 0 house of Saul This refers to Saul’s family and supporters who assumed control of his estate after he died. 2SA 3 6 fu4e 0 house of David This refers to the supporters of David. 2SA 3 6 ahk2 figs-metaphor 0 Abner made himself strong in the house of Saul Abner’s increasing power over Saul’s family is spoken of as if he became physically stronger. Alternate translation: “Abner gained more power over the family and supporters of Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2SA 3 7 wnw6 translate-names 0 Rizpah…Aiah These are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 3 7 wnw6 translate-names 0 Rizpah … Aiah These are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 7 nvs7 translate-names 0 Ishbosheth This is a male name, a son of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 7 y6er figs-rquestion 0 Why have you gone in to my father’s concubine? Ishbosheth asked this question to rebuke Abner who was acting like he was the king. Alternate translation: “You did not have the right to go in to father’s concubine!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 3 7 x31p figs-euphemism 0 gone in to This is a euphemism for sexual relations. Alternate translation: “had sexual relations with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 3 8 rjr7 figs-metaphor 0 Am I a dog’s head that belongs to Judah? Abner speaks of himself as the head of a dog, which the Israelites considered to be loyal to anyone who fed them. Here “belongs to Judah” implies that Abner’s loyalty is to Judah, to which David belonged, and not to Saul’s house. Alternate translation: “Am I a traitor for Judah?” or “I am not a traitor working for David!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 3 8 jb39 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of David Here “hand” represents the power to defeat. Alternate translation: “to be defeated by David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 3 8 lub9 figs-rquestion 0 But now you accuse me of an offense concerning this woman? Abner asks this question to rebuke Ishbosheth. It is unclear if Abner actually slept with Rizpah, or if he was falsely accused. This could mean: (1) Abner was guilty. Alternate translation: “You should not be upset that I slept with this woman!” or (2) Abner was not guilty. Alternate translation: “You should not think that I have slept with this woman!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2SA 3 9 a45s 0 May God do so to me…and more also, if I do not This is the form of a solemn vow in that time. Abner is asking God to judge him severely if he does not keep his vow. Your language may have a way of expressing vows. Alternate translation: “I am asking God to punish me if I do not” +2SA 3 9 a45s 0 May God do so to me … and more also, if I do not This is the form of a solemn vow in that time. Abner is asking God to judge him severely if he does not keep his vow. Your language may have a way of expressing vows. Alternate translation: “I am asking God to punish me if I do not” 2SA 3 10 h7qr 0 the house of Saul Here “house” refers to Saul’s family and supporters who survived Saul’s death. Alternate translation: “the family and supporters of Saul” 2SA 3 10 m8b2 figs-metonymy 0 throne of David This phrase refers to the authority of David as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 3 12 y24c translate-textvariants 0 to David Some versions add “when he was at Hebron” and others do not. You may want to add the phrase if it is present in your national version. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) @@ -139,13 +139,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 3 13 mks3 translate-names 0 Michal This is the name of a daughter of Saul. She was David’s first wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 14 x49c translate-numbers 0 one hundred Philistine foreskins This represents the number of men David killed so that Saul would allow him to marry Michal. These men are represented here by their “foreskins.” The “foreskin” is the fold of skin that covers the male reproductive organ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 3 15 ch63 figs-explicit 0 took her from her husband Paltiel was Michal’s second husband. Saul gave her to him after David fled from Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2SA 3 15 z1ti translate-names 0 Paltiel…Laish These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 3 15 z1ti translate-names 0 Paltiel … Laish These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 16 uhj7 translate-names 0 Bahurim This is the name of a village. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 18 js5z 0 Now do it “So now make David your king” 2SA 3 18 iac5 figs-metonymy 0 By the hand of my servant David Here “hand” refers to David’s power to defeat the Philistines. Alternate translation: “I will empower my servant David and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 3 18 c3te figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the Philistines Here “hand” refers to power over Israel. Alternate translation: “the power of the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 3 18 d2l2 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of all their enemies Here “hand” refers to power over Israel. Alternate translation: “the power of all of their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2SA 3 19 qv92 figs-metonymy 0 the people of Benjamin…the whole house of Benjamin Both of these statements refer to the descendants of Benjamin, who were one of the tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2SA 3 19 qv92 figs-metonymy 0 the people of Benjamin … the whole house of Benjamin Both of these statements refer to the descendants of Benjamin, who were one of the tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 3 20 bp1a translate-numbers 0 twenty of his men The number of men who came with Abner. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 3 21 k2bu figs-metonymy 0 all Israel This phrase means “all of the nation of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 3 21 ej77 0 So David sent Abner away They parted as friends. David was not angry with Abner. @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 3 23 d2r8 translate-names 0 Ner This is a man’s name. He is the grandfather of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 24 nzs6 figs-rquestion 0 What have you done? Joab asks this question to rebuke David for letting Abner go in peace. Alternate translation: “You should not have done this!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 3 24 ia9h figs-rquestion 0 Why have you sent him away, and he is gone? Joab asks this question to rebuke David for letting Abner escape. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Abner was here and you let him leave!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2SA 3 25 c3xz figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know…everything you are doing? Joab asks this question to convince David that Abner is plotting against David. Alternate translation: “Surely you know…everything you are doing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 3 25 c3xz figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know … everything you are doing? Joab asks this question to convince David that Abner is plotting against David. Alternate translation: “Surely you know … everything you are doing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 3 26 v16b translate-names 0 well of Sirah “Sirah” is the name of a place where the well was located. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 27 w3m9 0 the middle of the gate This refers to one of the gates in the city wall at Hebron. As the UST implies, city gates were constructed as part of buildings set into the city walls. Inside the passageway were doors leading to side rooms, where guests could be received and business and judicial proceedings could be conducted. It was probably in one of these rooms that Joab murdered Abner. 2SA 3 27 us2y figs-metonymy 0 the blood of Asahel Here “blood” is associated with the death of Asahel. Alternate translation: “the death of Asahel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 3 29 l3jd figs-metonymy 0 May there never fail to be This double negative emphasizes that there will always be someone with the problems listed. Alternate translation: “May there always be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 3 29 lvn8 figs-metonymy 0 is killed by the sword Here “sword” refers to violent death. Alternate translation: “dies violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 3 29 wgz1 0 goes without food “is hungry” -2SA 3 30 x1zu translate-names 0 Abishai…Asahel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 3 30 x1zu translate-names 0 Abishai … Asahel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 31 g9pr translate-symaction 0 Tear your clothes, put on sackcloth These were symbolic actions to demonstrate their grief and sadness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2SA 3 32 d6g4 figs-doublet 0 The king wept and cried loudly The words “wept” and “cried loudly” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much David mourned for Abner. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 2SA 3 33 aq3l figs-rquestion 0 Should Abner die as a fool dies? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that his death was not fair. Alternate translation: “Abner should not have died in disgrace!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 4 intro hm82 0 # 2 Samuel 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

While the end of the civil war occurs in this chapter, David still only reigned over Judah (1-4).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David and Ishbosheth
David never sought revenge against Saul’s family. When two men snuck into Ishbosheth’s room, cut off his head and brought it to David, David had them killed for killing an innocent man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions
When two men brought Ishbosheth’s head to David and expected to get a reward for it, David condemned them with the rhetorical question: “should I not now require his blood from your hand, and remove you from the earth?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) 2SA 4 1 jmf8 translate-names 0 Ishbosheth This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 4 1 jnb3 figs-synecdoche 0 his hands became weak In this phrase “his hands” represents Ishbosheth himself. Alternate translation: “Ishbosheth became weak” or “Ishbosheth lost all strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2SA 4 2 zhe1 translate-names 0 Baanah…Recab…Rimmon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 4 2 zhe1 translate-names 0 Baanah … Recab … Rimmon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 4 2 uag2 writing-participants 0 Now Saul’s son had two men This introduces the men Baanah and Rechab into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) 2SA 4 2 d6gi writing-background 0 for Beeroth is also considered part of Benjamin Here the author begins to provide background information about Beeroth for the reader. The area of Beeroth was part of the land that belonged to the tribe of Benjamin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 2SA 4 2 c93q translate-names 0 Beeroth This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 4 8 n1gd figs-idiom 0 sought your life This idiom means “was trying to kill you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 4 9 c7l9 figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives This is one of the strongest oaths David could swear, as Yahweh is the witness. Alternate translation: “I swear on the life of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 4 9 qe3v figs-synecdoche 0 who delivered my life Here “life” refers to David himself. This means that Yahweh has kept David alive. Alternate translation: “who rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2SA 4 11 ve2r figs-rquestion 0 How much more…should I not now require his blood from your hand, and remove you from the earth? This question is used to show that the men had committed an especially serious crime. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are even more guilty! It is my duty to require his blood from your hand and to remove you from the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 4 11 ve2r figs-rquestion 0 How much more … should I not now require his blood from your hand, and remove you from the earth? This question is used to show that the men had committed an especially serious crime. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are even more guilty! It is my duty to require his blood from your hand and to remove you from the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 4 11 pl52 figs-metonymy 0 require his blood from your hand The phrase “his blood” represents the life of Ishbosheth. Here “from your hand” represents Rechab and Baanah, the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, introduced in [2 Samuel 4:5](./05.md). Alternate translation: “hold you responsible for the death of Ishbosheth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 4 12 b1ep translate-symaction 0 cut off their hands and feet and hung them up These were symbolic actions to show contempt for the men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2SA 4 12 a16g translate-symaction 0 they took the head of Ishbosheth and buried it in the grave This was a symbolic act to honor Ishbosheth. This could be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “they honored Ishbosheth by burying his head in the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -223,10 +223,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 5 11 fv7z 0 carpenters those who work with wood 2SA 5 11 s2rm 0 masons those who work with stone or brick 2SA 5 13 d3s6 figs-activepassive 0 more sons and daughters were born to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he had more sons and daughters” or “they bore him more sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2SA 5 14 fcd9 translate-names 0 Shammua…Shobab…Nathan…Solomon These are the names of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 5 14 fcd9 translate-names 0 Shammua … Shobab … Nathan … Solomon These are the names of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 5 14 lw16 figs-activepassive 0 who were born to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that his wives bore for him” or “he had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2SA 5 15 t2yz translate-names 0 Ibhar…Elishua…Nepheg…Japhia These are the names of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 5 16 xzm3 translate-names 0 Elishama…Eliada…Eliphelet These are the names of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 5 15 t2yz translate-names 0 Ibhar … Elishua … Nepheg … Japhia These are the names of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 5 16 xzm3 translate-names 0 Elishama … Eliada … Eliphelet These are the names of David’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 5 17 y7vu figs-activepassive 0 David had been anointed as king over Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Israel had anointed David as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 5 17 w75r figs-hyperbole 0 they all went out looking for him Here “all” is a generalization that means the Philistine army. Alternate translation: “the Philistine army went looking for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2SA 5 18 f39y translate-names 0 Valley of Rephaim This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -235,9 +235,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 5 22 ipp2 0 the Philistines came up again They “came up” because the Philistines lived at a lower elevation than David’s stronghold. 2SA 5 22 u2gr translate-names 0 Valley of Rephaim This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 5 23 lzk7 translate-names 0 balsam woods “Balsam” here is a type of tree, and the “woods” describe many balsam trees growing together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 5 24 vp29 figs-123person 0 When you hear…Yahweh will have gone out before you to attack the army of the Philistines This is the continuation of Yahweh’s instruction to David that began in [2 Samuel 5:23](../05/23.md). Yahweh here speaks of himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +2SA 5 24 vp29 figs-123person 0 When you hear … Yahweh will have gone out before you to attack the army of the Philistines This is the continuation of Yahweh’s instruction to David that began in [2 Samuel 5:23](../05/23.md). Yahweh here speaks of himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 2SA 5 24 ccz2 figs-metaphor 0 When you hear the sound of marching in the wind blowing through the balsam treetops This speaks of the sound of the leaves rustling as wind blows through them as if it were the sound of marching. Alternate translation: “When the wind blowing through the tops of the balsam trees sounds like men marching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2SA 5 25 z8t1 translate-names 0 Geba…Gezer These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 5 25 z8t1 translate-names 0 Geba … Gezer These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 6 intro aen5 0 # 2 Samuel 06 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem
David organized a procession with many musical instruments to bring the ark to Jerusalem. They put it on a cart; but when the oxen stumbled, Uzzah reached out to steady it so it would not fall. God killed him for touching the ark. David was angry at God for killing Uzzah and was afraid to bring the ark any further. Uzzah died because the ark was perfectly holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

### Dancing
David danced for joy in front of the ark. His wife, Michal, criticized David for uncovering himself as he danced, but David did not care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Irony
Michal criticized David by using irony: “How honored the king of Israel was today, who undressed himself today before the eyes of the slave girls among his servants, like one of the crude fellows who shamelessly undresses himself!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 2SA 6 1 prk3 0 Now This word marks a new part of the story. 2SA 6 1 dz26 figs-metonymy 0 all the chosen men of Israel This metonym represents the army of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 6 2 ima6 figs-explicit 0 who sits enthroned over the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “who sits on his throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 6 2 ae72 0 enthroned to sit on a throne 2SA 6 3 y6lf 0 General Information: David and the army of the nation of Israel move the ark of the covenant. -2SA 6 3 b2eb translate-names 0 Abinadab…Uzzah…Ahio These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 6 3 b2eb translate-names 0 Abinadab … Uzzah … Ahio These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 6 5 h1vh figs-metonymy 0 all the house of Israel This metonym represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “all the other Israelites with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 6 5 g4xk translate-unknown 0 tambourines A tambourine is a musical instrument like the head of a drum with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken or hit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 2SA 6 5 tc14 translate-unknown 0 rattles musical instruments with many small, hard objects inside a hard shell, making rhythmic noise when shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 6 14 m97q 0 David danced before Yahweh with all his might Dancing here is a form of joyfully worshiping Yahweh. 2SA 6 14 ubu5 0 linen a cloth made from fibers of the flax plant 2SA 6 15 td5n figs-metonymy 0 all the house of Israel Here “house” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “all the other Israelites with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2SA 6 16 qn6w 0 Now…in her heart The word “Now” marks a break in the story line. Here the narrator gives information about Michal. +2SA 6 16 qn6w 0 Now … in her heart The word “Now” marks a break in the story line. Here the narrator gives information about Michal. 2SA 6 16 jz44 0 Michal Michal was the daughter of King Saul and also David’s first wife. See how you translated this name in [2 Samuel 3:13](../03/13.md). 2SA 6 16 tjm7 figs-metonymy 0 she despised him in her heart Here “heart” represents thoughts or emotions. Alternate translation: “she looked at him with disdain” or “she sneered at him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 6 16 b6w2 0 before Yahweh “to Yahweh” @@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 7 7 kek6 figs-rquestion 0 Why have you not built me a house of cedar? If Yahweh had asked the leaders this question, he would have been using a question to scold them for not building him a house of cedar. But, Yahweh said previously that he did not ask them this question. Alternate translation: “You should have built me a house of cedar.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 7 8 k8e3 0 General Information: Yahweh describes his promises to King David through the prophet Nathan. 2SA 7 8 knq9 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -2SA 7 8 xsx1 figs-quotesinquotes 0 tell my servant David, ‘This is what Yahweh of hosts says: I took you…so that you would be ruler over my people Israel. This has quotations within quotations. It may be necessary to translate the direct quotations as indirect quotations as in the UST. Alternate translation: “tell my servant David that I took him…so that he would be ruler over my people Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +2SA 7 8 xsx1 figs-quotesinquotes 0 tell my servant David, ‘This is what Yahweh of hosts says: I took you … so that you would be ruler over my people Israel. This has quotations within quotations. It may be necessary to translate the direct quotations as indirect quotations as in the UST. Alternate translation: “tell my servant David that I took him … so that he would be ruler over my people Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 2SA 7 8 fe6g 0 tell my servant David Yahweh is still telling the prophet Nathan what he should tell David. 2SA 7 8 dae2 figs-metonymy 0 I took you from the pasture David’s job as a shepherd is referred to by the place he watched his sheep. Alternate translation: “I took you from your job as a shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 7 9 euh7 figs-quotesinquotes 0 I have been with you wherever you went. I have cut off all your enemies from before you. Now I will make your name great, like the names of the great ones of the earth This continues the quotations within quotations. It may be necessary to translate the direct quotations as indirect quotations as in the UST. Alternate translation: “I have been with him wherever he went. I have cut off all his enemies from before him. Now I will make his name great, like the name of the great ones of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) @@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 7 11 wxh3 0 from the days “from the time” 2SA 7 11 d6c8 0 I commanded judges After the people of Israel entered the land of Canaan and before they had kings to rule them, God appointed leaders called “judges” to lead them in times of trouble. 2SA 7 11 gat9 figs-idiom 0 to be over my people Israel To be in authority is referred to as being over someone. Alternate translation: “to rule my people Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2SA 7 11 cyy5 figs-quotesinquotes 0 Now I will give you rest from all your enemies…declare to you that I will make you a house If in [2 Samuel 7:8](../07/08.md) and [2 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md) you translated the direct quotations as indirect quotation, then here you may need to translate “you” as “him” or “his.” Alternate translation: “Now I will give him rest from all his enemies…declare to him that I will make him a house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +2SA 7 11 cyy5 figs-quotesinquotes 0 Now I will give you rest from all your enemies … declare to you that I will make you a house If in [2 Samuel 7:8](../07/08.md) and [2 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md) you translated the direct quotations as indirect quotation, then here you may need to translate “you” as “him” or “his.” Alternate translation: “Now I will give him rest from all his enemies … declare to him that I will make him a house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 2SA 7 11 a1aw figs-abstractnouns 0 I will give you rest from all your enemies “I will give you safety from all your enemies.” Here “rest” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “I will make all your enemies stop attacking you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2SA 7 11 ax6w figs-metonymy 0 I will make you a house Here the metonym “house” refers to David’s ancestors continuing on as the rulers of Israel. In [2 Samuel 7:4](../07/04.md) Yahweh asked David if he would be the one to build a house for Yahweh. There “house” represented a temple. If your language has a word that can express both ideas, use it here and in 7:4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 7 12 ap2z 0 General Information: Yahweh continues describing his promises to King David through the prophet Nathan. @@ -332,8 +332,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 7 14 n2sv 0 I will be a father to him, and he will be my son The prophecy in 7:12-14 refers to Solomon, David’s son. But, aspects of the prophecy will be fulfilled by Jesus. So, here it is best to translate the words “father” and “son” with your normal words for a biological father and son. 2SA 7 15 hg5v 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes describing his promises to King David through the prophet Nathan. 2SA 7 15 h75j figs-abstractnouns 0 But my covenant faithfulness will not leave him, as I took it from Saul The word “faithfulness” is an abstract noun that can be stated as “faithfully loving.” Alternate translation: “I will never stop faithfully loving him as I stopped loving Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2SA 7 15 a6sg figs-quotations 0 from before you If in [2 Samuel 7:8](../07/08.md) and [2 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md) you translated the direct quotations as indirect quotation, then here you may need to translate “you” as “David” or “him” or “his” as in the UST. Alternate translation: “from before David. David’s house…before him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -2SA 7 16 q3bd figs-quotations 0 Your house…before you. Your throne If in [2 Samuel 7:8](../07/08.md) and [2 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md) you translated the direct quotations as indirect quotation, then here you may need to translate “you” as “David” or “him” or “his” as in the UST. Alternate translation: “David’s house…before him. His throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +2SA 7 15 a6sg figs-quotations 0 from before you If in [2 Samuel 7:8](../07/08.md) and [2 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md) you translated the direct quotations as indirect quotation, then here you may need to translate “you” as “David” or “him” or “his” as in the UST. Alternate translation: “from before David. David’s house … before him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +2SA 7 16 q3bd figs-quotations 0 Your house … before you. Your throne If in [2 Samuel 7:8](../07/08.md) and [2 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md) you translated the direct quotations as indirect quotation, then here you may need to translate “you” as “David” or “him” or “his” as in the UST. Alternate translation: “David’s house … before him. His throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 2SA 7 16 t2rk figs-parallelism 0 Your house and kingdom will be confirmed forever before you. Your throne will be established forever. These two sentences have similar meanings and emphasize that David’s dynasty will last forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2SA 7 16 y1vv figs-doublet 0 Your house and kingdom will be confirmed forever before you Here the word “house” represents David’s descendants, who will rule as kings. Here “kingdom” means about the same thing as “house.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will live to see me establish your family and their rule over the people of Israel forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 7 16 bu2w figs-activepassive 0 Your throne will be established forever Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. Alternate translation: “I will cause your descendants to rule over Israel forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -371,9 +371,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 8 intro hc4j 0 # 2 Samuel 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter returns to the theme of the expansion of David’s kingdom.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God enabled victory
God enabled David to conquer all the surrounding nations. Much of the loot and tribute David received, he saved for the temple that his son would build. 2SA 8 1 drj7 figs-synecdoche 0 David attacked Here David represents his soldiers. Alternate translation: “David and his soldiers attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 8 2 xbr2 figs-synecdoche 0 Then he defeated Here “he” refers to David who represents his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Then they defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2SA 8 2 tcx6 0 measured their men with a line…He measured off two lines to put to death, and one full line to keep alive Here the “line” is a “rope.” David had the soldiers lie down on the ground to be measured and sorted into three groups. The men in two groups were killed, and in the third, they were allowed to live. +2SA 8 2 tcx6 0 measured their men with a line … He measured off two lines to put to death, and one full line to keep alive Here the “line” is a “rope.” David had the soldiers lie down on the ground to be measured and sorted into three groups. The men in two groups were killed, and in the third, they were allowed to live. 2SA 8 3 r73a figs-synecdoche 0 David then defeated Hadadezer Here both “David” and “Hadadezer” represent their armies. Alternate translation: “David and his army then defeated the army of Hadadezer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2SA 8 3 y7af translate-names 0 Hadadezer…Rehob These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 8 3 y7af translate-names 0 Hadadezer … Rehob These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 8 3 met2 translate-names 0 Zobah This is the name of a region in Aram. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 8 3 r3d2 0 to recover his rule “to regain control over a region” or “to recapture a region” 2SA 8 4 f43e translate-numbers 0 1,700 chariots “one thousand seven hundred chariots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 8 9 t4en translate-names 0 Tou These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 8 9 le1q translate-names 0 Hamath This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 8 9 l3de figs-synecdoche 0 David had defeated Here “David” is a metonym for his army. Alternate translation: “David’s army had defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2SA 8 10 yiq3 translate-names 0 Tou…Hadoram These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 8 10 yiq3 translate-names 0 Tou … Hadoram These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 8 12 cjj3 0 and Amalek “and the Amalekites” 2SA 8 12 d7vv 0 the plundered goods These are the valuable items that soldiers take from the people they defeated. 2SA 8 12 z5x6 0 Hadadezer son of Rehob, the king of Zobah See how you translated these names in [2 Samuel 8:3](../08/03.md). @@ -398,12 +398,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 8 13 c9s7 translate-names 0 Valley of Salt This is the name of a place. Its exact location is unknown. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 8 13 th6r translate-numbers 0 eighteen thousand men “18,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 8 14 gc6u 0 He placed garrisons throughout all of Edom “He ordered groups of his soldiers to remain in areas throughout all of Edom” -2SA 8 16 r8xj 0 Joab…Zeruiah See how you translated these names in [2 Samuel 2:13](../02/13.md). +2SA 8 16 r8xj 0 Joab … Zeruiah See how you translated these names in [2 Samuel 2:13](../02/13.md). 2SA 8 16 d81q figs-explicit 0 Ahilud was recorder A recorder was a person who spoke to the people and told them the king’s announcements. Alternate translation: “Ahilud was the herald” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 8 16 nig1 translate-names 0 Ahilud This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 8 17 k3p5 translate-names 0 Ahitub…Ahimelech…Seraiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 8 18 gm1f translate-names 0 Benaiah…Jehoiada These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 8 18 xxs8 translate-names 0 Kerethites…Pelethites These are names of people-groups. These people were David’s bodyguards. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 8 17 k3p5 translate-names 0 Ahitub … Ahimelech … Seraiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 8 18 gm1f translate-names 0 Benaiah … Jehoiada These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 8 18 xxs8 translate-names 0 Kerethites … Pelethites These are names of people-groups. These people were David’s bodyguards. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 9 intro lwh6 0 # 2 Samuel 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is another interruption to the story of David expanding his kingdom. David is concerned with fulfilling his oath to Jonathan’s descendants.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David’s vow
David determined to fulfill his vow to Jonathan to care for Jonathan’s descendants. He found Jonathan’s son and told him he would treat him as if he was one of his sons. He restored all of Saul’s property to him and had him eat every day at the king’s table. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical question and metaphor
Jonathan’s son expressed his surprise and feeling of unworthiness with a rhetorical question: “What is your servant, that you should look with favor on such a dead dog as I am?” and by a metaphor comparing himself to “a dead dog.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 9 1 t1g1 0 for Jonathan’s sake “because of my love for Jonathan” 2SA 9 1 cy22 0 Jonathan’s sake Jonathan was Saul’s son and David’s best friend. @@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 9 2 ura2 0 I am your servant Ziba calls himself “your servant” to show great respect to David. 2SA 9 3 j5la 0 I may show the kindness of God The abstract noun “kindness” can be stated as “kind.” Alternate translation: “I may be kind as I promised God I would be” 2SA 9 3 u7ba figs-metonymy 0 who is lame in his feet “whose feet are damaged.” The word “feet” here refers to the ability to walk. Alternate translation: “who is unable to walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2SA 9 4 ee6a translate-names 0 Machir…Ammiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 9 4 ee6a translate-names 0 Machir … Ammiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 9 4 st1r translate-names 0 Lo Debar This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 9 5 tj7u figs-ellipsis 0 King David sent It is understood that David sent messengers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2SA 9 6 fp3x 0 Mephibosheth See how you translated this in [2 Samuel 4:4](../04/04.md). @@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 9 8 fvp8 figs-rquestion 0 What is your servant, that you should look with favor on such a dead dog as I am? This rhetorical question shows that Mephibosheth understands that he is not important enough for the king to take care of him. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am like a dead dog. I do not deserve for you to be kind to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 9 8 j13e figs-metaphor 0 such a dead dog Here Mephibosheth represents the line of Saul, and he compares himself to a “dead dog.” Dogs were feral animals, not cared for, and of little importance. A dead dog would be considered even less important. Alternate translation: “such a person like me who is worthless as a dead dog” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 9 10 cb8w figs-metonymy 0 must always eat at my table Here “my table” represents being together with David or in his presence. Eating with the king at his table was a great honor. Alternate translation: “must always eat with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2SA 9 10 ae24 writing-background 0 Now Ziba…servants Here “now” makes a break in the main story line. The narrator gives background information about Ziba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +2SA 9 10 ae24 writing-background 0 Now Ziba … servants Here “now” makes a break in the main story line. The narrator gives background information about Ziba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 2SA 9 10 tgt5 translate-numbers 0 fifteen sons and twenty servants “15 sons and 20 servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 9 11 fwy9 figs-123person 0 Your servant will do all that my master the king commands his servant Ziba refers to himself as “your servant” and refers to David as “my master.” Alternate translation: “I, your servant will do all that you, my king, command me to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 2SA 9 12 eu17 translate-names 0 Mika This is the name of the son of Mephibosheth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -431,18 +431,18 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 9 13 du2g figs-metonymy 0 though he was lame in both his feet “thouge both of his feet were damaged.” Here “feet” represents the ability to walk. Alternate translation: “though he was unable to walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 10 intro abca 0 # 2 Samuel 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The chapter records the last expansion of David’s kingdom. This chapter is also the beginning of a section dealing with the war between Israel and Ammon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Shame
It was apparently the cause of shame or embarrassment in ancient Ammon to have their beards shaved off or to have their garments cut off. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
The Ammon people used a metaphor comparing themselves to a bad smell: “they had become a stench to David” when they realized they had made David very angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 10 1 g3zs translate-names 0 Hanun This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 10 2 k9r2 translate-names 0 Hanun…Nahash These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 10 3 r4at figs-rquestion 0 Do you really think that…you? The leaders use a question to suggest to the king that he should not trust David. Alternate translation: “You are wrong to think that…you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 10 2 k9r2 translate-names 0 Hanun … Nahash These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 10 3 r4at figs-rquestion 0 Do you really think that … you? The leaders use a question to suggest to the king that he should not trust David. Alternate translation: “You are wrong to think that … you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 10 3 zys4 0 to spy to secretly learn information about someone else -2SA 10 3 gmb8 figs-rquestion 0 Has not David…overthrow it? The leaders use a question to suggest to the king that he should not trust David. Alternate translation: “You need to know that David…overthrow it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 10 3 gmb8 figs-rquestion 0 Has not David … overthrow it? The leaders use a question to suggest to the king that he should not trust David. Alternate translation: “You need to know that David … overthrow it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 10 3 d8ec figs-metonymy 0 in order to overthrow it Here “it” refers to the city which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “in order to conquer us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 10 3 bm5t 0 the city Here “the city” refers to Rabbah, the capital city of the Ammonites. 2SA 10 4 g9ma figs-explicit 0 shaved off half their beards This act was meant as an insult to humiliate the men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 10 5 jt3x figs-idiom 0 were deeply ashamed Here “deeply” is an idiom that means “very.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 10 5 v21l figs-ellipsis 0 then return It is understood that they should return to Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2SA 10 6 v8si figs-metaphor 0 they had become a stench to David The phrase “become a stench” is a metaphor for “they had become offensive.” Alternate translation: “they had become offensive like a bad smell to David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2SA 10 6 t6tc translate-names 0 Beth Rehob…Zobah…Maacah…Tob These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 10 6 gk6y translate-numbers 0 twenty thousand…a thousand…twelve thousand “20,000…1,000…12,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2SA 10 6 t6tc translate-names 0 Beth Rehob … Zobah … Maacah … Tob These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 10 6 gk6y translate-numbers 0 twenty thousand … a thousand … twelve thousand “20,000…1,000…12,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 10 8 u7sj 0 to their city gate Here “the city” refers to Rabbah, the capital city of the Ammonites. 2SA 10 9 p5qe 0 General Information: The battle with the Arameans and Ammon continues. 2SA 10 10 ka2a 0 The rest of his people he put into the hand of Abishai his brother “He put Abishai his brother in charge of the rest of the army” @@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 10 14 d64c 0 into the city Here “the city” refers to Rabbah, the capital city of the Ammonites. 2SA 10 14 v8x9 0 went back to Jerusalem “returned to Jerusalem” 2SA 10 15 rg85 figs-activepassive 0 When the Arameans saw that they were being defeated by Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when the Arameans realized that the Israelites were defeating them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2SA 10 16 yd3i translate-names 0 Hadarezer…Shobak These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 10 16 yd3i translate-names 0 Hadarezer … Shobak These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 10 16 sle1 0 from beyond the Euphrates River This means the east side of the Euphrates River. 2SA 10 16 nik5 figs-go 0 They came to Helam Here “came to” can be translated as “went to” or “gathered at” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 2SA 10 16 rhn4 translate-names 0 Helam This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 10 17 ism8 0 Helam See how you translated this man’s name in [2 Samuel 10:16](../10/16.md). 2SA 10 17 ln59 figs-synecdoche 0 against David and fought him Here David represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “against David and his soldiers and fought them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 10 18 tev3 figs-synecdoche 0 David killed Here “David” is a synecdoche for himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “David and his soldiers killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2SA 10 18 uc7z translate-numbers 0 seven hundred…forty thousand “700…40,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2SA 10 18 uc7z translate-numbers 0 seven hundred … forty thousand “700…40,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 10 18 zwc8 figs-activepassive 0 Shobak the commander of their army was wounded and died there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Israelites wounded Shobak the commander of the Aramean army, and he died there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 10 18 s2lg 0 Shobak See how you translated this man’s name in [2 Samuel 10:16](../10/16.md). 2SA 10 19 s2mk 0 Hadarezer See how you translated this man’s name in [2 Samuel 10:16](../10/16.md). @@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 11 2 qi78 figs-explicit 0 a woman who was bathing The woman was not on the roof, she would have been bathing outside in the courtyard of her house. Alternate translation: “a woman who was bathing in the courtyard of her house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 11 3 yv7g figs-idiom 0 So David sent Here the word “sent” means that David sent a messenger. Alternate translation: “So David sent a messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 11 3 r92k figs-metonymy 0 he asked people who would know about the woman David was trying to find out who the woman was. The word “he” refers to David, but is a metonym for the messenger that David sent. The messenger was to ask the people for information about her. Alternate translation: “the messenger asked the people who knew her about who she was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2SA 11 3 ht5y figs-rquestion 0 Is not this Bathsheba…and is she not the wife of Uriah the Hittite? This question gives information and can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is Bathsheba…and she is the wife of Uriah the Hittite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 11 3 ht5y figs-rquestion 0 Is not this Bathsheba … and is she not the wife of Uriah the Hittite? This question gives information and can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is Bathsheba … and she is the wife of Uriah the Hittite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 11 4 s4dn figs-metonymy 0 took her David actually sent messengers, and they took her and brought her to him. Alternate translation: “they brought her to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 11 4 x8kf figs-metonymy 0 she came in to him She came into his palace and into his bedroom. Alternate translation: “she came into the place where he was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 11 4 qka3 figs-euphemism 0 he lay with her This is a polite way of saying that he had sexual relations with her. You may need to use a different euphemism in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 11 9 fp1u 0 his master The word “his” refers to Uriah and the word “master” refers to David. 2SA 11 10 p5tg figs-rquestion 0 Have you not come from a journey? Why did you not go down to your house? This rhetorical question is used to show David’s surprise that Uriah did not visit his wife. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “After coming from such a long journey, you should have gone down to your house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 11 11 t1wr figs-synecdoche 0 Israel and Judah This refers to their armies. Alternate translation: “the armies of Israel and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2SA 11 11 w65k figs-rquestion 0 How then can I go into my house…with my wife? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize Uriah’s refusal to visit his wife and can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It would be wrong for me to go into my house…with my wife while the other soldiers in my army are in danger.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2SA 11 11 w65k figs-rquestion 0 How then can I go into my house … with my wife? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize Uriah’s refusal to visit his wife and can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It would be wrong for me to go into my house … with my wife while the other soldiers in my army are in danger.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 11 11 k6b2 figs-euphemism 0 to lie with my wife This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “to have sexual relations with my wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2SA 11 11 ww5l figs-simile 0 As sure as you are alive, I will not do this Uriah swears a strong promise that he will not go home to his wife as long as the rest of the soldiers are at war. He makes this promise by comparing the truth of his promise to the certainty that the king was alive. Alternate translation: “I solemnly promise that I will not do this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 2SA 11 13 a9yz 0 he ate and drank before him “Uriah ate and drank with David” @@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 11 17 x2mt figs-euphemism 0 some of the soldiers of David fell The word “fell” is a polite way to refer to the soldiers being killed. Alternate translation: “David’s soldiers were killed” or “they killed some of David’s soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2SA 11 17 s5r9 figs-activepassive 0 and Uriah the Hittite was also killed there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “including Uriah the Hittite” or “and the men of the city also killed Uriah the Hittite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 11 18 g9kw figs-metonymy 0 Joab sent word to David The phrase “sent word” means that he sent a messenger to give a report. Alternate translation: “Joab sent a messenger to David to give a report” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2SA 11 20 a8wj figs-rquestion 0 Why did you go so near…from the wall? Joab says that David may rebuke him by asking these rhetorical questions. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You should not have gone so near to the city to fight. You should have known that they would shoot from the wall.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 11 20 a8wj figs-rquestion 0 Why did you go so near … from the wall? Joab says that David may rebuke him by asking these rhetorical questions. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You should not have gone so near to the city to fight. You should have known that they would shoot from the wall.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 11 20 n65u figs-explicit 0 shoot from the wall This refers to men of the city shooting arrows down at their enemy from the top of the city wall. Alternate translation: “shoot arrows at you from the top of the city wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 11 21 h8q7 figs-rquestion 0 Who killed Abimelech son of Jerub-Besheth? Joab says that David may rebuke him by asking these rhetorical questions. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Remember how Abimelech son of Jerub-Besheth was killed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 11 21 h97r translate-names 0 Abimelech son of Jerub-Besheth This is the name of a man. His father is also know by the name Gideon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 12 8 ty2v figs-metaphor 0 your master’s wives into your arms Here Yahweh describes David having his master’s wives as his own wives, by saying that they are “in his arms.” Alternate translation: “your master’s wives as your own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 12 8 v7tc figs-metaphor 0 I also gave you the house of Israel and Judah Here Yahweh speaks of how he gave David his authority as king over Israel and Judah as if he gave him the houses of Israel and Judah as a gift. The phrase “the house of” means “the people of.” Alternate translation: “I also gave you authority as king over the people of Israel and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 12 8 sr3v 0 if that had been too little “if I had not given you enough” -2SA 12 9 nb14 figs-rquestion 0 So why have you despised…Yahweh, so as to do what is evil in his sight? This rhetorical question is used to rebuke David. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have despised…Yahweh and should not have done what is evil in his sight!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 12 9 nb14 figs-rquestion 0 So why have you despised … Yahweh, so as to do what is evil in his sight? This rhetorical question is used to rebuke David. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have despised … Yahweh and should not have done what is evil in his sight!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 12 9 ctt1 figs-metaphor 0 what is evil in his sight Here “sight” refers to Yahweh’s thoughts or opinion. Alternate translation: “what he considers to be evil” or “what is evil in Yahweh’s judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 12 9 iy29 figs-metonymy 0 You have struck down Uriah the Hittite with the sword David did not kill Uriah himself, rather he arranged for him to be killed in battle. The phrase “with the sword” represents how Uriah died in battle. Alternate translation: “You have arranged for Uriah the Hittite to die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 12 9 n595 figs-metonymy 0 You killed him with the sword of the army of Ammon David did not kill Uriah himself, rather he arranged for him to be killed in battle when Israel was fighting against Ammon. The phrase “with the sword” refers to how he died in battle. Alternate translation: “You arranged for him to die in battle against the army of Ammon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 12 13 zze1 figs-activepassive 0 You will not be killed This can be stated in active form. Sometimes men died because of their sins, but he will not die because of his sin with the woman. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will not die” or “you will not die because of this sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 12 14 m7z5 0 despised to strongly dislike or hate someone or something 2SA 12 14 vm9h figs-idiom 0 the child who is born to you The phrase “born to you” means that it is David’s baby. Alternate translation: “your child who will be born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2SA 12 15 z3d2 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh attacked the child that…and he was very sick Here the author speaks of Yahweh causing the baby to become sick as Yahweh attacking the child. Alternate translation: “Yahweh afflicted the child that…and he was very sick” or “Yahweh caused the baby that…to become very sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2SA 12 15 z3d2 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh attacked the child that … and he was very sick Here the author speaks of Yahweh causing the baby to become sick as Yahweh attacking the child. Alternate translation: “Yahweh afflicted the child that … and he was very sick” or “Yahweh caused the baby that … to become very sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 12 15 eh1x figs-idiom 0 the child that Uriah’s wife bore to David This means that she gave birth to a child and that David was his father. Alternate translation: “David’s child, who Uriah’s wife gave birth to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 12 16 t71m 0 implored to beg or pray with strong desire 2SA 12 16 k5zu figs-explicit 0 went inside David went into his room when he was alone. Alternate translation: “went inside his room” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -574,14 +574,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 12 24 f8ut figs-doublet 0 went in to her and lay with her Both the phrase “went in to her” and the phrase “lay with her” refer to David having sexual relations with Bathsheba and emphasize what they did. Alternate translation: “had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 2SA 12 25 m6ce figs-metonymy 0 he sent word through Nathan the prophet Here “word” refers to a message that Yahweh told Nathan to tell David. Alternate translation: “he sent Nathan to tell him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 12 25 rd3r translate-names 0 Jedidiah This is another name for David’s son Solomon, which Yahweh chose for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 12 26 jf3t figs-synecdoche 0 Joab fought…he captured Here the author says “Joab” but he is referring to Joab and his soldiers who fought with him. Alternate translation: “Joab and his soldiers fought…they captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2SA 12 26 jf3t figs-synecdoche 0 Joab fought … he captured Here the author says “Joab” but he is referring to Joab and his soldiers who fought with him. Alternate translation: “Joab and his soldiers fought … they captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 12 26 ar6m figs-metonymy 0 Rabbah Fighting against this city literally means to fight against the people of Rabbah. Translate the name the same as you did in [2 Samuel 11:1](../11/01.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Rabbah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 12 27 ip2q 0 So Joab sent messengers to David and said “So Joab sent messengers to David to say to him” 2SA 12 27 c6au figs-metaphor 0 have taken the city’s water supply “Taking” a place or landmark means to take control of it. Alternate translation: “have taken control of the city’s water supply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2SA 12 27 n5s7 figs-synecdoche 0 I have fought…I have taken Here Joab speaks of himself when he is actually referring to himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “My soldiers and I have fought…my soldier and I have taken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2SA 12 27 n5s7 figs-synecdoche 0 I have fought … I have taken Here Joab speaks of himself when he is actually referring to himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “My soldiers and I have fought … my soldier and I have taken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 12 28 ue9d figs-synecdoche 0 if I take Here Joab speaks of himself when he is actually referring to himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “if my soldiers and I take” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 12 28 ej7u figs-idiom 0 camp against This means to surround and attack. Alternate translation: “besiege” or “surround” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2SA 12 28 zt5k figs-metaphor 0 take it…take the city “Taking” a place or landmark means to take control of it. Alternate translation: “take control of it…take control of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2SA 12 28 zt5k figs-metaphor 0 take it … take the city “Taking” a place or landmark means to take control of it. Alternate translation: “take control of it … take control of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 12 28 gj9r figs-activepassive 0 it will be named This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will name it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 12 29 z74s figs-synecdoche 0 he fought Here the author speaks of David when he is actually referring to David and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “David and his soldiers fought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 12 30 n7vb translate-bweight 0 a talent This may be written in modern weights. Alternate translation: “about 33 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) @@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 13 31 l6aw 0 Then the king arose “Then the king stood up” 2SA 13 31 a8qp translate-symaction 0 tore his clothes, and lay on the floor He did these things to show that he was extremely sad. Alternate translation: “tore his clothes, and threw himself on the floor grieving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2SA 13 31 a62g translate-symaction 0 with their clothes torn They did this to show their sadness and to mourn with their king. Alternate translation: “and tore their clothes, mourning with the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -2SA 13 32 a6vi 0 Jonadab…Shimeah See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 13:3](../13/03.md). +2SA 13 32 a6vi 0 Jonadab … Shimeah See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 13:3](../13/03.md). 2SA 13 32 dsh2 0 Let not my master believe “My master, do not believe” 2SA 13 32 ev3e 0 my master Jonadab calls David “my master” to show respect. 2SA 13 32 a8f7 figs-euphemism 0 Amnon violated his sister This is a polite way of saying that Amnon raped his sister. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 13 34 j8la figs-metaphor 0 raised his eyes Here the servant looking up at something is spoken of as if he lifted up his eyes. Alternate translation: “looked up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 13 36 r5i8 writing-newevent 0 So it came about This phrase is used to introduce the next event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 2SA 13 36 r9gz figs-metaphor 0 raised their voices Here the sons crying out is spoken of as if their voices were something they lifted into the sky. Alternate translation: “cried out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2SA 13 37 dqp1 translate-names 0 Talmai…Ammihud These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 13 37 dqp1 translate-names 0 Talmai … Ammihud These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 13 37 wxs3 0 for his son “for his son Amnon” 2SA 13 38 pbz9 0 where he was for three years “where he stayed for three years” 2SA 13 39 ky6u figs-synecdoche 0 The mind of King David longed Here David is referred to by his mind to emphasize his thoughts. Alternate translation: “King David longed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -701,17 +701,17 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 14 13 ia2l figs-rquestion 0 Why then have you devised such a thing against the people of God? The woman asks this rhetorical question to rebuke David for how he has treated Absalom. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “What you have just said proved that you did wrong.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 14 13 t35u 0 the king is like someone who is guilty The woman compares the king to someone who is guilty to suggest that he is guilty without saying it directly. Alternate translation: “the king has declared himself guilty” 2SA 14 13 f3ci 0 his banished son “his son whom he banished” -2SA 14 14 ll3p figs-simile 0 For we all must die, and we are like water spilled on the ground…up again Here the woman speaks of a person dying as if they were water being spilled on the ground. Alternate translation: “We all must die, and after we die we cannot be brought back to life again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -2SA 14 14 f5lf figs-explicit 0 God…finds a way for those who were driven away to be restored The woman is implying that David should bring his son back to himself. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “God brings back someone whom he has driven away and you should do the same for your son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2SA 14 14 ll3p figs-simile 0 For we all must die, and we are like water spilled on the ground … up again Here the woman speaks of a person dying as if they were water being spilled on the ground. Alternate translation: “We all must die, and after we die we cannot be brought back to life again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +2SA 14 14 f5lf figs-explicit 0 God … finds a way for those who were driven away to be restored The woman is implying that David should bring his son back to himself. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “God brings back someone whom he has driven away and you should do the same for your son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 14 15 hm99 figs-ellipsis 0 because the people have made me afraid The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “because the people have made me afraid that I have come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2SA 14 15 nkn7 0 your servant To show respect for the king the woman refers to herself as “your servant” 2SA 14 16 x4ut figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of the man This phrase is an idiom. Also, “the hand” is a metonym referring to the man’s control. Alternate translation: “out of the control of the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 14 17 pn2s 0 the word of my master the king “the message of my master the king” -2SA 14 17 nm7g figs-simile 0 for as an angel of God, so is my master…from evil Here David, the king, is compared to an “angel of God.” Alternate translation: “for the king is like an angel of God because they both know how to tell good from evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +2SA 14 17 nm7g figs-simile 0 for as an angel of God, so is my master … from evil Here David, the king, is compared to an “angel of God.” Alternate translation: “for the king is like an angel of God because they both know how to tell good from evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 2SA 14 18 u2d4 figs-litotes 0 Please do not hide from me anything that I will ask you The negative form here is used for emphasis and can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “Please tell me the truth about everything I ask you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 2SA 14 19 p42h figs-metonymy 0 Is not the hand of Joab with you in all this Here the word “hand” refers to Joab’s influence. Alternate translation: “Has not Joab influenced you in all this” or “Did Joab send you here to speak these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 14 19 uz25 figs-idiom 0 As you live “As surely as you are alive.” Here the woman compares the certainty of what David has said to the certainty that he is alive, to emphasize how true his statement is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2SA 14 19 q69g figs-metaphor 0 no one can escape to the right hand…the king has spoken Here the woman describes the difficulty of speaking to the king and keeping him from finding out the truth by comparing it to a person not being about to escape in any direction. Alternate translation: “no one can keep you from knowing the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2SA 14 19 q69g figs-metaphor 0 no one can escape to the right hand … the king has spoken Here the woman describes the difficulty of speaking to the king and keeping him from finding out the truth by comparing it to a person not being about to escape in any direction. Alternate translation: “no one can keep you from knowing the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 14 19 vyl1 figs-merism 0 to the right hand or to the left The expression gives two extremes and means “anywhere.” Alternate translation: “anywhere at all” or “anywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 2SA 14 20 yvt6 0 My master is wise “My master the king is wise” 2SA 14 20 j2lm figs-simile 0 is wise, like the wisdom of an angel of God The woman compares David’s wisdom to the wisdom of an angel to emphasize how very wise he is. Alternate translation: “you are very wise, like an angel of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 14 22 f6n4 figs-idiom 0 I have found favor in your eyes The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, “eyes” is a metonym for sight, and sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “you are pleased with me” or “you have approved of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 14 22 x4g1 0 in that the king “because the king” 2SA 14 22 gl13 0 the king has performed the request of his servant “you have done what I asked you to do” -2SA 14 24 i98k figs-synecdoche 0 but he may not see my face…the king’s face Here the word “face” refers to the king himself. Alternate translation: “but he may not see me…the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2SA 14 24 i98k figs-synecdoche 0 but he may not see my face … the king’s face Here the word “face” refers to the king himself. Alternate translation: “but he may not see me … the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 14 25 u9cd writing-background 0 Now This word marks a break in the main story line. This new section gives background information for the part of the story that follows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 2SA 14 25 fb8b figs-activepassive 0 there was no one praised for his handsomeness more than Absalom This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people praised Absalom for his handsomeness more than they praised anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 14 25 m4bk 0 handsomeness good and pleasing appearance, especially of the face @@ -765,12 +765,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 15 12 b237 translate-names 0 Ahithophel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 15 12 v7wx translate-names 0 Giloh This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 15 13 wjk4 figs-synecdoche 0 The hearts of the men of Israel are following after Here the men are referred to by their “hearts” to emphasize their loyalty to Absalom. Alternate translation: “The men of Israel are loyal to” or “The men of Israel are following after” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2SA 15 14 brg3 figs-synecdoche 0 escape from Absalom…he will quickly…and he will bring Here David speaks of Absalom and the men with him as “Absalom” himself because the men are following Absalom’s authority. Alternate translation: “escape from Absalom and his men…he and his men will quickly…and they will bring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2SA 15 14 brg3 figs-synecdoche 0 escape from Absalom … he will quickly … and he will bring Here David speaks of Absalom and the men with him as “Absalom” himself because the men are following Absalom’s authority. Alternate translation: “escape from Absalom and his men … he and his men will quickly … and they will bring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 15 14 t8eh figs-metonymy 0 attack the city with the edge of the sword The “city” is a metonym referring to the people in the city. The “edge of the sword” is a synecdoche referring to the Israelites’ swords and emphasize that they killed the people in battle. Alternate translation: “will attack the people of our city and kill them with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 15 14 s5ik figs-idiom 0 bring down disaster This means to cause disaster to happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 15 16 hpv6 figs-idiom 0 to keep the palace Here the word “keep” means to care for. Alternate translation: “to care for the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 15 17 cv7p figs-explicit 0 at the last house This refers to the last house they would come to when leaving the city. Alternate translation: “at the last house as they were leaving the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2SA 15 18 hx7p 0 Kerethites…Pelethites Translate the names of these people groups the same as you did in [2 Samuel 8:18](../08/18.md). +2SA 15 18 hx7p 0 Kerethites … Pelethites Translate the names of these people groups the same as you did in [2 Samuel 8:18](../08/18.md). 2SA 15 18 vht5 0 Gittites Translate the name of this people group the same as you did in [2 Samuel 6:10](../06/10.md). 2SA 15 18 tp2a translate-numbers 0 six hundred men “600 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 15 19 u5p9 translate-names 0 Ittai This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -807,14 +807,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 15 34 xy6g figs-explicit 0 you will confuse Ahithophel’s advice for me David is suggest to Hushai that he oppose whatever Ahithopel advises. Alternate translation: “you can serve me by opposing Ahithophel’s advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 15 35 fr9e figs-rquestion 0 Will you not have the priests Zadok and Abiathar with you? David asks this rhetorical question to tell Hushai that he will not be alone. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Zadok and Abiathar the priests will be there to help you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 15 35 rkm7 figs-hyperbole 0 whatever you hear This is a generalization. It means all of the important and insightful things that he hears, not every single word he hears. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -2SA 15 36 yg9d translate-names 0 Ahimaaz…Jonathan These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 15 36 yg9d translate-names 0 Ahimaaz … Jonathan These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 15 36 z36k figs-synecdoche 0 by their hand The phrase “their hand” refers to the sons and means that they were to serve as messengers. Alternate translation: “their sons to tell me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 16 intro abcg 0 # 2 Samuel 16 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Absalom seeks advice from David’s advisers
David’s best adviser, Ahithophel, told Absalom to publicly seduce the concubines that David had left to take care of the palace. Because the concubines were the king’s property, having sexual relations with a king’s concubines implied that Absalom was now the king. This would show the people that the break with David was complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Simile
To show how seriously people took Ahithophel’s advice, the author used a [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] comparing his advice to God’s advice. “Now the advice of Ahithophel that he gave in those days was as if a man heard from the mouth of God himself.” 2SA 16 1 uv2h translate-names 0 Ziba This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 16 1 rzt4 0 Mephibosheth See how you translated this man’s name in [2 Samuel 4:4](../04/04.md). -2SA 16 1 eex7 translate-numbers 0 two hundred loaves…one hundred clusters…one hundred bunches “200 loaves…100 clusters…100 bunches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2SA 16 1 eex7 translate-numbers 0 two hundred loaves … one hundred clusters … one hundred bunches “200 loaves…100 clusters…100 bunches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 16 1 md5n 0 loaves of bread “cakes of bread” -2SA 16 1 sje6 0 clusters of raisins…bunches of figs These phrases refer to raisins or figs pressed together. +2SA 16 1 sje6 0 clusters of raisins … bunches of figs These phrases refer to raisins or figs pressed together. 2SA 16 1 ibp3 0 raisins dried grapes 2SA 16 1 x3jp 0 a skin of wine “a wineskin full of wine” 2SA 16 2 j2cp 0 faint tired and weak @@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 16 4 cvm5 figs-metaphor 0 I bow in humility to you Ziba is not literally bowing before the king when he is speaking here. This means that he will serve the king with the same amount of humility he would be showing if he were literally bowing before him. Alternate translation: “I will humbly serve you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 16 4 ewk1 figs-idiom 0 Let me find favor in your eyes The phrase “find favor” means to be approved of by someone. Also, “eyes” is a metonym for sight, and sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “I want you to be pleased with me” or “I desire you for to be pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 16 5 q8fi 0 Bahurim Translate the name of this city the same as you did in [2 Samuel 3:16](../03/16.md). -2SA 16 5 y6uz translate-names 0 Shimei…Gera These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 16 5 y6uz translate-names 0 Shimei … Gera These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 16 6 j39l 0 in spite of “even though there was” 2SA 16 6 nmf8 0 bodyguards These are men who protect an important person. 2SA 16 7 tj6a 0 villain someone who is evil, a criminal or lawbreaker @@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 16 17 x1al 0 loyalty a strong feeling of support and love 2SA 16 17 b4yd figs-rquestion 0 Is this your loyalty to your friend? Why did you not go with him? These rhetorical questions are asked to criticize Hushai. They can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have been a loyal friend to David; you should have gone with him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 16 18 t8c4 0 the one whom Yahweh Hushai is referring to Absalom. -2SA 16 18 k7hr figs-123person 0 the one whom…that is the man…with him Here Hushai is referring to Absalom in the third person to take emphasize off of him and place it on Yahweh and the people who chose him. This can be written in second person. Alternate translation: “you are the one whom…you are the man…with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +2SA 16 18 k7hr figs-123person 0 the one whom … that is the man … with him Here Hushai is referring to Absalom in the third person to take emphasize off of him and place it on Yahweh and the people who chose him. This can be written in second person. Alternate translation: “you are the one whom … you are the man … with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 2SA 16 19 hq49 figs-rquestion 0 what man should I serve? Should I not serve in the presence of his son? Hushai asks these rhetorical questions to emphasize that he wants to serve Absalom. They can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I should serve only David’s son, so I will serve in his presence.” or “I should serve you, for you are David’s son.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 16 20 f7w3 translate-names 0 Ahithophel See how you translated this man’s name in [2 Samuel 15:12](../15/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 16 21 d7c8 figs-euphemism 0 Go into your father’s slave wives This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Have sexual relations with your father’s slave wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 16 22 cj6n 0 they spread “they set up” 2SA 16 22 gx92 figs-euphemism 0 Absalom went in to his father’s slave wives This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Absalom had sexual relations with his father’s slave wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2SA 16 22 v3ik figs-hyperbole 0 in the sight of all Israel This means that people were able to see the tent and Absalom walking in and out of the tent with the women. The phrase “all of Israel” is a generalization, for only people near the palace could see it. Alternate translation: “where the Israelites could see him go into the tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -2SA 16 23 k3y9 figs-simile 0 Now the advice of Ahithophel…was as if a man heard Here the author compare how much people trusted Ahithophel’s advice with how much they would trust advice directly from God. Alternate translation: “Now people trusted the advice of Ahithophel in those days in the same way they would have trusted it if had come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +2SA 16 23 k3y9 figs-simile 0 Now the advice of Ahithophel … was as if a man heard Here the author compare how much people trusted Ahithophel’s advice with how much they would trust advice directly from God. Alternate translation: “Now people trusted the advice of Ahithophel in those days in the same way they would have trusted it if had come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 2SA 16 23 qt97 figs-synecdoche 0 as if a man heard from the mouth of God himself Here God’s mouth represents himself and emphasizes his speech. Alternate translation: “as if God had said it with his own mouth” or “as if a man heard it spoken by God himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 2SA 16 23 jqr6 0 all of Ahithophel’s advice was viewed by both David and Absalom This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “both David and Absalom viewed all of Ahithophel’s advice” 2SA 16 23 p2g1 0 was viewed “was thought of” @@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 17 12 v92h figs-idiom 0 come on him This means to purposefully go to where he is and then to attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 17 12 rys8 figs-simile 0 we will cover him as the dew falls on the ground Absalom’s army is described as covering David’s army like the dew covers the ground in the morning. Alternate translation: “we will overwhelm and completely defeat David’s army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 2SA 17 12 k6bm 0 dew the fog or misty cloud of water that can fall onto the ground during the night, covering the ground and leaving it wet in the morning -2SA 17 12 jdy3 figs-litotes 0 We will not leave even one of his men…alive This negative sentence is used for emphasis and can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “We will kill every one of his men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +2SA 17 12 jdy3 figs-litotes 0 We will not leave even one of his men … alive This negative sentence is used for emphasis and can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “We will kill every one of his men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 2SA 17 12 dwr7 figs-rpronouns 0 him himself Both these words refer to David. Alternate translation: “David himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 2SA 17 13 cez7 figs-synecdoche 0 then all Israel This refers to Israel’s soldiers, not to all of Israel. Alternate translation: “then all of our soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 17 13 v4rx figs-explicit 0 will bring ropes to that city and we will drag it into the river This means that the soldiers would tear down the city walls and drag the pieces to river. Alternate translation: “will destroy the city and drag the stones to the river with ropes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -911,21 +911,21 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 17 14 erd5 0 Ahithophel See how you translated this man’s name in [2 Samuel 15:12](../15/12.md). 2SA 17 14 j39m figs-abstractnouns 0 the rejection of Ahithophel’s good advice The word “rejection” can be expressed with the verb “reject.” Alternate translation: “for the men of Israel to reject Ahithophel’s good advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2SA 17 14 rwx8 figs-idiom 0 to bring destruction on Absalom To “bring” something on someone means to cause it to happen to them. Alternate translation: “to cause a disaster to happen to Absalom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2SA 17 15 pp5p translate-names 0 Zadok…Abiathar See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 15:24](../15/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 17 15 pp5p translate-names 0 Zadok … Abiathar See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 15:24](../15/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 15 f3gh figs-idiom 0 in such and such a way This phrase, meaning “like this,” refers to what Ahithophel advised Absalom earlier beginning in [2 Samuel 17:1](../17/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 17 16 b624 0 the fords of the Arabah A ford is a shallow part of a river where people can walk across. The Arabah is the land along both sides of the Jordan River. 2SA 17 16 u94n figs-idiom 0 by all means This means to make sure that you do something. Alternate translation: “be sure to” or “make sure that you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 17 16 adt3 figs-metaphor 0 the king will be swallowed up Here the king and his people being killed is describes as if they were “swallowed” by their enemy. Alternate translation: “the king will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2SA 17 17 u8z7 translate-names 0 Jonathan…Ahimaaz See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 15:27](../15/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 17 17 u8z7 translate-names 0 Jonathan … Ahimaaz See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 15:27](../15/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 17 q25n figs-metonymy 0 When the message came Here the “message” is spoken of as coming to them, when really it is the woman who came to then bringing the message. Alternate translation: “When she brought them a message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 17 17 h5de translate-names 0 spring of Rogel This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 18 q737 0 this time “one time” 2SA 17 18 r7rc figs-explicit 0 So Jonathan and Ahimaaz went away It is implied that they found out that the young man had told Absalom about them being there. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Jonathan and Ahimaaz found out what the young man had done, so they went away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 17 18 t68a translate-names 0 Bahurim This is the name of a small town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 18 fa3m 0 they descended “they lowered themselves and hid” -2SA 17 19 j4xb translate-names 0 Jonathan…Ahimaaz See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 15:27](../15/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 17 19 j4xb translate-names 0 Jonathan … Ahimaaz See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 15:27](../15/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 20 f1dc 0 the woman of the house “the man’s wife” -2SA 17 20 n16k translate-names 0 Ahimaaz…Jonathan See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 15:27](../15/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 17 20 n16k translate-names 0 Ahimaaz … Jonathan See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 15:27](../15/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 21 kx9m writing-newevent 0 It came about “It happened.” This phrase marks the next event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 2SA 17 21 r493 figs-metonymy 0 cross quickly over the water Here “the water” refers to the Jordan River. Alternate translation: “cross quickly over the river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 17 21 h17r figs-idiom 0 has given such and such advice The idiom “such and such” is used in the place of information that is already know by the reader. Here it refers to what Ahithophel advised Absalom beginning in [2 Samuel 17:1](../17/01.md). This information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “has advised that Absalom send him with an army to attack you now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -937,15 +937,15 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 17 23 yg9t 0 In this way “And this is how” 2SA 17 23 b2wa figs-activepassive 0 was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they buried him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 17 24 c8ze translate-names 0 Mahanaim Translate the name of this place the same as you did in [2 Samuel 2:8](../02/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 17 25 dur7 translate-names 0 Amasa…Joab…Jether…Nahash These are the names of men. See how you translated Joab and Zeruiah (Joab’s mother) in [2 Samuel 2:13](../02/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 17 25 dur7 translate-names 0 Amasa … Joab … Jether … Nahash These are the names of men. See how you translated Joab and Zeruiah (Joab’s mother) in [2 Samuel 2:13](../02/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 25 v1vl 0 Ishmaelite This word means that the person is descended from Ishmael. Some versions say “Israelite” here. See the footnote. You may want to choose the word that is used in the majority language Bible in your area. 2SA 17 25 q7fs figs-euphemism 0 who went in to Abigail This is a polite way of speaking of sexual relations. You may have to use other words in your translation. Alternate translation: “who had sexual relations with Abigail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -2SA 17 25 yn85 translate-names 0 Abigail…Zeruiah These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 17 25 yn85 translate-names 0 Abigail … Zeruiah These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 26 p8z6 translate-names 0 Gilead Translate the name of this place the same as you did in [2 Samuel 2:9](../02/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 27 a88x writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used to introduce the next event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -2SA 17 27 ya8t translate-names 0 Mahanaim…Rabbah…Lo Debar…Rogelim These are the names of cities or places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 17 27 sb1a translate-names 0 Shobi…Nahash…Machir…Ammiel…Barzillai These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 17 27 g662 translate-names 0 Ammonites…Gileadite These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 17 27 ya8t translate-names 0 Mahanaim … Rabbah … Lo Debar … Rogelim These are the names of cities or places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 17 27 sb1a translate-names 0 Shobi … Nahash … Machir … Ammiel … Barzillai These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 17 27 g662 translate-names 0 Ammonites … Gileadite These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 28 td28 0 sleeping mats and blankets A mat is something soft to sleep on, and a blanket is a cloth covering for warmth. 2SA 17 28 sk67 0 flour crushed grain made into powder and used to make bread 2SA 17 28 wym6 0 roasted cooked with dry heat @@ -957,8 +957,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 18 1 y2u4 figs-metonymy 0 David counted the soldiers who were with him and appointed David did not count all of the people himself, rather other men counted them. Alternate translation: “David commanded for the soldiers who were with him to be counted and he appointed” or “David arranged the soldiers who were with him and appointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 18 1 qt9x translate-numbers 0 captains of thousands and captains of hundreds This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of soldiers that these captains led. Alternate translation: “captains of 1,000 soldiers and captains of 100 soldiers” or (2) the words translated as “thousands” and “hundreds” do not represent exact numbers, but are the names of larger and smaller military divisions. Alternate translation: “captains of large military divisions and captains of smaller military divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 18 1 pa96 0 captains A captain is a person who is in authority over a group of soldiers. -2SA 18 2 x31q translate-fraction 0 one-third…another third “one-third of the army…another third of the army.” A “third” is one part out of three equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) -2SA 18 2 lu6k translate-names 0 Abishai…Zeruiah See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 2:18](../02/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 18 2 x31q translate-fraction 0 one-third … another third “one-third of the army … another third of the army.” A “third” is one part out of three equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) +2SA 18 2 lu6k translate-names 0 Abishai … Zeruiah See how you translated these men’s names in [2 Samuel 2:18](../02/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 18 2 xwu2 translate-names 0 Ittai See how you translated this man’s name in [2 Samuel 15:19](../15/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 18 2 zy14 translate-names 0 Gittite This refers to a person from Gath, which is a Philistine city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 18 2 s8e1 figs-explicit 0 I will certainly go out with you myself, too This means that he will go out with them to battle. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I myself will go with you to battle” or “I personally will go with you into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 18 29 l8s8 0 a great disturbance This means that people were acting as though things were not right. 2SA 18 30 bg95 0 Turn aside and stand here “Move out of the way” or “Stand aside” 2SA 18 31 e1tf figs-idiom 0 rose up against This means to oppose. Alternate translation: “opposed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2SA 18 32 s9h4 figs-simile 0 The enemies of my master the king,…should be as that young man is The Cushite uses a comparison as a polite way to tell the king that Absalom is dead. This can be stated more directly. Alternate translation: “I would like all your enemies…to die the way that young man died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +2SA 18 32 s9h4 figs-simile 0 The enemies of my master the king,…should be as that young man is The Cushite uses a comparison as a polite way to tell the king that Absalom is dead. This can be stated more directly. Alternate translation: “I would like all your enemies … to die the way that young man died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2SA 18 33 la2k 0 was deeply unnerved “was very unhappy” or “was trembling with grief” 2SA 19 intro abcj 0 # 2 Samuel 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### David told to stop mourning Absalom
Joab warned David that if he continued to mourn Absalom and not thank his army, they would all desert him. So David went out to encourage the soldiers. David was both a good father and a good leader.

### David made king again
This chapter record the recognition that David was the true king of Israel. It is important to remember that even though Absalom had power for a while, David never stopped being the king.

### The ten tribes and Judah argue over David
The ten tribes of Israel argued with the tribe of Judah about who would bring David across the river. The men of Judah answered the ten tribes very harshly. This may foreshadow, or give a glimpse of, the future civil war that would come to divide these two groups.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions
The people wanted David back as their king and expressed it in a rhetorical question: “So why are we not talking about bringing the king back?” David also used a question to persuade the people of Judah to bring him back: “You are my brothers, my flesh and bone. Why then are you the last to bring back the king?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 19 1 wl3f figs-activepassive 0 Joab was told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Joab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1042,7 +1042,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 19 10 h2rq figs-rquestion 0 why do you say nothing about bringing the king back? This means they should consider bringing David back now that Absalom was dead. The question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “we should be talking about bringing the king back.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 19 10 n7fv 0 the king This refers to David. 2SA 19 11 ywv6 figs-idiom 0 sent to Zadok and to Abiathar This means that David sent a messenger to Zadok and Abiathar. Alternate translation: “sent a messenger to Zadok and to Abiathar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2SA 19 11 jd6q figs-rquestion 0 Why are you the last to bring the king back…to bring him back to his palace? This rhetorical question is asked to rebuke the elders in Judah. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have been the first to favor the king and bring him back to the palace, not the people of the nation of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 19 11 jd6q figs-rquestion 0 Why are you the last to bring the king back … to bring him back to his palace? This rhetorical question is asked to rebuke the elders in Judah. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have been the first to favor the king and bring him back to the palace, not the people of the nation of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 19 11 d4d9 figs-abstractnouns 0 since the talk of all Israel favors the king, to bring The noun “talk” can be expressed with the verb “talk” or “speak.” Alternate translation: “since all Israel speaks favorably about the king and desires to bring” or “since what the people of Israel are saying is in the king’s favor, to bring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2SA 19 11 v8mv figs-metaphor 0 to bring the king back to his palace Here restoring the king’s authority to rule is spoken of as bringing him back to his palace. Alternate translation: “to restore the king’s authority as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 19 12 si3p figs-metaphor 0 You are my brothers, my flesh and bone The king uses these to phrases to emphasize that they are closely related. Being or having the same flesh is a metaphor for belonging to the same family or tribe. Alternate translation: “You are my brothers, and we have the same flesh and bone” or “You are my brothers, my close relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1057,7 +1057,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 19 16 p33r translate-names 0 Gera This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 19 16 ke2l translate-names 0 Bahurim Translate the name of this place the same as you did in [2 Samuel 3:16](../03/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 19 17 kj6a translate-names 0 Ziba This is the name of a man. Translate as you did in [2 Samuel 9:2](../09/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 19 17 e34y translate-numbers 0 one thousand men…fifteen sons…twenty servants “1,000 men…15 sons…20 servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2SA 19 17 e34y translate-numbers 0 one thousand men … fifteen sons … twenty servants “1,000 men…15 sons…20 servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 19 17 s7u2 figs-explicit 0 in the presence of the king This means that the king was there and was aware of what was happening. Alternate translation: “at the place where the king was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 19 19 tx71 figs-idiom 0 call to mind This means “to remember.” Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 19 19 m7n5 0 your servant Here Shimei refers to himself this way to humble himself before the king and honor the king. @@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 19 21 p13v translate-names 0 Zeruiah See how you translated this man’s name in [2 Samuel 2:13](../02/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 19 21 yth5 figs-rquestion 0 Should not Shimei be put to death for this, because he cursed Yahweh’s anointed? Abishai was angry at Shimei for cursing David and is suggesting that he should be killed. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Shimei should be put to death because he cursed Yahweh’s anointed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 19 21 spv5 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh’s anointed This refers to David. It means that he is the man that Yahweh had anointed as king. Alternate translation: “the man that Yahweh has anointed as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2SA 19 22 dn85 figs-rquestion 0 What have I to do with you…that you should today be adversaries to me? David uses this rhetorical question to rebuke Abishai. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have nothing in common with you, you sons of Zeruiah! You have no good reason to become my adversaries today.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 19 22 dn85 figs-rquestion 0 What have I to do with you … that you should today be adversaries to me? David uses this rhetorical question to rebuke Abishai. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have nothing in common with you, you sons of Zeruiah! You have no good reason to become my adversaries today.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 19 22 s4fe figs-rquestion 0 Will any man be put to death today in Israel? For do I not know that today I am king over Israel? David uses these rhetorical questions to continue rebuking Abishai. These questions can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “No person will be executed today in the nation of Israel, because today I am the one who is king over all of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 19 22 f3ky figs-idiom 0 Will any man be put to death This phrase “put to death” means to be killed or executed. Alternate translation: “Will any man be killed” or “Will I order any man to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 19 22 t2u7 figs-rquestion 0 For do I not know that today I am king over Israel? Possible meanings of this rhetorical question are (1) “I know that I am still king of Israel.” or (2) “Today I am the one who is king over Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 19 40 hzp4 0 Kimham See how you translated this name in [2 Samuel 19:37](../19/37.md). 2SA 19 40 jw3n 0 All the army of Judah brought the king over, and also half the army of Israel “All the army of Judah and half the army of Israel brought the king over” 2SA 19 40 t9rb figs-ellipsis 0 brought the king over They crossed over the Jordan River with the king. Alternate translation: “escorted the king over the river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -2SA 19 41 sbd9 figs-rquestion 0 Why have our brothers, the men of Judah…and all David’s men with him? The men of Israel use this question to express that they feel betrayed by the people of Judah. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is not right that our brothers, the men of Judah, who did not support you as king, had the privilege of bringing you and your family back across the Jordan River.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 19 41 sbd9 figs-rquestion 0 Why have our brothers, the men of Judah … and all David’s men with him? The men of Israel use this question to express that they feel betrayed by the people of Judah. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is not right that our brothers, the men of Judah, who did not support you as king, had the privilege of bringing you and your family back across the Jordan River.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 19 41 r7ae figs-metaphor 0 stolen you away The men of Israel speak of how the men of Judah escorted the king across the river as if the king were something they stole that did not belong to them. Alternate translation: “taken you away from us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 19 41 hgi3 0 the Jordan the Jordan River 2SA 19 42 nu1g figs-rquestion 0 Why then are you angry about this? The men of Judah ask this rhetorical question to rebuke the men of Israel. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “But you have no reason to be upset about this.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 19 43 el5k 0 the words of the men of Judah were even more harsh than the words of the men of Israel “the men of Judah spoke even more harshly than the men of Israel did” 2SA 20 intro abck 0 # 2 Samuel 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sheba’s revolt
A man named Sheba told the people of the ten tribes that David was Judah’s king, but not their king. David worked hard to preserve unity in Israel after this time of division.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom
Joab used an idiom “has lifted up his hand against the king, against David” meaning “revolted against David,” to explain why his army was attacking the city of Able. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 20 1 fz8c 0 to be at the same place This refers to the town of Gilgal. -2SA 20 1 a6ci translate-names 0 Sheba…Bikri These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 20 1 a6ci translate-names 0 Sheba … Bikri These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 20 1 l45i figs-parallelism 0 We have no part in David, neither have we any inheritance in the son of Jesse Both of these statements mean the same thing. Sheba is emphasizing that he and the tribes of Israel have no relationship with David. Alternate translation: “The inheritance of David and his father’s family does not belong to us” or “We are not a part of David and his father’s family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 20 3 j97w figs-idiom 0 to keep the palace Here the phrase “to keep” means to take care of. Alternate translation: “to take care of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 20 3 e4kn figs-idiom 0 in a house under guard If a house is “under guard” it means that a guard is posted at the house. Alternate translation: “in a house and put a guard there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 20 6 q3jp 0 pursue after “chase after” 2SA 20 6 g2i6 figs-explicit 0 he will find fortified cities This means that Sheba and his men will enter these cities to hide from David’s army. The word “he” represents Sheba but refers to both him and his men. Alternate translation: “he and his men will hide in fortified cities” or “he and his men will take refuge in fortified cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 20 6 lm43 figs-metonymy 0 out of our sight Here David refers to his army by their sight to emphasize that Sheba and his men would be hidden and David’s army would be unable to capture them. Alternate translation: “from us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2SA 20 7 x1ai translate-names 0 Kerethites…Pelethites These are the names of people groups who helped to protect King David. See how you translated this man’s name in [2 Samuel 8:18](../08/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 20 7 x1ai translate-names 0 Kerethites … Pelethites These are the names of people groups who helped to protect King David. See how you translated this man’s name in [2 Samuel 8:18](../08/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 20 8 kyh2 0 When they were “When Joab and the men of Judah were” 2SA 20 8 g899 0 belt a strip of leather or other material used to hold clothing or weapons in place 2SA 20 8 gg8n 0 sheathed sword This means the sword was in its protective covering. @@ -1139,7 +1139,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 20 10 pd2k 0 bowels spilled “intestines spilled” 2SA 20 11 m94g figs-idiom 0 he who is for David To be “for” someone means to support them. Alternate translation: “he who supports David” or “he who is loyal to David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 20 12 dp5t figs-explicit 0 Amasa lay wallowing in his blood “Amasa lay squirming in his blood.” Amasa may have still been alive and rolling in his blood, but he was probably dead by this time. It is described this way to show how gruesome his body looked. Alternate translation: “Amasa lay dead in his blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2SA 20 12 r75k figs-explicit 0 all the people stood still…came by him stood still This means they stopped walking and were staring at Amasa’s dead body. Alternate translation: “all the people stood still staring at the dead body…came by him stood still, staring at his dead body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2SA 20 12 r75k figs-explicit 0 all the people stood still … came by him stood still This means they stopped walking and were staring at Amasa’s dead body. Alternate translation: “all the people stood still staring at the dead body … came by him stood still, staring at his dead body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 20 12 rgl8 0 he carried Amasa “he carried Amasa’s body” 2SA 20 13 y3pd figs-activepassive 0 After Amasa was taken off the road This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “After the man took Amasa off the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 20 13 x48e figs-abstractnouns 0 in pursuit of This abstract noun can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “pursuing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1168,13 +1168,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 20 22 p855 figs-explicit 0 Then the woman went to all the people in her wisdom This means that the woman acted wisely and spoke to her people about what they should do. Alternate translation: “Then the wise woman spoke to all the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 20 22 l63y 0 every man to his home “every man went to his own home” 2SA 20 23 ail7 writing-background 0 Now “Now” marks a break in the main story line. This new section gives background information about the men who served King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -2SA 20 23 bu9z figs-idiom 0 Joab was over…Benaiah son of Jehoiada was over The phrase “was over” refers to having authority over a group of people. Alternate translation: “Joab had authority over…Benaiah son of Jehoiada had authority over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2SA 20 23 di2d translate-names 0 Benaiah…Jehoiada Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [2 Samuel 8:18](../08/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 20 23 s3i1 translate-names 0 Kerethites…Pelethites Translate the names of these people groups the same as you did in [2 Samuel 8:18](../08/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 20 23 bu9z figs-idiom 0 Joab was over … Benaiah son of Jehoiada was over The phrase “was over” refers to having authority over a group of people. Alternate translation: “Joab had authority over … Benaiah son of Jehoiada had authority over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2SA 20 23 di2d translate-names 0 Benaiah … Jehoiada Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [2 Samuel 8:18](../08/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 20 23 s3i1 translate-names 0 Kerethites … Pelethites Translate the names of these people groups the same as you did in [2 Samuel 8:18](../08/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 20 24 hw6f figs-idiom 0 Adoniram was over The phrase “was over” refers to having authority over a group of people. Alternate translation: “Adoniram had authority over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 20 24 qv95 translate-names 0 Adoniram This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 20 24 rx8x 0 the men who did forced labor “the slave workers” -2SA 20 24 hbx2 translate-names 0 Jehoshaphat…Ahilud Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [2 Samuel 8:16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 20 24 hbx2 translate-names 0 Jehoshaphat … Ahilud Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [2 Samuel 8:16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 20 25 pjz3 translate-names 0 Sheva This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 20 26 w67i translate-names 0 Ira This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 20 26 qk9a translate-names 0 Jairite This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1182,7 +1182,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 21 1 yc9z figs-synecdoche 0 sought the face of Yahweh Here “face” is a synecdoche for Yahweh’s presence. This means David prayed to Yahweh for an answer about the famine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 21 1 f1fs 0 because of Saul and his murderous family Saul had killed many Gibeonites, and Saul’s descendants are guilty because of this sin. 2SA 21 2 j82w writing-background 0 Now Here “Now” marks a break in the main story line. This gives background information about the Gibeonites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -2SA 21 3 r66c figs-parallelism 0 What should I do for you? How can I make atonement…promises? These two sentences have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “What can I do to remove this sin, so that you may bless the people of Yahweh, who inherit his goodness and promises?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +2SA 21 3 r66c figs-parallelism 0 What should I do for you? How can I make atonement … promises? These two sentences have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “What can I do to remove this sin, so that you may bless the people of Yahweh, who inherit his goodness and promises?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2SA 21 4 xp8q 0 It is not a matter of silver or gold “Money will not solve the problem” 2SA 21 5 tq7e 0 who schemed against us “who made plans against us” 2SA 21 6 hce6 figs-activepassive 0 let seven men from his descendants be handed over to us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “allow your men to give seven of his descendants to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1190,13 +1190,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 21 6 gb8q 0 in Gibeah of Saul Saul was from the town of Gibeah. 2SA 21 6 s77u figs-activepassive 0 the one chosen by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one whom Yahweh chose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 21 7 u686 0 Mephibosheth Mephibosheth was the son of Jonathan. See how you translated his name in [2 Samuel 4:4](../04/04.md). -2SA 21 8 nz4w 0 Rizpah…Aiah Rizpah was a woman and her father was Aiah. See how you translated these names in [2 Samuel 3:7](../03/07.md). -2SA 21 8 vnv4 translate-names 0 Armoni and Mephibosheth…Adriel…Barzillai These are names of men. This is not the same Mephibosheth as the son of Jonathan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 21 8 nz4w 0 Rizpah … Aiah Rizpah was a woman and her father was Aiah. See how you translated these names in [2 Samuel 3:7](../03/07.md). +2SA 21 8 vnv4 translate-names 0 Armoni and Mephibosheth … Adriel … Barzillai These are names of men. This is not the same Mephibosheth as the son of Jonathan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 21 8 ab2b 0 Merab This is the name of a woman. See how you translated it in [2 Samuel 3:13](../03/13.md). 2SA 21 8 p5t5 translate-names 0 Meholathite This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 21 9 ji6t figs-metonymy 0 He handed them over into the hands of the Gibeonites Here “the hands of the Gibeonites” represents the Gibeonite people’s control. Alternate translation: “He gave them to the Gibeonites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 21 9 uyb2 figs-activepassive 0 They were put to death This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Gibeonites put them to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2SA 21 10 vaz5 0 Rizpah…Aiah Rizpah was a woman and her father was Aiah. See how you translated these names in [2 Samuel 3:7](../03/07.md). +2SA 21 10 vaz5 0 Rizpah … Aiah Rizpah was a woman and her father was Aiah. See how you translated these names in [2 Samuel 3:7](../03/07.md). 2SA 21 11 hs9e figs-activepassive 0 It was told to David This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 21 12 z1rv 0 Jabesh Gilead Jabesh is a town in the region of Gilead. See how you translated this in [2 Samuel 2:4](../02/04.md). 2SA 21 12 vw7s 0 the public square This is an area near the city gate where people did various kinds of business. @@ -1212,12 +1212,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 21 17 d893 figs-metaphor 0 you do not put out the lamp of Israel The “lamp of Israel” is a metaphor that refers to David’s leadership and the idea that if David were to die, the people of Israel would have no clear direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 21 18 i8h8 0 It came about after this that This phrase marks the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 2SA 21 18 ei1h translate-names 0 Gob This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 21 18 zih5 translate-names 0 Sibbekai…Saph These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 21 18 zz7e translate-names 0 Hushathite…Rephaim These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 21 18 zih5 translate-names 0 Sibbekai … Saph These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 21 18 zz7e translate-names 0 Hushathite … Rephaim These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 21 18 g7p1 translate-names 0 Rephaim This people group was known for its giant warriors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 21 19 pv8s translate-textvariants 0 Elhanan son of Jair the Bethlehemite killed Goliath the Gittite Some versions translate this as “Elhanan son of Jair the Bethlehemite killed the brother of Goliath the Gittite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -2SA 21 19 xl44 translate-names 0 Elhanan son of Jair…Goliath These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 21 19 x5yp translate-names 0 Bethlehemite…Gittite These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 21 19 xl44 translate-names 0 Elhanan son of Jair … Goliath These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2SA 21 19 x5yp translate-names 0 Bethlehemite … Gittite These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 21 19 b7w9 figs-simile 0 whose spear was like a weaver’s beam When a person was weaving a cloth he would run the threads through hooks attached to large sticks called a “weaver’s beam.” This means Goliath’s spear was larger than a normal spear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 2SA 21 20 nqr4 translate-numbers 0 twenty-four in number “24 fingers and toes altogether” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 21 20 cka4 translate-names 0 Rephaim This people group was known for its giant warriors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1229,7 +1229,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 22 1 gzu9 figs-metonymy 0 out of the hand of This metonym means “out of the power of.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 22 2 t5y8 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my rock, my fortress This metaphor shows a progression from a part, “rock,” to the whole, “fortress.” A fortress is built of many large rocks. This means Yahweh has the strength to protect his people from harm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 22 3 e7pg figs-parallelism 0 General Information: David’s song to Yahweh continues. He uses parallelism to emphasize what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -2SA 22 3 h8pd figs-metaphor 0 God is my rock…He is my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold All of these metaphors are symbols of God’s strength and power. They emphasize God’s ability to protect and save his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2SA 22 3 h8pd figs-metaphor 0 God is my rock … He is my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold All of these metaphors are symbols of God’s strength and power. They emphasize God’s ability to protect and save his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 22 4 v4up figs-activepassive 0 who is worthy to be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who is worthy to receive praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 22 4 p1jc figs-activepassive 0 I will be saved from my enemies This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will save me from my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 22 5 fm3w figs-parallelism 0 General Information: David’s song to Yahweh continues. He uses parallelism to emphasize what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1243,10 +1243,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 22 7 w8ts figs-personification 0 his ears David speaks of Yahweh as if he had ears. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 2SA 22 8 by1e figs-parallelism 0 General Information: David’s song to Yahweh continues. He uses parallelism to emphasize what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2SA 22 8 ai6g figs-metaphor 0 Then the earth shook This is Yahweh’s response to David’s cry for help from his enemies ([1 Samuel 22:7](./07.md)). David uses the imagery of the earth shaking to emphasize Yahweh’s terrible anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2SA 22 8 gxt8 figs-merism 0 earth shook…heavens trembled David speaks of the two extremes to include everything in creation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +2SA 22 8 gxt8 figs-merism 0 earth shook … heavens trembled David speaks of the two extremes to include everything in creation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 2SA 22 8 x6xl figs-activepassive 0 and were shaken, because God was angry This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because God’s anger shook them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 22 9 qf19 figs-metaphor 0 were ignited by it This is Yahweh’s response to David’s cry for help from his enemies ([1 Samuel 22:7](./07.md)). David uses the imagery of fire coming from Yahweh to emphasize Yahweh’s terrible anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2SA 22 9 c8xq figs-personification 0 his nostrils…his mouth David speaks of Yahweh as if he had these humans parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +2SA 22 9 c8xq figs-personification 0 his nostrils … his mouth David speaks of Yahweh as if he had these humans parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 2SA 22 9 cq54 figs-metaphor 0 Coals were ignited by it Here Yahweh’s anger is compared to fire, which causes coals to ignite and burn. Alternate translation: “The flame from his mouth set coals on fire” or “He also sent burning coals from his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 22 10 e2j2 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: David’s song to Yahweh continues. He uses parallelism to emphasize what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2SA 22 10 f5ym figs-metaphor 0 He opened the heavens David describes Yahweh’s way of saving David from his enemies as a storm cloud gathering over a place. This emphasizes God’s power and his anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1260,10 +1260,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 22 13 g4lk figs-metaphor 0 From the lightning before him David continues describing Yahweh, whom he compares to a storm, coming to save him from his enemies. This emphasizes God’s power and anger towards David’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 22 14 d4ht figs-personification 0 The Most High shouted. David describes Yahweh doing these actions a person would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 2SA 22 15 h783 figs-personification 0 He shot arrows David describes Yahweh doing these actions a person would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -2SA 22 15 i235 figs-metaphor 0 He shot arrows…lightning bolts David compares the lightning from Yahweh’s storm to arrows that a soldier would use. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2SA 22 15 i235 figs-metaphor 0 He shot arrows … lightning bolts David compares the lightning from Yahweh’s storm to arrows that a soldier would use. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 22 15 rg2n figs-metaphor 0 lightning bolts and dispersed them David continues describing Yahweh, whom he compares to a storm, coming to save him from his enemies. This emphasizes God’s power and anger towards David’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 22 16 hl1s figs-parallelism 0 General Information: This continues David’s song to Yahweh. He uses parallelism to emphasize what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -2SA 22 16 za11 figs-metaphor 0 Then the channels of the sea were seen…breath of his nostrils When Yahweh shouted in his attack against David’s enemies, it is compared to his power to create upheaval in the deepest parts of the ocean and the earth. This shows his great power and fierce anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +2SA 22 16 za11 figs-metaphor 0 Then the channels of the sea were seen … breath of his nostrils When Yahweh shouted in his attack against David’s enemies, it is compared to his power to create upheaval in the deepest parts of the ocean and the earth. This shows his great power and fierce anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 2SA 22 16 dcq2 figs-activepassive 0 the channels of the sea were seen This means that the sea water moved and the ocean floor was visible. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People could see the channels of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 22 16 it2c 0 the channels of the sea the deepest part of the sea, from which the Hebrews believed was where the water in the sea came 2SA 22 16 kcr5 figs-activepassive 0 the foundations of the world were laid bare at the rebuke of Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of his nostrils David compares Yahweh’s anger to turbulent movements of the ground. “This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s rebuke, the breath of his nostrils, laid bare the foundations of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 22 33 c5tv 0 he leads the blameless person on his path Yahweh keeps the blameless person safe and removes anything that may harm him. 2SA 22 34 b4kp 0 General Information: David continues his song to Yahweh. 2SA 22 34 wm3b figs-simile 0 He makes my feet swift like a deer and places me on the high hills Here David’s feet are compared to those of a deer using exaggeration. Yahweh gives David the strength to move quickly and provides secure places for protection and rest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -2SA 22 35 n5gz figs-synecdoche 0 my hands…and my arms Both of these refer to David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2SA 22 35 n5gz figs-synecdoche 0 my hands … and my arms Both of these refer to David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 22 35 p7ie 0 to bend a bow of bronze Only a very strong man could use a bow made from metal. 2SA 22 36 ks2j 0 General Information: David continues his song to Yahweh. 2SA 22 36 ly9s figs-metaphor 0 the shield of your salvation David compares Yahweh’s power to save him to a shield that protects a soldier from his enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1317,14 +1317,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 22 42 a9ti 0 General Information: David continues his song to Yahweh. 2SA 22 42 h32w 0 They cried “My enemies cried” 2SA 22 42 c9qg 0 they cried out to Yahweh, but he did not answer them The time for Yahweh’s judgment had come upon them. -2SA 22 43 fum1 figs-simile 0 like dust on the ground…like mud in the streets This means that David completely destroyed his enemies. These two phrases “like dust on the ground” and “like mud on the streets” have a similar meaning and are used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +2SA 22 43 fum1 figs-simile 0 like dust on the ground … like mud in the streets This means that David completely destroyed his enemies. These two phrases “like dust on the ground” and “like mud on the streets” have a similar meaning and are used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2SA 22 44 ei29 0 General Information: David continues his song to Yahweh. 2SA 22 44 th42 0 from the disputes of my own people This refers to those among the Israelites who rebelled against King David. 2SA 22 44 tjl8 0 You have kept me as the head of nations “You placed me as ruler over the nations.” Here “nations” refers to other nations besides Israel. 2SA 22 44 p5i2 0 A people that I have not known “A foreign people” 2SA 22 45 t5y6 figs-activepassive 0 Foreigners were forced to bow to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Foreigners bowed down to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 22 47 u5bd figs-parallelism 0 May my rock be praised. May God be exalted These sentences have similar meaning and are used for emphasis. These may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May everyone praise my rock. May everyone exalt God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2SA 22 47 xr9u figs-metaphor 0 my rock…the rock David compares Yahweh to a rock to emphasize his power to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2SA 22 47 xr9u figs-metaphor 0 my rock … the rock David compares Yahweh to a rock to emphasize his power to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 22 48 z1qb 0 the one who brings down peoples under me “the one who puts the people of other nations under my rule” 2SA 22 49 iu4b 0 you lifted me up above those who rose up against me “you saved me from my enemies and gave me honor” 2SA 22 49 e1y3 0 from violent men “from those who want to harm me” @@ -1340,15 +1340,15 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 23 2 ey25 0 by me by David 2SA 23 2 r3yy figs-metonymy 0 and his word was on my tongue Here “on my tongue” is a metonym for David speaking. Alternate translation: “he gave me a message to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 23 3 il6g 0 General Information: This continues David’s last words. -2SA 23 3 c9yd figs-parallelism 0 The God of Israel spoke, the Rock of Israel…me Here the “God of Israel” is the same as the “Rock of Israel.” The two phrases say essentially the same thing. David compares God to a rock to emphasize his power to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2SA 23 3 c9yd figs-parallelism 0 The God of Israel spoke, the Rock of Israel … me Here the “God of Israel” is the same as the “Rock of Israel.” The two phrases say essentially the same thing. David compares God to a rock to emphasize his power to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 23 3 w218 figs-parallelism 0 The one who rules righteously over men, who rules in the fear of God These two sentences both say that the king will respect God and do what God wants him to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2SA 23 3 a7ac 0 in the fear of God “respecting God” -2SA 23 4 er3p figs-simile 0 He will be like the morning light…sunshine after rain Here God is comparing the king to the morning light and sunshine after the rain. These are all ways of saying this king would be a delight to God and a blessing for the people. These two phrases have a similar meaning and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He will be a delight to all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +2SA 23 4 er3p figs-simile 0 He will be like the morning light … sunshine after rain Here God is comparing the king to the morning light and sunshine after the rain. These are all ways of saying this king would be a delight to God and a blessing for the people. These two phrases have a similar meaning and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He will be a delight to all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2SA 23 5 rp1i 0 General Information: This continues David’s last words. 2SA 23 5 hef3 figs-rquestion 0 Indeed, is my family not like this before God? Here David is saying that he agrees with God. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “My family is indeed like this before God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2SA 23 5 n1tt figs-rquestion 0 Has he not made…way? David acknowledges that God has made a covenant with him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “He has indeed made…way.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 23 5 n1tt figs-rquestion 0 Has he not made … way? David acknowledges that God has made a covenant with him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “He has indeed made … way.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 23 5 gq5b 0 ordered and sure This means God’s covenant is properly organized and will not change so David’s family can trust it. -2SA 23 5 r8xz figs-rquestion 0 Does he not increase my salvation…desire? David believes that God will always help him and cause him to prosper. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “He increases my salvation and gives me my every desire.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2SA 23 5 r8xz figs-rquestion 0 Does he not increase my salvation … desire? David believes that God will always help him and cause him to prosper. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “He increases my salvation and gives me my every desire.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 23 6 abg3 0 General Information: This concludes David’s last words. 2SA 23 6 ic15 figs-simile 0 But the worthless will all be like thorns to be thrown away Here the wicked person is compared to useless thorns. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But the wicked person is worthless and dangerous like thorns we throw away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 23 6 dgn8 0 because they cannot be gathered by one’s hands “because no one can pick them up with his hands without the thorns hurting him” @@ -1371,7 +1371,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 23 14 pej4 0 the Philistines had established at Bethlehem “some Philistines soldiers were controlling the village of Bethlehem” 2SA 23 16 r8yf 0 broke through the army “fought their way through the enemy army” 2SA 23 17 nz91 figs-rquestion 0 Should I drink the blood of men who have risked their lives? David compares the water to blood because the men risked their lives to bring the water to him. He uses a question to emphasize this. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Drinking this water would be like drinking the blood of those men who have risked their lives to bring it to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2SA 23 18 jjf7 0 Abishai…Zeruiah These are the names of men. Translate them as in [2 Samuel 2:18](../02/18.md). +2SA 23 18 jjf7 0 Abishai … Zeruiah These are the names of men. Translate them as in [2 Samuel 2:18](../02/18.md). 2SA 23 18 xve2 0 captain over the three This means Abishai was the leader of the three who went and got water for David. 2SA 23 18 cs6f translate-numbers 0 three hundred men “300 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 23 18 gxa6 figs-activepassive 0 He was often mentioned along with the three soldiers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People often mentioned him when they spoke about the three bravest men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1396,8 +1396,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 24 1 dq6l 0 he moved David against them “he caused David to oppose them” 2SA 24 1 x6eq figs-explicit 0 Go, count Israel and Judah In the law of Moses, God prohibited the kings of Israel from taking a census of fighting men. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2SA 24 2 u7bz figs-merism 0 Dan to Beersheba This phrase uses two place names Dan, in the far north, and Beersheba, in the far south, to represent the entire country. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -2SA 24 2 fu4s 0 count all the people…fit for battle This means to count all the men except those men who are either too young, too old, or physically unable to fight. -2SA 24 3 qi23 translate-numbers 0 multiply…hundred times This means “produce 100 more people for every one person there is now.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2SA 24 2 fu4s 0 count all the people … fit for battle This means to count all the men except those men who are either too young, too old, or physically unable to fight. +2SA 24 3 qi23 translate-numbers 0 multiply … hundred times This means “produce 100 more people for every one person there is now.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 24 4 b9zy 0 the king’s word was final against Joab Joab and the other commanders of King David’s army were not able to convince David to not take a census. 2SA 24 4 c8cv figs-synecdoche 0 the king’s word This phrase represents the king’s command to them. Alternate translation: “what the king had commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 24 5 h1bw 0 They crossed “Joab and the commanders of the army crossed” @@ -1408,7 +1408,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 24 8 i1gd translate-numbers 0 nine months and twenty days “9 months and 20 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 24 9 qq68 0 Then Joab reported the total of the count of the fighting men to the king “Then Joab told the king the total number of men ready for battle” 2SA 24 9 b91x 0 in Israel This refers to the northern tribes of Israel. -2SA 24 9 k78w translate-numbers 0 800,000…500,000 “eight hundred thousand…five hundred thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2SA 24 9 k78w translate-numbers 0 800,000…500,000 “eight hundred thousand … five hundred thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 24 9 t1ix figs-metonymy 0 who drew the sword This metonym refers to the men who were ready to fight in the army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 24 9 e4ft 0 of Judah This refers to the southern tribe of Judah. 2SA 24 10 cb8t figs-metonymy 0 David’s heart afflicted him The “heart” here is a metonym for David’s emotions and conscience. Alternate translation: “David felt guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1432,7 +1432,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 24 21 r7k9 figs-activepassive 0 so that the plague may be removed from the people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh will remove this plague from the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 24 22 bwm7 figs-metaphor 0 what is good in your sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what you think is good” or “what is good in your judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 24 22 p54x 0 threshing sledges heavy boards used to separate grain from the rest of the wheat plant -2SA 24 24 m1m6 figs-doublenegatives 0 I will not offer…anything that costs me nothing This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “I will only offer…something that I have paid for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +2SA 24 24 m1m6 figs-doublenegatives 0 I will not offer … anything that costs me nothing This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “I will only offer … something that I have paid for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 2SA 24 24 w2n6 translate-numbers 0 fifty shekels “50 shekels.” A shekel is 11 grams. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) 2SA 24 25 xl51 figs-metonymy 0 on behalf of the land Here the metonym “land” stands for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “on behalf of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 24 25 lp9s figs-activepassive 0 the plague on Israel was confined This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God confined the plague that had been on Israel” or “God took the plague away from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/en_tn_11-1KI.tsv b/en_tn_11-1KI.tsv index 2ddcf313e..0e37a29ec 100644 --- a/en_tn_11-1KI.tsv +++ b/en_tn_11-1KI.tsv @@ -16,20 +16,20 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 1 6 eh22 figs-rquestion 0 Why have you done this or that? This is a rhetorical question that a father would ask to discipline his son. Alternate translation: “You should know that what you have done is wrong.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 1 6 g811 0 born next after Absalom David was the father or both Absalom and Adonijah, but they had different mothers. Absalom was born, then Adonijah. 1KI 1 7 yk92 0 He conferred with Joab “Adonijah discussed his plans with Joab” -1KI 1 7 lla5 translate-names 0 Joab…Zeruiah…Abiathar…Adonijah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 1 7 lla5 translate-names 0 Joab … Zeruiah … Abiathar … Adonijah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 1 7 a99r 0 followed Adonijah and helped him “supported and helped Adonijah” or “promised to support and help Adonijah” -1KI 1 8 sj3w translate-names 0 Zadok…Benaiah…Jehoiada…Nathan…Shimei…Rei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 1 8 sj3w translate-names 0 Zadok … Benaiah … Jehoiada … Nathan … Shimei … Rei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 1 9 k2ub 0 fattened calves “calves that were given plenty of food so that they would be fat” or “young cows that were specially prepared for sacrifice” 1KI 1 9 lp17 translate-names 0 stone of Zoheleth This is a rocky area near Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 1 9 xh7g translate-names 0 En Rogel This was the name of a spring where people got water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1KI 1 9 q3zv figs-hyperbole 0 all his brothers…all the men This is a generalization. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +1KI 1 9 q3zv figs-hyperbole 0 all his brothers … all the men This is a generalization. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1KI 1 9 cex2 0 all his brothers, the king’s sons These two phrases refer to the same people. 1KI 1 9 g2tn 0 men of Judah, the king’s servants These two phrases refer to the same people. -1KI 1 11 l2v9 figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard…it? The purpose of this question is to introduce the information that Nathan wants to tell Bathsheba. Alternate translation: “You do not seem to have heard…it.” or “Have you heard…it?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1KI 1 11 l2v9 figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard … it? The purpose of this question is to introduce the information that Nathan wants to tell Bathsheba. Alternate translation: “You do not seem to have heard … it.” or “Have you heard … it?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 1 11 pb3p 0 that Adonijah son of Haggith has become king “that Haggith’s son Adonijah is trying to become king” 1KI 1 11 ae8u translate-names 0 Haggith Adonijah’s mother and a wife of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 1 13 eri4 0 General Information: The prophet Nathan continues to speak to Bathsheba. -1KI 1 13 v5dq figs-rquestion 0 did you not swear to your servant…throne? The purpose of this question was to remind David of what he had promised Bathsheba. Alternate translation: “you swore to your servant…throne.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1KI 1 13 v5dq figs-rquestion 0 did you not swear to your servant … throne? The purpose of this question was to remind David of what he had promised Bathsheba. Alternate translation: “you swore to your servant … throne.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 1 13 pg8n figs-pronouns 0 to your servant Bathsheba speaks to David as if she were someone else to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “to me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1KI 1 13 rwb6 figs-metonymy 0 he will sit on my throne Sitting on the throne is a metonym for being king. Alternate translation: “he will be king just as I was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 1 13 k3xw figs-rquestion 0 Why then is Adonijah reigning? Bathsheba was to use a question so David would pay attention. Alternate translation: “So then, Adonijah should not be reigning.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 1 18 c6z7 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 1KI 1 19 hk1d 0 oxen, fatted calves, and sheep in abundance “many oxen, fatted calves, and sheep” 1KI 1 20 f7mp 0 General Information: Bathsheba continues to speak to King David. -1KI 1 20 zlc4 figs-synecdoche 0 the eyes of all Israel are on you, waiting Here “eyes” refers to the people. Here “the eyes…are on you” is an idiom that means the people are waiting expectantly. Alternate translation: “all the people of Israel are waiting expectantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1KI 1 20 zlc4 figs-synecdoche 0 the eyes of all Israel are on you, waiting Here “eyes” refers to the people. Here “the eyes … are on you” is an idiom that means the people are waiting expectantly. Alternate translation: “all the people of Israel are waiting expectantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 1 20 ux2p 0 will sit on the throne Sitting on the throne is a metonym for being king. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “will be king” 1KI 1 21 pu6x figs-pronouns 0 when my master the king sleeps with his fathers Bathsheba speaks to King David as if she were speaking about him to show that she respects him. Alternate translation: “when you sleep with your fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1KI 1 21 jz9e figs-euphemism 0 sleeps with his fathers This is a polite way of saying “dies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -76,21 +76,21 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 1 37 l4nd figs-metonymy 0 make his throne greater than the throne of my master King David The word “throne” is a metonym for either (1) the person who sits on the throne. Alternate translation: “make the one who sits on the throne greater than my master King David” or (2) the kingdom over which the one who sits on the throne rules. Alternate translation: “make his kingdom greater than the kingdom of my master King David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 1 37 fzr9 figs-pronouns 0 the throne of my master King David Benaiah speaks to King David as if he were speaking to someone else to show that he respects King David. Alternate translation: “your throne, my master King David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1KI 1 38 ec4p 0 General Information: The people of Israel anoint Solomon as king over Israel. -1KI 1 38 nk4t translate-names 0 Kerethites…Pelethites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 1 38 nk4t translate-names 0 Kerethites … Pelethites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 1 38 t1rd translate-names 0 Gihon This is the name of a spring, where fresh water comes out of the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 1 39 l324 0 took the horn of oil out of the tent This means the priest took the special animal horn filled with olive oil that was kept in Yahweh’s special tent. 1KI 1 39 v593 0 took the horn of oil This could mean: (1) the horn of an animal filled with olive oil or (2) a container that had replaced the original horn, but the people still called it a horn. Alternate translation: “took a container of oil” 1KI 1 39 uf1x figs-hyperbole 0 all the people This is a generalization. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1KI 1 41 qc57 0 General Information: Adonijah hears the loud noise and waits for the news. 1KI 1 43 m386 0 General Information: Adonijah learns that Solomon is the new king. -1KI 1 44 bah7 translate-names 0 Kerethites…Pelethites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 1 44 bah7 translate-names 0 Kerethites … Pelethites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 1 46 lbn6 0 General Information: Jonathan continues to speak to Adonijah about Solomon. 1KI 1 46 nz69 figs-metonymy 0 is sitting on the throne of the kingdom This could mean: (1) that these words are a metonym for being king. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 1:35](../01/35.md). Alternate translation: “is now king” or (2) that Solomon was physically sitting on the physical throne. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 1 48 v2c2 figs-metonymy 0 a person to sit on my throne this day This could mean: (1) that these words are a metonym for being king. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 1:35](../01/35.md). Alternate translation: “a person to be king today as I was” or (2) that Solomon was physically sitting on the physical throne. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 1 49 k3ln 0 General Information: Adonijah becomes terrified of King Solomon. 1KI 1 49 iqg3 figs-idiom 0 They stood up Another possible meaning is “They began to act quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1KI 1 50 lg7j 0 Adonijah…took hold of the horns of the altar The “horns of the altar” symbolized the strength and protection of Yahweh, but because Adonijah literally went into the area of the physical tent to take literal hold of the physical horns, you should translate this literally. -1KI 1 50 ls5i figs-idiom 0 Adonijah…rose up, went Another possible meaning is “Adonijah…quickly went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1KI 1 50 lg7j 0 Adonijah … took hold of the horns of the altar The “horns of the altar” symbolized the strength and protection of Yahweh, but because Adonijah literally went into the area of the physical tent to take literal hold of the physical horns, you should translate this literally. +1KI 1 50 ls5i figs-idiom 0 Adonijah … rose up, went Another possible meaning is “Adonijah … quickly went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 1 51 i1ku figs-pronouns 0 is afraid of King Solomon The servants speak to King Solomon as if they were speaking of someone else to show that they respected King Solomon. Alternate translation: “is afraid of you, King Solomon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1KI 1 51 g2ei figs-pronouns 0 he will not kill his servant Adonijah speaks of himself as if he were speaking of another person so people will think that he respects King Solomon. Alternate translation: “he will not kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1KI 1 52 jr66 0 General Information: Solomon spares the life of Adonijah. @@ -102,12 +102,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 2 3 z9rt figs-idiom 0 walk in his ways Walking on a path is a metonym for the way a person lives. Alternate translation: “live the way he commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 2 3 dd23 0 so you may prosper “so you may succeed” or “so you may do well” 1KI 2 4 rt48 0 may fulfill his word “do everything he promised he would do” -1KI 2 4 dul9 0 If your sons…you will never cease Yahweh is talking to David, so the words “you” and “your” refer to David. +1KI 2 4 dul9 0 If your sons … you will never cease Yahweh is talking to David, so the words “you” and “your” refer to David. 1KI 2 4 zt1t 0 to walk before me faithfully Yahweh is talking to David, so the word “me” refers to Yahweh. -1KI 2 4 m9j1 figs-idiom 0 with all their heart and with all their soul The idiom “with all…heart” means “completely” and “with all…soul” means “with all…being.” These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “with all their being” or “with all their energy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1KI 2 4 m9j1 figs-idiom 0 with all their heart and with all their soul The idiom “with all … heart” means “completely” and “with all … soul” means “with all … being.” These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “with all their being” or “with all their energy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1KI 2 4 j114 figs-metonymy 0 you will never cease to have a man on the throne of Israel The word “throne” is a metonym for the king who sits on the throne. The litotes “will never cease to have” can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “your descendants will never cease to be kings of Israel” or “one of your descendants will always be the king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 1KI 2 5 ypg2 0 General Information: King David continues to tell Solomon how to lead Israel. -1KI 2 5 vc4k 0 what Joab…did to me, and what he did David is referring to the same thing twice. Alternate translation: “what Joab…did to me—that is, what he did” +1KI 2 5 vc4k 0 what Joab … did to me, and what he did David is referring to the same thing twice. Alternate translation: “what Joab … did to me—that is, what he did” 1KI 2 5 dfd6 figs-metonymy 0 shed the blood of war in peace This could mean: (1) “killed those men during a time of peace as if he were killing them in war” or (2) “took revenge on those men during a time of peace because they had killed people in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 2 5 x43i figs-metonymy 0 put the blood of war on the belt around his waist and on the shoes on his feet This could mean: (1) Joab was close enough to these men when he killed them that their blood spattered on his belt and on his sandals or (2) the word “blood” is a metonym for guilt of murder, and the belt and the shoes are metonyms for Joab’s authority as commander, so David is saying that because Joab is guilty of murder, he should not be commander of the army. Either way, it is best to translate this literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 2 6 hm11 figs-metonymy 0 do not let his gray head go down to the grave in peace Here being old is represented by having gray hair, that is, a “gray head.” Alternate translation: “make sure Joab dies a violent death before he grows old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -115,14 +115,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 2 7 p85c translate-names 0 Barzillai a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 2 7 tcu5 figs-metonymy 0 let them be among those who eat at your table The table is a metonym for the home where the table is. Alternate translation: “welcome them to eat at your home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 2 8 xba3 0 General Information: King David continues to tell Solomon how to lead Israel. -1KI 2 8 l8ys translate-names 0 Shimei…Gera men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 2 8 l8ys translate-names 0 Shimei … Gera men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 2 8 ec5k 0 Benjamite descendant of Benjamin -1KI 2 8 r5e7 translate-names 0 Bahurim…Mahanaim place names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 2 8 r5e7 translate-names 0 Bahurim … Mahanaim place names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 2 9 tvd1 figs-doublenegatives 0 do not let him go free from punishment This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “be sure to punish him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 1KI 2 9 wrv9 figs-metonymy 0 bring his gray head down to the grave with blood Blood is a metonym for violent death, and the head is synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “make sure he dies a violent death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1KI 2 10 uiy4 0 General Information: David dies and Solomon takes his place as the new king of Israel. 1KI 2 10 rlu4 figs-euphemism 0 slept with his ancestors David dying is spoken of as if he had fallen asleep. Alternate translation: “died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -1KI 2 10 h7jt figs-activepassive 0 David…and was buried This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “David…and they buried him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1KI 2 10 h7jt figs-activepassive 0 David … and was buried This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “David … and they buried him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 2 11 f3w5 0 The days that David reigned over Israel were “The time that David reigned over Israel was” or “David reigned over Israel for” 1KI 2 12 nhg1 figs-metonymy 0 sat on the throne of his father David The throne represents the authority of the king. Alternate translation: “became king, as his father David had been” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 2 12 p55b figs-activepassive 0 his rule was firmly established This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh firmly established Solomon’s rule” or “Yahweh caused Solomon to take complete control of the kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -139,10 +139,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 2 19 taa6 0 The king rose “The king stood up” from where he was sitting on his throne. 1KI 2 19 hdv2 figs-activepassive 0 had a throne brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “told someone to bring a throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 2 19 xwh6 0 the king’s mother Bathsheba -1KI 2 20 z967 figs-metonymy 0 you will not turn away from my face…I will not turn away from your face Turning from the face of someone is a metonym for refusing to look at someone, which in turn is a metonym for refusing to do what that person requests. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 2:16](../02/16.md) and [1 Kings 2:17](../02/17.md). Alternate translation: “you will not refuse to do what I request…I will not refuse to do what you request” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 2 21 hu72 figs-activepassive 0 Let Abishag the Shunammite be given to Adonijah…as his wife This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Allow Adonijah…to marry Abishag the Shunammite” or “Give Abishag the Shunammite to Adonijah…as his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1KI 2 20 z967 figs-metonymy 0 you will not turn away from my face … I will not turn away from your face Turning from the face of someone is a metonym for refusing to look at someone, which in turn is a metonym for refusing to do what that person requests. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 2:16](../02/16.md) and [1 Kings 2:17](../02/17.md). Alternate translation: “you will not refuse to do what I request … I will not refuse to do what you request” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 2 21 hu72 figs-activepassive 0 Let Abishag the Shunammite be given to Adonijah … as his wife This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Allow Adonijah … to marry Abishag the Shunammite” or “Give Abishag the Shunammite to Adonijah … as his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 2 22 mq4g 0 General Information: King Solomon gives an answer to Adonijah’s request. -1KI 2 22 d8bh figs-rquestion 0 Why do you ask…Adonijah? Why do you not ask the kingdom for him also…Zeruiah? King Solomon was angered by his mother’s request. Alternate translation: “You are wrong to ask…Adonijah! This is the same as asking the kingdom for him also…Zeruiah!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1KI 2 22 d8bh figs-rquestion 0 Why do you ask … Adonijah? Why do you not ask the kingdom for him also … Zeruiah? King Solomon was angered by his mother’s request. Alternate translation: “You are wrong to ask … Adonijah! This is the same as asking the kingdom for him also … Zeruiah!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 2 23 zem8 figs-idiom 0 May God do so to me, and more also, if Adonijah has not spoken this word against his own life This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “God will have every right to execute me—and to do even worse things to me—if I do not execute Adonijah because he has made this request” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 2 24 gp3x 0 General Information: King Solomon executes Adonijah. 1KI 2 24 ac1q figs-metonymy 0 set me on the throne The word “throne” refers to Solomon’s authority to rule that was given by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -169,14 +169,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 2 36 dwu7 0 General Information: King Solomon tells Shimei to stay in Jerusalem or Shimei will die. 1KI 2 37 d6zb figs-metonymy 0 Your blood will be on your own head Here “blood” is a metonym for guilt and the head is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “You will be responsible for your own death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 2 39 c8cs 0 General Information: Shimei leaves Jerusalem. -1KI 2 39 m2lk translate-names 0 Achish…Maacah…Gath men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 2 39 m2lk translate-names 0 Achish … Maacah … Gath men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 2 39 mgg2 translate-names 0 Gath a Philistine city (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 2 40 v645 figs-idiom 0 Shimei arose This is an idiom. “Shimei quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 2 41 deq5 0 General Information: King Solomon judges Shimei for leaving Jerusalem. 1KI 2 41 mvk6 figs-activepassive 0 Solomon was told This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told Solomon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1KI 2 42 c16y figs-rquestion 0 Did I not make you swear…saying, ‘Know…die’? Solomon is reminding Shimei of what Shimei had promised. Alternate translation: “You know very well that I made you swear…saying, ‘Know…die’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1KI 2 42 c16y figs-rquestion 0 Did I not make you swear … saying, ‘Know … die’? Solomon is reminding Shimei of what Shimei had promised. Alternate translation: “You know very well that I made you swear … saying, ‘Know … die’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 2 43 bt3j 0 General Information: King Solomon pronounces judgment upon Shimei for leaving Jerusalem. -1KI 2 43 pue7 figs-rquestion 0 Why then have you not kept your oath…you? This could mean: (1) Solomon is asking for an answer or (2) Alternate translation: “You have done wrong by breaking your oath…you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1KI 2 43 pue7 figs-rquestion 0 Why then have you not kept your oath … you? This could mean: (1) Solomon is asking for an answer or (2) Alternate translation: “You have done wrong by breaking your oath … you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 2 44 f7q3 figs-synecdoche 0 will return your wickedness on your own head Here the head represents the person, and wickedness is spoken of as if it were a solid or liquid that could be put on a person’s head. Alternate translation: “will hold you responsible for all your wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1KI 2 45 r843 0 General Information: King Solomon orders Shimei to be put to death. 1KI 2 45 fx8t figs-metonymy 0 the throne of David will be established before Yahweh forever Here “throne of David” represents the authority and rule of David and all his descendants forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -224,15 +224,15 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 3 28 caa5 figs-hyperbole 0 all Israel This is a generalization. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1KI 4 intro q6h7 0 # 1 Kings 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter names the important people in Solomon’s government and shows the extent of his kingdom. 1KI 4 1 lyk2 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a list of Solomon’s officials. The list ends in 1 Kings 4:6. -1KI 4 2 e1li translate-names 0 Azariah…Zadok These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 2 e1li translate-names 0 Azariah … Zadok These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 3 hc81 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of Solomon’s officials. -1KI 4 3 l925 translate-names 0 Elihoreph…Ahijah…Shisha…Jehoshaphat…Ahilud These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 3 l925 translate-names 0 Elihoreph … Ahijah … Shisha … Jehoshaphat … Ahilud These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 4 m64n 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of Solomon’s officials. -1KI 4 4 zx7v translate-names 0 Benaiah…Jehoiada…Zadok…Abiathar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 4 zx7v translate-names 0 Benaiah … Jehoiada … Zadok … Abiathar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 5 zv8j 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of Solomon’s officials. -1KI 4 5 rn96 translate-names 0 Azariah…Nathan…Zabud These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 5 rn96 translate-names 0 Azariah … Nathan … Zabud These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 6 kk39 0 Connecting Statement: This ends the list of Solomon’s officials. -1KI 4 6 tbu8 translate-names 0 Ahishar…Adoniram…Abda These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 6 tbu8 translate-names 0 Ahishar … Adoniram … Abda These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 6 uj2q figs-activepassive 0 the men who were subjected to forced labor This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the men whom Solomon forced to work for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 4 7 er5n 0 General Information: This begins a list of Solomon’s 12 officers. The list ends in 1 Kings 4:19. 1KI 4 8 ea4h translate-names 0 Ben-Hur This is the name of a man. Note that “Ben” before a name means “son of” so “Ben-Hur” means “the son of Hur.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -241,26 +241,26 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 4 9 s99n 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers continues. 1KI 4 9 z8g9 translate-names 0 Ben-Deker This is the name of a man. Note that “Ben” before a name means “son of” so “Ben-Deker” means “the son of Deker.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 9 apu3 0 in Makaz “who was the officer in charge of Makaz” -1KI 4 9 em9k translate-names 0 Makaz…Shaalbim…Beth Shemesh…Elon Beth Hanan These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 9 em9k translate-names 0 Makaz … Shaalbim … Beth Shemesh … Elon Beth Hanan These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 10 i7pe 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers continues. 1KI 4 10 e1f9 translate-names 0 Ben-Hesed This is the name of a man. Note that “Ben” before a name means “son of” so “Ben-Hesed” means “the son of Hesed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 10 s82y 0 in Arubboth “who was the officer in charge of Arubboth” -1KI 4 10 cjq8 translate-names 0 Arubboth…Sokoh…Hepher These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 10 cjq8 translate-names 0 Arubboth … Sokoh … Hepher These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 11 tw3i 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers continues. 1KI 4 11 jei3 translate-names 0 Ben-Abinadab This is the name of a man. Note that “Ben” before a name means “son of” so “Ben-Abinadab” means “the son of Abinadab.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 11 vlp1 0 in all Naphoth Dor “who was the officer in charge of all Naphoth Dor” 1KI 4 11 km7t translate-names 0 Naphoth Dor This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 11 u2i9 translate-names 0 Taphath This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 12 p1ew 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers continues. -1KI 4 12 jr42 translate-names 0 Baana…Ahilud These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 12 jr42 translate-names 0 Baana … Ahilud These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 12 z8m8 0 in Taanach “who was the officer in charge of Taanach” -1KI 4 12 prm3 translate-names 0 Taanach…Megiddo…Beth Shan…Zarethan…Jezreel…Beth Shan to Abel Meholah…Jokmeam These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 12 prm3 translate-names 0 Taanach … Megiddo … Beth Shan … Zarethan … Jezreel … Beth Shan to Abel Meholah … Jokmeam These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 13 q3n4 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers continues. -1KI 4 13 vg5a translate-names 0 Ben-Geber…Jair…Manasseh These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 13 vg5a translate-names 0 Ben-Geber … Jair … Manasseh These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 13 utw1 0 in Ramoth Gilead “who was the officer in charge of Ramoth Gilead” -1KI 4 13 y18h translate-names 0 Ramoth Gilead…Argob…Bashan These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 13 y18h translate-names 0 Ramoth Gilead … Argob … Bashan These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 14 z6hz 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers continues. -1KI 4 14 f2yl translate-names 0 Ahinadab…Iddo These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 14 f2yl translate-names 0 Ahinadab … Iddo These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 14 ayp9 0 in Mahanaim “who was the officer in charge of Mahanaim” 1KI 4 14 yh57 translate-names 0 Mahanaim This is the name of place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 15 j3i6 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers continues. @@ -269,22 +269,22 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 4 15 f4p2 translate-names 0 Naphtali This is a tribal land named after a son of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 15 db86 translate-names 0 Basemath This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 16 x9e1 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers continues. -1KI 4 16 m1i4 translate-names 0 Baana…Hushai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 16 m1i4 translate-names 0 Baana … Hushai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 16 w3gc 0 in Asher “who was the officer in charge of Asher” 1KI 4 16 w47z translate-names 0 Asher This is a tribal land named after a son of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 16 r3kq translate-names 0 Bealoth This is the name of a piece of land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 17 xrq5 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers continues. -1KI 4 17 nlz7 translate-names 0 Jehoshaphat…Paruah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 17 nlz7 translate-names 0 Jehoshaphat … Paruah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 17 nn2w 0 in Issachar “who was the officer in charge of Issachar” 1KI 4 17 uyi4 translate-names 0 Issachar This is a tribal land named after a son of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 18 v4hq 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers continues. -1KI 4 18 v9eu translate-names 0 Shimei…Ela These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 18 v9eu translate-names 0 Shimei … Ela These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 18 d1rc 0 in Benjamin “who was the officer in charge of Benjamin” 1KI 4 18 k3r6 translate-names 0 Benjamin This is a tribal land named for a son of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 19 ydm5 0 Connecting Statement: The list of Solomon’s 12 officers ends. -1KI 4 19 pty3 translate-names 0 Geber…Uri…Sihon…Og These are men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 19 pty3 translate-names 0 Geber … Uri … Sihon … Og These are men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 19 q97y 0 in the land of Gilead “who was the officer in charge of the land of Gilead” -1KI 4 19 fq9l translate-names 0 Gilead…Bashan These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 19 fq9l translate-names 0 Gilead … Bashan These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 19 t2kh 0 the country of Sihon “the land that in earlier years belonged to Sihon” 1KI 4 19 hgw5 translate-names 0 Amorites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 4 19 uy6j 0 in the land Here “the land” refers to the land of Judah; the previous officials presided over different parts of Israel. @@ -306,8 +306,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 4 29 h9j6 figs-simile 0 wideness of understanding like the sand on the seashore Solomon was able to understand many things about many different subjects. The abstract noun “wideness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Solomon was able to understand many things about a wide range of subjects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 1KI 4 30 w9j4 0 Solomon’s wisdom exceeded the wisdom of all the people “Solomon was wiser than all the wise people” 1KI 4 30 g12d 0 the people of the east This refers to people from countries east of Israel such as Arabia and Mesopotamia. -1KI 4 31 cu1z translate-names 0 Ethan…Heman…Kalkol…Darda…Mahol men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1KI 4 33 r1r3 translate-unknown 0 cedar…hyssop These words form a merism that includes all plants. Alternate translation: “cedar tree…hyssop bush” or “the greatest of trees…least important of bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +1KI 4 31 cu1z translate-names 0 Ethan … Heman … Kalkol … Darda … Mahol men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 4 33 r1r3 translate-unknown 0 cedar … hyssop These words form a merism that includes all plants. Alternate translation: “cedar tree … hyssop bush” or “the greatest of trees … least important of bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1KI 5 intro c6a5 0 # 1 Kings 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the beginning of the description of the building of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Building the temple
Building the temple took a lot of work and cooperation. King Hiram of Tyre provided lumber for building the temple in exchange for wheat and olive oil. Solomon also had many people cutting rocks for the walls of the temple. 1KI 5 1 f4a8 0 General Information: Solomon talks with King Hiram about building the Temple. 1KI 5 1 wb37 0 Hiram had always loved David “Hiram had always been a close friend of King David” @@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 5 4 lex1 0 adversary enemy 1KI 5 4 hy1q 0 disaster event that causes harm to people and their property 1KI 5 5 gll4 0 So This is to emphasize the words that follow. “Listen! This is what I am going to do:” or “Because of what Yahweh has done for me, this is what I am going to do:” -1KI 5 5 ep1h figs-metonymy 0 for the name of Yahweh my God…for my name The word “name” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “where Yahweh my God will live…where I will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 5 5 ep1h figs-metonymy 0 for the name of Yahweh my God … for my name The word “name” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “where Yahweh my God will live … where I will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 5 5 pwq3 figs-metonymy 0 set on your throne in your place Here “throne” refers to ruling as king. Alternate translation: “make to be the king after you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 5 6 gxt5 0 General Information: Solomon continues to talk with King Hiram about building the temple. 1KI 5 6 ae9w 0 there is no one among us who knows how to cut timber like the Sidonians “your workers know how to cut timber better than my men” @@ -354,13 +354,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 6 intro dn22 0 # 1 Kings 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Building the temple
Solomon built the temple in seven years. The outside walls were made of rock. Solomon shaped the rocks for the wall in the quarry and then assembled them at the temple site. The inside was covered with wood. Inside the temple was a room covered by gold, which was the Most Holy Place where the ark was housed under statues of angels. It represented the presence of God. 1KI 6 1 rj8r 0 General Information: The narrator describes the temple and its dimensions. This description continues through 1 Kings 6:38. 1KI 6 1 si1j figs-metonymy 0 Solomon began to build Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “Solomon commanded his workers to begin building” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 6 1 z8zf translate-ordinal 0 480th…fourth These are the ordinal forms of 480 and 4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +1KI 6 1 z8zf translate-ordinal 0 480th … fourth These are the ordinal forms of 480 and 4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 1KI 6 1 u34s translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the month of Ziv, which is the second month “Ziv” is the name of the second month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of April and the first part of May on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 6 2 hfy6 0 Connecting Statement: The narrator continues to describe the temple and its dimensions. 1KI 6 2 md89 translate-numbers 0 sixty cubits long, twenty cubits wide, and thirty cubits high “60 cubits long, 20 cubits wide, and 30 cubits high.” A cubit is 46 centimeters. This can be written used modern measures. Alternate translation: “27.6 meters long, 9.2 meters wide, and 13.8 meters high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 6 3 yij1 0 Connecting Statement: The narrator continues to describe the temple and its dimensions. 1KI 6 3 usb7 0 portico an area of a building made of columns and a roof that leads to and connects with the building’s entrance door. This portico was probably attached to the front part of the wall that surrounded the temple. -1KI 6 3 yu32 translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits…ten cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “9.2 meters…4.6 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +1KI 6 3 yu32 translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits … ten cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “9.2 meters…4.6 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 6 4 wsw3 0 Connecting Statement: The narrator continues to describe the temple and its dimensions. 1KI 6 4 vkp1 figs-metonymy 0 he made windows Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “they made windows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 5 va1u 0 Connecting Statement: The narrator continues to describe the temple and its dimensions. @@ -368,19 +368,19 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 6 5 p1zz 0 he built rooms around it He built rooms on the outside of the outside wall around the main chamber. 1KI 6 6 rh9a 0 Connecting Statement: The narrator continues to describe the temple and its dimensions. 1KI 6 6 r5tu figs-metonymy 0 he made Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “they made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 6 6 yy1k 0 The lowest story…the middle…the third This refers to the rooms in each story of the building. -1KI 6 6 w37f translate-bdistance 0 five cubits…six cubits…seven cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 2.3 meters…about 2.8 meters…about 3.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +1KI 6 6 yy1k 0 The lowest story … the middle … the third This refers to the rooms in each story of the building. +1KI 6 6 w37f translate-bdistance 0 five cubits … six cubits … seven cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 2.3 meters … about 2.8 meters … about 3.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 6 6 grf8 0 he made offsets in the wall of the house They made ledges all around the main building to support the beams of the small rooms. 1KI 6 6 fp5r 0 beams A beam is a long heavy piece of wood used to support a building. 1KI 6 7 gis9 0 Connecting Statement: The narrator continues to describe the temple. 1KI 6 7 udq4 0 the house Here “house” refers to God’s house, the temple. 1KI 6 7 ekm1 0 stones prepared at the quarry A quarry is where people cut large stones from a mountain and shape them with tools so they are smooth. After they prepared the stones at the quarry, they brought them to the temple. 1KI 6 8 n52z 0 Connecting Statement: The narrator continues to describe the temple. -1KI 6 8 rn6p 0 ground level…middle level…third level There were a total of three floors. Some languages call these “ground floor,” “first floor,” and “second floor.” +1KI 6 8 rn6p 0 ground level … middle level … third level There were a total of three floors. Some languages call these “ground floor,” “first floor,” and “second floor.” 1KI 6 9 e4k6 0 Connecting Statement: The narrator continues to describe the temple. -1KI 6 9 eh9y figs-metonymy 0 Solomon built…he covered Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers built…they covered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 6 9 qdt5 0 beams…of cedar A beam is a long heavy piece of wood used to support a building. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 6:6](../06/06.md). -1KI 6 9 j6je 0 planks…of cedar A plank is a flat wooden board used for floors and walls. +1KI 6 9 eh9y figs-metonymy 0 Solomon built … he covered Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers built … they covered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 6 9 qdt5 0 beams … of cedar A beam is a long heavy piece of wood used to support a building. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 6:6](../06/06.md). +1KI 6 9 j6je 0 planks … of cedar A plank is a flat wooden board used for floors and walls. 1KI 6 10 yh6f 0 Connecting Statement: The narrator continues to describe the temple and its dimensions. 1KI 6 10 kzz6 figs-metonymy 0 He built Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “They built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 10 du8w 0 He built the side rooms These are the same rooms that are referred to in [1 Kings 6:5](../06/05.md). @@ -394,10 +394,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 6 12 g495 figs-parallelism 0 keep all my commandments and walk in them These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the importance of obeying God’s commandments. AT “carefully obey all I tell you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1KI 6 12 x4rb 0 I will confirm my promise with you that I had made to David your father “I will do everything I promised David your father that I would do for you” 1KI 6 14 k3ad figs-metonymy 0 Solomon Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 6 15 y9km figs-metonymy 0 he built…he covered them…he covered the floor Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “they built…they covered them…they covered the floor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 6 15 y9km figs-metonymy 0 he built … he covered them … he covered the floor Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “they built … they covered them … they covered the floor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 15 hp23 0 interior walls walls between the rooms on the inside 1KI 6 15 ik56 translate-unknown 0 cypress Cypress is a kind of wood that was used for building the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -1KI 6 16 d6pq figs-metonymy 0 He built twenty cubits…He built this room Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “He commanded them to build twenty cubits…He had them build this room” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 6 16 d6pq figs-metonymy 0 He built twenty cubits … He built this room Solomon would have commanded his workers to do the building. Alternate translation: “He commanded them to build twenty cubits … He had them build this room” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 16 xx5s 0 He built twenty cubits “He built a room twenty cubits long” 1KI 6 16 g59q translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “9.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 6 17 w7cv translate-bdistance 0 forty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “18.4 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) @@ -408,9 +408,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 6 20 w5vk figs-metonymy 0 Solomon overlaid Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “They overlaid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 20 jfg2 0 twenty cubits “9.2 meters” 1KI 6 20 m4tm 0 covered the altar with cedar wood This altar would be used for burning incense. -1KI 6 21 yge1 figs-metonymy 0 Solomon overlaid…he placed Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “They overlaid…they placed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 6 21 yge1 figs-metonymy 0 Solomon overlaid … he placed Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “They overlaid … they placed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 21 c2iq 0 overlaid “covered” -1KI 6 22 x7k8 figs-metonymy 0 He overlaid…He also overlaid Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “They overlaid…They also overlaid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 6 22 x7k8 figs-metonymy 0 He overlaid … He also overlaid Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “They overlaid … They also overlaid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 22 l55u 0 altar that belonged to the inner room “altar of incense at the entrance to the inner room” 1KI 6 23 ilt3 figs-metonymy 0 Solomon made Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Solomon commanded them to make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 23 w5qr 0 olivewood wood from an olive tree @@ -428,13 +428,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 6 31 uq5r figs-metonymy 0 Solomon made Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “They made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 31 fb2k 0 lintel beam across the top of a door frame 1KI 6 31 c6zg 0 indented sections toothlike notches on each of five sections -1KI 6 32 w1bj figs-metonymy 0 he made…he made…He overlaid…he spread Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “they made…they made…They overlaid…they spread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 6 32 w1bj figs-metonymy 0 he made … he made … He overlaid … he spread Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “they made … they made … They overlaid … they spread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 32 ix6q 0 overlaid “covered.” See how you translated this in [1 Kings 6:21](../06/21.md). 1KI 6 33 s6ub 0 In this way, Solomon also made for the temple entrance doorposts of olive wood having four indented sections “In the same way, Solomon also made doorposts of olive wood for the temple entrance, with four indented sections” 1KI 6 33 dfh2 figs-metonymy 0 Solomon also made Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “they also made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 33 nd29 0 indented sections tooth-like notches 1KI 6 34 eh1n 0 The two leaves of the one door This means each door had two sections connected by hinges so they could fold together. -1KI 6 35 zh1r figs-metonymy 0 He carved…he evenly overlaid Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “They carved…they evenly overlaid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 6 35 zh1r figs-metonymy 0 He carved … he evenly overlaid Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “They carved … they evenly overlaid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 36 y7ry figs-metonymy 0 He built the inner courtyard Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “They built the inner courtyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 6 36 ugf5 0 cedar beams A beam is a long heavy piece of wood used to support a building. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 6:6](../06/06.md). 1KI 6 37 w9kb translate-ordinal 0 the fourth year The word “fourth” is the ordinal form of “four.” You may need to make explicit the event from which the writer counts the years. Alternate translation: “the fourth year after Solomon became king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 7 2 rj76 0 General Information: Some details are given about the structure of the Palace of the Forest of Lebanon. 1KI 7 2 a64r figs-metonymy 0 He built Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “He commanded them to build” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 7 2 rg2y 0 the Palace of the Forest of Lebanon “the house called the House of the Lebanon Forest” -1KI 7 2 tl45 translate-bdistance 0 one hundred cubits…fifty cubits…thirty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “46 meters…23 meters…13.8 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +1KI 7 2 tl45 translate-bdistance 0 one hundred cubits … fifty cubits … thirty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “46 meters…23 meters…13.8 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 7 2 zp59 0 beams A beam is a long piece of strong wood used to support walls and roofs. 1KI 7 3 e2zi 0 Connecting Statement: Some details continue to be given about the structure of the Palace of the Forest of Lebanon. 1KI 7 3 vs2w figs-activepassive 0 The house was roofed with cedar that rested on beams This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The carpenters built a roof from cedar planks and attached them to beams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 7 5 tmp7 0 were made square “had rectangular frames” 1KI 7 6 r2cs 0 General Information: The author writes about the structure of the Hall of Pillars. 1KI 7 6 i5va 0 colonnade a series of columns, all the same distance apart -1KI 7 6 v962 translate-bdistance 0 fifty cubits…thirty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “23 meters…13.8 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +1KI 7 6 v962 translate-bdistance 0 fifty cubits … thirty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “23 meters…13.8 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 7 6 nzf9 0 portico an area of a building made of columns and a roof that leads to and connects with the building’s entrance door. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 6:3](../06/03.md) 1KI 7 7 u94c 0 General Information: The author writes about the hall of the throne. 1KI 7 7 t73g figs-metonymy 0 Solomon built Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Solomon had them build” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -481,9 +481,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 7 11 rv23 0 cedar beams A beam is a long piece of wood used for structural support. 1KI 7 12 gj1m 0 three rows of cut stone and a row of cedar beams See how you translated this in [1 Kings 6:36](../06/36.md). 1KI 7 13 yv35 figs-explicit 0 brought him from Tyre Huram accepted Solomon’s invitation to come to Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1KI 7 14 mx1e figs-explicit 0 the son of a widow…his father was a man of Tyre A widow is a woman whose husband has died, so we know that the father is dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1KI 7 14 mx1e figs-explicit 0 the son of a widow … his father was a man of Tyre A widow is a woman whose husband has died, so we know that the father is dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1KI 7 14 xyc5 figs-activepassive 0 Huram was filled with wisdom and understanding and skill This can be stated in active form. The words “wisdom and understanding” mean basically the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Yahweh giving such things as wisdom is spoken of as if they were liquids that Yahweh had poured into a container, and Huram is spoken of as if he were that container. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had given Huram wisdom, understanding, and skill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1KI 7 15 ps2x translate-bdistance 0 eighteen cubits…twelve cubits A cubit is about 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 8.3 meters…5.5 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +1KI 7 15 ps2x translate-bdistance 0 eighteen cubits … twelve cubits A cubit is about 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 8.3 meters…5.5 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 7 15 rjk8 0 in circumference Circumference is the distance or measurement around a circular object or area. 1KI 7 16 py25 translate-bdistance 0 five cubits A cubit is about 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “2.3 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 7 16 ym3q 0 two capitals decorations on top of each of the two pillars @@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 7 17 lzk9 0 Checker latticework and wreaths of chain work “Crossed metal strips woven together and metal chains twisted together” 1KI 7 18 rc2z figs-metonymy 0 Huram made Huram would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Huram commanded his workers to make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 7 18 m8zp 0 two rows of pomegranates A pomegranate is a fruit with a hard, red rind and many juicy seeds inside. Huram did not use real pomegranates to decorate the pillars. He made them out of bronze. -1KI 7 19 yg1b figs-activepassive 0 The capitals…were decorated with lilies, four cubits high Lilies are plants whose flowers are wide at one end and very narrow at the other end. These words can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Huram decorated the capitals…with bronze lilies, four cubits high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1KI 7 19 yg1b figs-activepassive 0 The capitals … were decorated with lilies, four cubits high Lilies are plants whose flowers are wide at one end and very narrow at the other end. These words can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Huram decorated the capitals … with bronze lilies, four cubits high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1KI 7 19 m7gx 0 the tops of the portico Translate “portico” as in [1 Kings 7:6](../07/06.md). 1KI 7 19 gz27 translate-bdistance 0 four cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 1.8 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 7 20 py2z translate-numbers 0 two hundred pomegranates “200 pomegranates.” A pomegranate is a fruit with a hard, red rind and many juicy seeds inside. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 7:18](../07/18.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 7 23 q22n figs-metonymy 0 Huram made Huram would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Huram also commanded them to make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 7 23 ih6g 0 the round sea This refers to a bronze tank or basin that would hold water. 1KI 7 23 dql9 0 cast metal Huram melted the bronze and formed it in a mold. -1KI 7 23 i52r translate-bdistance 0 ten cubits…five cubits…thirty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “4.6 meters…2.3 meters…13.8 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +1KI 7 23 i52r translate-bdistance 0 ten cubits … five cubits … thirty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “4.6 meters…2.3 meters…13.8 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 7 23 wlw3 0 from brim to brim “from one edge to the other” 1KI 7 23 q5wc 0 in circumference Circumference is the distance or measurement around a circular object or area. 1KI 7 24 bar8 0 encircling the sea were gourds A gourd is a type of hard, round vegetable that grows on a vine on the ground. @@ -514,14 +514,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 7 26 d6yr figs-simile 0 its brim was forged like the brim of a cup, like a lily blossom This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Huram forged the brim to look like the brim of a cup, to curve outward like a lily” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 7 26 im3i translate-bvolume 0 two thousand baths A bath is a unit of volume equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “2,000 baths” or “44,000 liters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) 1KI 7 27 vrb9 figs-metonymy 0 Huram made Huram would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Huram also commanded them to make” or “They also made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 7 27 nie3 translate-bdistance 0 four cubits…three cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 1.8 meters…about 1.4 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +1KI 7 27 nie3 translate-bdistance 0 four cubits … three cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 1.8 meters … about 1.4 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 7 28 g4xy 0 The work of the stands was like this This means the author will describe the stands in the words that follow. 1KI 7 29 vkn8 0 on the panels and on the frames were lions, oxen, and cherubim There were decorative pieces in the shapes of lions, oxen, and cherubim fastened to the sides of the stands. 1KI 7 29 drg7 0 wreaths of hammered work Here the word “wreaths” refers to spiral-shaped pieces of bronze. 1KI 7 30 c4jj figs-explicit 0 four bronze wheels and axles There was one axle for each pair of wheels. Alternate translation: “four bronze wheels and two axles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 7 30 r3m7 0 its four corners “the four corners of each stand” 1KI 7 30 wp4c figs-activepassive 0 The supports were cast with wreaths Each support was cast as one piece with the wreaths. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Huram cast the supports with spiral-shaped pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1KI 7 31 tnm9 translate-bdistance 0 a cubit and a half…a cubit A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 70 centimeters…about 50 centimeters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +1KI 7 31 tnm9 translate-bdistance 0 a cubit and a half … a cubit A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 70 centimeters … about 50 centimeters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1KI 7 31 bjx5 0 a crown that rose up Here the word “crown” refers to the circular piece at the top of the stand’s opening that held the basin. 1KI 7 31 g112 0 their panels were square “the panels of the stands were square.” This phrase returns to the description of the panels that began in [1 Kings 7:28](../07/28.md). 1KI 7 32 nan4 0 their housings Here the word “their” refers to the axles. The word “housings” refers to the casings into which the axles were inserted. @@ -540,10 +540,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 7 38 bx9c figs-metonymy 0 Huram made ten Huram would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Huram had them make ten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 7 38 w15g translate-bvolume 0 forty baths A bath is a unit of volume equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “about 88 liters” or “about 90 liters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) 1KI 7 38 k7yl translate-bdistance 0 four cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 1.8 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -1KI 7 39 w6v7 figs-metonymy 0 He made five…He set Huram would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Human had them make five…Huram commanded them to set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 7 39 u5iv 0 the south-facing side…the north-facing side “the south side…the north side” +1KI 7 39 w6v7 figs-metonymy 0 He made five … He set Huram would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Human had them make five … Huram commanded them to set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 7 39 u5iv 0 the south-facing side … the north-facing side “the south side … the north side” 1KI 7 39 z7tj 0 on the east corner, facing toward the south of the temple “near the southeast corner of the temple” -1KI 7 40 kaa7 figs-metonymy 0 Huram made…he finished Huram would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Huram had them make…they finished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 7 40 kaa7 figs-metonymy 0 Huram made … he finished Huram would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Huram had them make … they finished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 7 41 zv5q figs-simile 0 the bowl-like capitals The capitals were shaped like bowls. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 1KI 7 41 rhp4 0 decorative latticework “crossed metal strips woven together” 1KI 7 42 v1e3 figs-metonymy 0 He made Huram would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “They made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -554,13 +554,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 7 45 hw9y 0 polished bronze bronze that was polished so that it would reflect light 1KI 7 46 f6xb figs-metonymy 0 The king had cast them Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “The king had his workers cast them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 7 46 evu1 0 plain of the Jordan “flat land near the Jordan River” -1KI 7 46 ug1g translate-names 0 Succoth…Zarethan These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 7 46 ug1g translate-names 0 Succoth … Zarethan These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 7 47 yk38 figs-metonymy 0 Solomon did not weigh Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Solomon did not have them weigh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 7 47 u74l figs-activepassive 0 the weight of the bronze could not be measured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one could measure the weight of the bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 7 48 f4p1 figs-metonymy 0 Solomon had made Solomon would have commanded his workers to do this work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers had made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 7 48 e2d6 figs-activepassive 0 on which the bread of the presence was to be placed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “on which the priests were to place the bread of the presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 7 49 kb8t 0 the flowers, the lamps The “flowers” and “lamps” were part of the lampstands. -1KI 7 50 tev9 figs-activepassive 0 had made the cups…all of which were made of pure gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “had his workers make all the cups…out of pure gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1KI 7 50 tev9 figs-activepassive 0 had made the cups … all of which were made of pure gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “had his workers make all the cups … out of pure gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 7 50 y2nn 0 sockets of gold made for the doors Here “sockets” may refer to either (1) the sockets in which the door pegs turned, or (2) the hinges on which the doors hung. 1KI 7 51 x9f6 figs-activepassive 0 the work that King Solomon directed for the house of Yahweh was finished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the workers finished the work that King Solomon had them do for the house of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 8 intro h96s 0 # 1 Kings 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ark is placed in the new temple. This is a very significant event in the history of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Celebration of the temple’s completion
When the temple was finished, Solomon told all of the people to come to Jerusalem. They took the ark out of the tent and brought it to the temple. Then Solomon prayed that God would hear and answer prayers made to him when they faced towards the temple.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom
Solomon prayed that God would respond to people’s prayers using an idiom: “that your eyes may be open to the request of your servant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -572,32 +572,32 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 8 5 i2ea figs-activepassive 0 sheep and oxen that could not be counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “more sheep and oxen than anyone would ever be able to count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 8 6 r7tn 0 into the inner room of the house, to the most holy place, under “into the inner room of the house—that is, to the most holy place—under” 1KI 8 7 f19r figs-activepassive 0 poles by which it was carried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “poles by which the priests carried it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1KI 8 8 igt6 0 their ends were seen…they could not be seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people could see their ends…people could not see them” +1KI 8 8 igt6 0 their ends were seen … they could not be seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people could see their ends … people could not see them” 1KI 8 8 ia58 0 this day This means the day on which the writer wrote. 1KI 8 10 qah8 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -1KI 8 12 y9ry figs-123person 0 Yahweh has said…darkness Solomon speaks to Yahweh as if he were speaking to someone else to show that he respects Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +1KI 8 12 y9ry figs-123person 0 Yahweh has said … darkness Solomon speaks to Yahweh as if he were speaking to someone else to show that he respects Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 1KI 8 13 ukz3 0 lofty residence beautiful building in which someone very important lives 1KI 8 14 n1li 0 all the assembly of Israel “all the people of Israel who were gathered there” 1KI 8 15 qg1d figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh, the God of Israel, be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 8 15 yw9f figs-metonymy 0 with his own hands The hand is a metonym for the power in the hand. Alternate translation: “by his own power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 8 16 b9uh figs-metonymy 0 in order for my name to be The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for…name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “so that people would worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 8 16 b9uh figs-metonymy 0 in order for my name to be The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for … name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “so that people would worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 8 17 kpv8 figs-metaphor 0 it was in the heart of David my father What David desired is spoken of as if it were an item in a container and the heart as if it were a container. Alternate translation: “David my father desired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 8 17 jsu6 figs-metonymy 0 for the name of Yahweh The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for the name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “in which people would worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 8 18 tr7g figs-metaphor 0 In that it was in your heart What David desired is spoken of as if it were an item in a container and the heart as if it were a container. Alternate translation: “Because you desired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1KI 8 18 ixj3 figs-metonymy 0 for my name The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for…name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “in which people will worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 8 18 ixj3 figs-metonymy 0 for my name The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for … name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “in which people will worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 8 18 fu1s figs-metaphor 0 for it to be in your heart What David desired is spoken of as if it were an item in a container and the heart as if it were a container. Alternate translation: “to desire to do that” or “by wanting to do that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 8 19 n4x3 figs-activepassive 0 one who will be born from your loins This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “one who will be your own offspring” or “one whom you yourself will father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 8 20 j7v7 figs-idiom 0 has carried out the word that he had said This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “has done exactly what he said he would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 8 20 kuf2 figs-metaphor 0 I have arisen in the place of David my father Height is a metaphor for power. Alternate translation: “I have gained the power that David my father had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 8 20 j2e5 figs-metonymy 0 I sit on the throne of Israel The throne is a metonym for the activity of the one who sits on the throne. Alternate translation: “I rule over Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 8 20 n57n figs-metonymy 0 for the name of Yahweh The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for…name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “in which people will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 8 20 n57n figs-metonymy 0 for the name of Yahweh The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for … name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “in which people will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 8 21 ts1y figs-metonymy 0 is Yahweh’s covenant, which The stone tablets on which Yahweh had written the terms of the covenant are spoken of as if they were the covenant itself. Alternate translation: “are the tablets on which Yahweh wrote the terms of the covenant that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 8 22 p4j2 0 all the assembly of Israel “all the people of Israel who were gathered there” 1KI 8 23 zb47 figs-abstractnouns 0 who keeps his covenant faithfulness with your servants The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “who faithfully loves your servants” or “who is faithful to your covenant with your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1KI 8 23 vza1 figs-metaphor 0 walk before you with all their heart The way a person lives is spoken of as if that person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “live wholeheartedly the way that you want them to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 8 24 zl94 figs-metonymy 0 fulfilled it with your hand The hand is a metonym for the power of the hand. Alternate translation: “by your power fulfilled what you said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 8 25 u5vi figs-metonymy 0 to sit on the throne of Israel The throne is a metonym for the activity of the one who sits on the throne. Alternate translation: “to rule over Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 8 25 k2lb figs-metaphor 0 walk before me…have walked before me The way a person lives is spoken of as if that person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “live as I want you to…have lived as I want you to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1KI 8 25 k2lb figs-metaphor 0 walk before me … have walked before me The way a person lives is spoken of as if that person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “live as I want you to … have lived as I want you to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 8 27 ke8z figs-rquestion 0 But will God actually live on the earth? Possible meanings of this question are (1) Solomon is asking a real question and expecting an answer or (2) the question is rhetorical and Solomon is emphasizing that God is too big and mighty to live on earth. Alternate translation: “But it surely cannot be that God will actually live on the earth!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 8 27 lex3 figs-123person 0 But will God Here Solomon speaks about God in the third person. It can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “But will you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 1KI 8 27 dxu6 0 Look “What I am about to say is important” or “The truth is that” @@ -623,20 +623,20 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 8 38 li44 figs-doublet 0 prayers and requests The words “prayer” and “request” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the person is sincere as he makes his request. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 8:28](../08/28.md). Alternate translation: “requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1KI 8 38 kwn9 figs-metaphor 0 knowing the plague in his own heart This could mean: (1) The person’s sin is spoken of as if it were a plague. Alternate translation: “knowing the sin in his own heart” or (2) The “plague” is a metonym for the sins that the disasters are a punishment for. Alternate translation: “knowing in his heart that the plague is the result of his own sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 8 43 vt9q figs-activepassive 0 this house I have built is called by your name The phrase “is called by your name” shows that God possesses and owns the house. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you own this house that I have built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1KI 8 44 ha7r figs-hypo 0 Suppose that your people go out…suppose that they pray When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -1KI 8 44 vjp7 figs-metonymy 0 for your name The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for…name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “in which people will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 8 44 ha7r figs-hypo 0 Suppose that your people go out … suppose that they pray When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +1KI 8 44 vjp7 figs-metonymy 0 for your name The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for … name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “in which people will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 8 45 d6n5 figs-doublet 0 their prayer and their request The words “prayer” and “request” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people are sincere as they make their request. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 8:28](../08/28.md). Alternate translation: “their request” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1KI 8 46 d9cq figs-hypo 0 Suppose that they sin…suppose that you are When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -1KI 8 47 rbr1 figs-hypo 0 suppose that they realize…suppose that they repent…Suppose that they say When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +1KI 8 46 d9cq figs-hypo 0 Suppose that they sin … suppose that you are When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +1KI 8 47 rbr1 figs-hypo 0 suppose that they realize … suppose that they repent … Suppose that they say When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 1KI 8 47 d7fu figs-activepassive 0 where they have been exiled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where their enemies have taken them as exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 8 47 zw2u 0 captors people who keep others as prisoners 1KI 8 47 lcn9 figs-parallelism 0 We have acted perversely and sinned. We have behaved wickedly These two sentences mean the same thing. Together they emphasize how bad the people’s actions were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1KI 8 47 gh66 figs-doublet 0 acted perversely and sinned The words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the people sinned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -1KI 8 48 qbv6 figs-hypo 0 Suppose that they return…suppose that they pray When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -1KI 8 48 mf4u figs-idiom 0 with all their heart and with all their soul The idiom “with all…heart” means “completely” and “with all…soul” means “with all…being.” These two phrases have similar meanings. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “with all their being” or “with all their energy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +1KI 8 48 qbv6 figs-hypo 0 Suppose that they return … suppose that they pray When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +1KI 8 48 mf4u figs-idiom 0 with all their heart and with all their soul The idiom “with all … heart” means “completely” and “with all … soul” means “with all … being.” These two phrases have similar meanings. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “with all their being” or “with all their energy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1KI 8 48 pq6q 0 in the land “while they are living in the land” 1KI 8 48 tv6f 0 toward their land “toward the land in which they belong.” This refers to Israel. -1KI 8 48 ha3w figs-metonymy 0 for your name The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for…name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “in which people will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 8 48 ha3w figs-metonymy 0 for your name The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for … name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “in which people will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 8 49 m5gj figs-doublet 0 their prayer and their request The two words “prayer” and “request” mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that the people were sincere as they made their request to Yahweh. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 8:28](../08/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1KI 8 50 k51r figs-parallelism 0 Forgive your people who have sinned against you, and all their transgressions that they have committed against you Solomon twice requests Yahweh to forgive the people. This emphasizes the earnestness of his request. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1KI 8 51 lr1a figs-activepassive 0 a furnace where iron is forged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a furnace where people forge iron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 8 63 ttb5 translate-numbers 0 120,000 sheep “one hundred twenty thousand sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 8 64 yz15 0 the bronze altar that was before Yahweh “the bronze altar that was in Yahweh’s presence.” Since the temple is Yahweh’s dwelling place among his people, the altar is described as being in his presence. 1KI 8 65 k9ax figs-hyperbole 0 all Israel with him This generalization may refer either (1) to the people whom Solomon called to Jerusalem and who are listed in [1 Kings 8:1](../08/01.md), or (2) to those who traveled to Jerusalem for the feast, not necessarily to every person who lived in Israel. See how you translated similar words in [1 Kings 8:62](./62.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -1KI 8 65 reb2 translate-numbers 0 seven days…seven days…fourteen days “7 days…7 days…14 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +1KI 8 65 reb2 translate-numbers 0 seven days … seven days … fourteen days “7 days…7 days…14 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 8 66 cs8n translate-ordinal 0 eighth day The word “eighth” is the ordinal form of “8.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 1KI 8 66 nja5 figs-doublet 0 joyful and glad The two words mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1KI 9 intro iy5f 0 # 1 Kings 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

There are two parts to this chapter. Verses 1–9 is a dream in which God warned Solomon that he and his descendants were not to worship idols. If they did this, the temple would be destroyed. Verses 10–28 is about Solomon’s extensive building and his partnership with Hiram, king of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Worship only Yahweh
Yahweh alone must be worshiped. It is necessary for people to stay faithful to God and not worship idols. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
‘Walk” is a common image in Scripture. It is said, “if you walk before me as David your father walked.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/walk]]) @@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 10 9 jp39 figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh your God be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh your God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 10 9 vgv4 figs-metonymy 0 who placed you on the throne of Israel The throne is a metonym for the king who sits on it. Alternate translation: “who made you king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 10 10 nkd9 translate-numbers 0 120 talents of gold “one hundred and twenty talents of gold.” A talent is a unit of weight equal to about 33 kilograms. Alternate translation: “about 4,000 kilograms of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -1KI 10 10 qy6h figs-activepassive 0 No greater amount of spices…was ever given to him again This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one ever again gave to King Solomon more spices than the queen of Sheba gave to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1KI 10 10 qy6h figs-activepassive 0 No greater amount of spices … was ever given to him again This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one ever again gave to King Solomon more spices than the queen of Sheba gave to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 10 11 ss8l translate-unknown 0 almug wood a type of wood, possibly one with a pleasant scent (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 1KI 10 12 w9a9 figs-synecdoche 0 The king made It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people helped Solomon do this. Alternate translation: “The king told his people to make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1KI 10 12 k51b figs-activepassive 0 or been seen again This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nor has anyone ever seen such a great quantity again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 10 28 qm3h figs-activepassive 0 were imported from Egypt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that his merchants had bought from people in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 10 28 hmd8 translate-names 0 Kue This is the name of a region. Some think that Kue was the same as Cilicia, in Asia Minor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 10 29 a9id figs-activepassive 0 Chariots were purchased This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “His merchants purchased chariots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1KI 10 29 m334 translate-bweight 0 six hundred shekels of silver…150 shekels A shekel is a unit of weight equal to about 11 grams. Alternate translation: “about 6.6 kilograms of silver…about 1.7 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +1KI 10 29 m334 translate-bweight 0 six hundred shekels of silver…150 shekels A shekel is a unit of weight equal to about 11 grams. Alternate translation: “about 6.6 kilograms of silver … about 1.7 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) 1KI 10 29 z3uu translate-numbers 0 six hundred shekels of silver “600 shekels of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 10 29 ce7h translate-numbers 0 150 shekels “one hundred and fifty shekels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 10 29 e5bh figs-activepassive 0 Many of these were then sold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “His merchants then sold many of these” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -745,12 +745,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 11 2 u5n2 figs-metonymy 0 turn your heart to their gods To “turn someone’s heart” is to convince that person to change his affection. Alternate translation: “persuade you to worship the gods that they worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 11 3 pv2y translate-numbers 0 seven hundred royal wives and three hundred concubines “700 royal wives and 300 concubines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 11 3 l6qf figs-explicit 0 turned his heart away To “turn someone’s heart” is to convince that person to change his affection. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Kings 11:1](../11/01.md). Alternate translation: “turned his heart away from Yahweh” or “persuaded him to stop worshiping Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 11 4 d7qt figs-metonymy 0 his heart was not fully surrendered…as was the heart of David To “surrender” your heart refers to giving total allegiance and affection. Alternate translation: “he was not fully devoted…as was David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 11 5 u9if translate-names 0 Ashtoreth…Molech These are the names of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 11 4 d7qt figs-metonymy 0 his heart was not fully surrendered … as was the heart of David To “surrender” your heart refers to giving total allegiance and affection. Alternate translation: “he was not fully devoted … as was David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 11 5 u9if translate-names 0 Ashtoreth … Molech These are the names of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 5 pjt2 translate-names 0 Sidonians This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 5 ucx3 translate-names 0 he followed Molech Some version render this as “Milcom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 6 irv2 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The phrase, “in the sight of” refers to someone’s opinion. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1KI 11 7 tm2s translate-names 0 Chemosh…Molech These are the names of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 11 7 tm2s translate-names 0 Chemosh … Molech These are the names of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 8 pkl8 0 sacrificed to their gods at them Here the words “at them” refer to the shrines that Solomon built. 1KI 11 9 c133 figs-idiom 0 his heart had turned away from him The words “his heart had turned” refer to his having changed allegiance and affection. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Kings 11:1](../11/01.md). Alternate translation: “Solomon had stopped worshiping Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 11 9 h8sw 0 he had appeared to him twice “Yahweh had appeared to Solomon twice” @@ -764,19 +764,19 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 11 17 dd34 figs-activepassive 0 But Hadad was taken with other Edomites by his father’s servants This can be stated in active form. “But the servants of Hadad’s father took him with other Edomites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 11 18 cl9u 0 General Information: This section continues the background information that began in [1 Kings 11:15](../11/15.md). 1KI 11 18 vp1v 0 They left Midian Here the word “They” refers to Hadad and the other Edomites mentioned in [1 Kings 11:17](../11/17.md). -1KI 11 18 g3dy translate-names 0 Midian…Paran…Egypt These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 11 18 g3dy translate-names 0 Midian … Paran … Egypt These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 19 vy6v translate-names 0 Tahpenes This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 20 cu24 translate-names 0 Tahpenes This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1KI 11 20 kna5 translate-names 0 Hadad…Genubath These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 11 20 kna5 translate-names 0 Hadad … Genubath These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 21 ub66 figs-euphemism 0 David had lain down with his ancestors This is a polite way of saying David was dead. Alternate translation: “David had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -1KI 11 23 gw5v translate-names 0 Rezon…Eliada…Hadadezer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 11 23 gw5v translate-names 0 Rezon … Eliada … Hadadezer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 23 nuu8 translate-names 0 Zobah This is the name of a location. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1KI 11 24 g294 translate-names 0 Zobah…Damascus These are names of locations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 11 24 g294 translate-names 0 Zobah … Damascus These are names of locations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 24 xw9z figs-synecdoche 0 when David defeated Here “David” refers to David and his army. Alternate translation: “when David’s army overcame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1KI 11 25 c11u translate-names 0 Aram This is the name of a location. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 25 uqb4 0 all the days of Solomon “during the time that Solomon was alive” or “all the days of Solomon’s life” 1KI 11 25 q4nx 0 Rezon abhorred Israel “Rezon hated Israel very much” -1KI 11 26 my6s translate-names 0 Jeroboam…Nebat These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 11 26 my6s translate-names 0 Jeroboam … Nebat These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 26 p4a7 translate-names 0 Zeredah This is the name of a location. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 26 dp3d translate-names 0 Zeruah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 26 t72j figs-metonymy 0 lifted up his hand against the king The word “hand” refers to authority, power and control. The phrase “lifted up against” refers to having opposed someone by using authority, power and control. This is a metonym used as a common idiom. Alternate translation: “rebelled against the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -788,11 +788,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 11 29 ijr8 translate-names 0 Ahijah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 29 e5f2 translate-names 0 Shilonite The Shilonites are a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 31 b9tk 0 He said Here the word “He” refers to Ahijah. -1KI 11 31 zw4e figs-metaphor 0 tear the kingdom out Here “tear…out” is a metaphor that refers to the action of forcefully removing. This is like a person tears apart a piece of cloth. See how you translated this phrase in [1 Kings 11:11](../11/11.md). Alternate translation: “forcefully take the kingdom out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1KI 11 31 zw4e figs-metaphor 0 tear the kingdom out Here “tear … out” is a metaphor that refers to the action of forcefully removing. This is like a person tears apart a piece of cloth. See how you translated this phrase in [1 Kings 11:11](../11/11.md). Alternate translation: “forcefully take the kingdom out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 11 31 ei9m figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Solomon Here “hand” is a metonym that refers to a person’s authority, control and power. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 11 32 m8js figs-metonymy 0 Solomon will have The name “Solomon” here is a metonym referring to his descendants. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s sons will have” or “Solomon’s descendants will have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 11 33 f1ie translate-names 0 Ashtoreth…Chemosh…Molech These are the names of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1KI 11 33 wij3 translate-names 0 Sidonians…Moab…Ammon These are the names of locations and the people groups that live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 11 33 f1ie translate-names 0 Ashtoreth … Chemosh … Molech These are the names of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 11 33 wij3 translate-names 0 Sidonians … Moab … Ammon These are the names of locations and the people groups that live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 11 33 ebs4 figs-metonymy 0 what is right in my eyes “Eyes” here is a metonym for someone’s opinion or idea. This is a commonly used idiom. Alternate translation: “what I consider to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 11 34 v3gz 0 General Information: Ahijah continues to tell Jeroboam what Yahweh has said. 1KI 11 34 i3w3 0 I will not take Here the word “I” refers to Yahweh. @@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 12 intro abcc 0 # 1 Kings 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Civil war
This chapter explains how the united kingdom of Israel was split into the two kingdoms: Israel and Judah. This is sometimes called a “civil war.”

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel splits
God’s warning to Solomon came true. In spite of his famous wealth, Solomon had over-taxed his own people and forced them to work for free. When the people requested that King Rehoboam reduce taxes and forced labor, he said that he would be harsher than his father. This caused the 10 northern tribes to revolt and appoint Jeroboam as their king. These northern tribes are now called the kingdom of Israel. Only Judah and Benjamin stayed with Rehoboam. They are called Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]])

### Jeroboam introduces calf worship
Jeroboam made a terrible mistake. He was afraid that if the people continued to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple, they would want to return to Rehoboam as their king. So he made two shrines with calves made of gold for the people to worship. This eventually caused the destruction of his whole family. The kingdom of Israel continued worshiping the idols until they were taken slaves by the Assyrians. The northern tribes were unable to truly worship Yahweh without going to Jerusalem in the kingdom of Judah.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
The people used the metaphor of “yoke” for oppressive government: “Your father made our yoke difficult. Now then, make your father’s hard work easier, and lighten the heavy yoke that he put on us.” But Rehoboam promised to increase their oppression with three metaphors: “My little finger is thicker than my father’s waist. So now, although my father burdened you with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke. My father punished you with whips, but I will punish you with scorpions.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) 1KI 12 1 rer8 figs-synecdoche 0 all Israel was coming Here “Israel” represents all the men of Israel capable of fighting. Here “all Israel” is a generalization which means almost all the men of Israel. Alternate translation: “all the men of Israel were coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1KI 12 2 kgj5 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -1KI 12 2 s9f6 translate-names 0 Jeroboam…Nebat These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 12 2 s9f6 translate-names 0 Jeroboam … Nebat These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 12 3 hs1v 0 called him Here the word “him” refers to Jeroboam. 1KI 12 4 nt4b figs-metaphor 0 made our yoke heavy A heavy yoke is a metaphor for very difficult labor and requirements. Alternate translation: “treated us cruelly” or “forced us to work very hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 12 6 b1cu figs-idiom 0 the old men who had stood before Solomon To “stand before” is an idiom for serving the king in his presence. Alternate translation: “the old men who counseled Solomon” or “the old men who attended to Solomon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -822,8 +822,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 12 14 akf3 figs-metaphor 0 burdened you with a heavy yoke A heavy yoke is a metaphor for very difficult labor and requirements. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 12:4](../12/04.md). Alternate translation: “treated you cruelly” or “forced you to work very hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 12 14 m7vy figs-metaphor 0 My father punished you with whips, but I will punish you with scorpions This metaphor means that the punishment Rehoboam plans to give will be worse than what his father gave. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 12:11](../12/11.md). Alternate translation: “My father used whips to force you to work but I will use even crueler punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 12 15 tz7u figs-idiom 0 it was a turn of events brought about by Yahweh This is an idiom and can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused things to happen like this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1KI 12 15 k3cf figs-idiom 0 his word that he had spoken by Ahijah…to Jeroboam The idiom “had spoken by” someone refers to giving someone a message to tell others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1KI 12 15 cf34 translate-names 0 Ahijah…Jeroboam…Nebat These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1KI 12 15 k3cf figs-idiom 0 his word that he had spoken by Ahijah … to Jeroboam The idiom “had spoken by” someone refers to giving someone a message to tell others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1KI 12 15 cf34 translate-names 0 Ahijah … Jeroboam … Nebat These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 12 15 e3ze translate-names 0 Shilonite This is the name of a people group from the town of Shiloh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 12 16 xhj1 figs-synecdoche 0 all Israel Here “Israel” represents all he men of Israel capable of fighting. “All Israel” is a generalization which means almost all the men of Israel. Alternate translation: “all the men of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1KI 12 16 k5yx figs-rquestion 0 What share do we have in David? “Share” here is a metonym meaning a part, involvement, or interest. This question can be translated as a simple statement. Alternate translation: “We will have no part in the family of David.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -841,7 +841,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 12 21 bcr4 figs-metonymy 0 all the house of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin Here “house” is a metonym that represents a tribe or descendants. And, here “tribe” refers specifically to the soldiers from those tribes. Alternate translation: “all the soldiers from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 12 21 sx4r translate-numbers 0 180,000 chosen men “one hundred eighty thousand chosen men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 12 21 va9y figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel Here “house” represents the kingdom made up of the 10 northern tribes of Israel. Alternate translation: “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of the northern tribes of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 12 22 lz9d figs-idiom 0 the word of God came…it said This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: “God spoke this message…and he said” or “God spoke these words…and he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1KI 12 22 lz9d figs-idiom 0 the word of God came … it said This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: “God spoke this message … and he said” or “God spoke these words … and he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 12 22 bf83 translate-names 0 Shemaiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 12 22 t1dq 0 the man of God The expression “man of God” is a respectful way of referring to a prophet of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the man who belongs to God” or “the prophet of God” 1KI 12 23 v1cq figs-metonymy 0 all the house of Judah and Benjamin Here “house” is a metonym that represents a tribe or descendants. Alternate translation: “all the people from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 12 26 ek8x figs-metonymy 0 the house of David Here “house” is a metonym representing family or descendants. Alternate translation: “the kings descended from David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 12 27 t95u 0 If these people go up The words “these people” refer to the people of the northern ten tribes of Israel. 1KI 12 27 jw8j figs-metonymy 0 the heart of these people “Heart” here is a metonym for the people’s allegiance and affection. Alternate translation: “the allegiance of these people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 12 27 vzl3 figs-parallelism 0 turn again to their master, to Rehoboam king of Judah…return to Rehoboam king of Judah These phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize Jeroboam’s fear that the people would turn again to Rehoboam as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1KI 12 27 vzl3 figs-parallelism 0 turn again to their master, to Rehoboam king of Judah … return to Rehoboam king of Judah These phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize Jeroboam’s fear that the people would turn again to Rehoboam as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1KI 12 28 aag1 figs-metonymy 0 brought you up “You” here is a metonym for the ancestors of the people. Alternate translation: “brought your ancestors up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 12 31 mi56 figs-metonymy 0 Jeroboam made houses on high places The workers who did this at Jeroboam’s commands are represented by the metonym of the name of Jeroboam himself. Alternate translation: “Jeroboam’s workers made houses on high places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 12 31 d1nx figs-explicit 0 houses on high places The implied information is that these were houses of worship. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “houses of worship on high places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -932,7 +932,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 14 8 q6zi figs-metaphor 0 what was right in my eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what I judged to be right” or “what I considered to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 14 9 u58x figs-metaphor 0 thrust me behind your back Jeroboam has disrespected Yahweh like a person throws away something that is not wanted. Alternate translation: “completely rejected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 14 10 jtx8 0 look “pay attention.” This word is added to indicate that what follows is important. -1KI 14 10 fi6e figs-parallelism 0 I will cut off…and will completely remove These two phrases are very similar in meaning and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1KI 14 10 fi6e figs-parallelism 0 I will cut off … and will completely remove These two phrases are very similar in meaning and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1KI 14 10 yn7w figs-metaphor 0 cut off from you every male child in Israel Yahweh speaks of destroying Jeroboam’s family and preventing him from having any descendants as if he were cutting them off as one would cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “destroy every one of your male children in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 14 10 zd2e figs-simile 0 will completely remove your family, like someone who burns up dung until it is gone This simile compares the removal of every descendant of Jeroboam with the complete burning up of dung that was mixed with straw, dried, and burned for fuel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 1KI 14 11 e4g6 figs-activepassive 0 Anyone who belongs to your family who dies in the city will be eaten by dogs This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Dogs will eat anyone who belongs to your family and who dies in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -956,7 +956,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 14 19 bn67 0 the book of the events of the kings of Israel This refers to a book that no longer exists. 1KI 14 20 srn1 translate-numbers 0 twenty-two years “22 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 14 20 wjl3 figs-metaphor 0 slept with his ancestors Jeroboam dying is spoken of as if he had fallen asleep. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 2:10](../02/10.md). Alternate translation: “died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -1KI 14 21 q3tp translate-numbers 0 forty-one years old…seventeen years “41 years old…17 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +1KI 14 21 q3tp translate-numbers 0 forty-one years old … seventeen years “41 years old…17 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 14 21 j1gb figs-metonymy 0 in which to put his name Here “put his name” is a metonym for “dwell” and refers to the temple where Yahweh was to be worshiped. Alternate translation: “in which to dwell” or “in which to be worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 14 21 f2e3 0 His mother’s name Here the word “His” refers to Rehoboam. 1KI 14 21 g2ic translate-names 0 Naamah This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 15 3 hlc3 figs-metaphor 0 He walked in all the sins Walking represents living, and walking in sins represents committing those sins. Alternate translation: “Abijah continued to practice all the sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 15 3 cm11 figs-explicit 0 that his father had committed before his time Since these verses refer to several kings, it may help to include the name of Abijah’s father. This information can be made clear. AT “that his father, Rehoboam, had committed before Abijah’s time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1KI 15 3 v4ps figs-explicit 0 his time This phrase represents the time that he was king. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “before Abijah was king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1KI 15 3 p8rm figs-synecdoche 0 his heart was not devoted…as the heart of David The heart represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Abijah was not devoted…as David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1KI 15 3 p8rm figs-synecdoche 0 his heart was not devoted … as the heart of David The heart represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Abijah was not devoted … as David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1KI 15 4 qbs7 figs-metaphor 0 gave him a lamp in Jerusalem The word “lamp” here represents a descendant who would be king as David was. Alternate translation: “gave David a descendant to rule in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 15 4 t1tl 0 by raising up his son after him “by raising up Abijah’s son after him” or “by giving Abijah a son” 1KI 15 5 al5u figs-metaphor 0 what was right in his eyes The eyes here represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh judges to be right” or “what Yahweh considers to be right” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1099,8 +1099,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 16 13 qs12 0 they had led Israel to sin Here the word “Israel” refers to the ten northern tribes of Israel. Baasha and Elah had been their king. 1KI 16 13 xwa9 figs-explicit 0 they provoked Yahweh, the God of Israel, to anger with their idols God became angry with the people because they worshiped idols. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “they made Yahweh, the God of Israel, angry because they worshiped idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1KI 16 13 ny8r 0 the God of Israel Here the word “Israel” refers to all of the twelve tribes descended from Jacob. -1KI 16 14 ft5q figs-rquestion 0 are they not written…kings of Israel? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Elah is in this other book. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 15:31](../15/31.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1KI 16 14 bu87 figs-activepassive 0 are they not written…Israel? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone has written about them in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1KI 16 14 ft5q figs-rquestion 0 are they not written … kings of Israel? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Elah is in this other book. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 15:31](../15/31.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1KI 16 14 bu87 figs-activepassive 0 are they not written … Israel? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone has written about them in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 16 15 uz3t 0 Tirzah This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [1 Kings 14:17](../14/17.md). 1KI 16 15 r7bx 0 the army was camped by Gibbethon The word “army” refers to the army of the kingdom of Israel. 1KI 16 15 ttm4 0 Gibbethon This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [1 Kings 15:27](../15/27.md). @@ -1112,8 +1112,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 16 19 ldy3 figs-metaphor 0 so as to lead Israel to sin Leading people to do something represents influencing them to do it. Alternate translation: “so as to influence Israel to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 16 20 i7gi figs-explicit 0 the treason that he carried out This treason refers to Zimri’s plot to kill Elah, the king of Israel. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “how he plotted against King Elah” or “how he killed the king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1KI 16 20 b9u9 figs-rquestion 0 are they not written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Zimri is in this other book. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. See how you translated a similar phrase concerning Judah in [1 Kings 14:29](../14/29.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1KI 16 20 ai9u figs-activepassive 0 are they not written…Israel? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone has written about them in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1KI 16 21 g8g1 figs-metaphor 0 followed Tibni…followed Omri Here “followed” represents supporting or wanting to make him king. Alternate translation: “supported Tibni son of Ginath, to make him king, and half supported Omri” or “wanted to make Tibni son of Ginath king, and half wanted to make Omri king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1KI 16 20 ai9u figs-activepassive 0 are they not written … Israel? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone has written about them in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1KI 16 21 g8g1 figs-metaphor 0 followed Tibni … followed Omri Here “followed” represents supporting or wanting to make him king. Alternate translation: “supported Tibni son of Ginath, to make him king, and half supported Omri” or “wanted to make Tibni son of Ginath king, and half wanted to make Omri king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 16 22 va8c 0 were stronger than the people who followed Tibni “overpowered the people who followed Tibni” 1KI 16 23 g715 0 Tirzah This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [1 Kings 14:17](../14/17.md). 1KI 16 24 dcc7 translate-names 0 Shemer This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1125,11 +1125,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 16 26 ysn6 0 in his sins by which he led Israel to sin Possible meanings are that “his” and “he” refer to (1) Baasha or (2) Jeroboam. 1KI 16 26 kr8r figs-metaphor 0 in his sins Possible meanings are walking in his sins represents (1) sinning as Jeroboam sinned. Alternate translation: “he sinned as Jeroboam sinned” or (2) or sinning habitually. Alternate translation: “he sinned habitually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 16 26 fza3 0 by which he led Israel to sin Leading people to sin represents influencing them to sin. Alternate translation: “his sins, by which he influenced Israel to sin” or “and by sinning like this, he influenced people to sin. -1KI 16 26 yj3n figs-explicit 0 to provoke Yahweh…to be angry with their worthless idols God became angry with the people because they worshiped idols. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Kings 16:13](../16/13.md). Alternate translation: “to make Yahweh, the God of Israel, angry because they worshiped worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1KI 16 26 yj3n figs-explicit 0 to provoke Yahweh … to be angry with their worthless idols God became angry with the people because they worshiped idols. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Kings 16:13](../16/13.md). Alternate translation: “to make Yahweh, the God of Israel, angry because they worshiped worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1KI 16 26 w3zc figs-distinguish 0 their worthless idols The word “worthless” here reminds people that idols are worthless because they cannot do anything. Alternate translation: “their idols, which are worthless” or “their idols, which are useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 1KI 16 26 nw91 0 the God of Israel Here the word “Israel” refers to all of the twelve tribes descended from Jacob. 1KI 16 27 zmg3 figs-rquestion 0 are they not written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Omri is in this other book. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 15:31](../15/31.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1KI 16 27 rt47 figs-activepassive 0 are they not written…Israel? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone has written about them in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1KI 16 27 rt47 figs-activepassive 0 are they not written … Israel? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone has written about them in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 16 28 a9le figs-metaphor 0 Omri slept with his ancestors The euphemism “sleeping” here represents dying. Alternate translation: “Omri died as his ancestors had” or “Like his ancestors, Omri died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 1KI 16 28 gt7t figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Omri” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 16 30 q8y5 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1195,18 +1195,18 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 18 2 lc7k writing-background 0 now the famine was severe The word “now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells background information about how the famine had affected Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 1KI 18 3 c24p 0 Now Obadiah honored Yahweh The word “Now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells about a new person in the story. 1KI 18 4 i9am translate-numbers 0 one hundred prophets and hid them by fifties “100 prophets and hid them in groups of 50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1KI 18 5 vpi8 figs-parallelism 0 save the horses and mules alive…not lose all the animals These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. Alternate translation: “prevent the horses and mules from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1KI 18 5 vpi8 figs-parallelism 0 save the horses and mules alive … not lose all the animals These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. Alternate translation: “prevent the horses and mules from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1KI 18 6 izg5 figs-synecdoche 0 Ahab went one way by himself and Obadiah went another way The phrase “by himself” emphasizes that Ahab and Obadiah went in separate directions, not necessarily that no one was with Ahab. Alternate translation: “Ahab lead a team in one direction and Obadiah lead a team in the other direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1KI 18 7 qz9f 0 master Elijah Here the word “master” is used as a term of respect. 1KI 18 8 fu6g 0 Go tell your master, ‘Look, Elijah is here.’ Here the word “master” refers to Ahab. 1KI 18 8 bil9 0 Look, Elijah “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: Elijah” -1KI 18 9 a65p figs-rquestion 0 How have I sinned…for him to kill me? Obadiah asks this question to emphasize the danger to himself because of King Ahab’s anger at Elijah. Alternate translation: “I have not wronged you…for him to kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1KI 18 9 a65p figs-rquestion 0 How have I sinned … for him to kill me? Obadiah asks this question to emphasize the danger to himself because of King Ahab’s anger at Elijah. Alternate translation: “I have not wronged you … for him to kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 18 9 ry4r figs-metonymy 0 give your servant into the hand of Ahab “Hand” is metonymy for power and control. Alternate translation: “deliver your servant to Ahab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 18 9 hmu9 0 your servant Obadiah refers to himself as Elijah’s servant in order to honor Elijah. 1KI 18 10 j1sm 0 As Yahweh your God lives This is an oath used to emphasize that what he is saying is true. 1KI 18 10 n7bq figs-hyperbole 0 there is no nation or kingdom where my master has not sent men Here “no nation or kingdom” is an exaggeration that means that men have traveled very far and gone to many places to find Elijah. This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “my master has sent men to nations and kingdoms near and far” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 1KI 18 11 nlb6 0 Yet now This phrase is used to emphasize the danger in what Elijah is telling Obadiah to do. -1KI 18 13 zrj6 figs-activepassive 0 Has it not been told to you…with bread and water? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Surely you have been told about what I did…with bread and water!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1KI 18 13 zrj6 figs-activepassive 0 Has it not been told to you … with bread and water? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Surely you have been told about what I did … with bread and water!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 18 13 v2va 0 my master Here the word “master” is a term of respect used to refer to Elijah. 1KI 18 13 u3ge translate-numbers 0 one hundred of Yahweh’s prophets by fifties “100 of Yahweh’s prophets in groups of 50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 18 14 h867 0 Go and tell your master that Elijah is here See how you translated these words in [1 Kings 18:11](../18/11.md). @@ -1218,12 +1218,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 18 19 gz7q figs-hyperbole 0 all Israel This is a generalization to refer to the leaders and people who represent the ten tribes of the northern kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 18 19 n9nh translate-numbers 0 450 prophets “four hundred and fifty prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 18 19 nzp4 translate-numbers 0 four hundred prophets “400 prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1KI 18 20 vwk2 figs-synecdoche 0 sent word to…and gathered “Word” represents Ahab’s message and is also a metonym for the messenger who delivered the message. This is a common statement used with the meaning understood. Alternate translation: “sent a message to…and gathered” or “sent a messenger to summon…to gather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1KI 18 20 vwk2 figs-synecdoche 0 sent word to … and gathered “Word” represents Ahab’s message and is also a metonym for the messenger who delivered the message. This is a common statement used with the meaning understood. Alternate translation: “sent a message to … and gathered” or “sent a messenger to summon … to gather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 18 21 v7v9 figs-rquestion 0 How long will you keep changing your mind? Elijah asks this question to urge the people to make a decision. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have been indecisive for long enough.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 18 21 na5a 0 did not answer him a word “did not say anything” or “were silent” 1KI 18 22 l1ig 0 I, I alone, am left The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. 1KI 18 22 z9im translate-numbers 0 450 men “four hundred and fifty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1KI 18 24 fch4 figs-metonymy 0 call on the name of your god…call on the name of Yahweh “Name” is metonymy for the reputation and honor of someone and “calling on” him represents an appeal. Alternate translation: “call to your god…call to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 18 24 fch4 figs-metonymy 0 call on the name of your god … call on the name of Yahweh “Name” is metonymy for the reputation and honor of someone and “calling on” him represents an appeal. Alternate translation: “call to your god … call to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 18 24 i2cc 0 all the people answered and said, “This is good.” “all the people said, ‘This is a good thing to do.’” 1KI 18 25 b41u 0 prepare it “make it ready to be sacrificed” 1KI 18 25 y7cs figs-you 0 you are many people Here the word “you” is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 18 36 xs1m 0 It happened This phrase is used here to reference a significant and meaningful time of the day in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 1KI 18 36 ajj4 0 Yahweh, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Israel Here “Israel” is referring to Jacob. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel (Genesis 32:28), and God named the nation of Jacob’s descendants “Israel.” 1KI 18 36 xuh8 figs-activepassive 0 let it be known this day This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “make these people know today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1KI 18 37 url2 0 Hear me…hear me This phrase is repeated to emphasize the appeal of Elijah to Yahweh. +1KI 18 37 url2 0 Hear me … hear me This phrase is repeated to emphasize the appeal of Elijah to Yahweh. 1KI 18 37 dq2u figs-metonymy 0 turned their heart back again to yourself The people’s “heart” is a metonym for the affection and loyalty of the people. Alternate translation: “caused them to be loyal to you again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 18 38 wf4a 0 the fire of Yahweh fell “the fire of Yahweh came down” 1KI 18 38 xyn4 figs-personification 0 licked up The fire is compared to a thirsty person drinking water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -1280,7 +1280,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 19 13 t1l2 0 he wrapped his face in his cloak “he covered his face with his cloak” A cloak is a long robe, a piece of clothing that covers the whole body. 1KI 19 13 ps2e 0 Then a voice came to him “Then he heard a voice” 1KI 19 13 ht8c 0 What are you doing here, Elijah? See how you translated this text in [1 Kings 19:9](../19/09.md). -1KI 19 14 q17u 0 Elijah replied, “I have been very zealous…and they are also trying to take my life.” See how you translated this text in [1 Kings 19:10](../19/10.md). +1KI 19 14 q17u 0 Elijah replied, “I have been very zealous … and they are also trying to take my life.” See how you translated this text in [1 Kings 19:10](../19/10.md). 1KI 19 14 d39a 0 I, only I, am left Here the word “I” is repeated for emphasis. 1KI 19 16 s3y3 0 prophet in your place “prophet instead of you” 1KI 19 17 be8f 0 It will happen This phrase is used to introduce what will happen when Elijah does what Yahweh has told him to do. “What will happen is” @@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 20 7 fk6b figs-doublenegatives 0 I have not refused him This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I have agreed to his demands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 1KI 20 10 q6wd 0 May the gods do so to me and more also This is an oath with great emphasis. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 19:2](../19/02.md). 1KI 20 10 b77w figs-metaphor 0 if even the ashes of Samaria will be enough for all the people who follow me to have a handful each Ben Hadad is threatening that his army will totally destroy everything in Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1KI 20 11 y7fk writing-proverbs 0 Tell Ben Hadad, ‘No one who is just putting on his armor…as if he were taking it off.’ This is an expression to give advice. “Putting on armor” is metonymy for getting prepared for battle. “Tell Ben Hadad, ‘Do not boast as if you have already won a battle that you have not yet fought.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1KI 20 11 y7fk writing-proverbs 0 Tell Ben Hadad, ‘No one who is just putting on his armor … as if he were taking it off.’ This is an expression to give advice. “Putting on armor” is metonymy for getting prepared for battle. “Tell Ben Hadad, ‘Do not boast as if you have already won a battle that you have not yet fought.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 20 13 f4sp 0 Then behold The word “behold” alerts us to the sudden appearance of a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. 1KI 20 13 up43 figs-rquestion 0 Have you seen this great army? Yahweh asks this question to emphasize the size and strength of Ben Hadad’s army. Alternate translation: “Look at this great army.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 20 13 xw3c 0 Look, I will place it into your hand today The word “Look” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. @@ -1319,14 +1319,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 20 17 i5p4 figs-activepassive 0 Ben Hadad was informed by scouts that he had sent out This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “Scouts that Ben Hadad had sent out informed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1KI 20 17 ke29 0 scouts A “scout” is a soldier sent to gather information about the enemy. 1KI 20 18 l7k4 figs-ellipsis 0 Ben Hadad said It is understood that Ben Hadad is speaking to his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Ben Hadad said to his soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1KI 20 18 hqg6 0 Whether they have…take them Here “they” and “them” refer to the Israelite army. -1KI 20 19 t1j4 0 So the young officers…the army followed “The young Israelite officers…the Israelite army followed” +1KI 20 18 hqg6 0 Whether they have … take them Here “they” and “them” refer to the Israelite army. +1KI 20 19 t1j4 0 So the young officers … the army followed “The young Israelite officers … the Israelite army followed” 1KI 20 20 e1jk figs-synecdoche 0 Israel pursued them “Israel” is synecdoche for all the soldiers of the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the men of the army of Israel pursued them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1KI 20 21 k7xi figs-synecdoche 0 the king of Israel went out and attacked “The king” is synecdoche for the king and all the soldiers serving under him. Alternate translation: “The king of Israel and his soldiers went out and attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1KI 20 22 b52i figs-metonymy 0 strengthen yourself “Yourself” represents by metonymy the army of the king. Alternate translation: “strengthen your forces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 20 22 g9f7 figs-doublet 0 understand and plan These two words mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. Alternate translation: “determine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1KI 20 22 u4ju 0 at the return of the year This could mean: (1) “in the springtime of next year” or (2) “at this time next year.” -1KI 20 23 kn8e figs-exclusive 0 let us fight…we will be stronger The words “us” and “we” refer to the servants, the king, and the army all together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +1KI 20 23 kn8e figs-exclusive 0 let us fight … we will be stronger The words “us” and “we” refer to the servants, the king, and the army all together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 1KI 20 24 alj2 0 Remove all the kings from their positions of authority “You must remove the thirty-two kings who are leading your troops” 1KI 20 26 ewh9 translate-names 0 Aphek This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1KI 20 26 h5fl figs-synecdoche 0 to fight against Israel “Israel” represents the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “to fight against the army of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1385,14 +1385,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 21 20 wi8j figs-metaphor 0 what is evil in the sight of Yahweh The phrase, “in the sight of” refers to someone’s opinion. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 11:6](../11/06.md). Alternate translation: “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 21 21 f2w5 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 1KI 21 21 clc4 figs-metaphor 0 completely consume and cut off from you every male child and slave and free man in Israel Yahweh speaks of destroying Ahab’s family and preventing him from having any decedents as if he were consuming these people like a fire would consume them, and cutting them off as one would cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “destroy every one of your male children in Israel, whether slave or free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1KI 21 22 d8kb 0 I will make your family like the family of Jeroboam…and like the family of Baasha Yahweh will destroy Ahab’s family like he destroyed the families of Jeroboam and Baasha. +1KI 21 22 d8kb 0 I will make your family like the family of Jeroboam … and like the family of Baasha Yahweh will destroy Ahab’s family like he destroyed the families of Jeroboam and Baasha. 1KI 21 24 rcg1 0 Anyone who belongs to Ahab “Anyone who belongs to Ahab’s family” 1KI 21 25 m85z figs-metaphor 0 who sold himself to do what was evil A person being committed to doing what is evil is spoken of as if that person had sold himself to evil. See how you translated this idea in [1 Kings 21:20](../21/20.md). Alternate translation: “who dedicated himself to doing what was evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 21 25 rh8u figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The phrase, “in the sight of” refers to someone’s opinion. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 11:6](../11/06.md). Alternate translation: “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1KI 21 26 cz5w figs-explicit 0 removed before the people of Israel Here “Israel” refers to all twelve tribes of Israel and not just to the northern kingdom. Alternate translation: “removed from the presence of the people of Israel” or “drove out of the land before the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1KI 21 28 lq1t figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom means that Yahweh spoke or has sent a message. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 6:11](../06/11.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1KI 21 29 hf8k figs-rquestion 0 Do you see how Ahab humbles himself before me? God uses this question to show Elijah that Ahab’s sorrow is genuine. Alternate translation: “I have seen how Ahab humbles himself before me.” or “Look at how Ahab humbles himself before me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1KI 21 29 cf9j 0 in his days…in his son’s day “during his lifetime…during his son’s lifetime” +1KI 21 29 cf9j 0 in his days … in his son’s day “during his lifetime … during his son’s lifetime” 1KI 22 intro abcm 0 # 1 Kings 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the end of the story of Ahab and a continuation of the story of Elijah as he had predicted Ahab’s death and the dogs licking his blood.

## Special concepts in this chapter

When God has decided a person will die, then they cannot avoid death. Ahab persuaded Jehoshaphat, king of Judah to help him in a battle against the army of Aram. Ahab’s false prophets all told him to go because he would be successful. But a randomly shot arrow hit him and he bled to death. They washed his chariot at the pool and the dogs licked up his blood, just as Elijah had said they would. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “However, the shrines were still not taken away. The people were still sacrificing and burning incense at the shrines.”
At the shrines, the people worshiped Yahweh. But later, during Hezekiah’s reign it was decided that all sacrifices must be made only at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) 1KI 22 1 hhf8 translate-numbers 0 Three years “3 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1KI 22 2 d41e 0 it came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. @@ -1411,14 +1411,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1KI 22 13 mzz9 figs-explicit 0 let your word be like one of them Here the word “them” refers to “the words of the prophets.” Alternate translation: “let what you say agree with what they have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1KI 22 15 f1wd figs-exclusive 0 should we go The word “we” refers to Ahab, Jehoshaphat, and their armies but not to Micaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 1KI 22 15 qtv9 figs-metonymy 0 will give it into the hand of the king Here the word “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “will allow the king to capture it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1KI 22 16 pk5t figs-rquestion 0 How many times must I require…in the name of Yahweh? Ahab asks this question out of frustration to rebuke Micaiah. Alternate translation: “Many times I have required…in the name of Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1KI 22 16 pk5t figs-rquestion 0 How many times must I require … in the name of Yahweh? Ahab asks this question out of frustration to rebuke Micaiah. Alternate translation: “Many times I have required … in the name of Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 22 16 mg9p figs-metonymy 0 in the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” refers to authority. Alternate translation: “as the representative of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 22 17 c1di figs-synecdoche 0 I saw all Israel Here “all Israel” refers to the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “I saw the entire army of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1KI 22 17 wa5p figs-simile 0 like sheep who have no shepherd The people of the army are compared to sheep that have no one to lead them because their shepherd, the king, has died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 1KI 22 17 ql8m figs-metaphor 0 These have no shepherd Yahweh speaks of the king as if he were a shepherd. Just like a shepherd is responsible to care for and protect his sheep, the king is responsible to lead and protect his people. Alternate translation: “These people no longer have a leader” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1KI 22 18 h4mu figs-rquestion 0 Did I not tell you…but only disaster? Ahab asks this question to emphasize that he had spoken the truth about Micaiah. Alternate translation: “I told you…but only disaster!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1KI 22 18 h4mu figs-rquestion 0 Did I not tell you … but only disaster? Ahab asks this question to emphasize that he had spoken the truth about Micaiah. Alternate translation: “I told you … but only disaster!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1KI 22 20 q5js figs-metaphor 0 fall at Ramoth Gilead Ahab dying in battle is spoken of as if he will fall. Alternate translation: “die at Ramoth Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -1KI 22 20 zk2g 0 One of them said…and another one said “One…and another” refers to two or more angels in the heavenly host who were responding to Yahweh’s question in the previous verse. +1KI 22 20 zk2g 0 One of them said … and another one said “One … and another” refers to two or more angels in the heavenly host who were responding to Yahweh’s question in the previous verse. 1KI 22 22 q6fy figs-metonymy 0 be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets Here the word “spirit” refers to the attitudes of the prophets and the words “the mouth” represents what they will say. Alternate translation: “cause all his prophets to speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1KI 22 23 i9ww 0 see “pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important” 1KI 22 23 ty8p figs-metonymy 0 has put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these prophets of yours Here the word “spirit” refers to the attitudes of the prophets and the words “the mouth” represents what they will say. Alternate translation: “has caused all of your prophets to speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/en_tn_12-2KI.tsv b/en_tn_12-2KI.tsv index 68d4b1511..bf8c073d5 100644 --- a/en_tn_12-2KI.tsv +++ b/en_tn_12-2KI.tsv @@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 1 13 j2vk translate-numbers 0 fifty warriors “50 warriors” or “50 soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 1 13 ptv6 0 implored him “begged him” 2KI 1 13 ye4v figs-explicit 0 these fifty servants of yours The captain says that his servants are Elijah’s servants to show him honor. AT “my fifty soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2KI 1 13 b8jf figs-metaphor 0 let my life and the life of…be precious in your sight Here Elijah’s “sight” represents him judgement or evaluation. The captain is pleading with Elijah to let them live. Alternate translation: “please consider my life and the life of…as precious to you” or “consider my life and the life of…to be of worth to you and do not kill us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2KI 1 13 b8jf figs-metaphor 0 let my life and the life of … be precious in your sight Here Elijah’s “sight” represents him judgement or evaluation. The captain is pleading with Elijah to let them live. Alternate translation: “please consider my life and the life of … as precious to you” or “consider my life and the life of … to be of worth to you and do not kill us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 1 14 t3sy figs-metaphor 0 let my life be precious in your sight Here Elijah’s “sight” represents him judgement or evaluation. The captain is repeating his request for Elijah to show kindness to him and let him live. Alternate translation: “please be kind to me” or “please allow me to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 1 16 akr3 figs-rquestion 0 Is it because there is no God in Israel from whom you can ask for information? This rhetorical question is asked as a rebuke for consulting Baal-Zebub. This may be written as a statement. This is irony because the king is definitely aware of the God of Israel. Alternate translation: “You must think there is no God in Israel whom you may ask for information!” or “You fool! You know there is a God in Israel to consult, but you acted as if you did not know.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 2KI 1 16 bgi9 figs-explicit 0 you will not come down from the bed where you have gone up When King Ahaziah was injured, he was placed in a bed. Yahweh said that he will never become well and be able to get out of the bed. See how you translated this statement in [2 Kings 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “you will not recover and you will not get up from the bed where you are lying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 1 17 sl2v 0 the word of Yahweh that Elijah had spoken “what Yahweh had told Elijah that Elijah had spoken” 2KI 1 17 s5cd figs-explicit 0 in the second year of Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat king of Judah This describes the time that Joram began to reign over Israel by stating how long Jehoram had been reigning over Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “in the second year that Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat was king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -2KI 1 18 emi5 figs-rquestion 0 are they not written…Israel? This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they are written…Israel.” or “someone has written about them in…Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2KI 1 18 emi5 figs-rquestion 0 are they not written … Israel? This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they are written … Israel.” or “someone has written about them in … Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 2 intro i216 0 # 2 Kings 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter ends the story of Elijah and begins the story of Elisha.

## Special concepts in this chapter

Elisha replaces Elijah as the chief prophet of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) 2KI 2 1 u56u writing-newevent 0 So it came about “So it happened.” This phrase is used to introduce the next event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 2KI 2 1 pmc1 0 a whirlwind a strong wind that spins around and around @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 3 3 n4ct translate-names 0 Nebat This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 3 3 zgj1 figs-idiom 0 he did not turn away from them “Turning away” from something is an idiom which means to stop doing it. Alternate translation: “he did not stop committing those sins” or “he continued committing those sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2KI 3 4 r82y figs-explicit 0 He had to give to the king of Israel 100,000 lambs and the wool of 100,000 rams Mesha had to give these things to the king of Israel because his kingdom was controlled by the king of Israel. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Every year he was forced to give 100,000 lambs and the wool from 100,000 rams to the king of Israel, because his kingdom was controlled by the king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2KI 3 4 n1ad translate-numbers 0 100,000 lambs…100,000 rams “one hundred thousand lambs…one hundred thousand rams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2KI 3 4 n1ad translate-numbers 0 100,000 lambs…100,000 rams “one hundred thousand lambs … one hundred thousand rams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 3 6 kkb2 figs-synecdoche 0 to mobilize all Israel for war “to prepare the people of Israel for war.” Here “all Israel” refers to all of the Israelite soldiers. Alternate translation: “to mobilize all of the Israelite soldiers for war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2KI 3 7 q4bl 0 General Information: King Joram continues speaking to King Jehoshaphat. 2KI 3 7 uqt2 figs-synecdoche 0 Will you go with me against Moab to battle? The word “you” refers to Jehoshaphat, but refers to both him and his army. Here “Moab” stands for “the army of Moab.” Alternate translation: “Will you and your army go with me to fight against the army of Moab?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 5 3 mnp1 0 my master Here “my master” refers to Naaman. 2KI 5 5 mq1r figs-explicit 0 I will send a letter The king is going to give the letter to Naaman to take with him to the king of Israel. Alternate translation: “I will send a letter with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 5 5 kp6b translate-numbers 0 ten talents of silver, six thousand pieces of gold “10 talents of silver, 6,000 pieces of gold.” This can be written in modern measurements. Alternate translation: “330 kilograms of sliver, 6,000 pieces of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -2KI 5 5 ge56 figs-explicit 0 took with him ten…clothes This were gifts from the king of Aram for the king of Israel. Alternate translation: “took with him ten…clothes, which were gifts for the king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2KI 5 5 ge56 figs-explicit 0 took with him ten … clothes This were gifts from the king of Aram for the king of Israel. Alternate translation: “took with him ten … clothes, which were gifts for the king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 5 7 q6lq translate-symaction 0 he tore his clothes Often people would rip their clothes if they were in great distress. Alternate translation: “he ripped his clothes to show his distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2KI 5 7 ief7 figs-rquestion 0 Am I God, to kill and to make alive, that this man wants me to cure a man of his leprosy? The king uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that the request of the king of Aram is outrageous and something he cannot do. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The king of Aram must think I am some sort of God, with the power over death and life! He wants me to cure this man of his leprosy, but I cannot do that.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 5 7 v9df figs-explicit 0 It seems he is seeking to start an argument with me The king of Israel did not believe the request to heal Naamam was the real reason for the letter. He thought the real reason was to start a fight. Alternate translation: “It seems he is looking for an excuse to start a fight with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 5 23 dk33 figs-explicit 0 Naaman urged Gehazi Naaman urged him to take gifts. Alternate translation: “Naaman urged Gehazi to take the gifts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 5 25 g7mt 0 Your servant Gehazi refers to himself here as Elisha’s servant. 2KI 5 26 vnd5 figs-rquestion 0 Was not my spirit with you when the man turned his chariot to meet you? Elisha uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that Yahweh allowed him to see what Gehazi had done. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have realized that my spirit could see you when Naaman stopped his chariot and talked to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2KI 5 26 db2t figs-rquestion 0 Is this a time to accept money…female servants? Elisha uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that this is not the time take gifts. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is not the time to accept money…female servants.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 5 26 db2t figs-rquestion 0 Is this a time to accept money … female servants? Elisha uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that this is not the time take gifts. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is not the time to accept money … female servants.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 5 27 zy6v 0 the leprosy of Naaman will be on you and your descendants This speaks of Gehazi and his descendant getting leprosy as if Naaman’s leprosy was taken from him and given to Gehazi. Alternate translation: “you and your descendants will have leprosy, just as Naaman had leprosy” 2KI 5 27 qcw4 figs-idiom 0 So Gehazi went out from his presence The phrase “his presence” refers to the area where Elisha could see him. This means that he left the room where Elisha was. Alternate translation: “When Gehazi left the room, he was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2KI 5 27 j8kw figs-simile 0 as white as snow Leprosy makes skin white. Here Gehazi’s leprous skin is compared to the color of snow. Alternate translation: “with skin that was white like snow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 6 33 txv7 figs-explicit 0 Why should I wait for Yahweh any longer? This king use this rhetorical question to emphasize that he does not believe that Yahweh is going to help them. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Why should I continue to wait for Yahweh to help us?” or “I will not wait any longer for help from Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 7 intro tr2p 0 # 2 Kings 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The stories of Elisha’s miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fear
God caused the army of Aram to hear the sound of an enormous army approaching so they all ran away leaving all their food behind. 2KI 7 1 tu65 figs-explicit 0 a measure of fine flour will be sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel It is implied that the Israelites will be paying less money for these item than they had been. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will sell a measure of fine flour for a shekel and two measures of barley for a shekel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2KI 7 1 cq3p translate-bvolume 0 a measure of fine flour…two measures of barley Here the word “measure” translates the word “seah,” which is a unit of dry measurement equal to about 7 liters. Alternate translation: “7 liters of fine flour…14 liters of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) +2KI 7 1 cq3p translate-bvolume 0 a measure of fine flour … two measures of barley Here the word “measure” translates the word “seah,” which is a unit of dry measurement equal to about 7 liters. Alternate translation: “7 liters of fine flour…14 liters of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) 2KI 7 1 y4hp translate-bmoney 0 a shekel A shekel is a unit of weight equal to about 11 grams. Alternate translation: “about 11 grams of silver” or “one silver coin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) 2KI 7 2 su6x figs-metaphor 0 the captain on whose hand the king leaned A high ranking captain who was the king’s personal assistant is spoken of as if he was a person on whom the king leaned his hand. Alternate translation: “the captain who was close to the king” or “the captain who was the king’s personal assistant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 7 2 s4x6 figs-metaphor 0 even if Yahweh should make windows in heaven Yahweh causing much rain to fall in order to make the crops grow is spoken of as if Yahweh were opening windows in heaven through which he pours down rain. Alternate translation: “even if Yahweh were to cause much rain to fall from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -404,14 +404,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 7 15 l1aa figs-hyperbole 0 all the road was full of clothes and equipment This is an exaggeration that means the men saw these items scattered along the road as they traveled. Alternate translation: “there were clothes and equipment all along the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2KI 7 16 e95z 0 plundered the camp This refers to taking items from a defeated army. 2KI 7 16 pu67 figs-activepassive 0 So a measure of fine flour was sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So people sold a measure of fine flour for a shekel and two measures of barley for a shekel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2KI 7 16 eh13 translate-bvolume 0 a measure of fine flour…two measures of barley Here the word “measure” translates the word “seah,” which is a unit of dry measurement equal to about 7 liters. Alternate translation: “7 liters of fine flour…14 liters of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) +2KI 7 16 eh13 translate-bvolume 0 a measure of fine flour … two measures of barley Here the word “measure” translates the word “seah,” which is a unit of dry measurement equal to about 7 liters. Alternate translation: “7 liters of fine flour…14 liters of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) 2KI 7 16 pys5 translate-bmoney 0 a shekel A shekel is a unit of weight equal to about 11 grams. Alternate translation: “about 11 grams of silver” or “one silver coin”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) 2KI 7 16 tv5d figs-metonymy 0 just as the word of Yahweh had said Here “word” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh had said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 7 17 hws6 figs-metaphor 0 the captain on whose hand he had leaned A high ranking captain who was the king’s personal assistant is spoken of as if he were a person on whom the king leaned his hand. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “the captain who was close to the king” or “the captain who was the king’s personal assistant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 7 17 r27e 0 trampled him down The crowd of people were in such a rush to get to the food in the camp that they knocked over the man and trampled him to death. 2KI 7 18 a3ew writing-endofstory 0 General Information: In this verse, the writer summarizes what happened by repeating the events that he described in [2 Kings 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) 2KI 7 18 ky49 0 About this time “About this time tomorrow” -2KI 7 18 y32g translate-bvolume 0 two measures of barley…a measure of fine flour Here the word “measure” translates the word “seah,” which is a unit of dry measurement equal to about 7 liters. Alternate translation: “14 liters of barley…7 liters of fine flour” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) +2KI 7 18 y32g translate-bvolume 0 two measures of barley … a measure of fine flour Here the word “measure” translates the word “seah,” which is a unit of dry measurement equal to about 7 liters. Alternate translation: “14 liters of barley…7 liters of fine flour” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) 2KI 7 18 kz43 translate-bmoney 0 a shekel A shekel is a unit of weight equal to about 11 grams. Alternate translation: “about 11 grams of silver” or “one silver coin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) 2KI 7 19 n3ly writing-endofstory 0 General Information: In this verse, the writer summarizes what happened by repeating the events that he described in [2 Kings 7:2](../07/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) 2KI 7 19 g1xx 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” @@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 8 12 c1pw 0 my master Hazael refers to Elisha this way to honor him. 2KI 8 12 k88j 0 Because I know God has shown Elisha what will take place in the future. 2KI 8 12 cp79 figs-synecdoche 0 you will do The word “you” represents Hazael and refers to himself and the soldiers under his control when he is king. Alternate translation: “you will cause to happen” or “you will order your soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2KI 8 12 rs1h figs-metonymy 0 You will set…you will kill The word “you” represents Hazel but here refers to his soldiers and not to Hazael personally. Alternate translation: “You soldiers will set…your soldiers will kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2KI 8 12 rs1h figs-metonymy 0 You will set … you will kill The word “you” represents Hazel but here refers to his soldiers and not to Hazael personally. Alternate translation: “You soldiers will set … your soldiers will kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 8 12 mwe9 0 dash in pieces their little ones “crush their little children.” This is a brutal description of the soldiers killing children. 2KI 8 12 c5cf figs-metonymy 0 kill their young men with the sword This means that the men will be killed in battle. The sword was the main weapon used in battle. Alternate translation: “kill their young men in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 8 12 m5j3 figs-explicit 0 rip open their pregnant women Specifically this refers to tear open their stomachs. Alternate translation: “rip open the stomachs of their pregnant women with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -477,14 +477,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 8 22 c7ws figs-explicit 0 Libnah also revolted at the same time Libnah rebelled against the king of Judah just as Edom had. Alternate translation: “During that same time, Libnah also rebelled against the king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 8 22 ezk7 translate-names 0 Libnah This is another city that was originally part of Judah. Here “Libnah” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Libnah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 8 23 nxu4 0 As for the other matters concerning Jehoram, all that he did “To read more about the history of Jehoram and what he did,” -2KI 8 23 ys1v figs-rquestion 0 are they not written…Judah? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Jehoram is in this other book. Alternate translation: “these things are written…Judah.” or “someone has written about them…Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2KI 8 23 ys1v figs-rquestion 0 are they not written … Judah? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Jehoram is in this other book. Alternate translation: “these things are written … Judah.” or “someone has written about them … Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 8 24 a4g1 figs-euphemism 0 Jehoram rested with his fathers and was buried with them Here “rested” is a polite way of referring to someone dying. After he died, his body was buried in the same place as the bodies of his forefathers. The phrase “was buried” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Jehoram died as his ancestors had died, and they buried him with his ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 8 24 a8hw 0 Then Ahaziah his son became king in his place “Then Ahaziah, Jehoram’s son, became king after he died” 2KI 8 25 xk56 0 General Information: Ahaziah becomes king of Judah. 2KI 8 25 f3kd figs-explicit 0 In the twelfth year of Joram son of Ahab, king of Israel This describes the time that Ahaziah began to reign as king of Judah by stating how long Joram, the current king of Israel, had reigned. Alternate translation: “in the twelfth year that Joram son of Ahab was king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 8 25 x65c translate-ordinal 0 twelfth year “12th year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2KI 8 26 jxz8 translate-numbers 0 twenty-two years “22 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2KI 8 26 ja9u translate-names 0 Athaliah…Omri Athaliah is the name of a woman. Omri is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 8 26 ja9u translate-names 0 Athaliah … Omri Athaliah is the name of a woman. Omri is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 8 27 tvy6 figs-idiom 0 Ahaziah walked in the ways of Here “walking” refers his behavior or the way in which he lived. Alternate translation: “Ahaziah lived the same way as the others in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2KI 8 27 a5ad figs-metonymy 0 the house of Ahab Here the “house” of Ahab refers to his family. Alternate translation: “the family of Ahab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 8 27 r7k2 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 9 9 wgr2 0 General Information: The young prophet continues to speak the words of Yahweh to Jehu, whom he had just anointed as king over Israel. 2KI 9 9 ev98 figs-explicit 0 I will make the house of Ahab like This means that God will destroy Ahab and his family just as he destroyed Jeroboam and Baasha and their families. Alternate translation: “I will get rid of the house of Ahab like I got rid of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 9 9 t27a figs-metonymy 0 the house of This phrase is used in this verse three times. Each time, the word “house” refers to the “family” of the man specified. Alternate translation: “the family of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 9 9 xb8q translate-transliterate 0 Nebat…Ahijah These are the names of men. Translate the name “Nebat” the same as you did in [2 Kings 3:3](../03/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) +2KI 9 9 xb8q translate-transliterate 0 Nebat … Ahijah These are the names of men. Translate the name “Nebat” the same as you did in [2 Kings 3:3](../03/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 2KI 9 10 lvi6 figs-explicit 0 The dogs will eat Jezebel This means that the dogs will eat her dead body. Alternate translation: “Dogs will eat the dead body of Jezebel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 9 11 b369 0 the servants of his master This refers to the other officers who were serving King Ahab. 2KI 9 11 p1vq 0 mad fellow “crazy man” @@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 9 26 y67y 0 according to the word of Yahweh “to fulfill the prophecy spoken to us” 2KI 9 27 gu34 0 General Information: This is the account of what happened to Ahaziah, the king of Judah, after Jehu killed Joram. 2KI 9 27 z52z 0 saw this “saw what happened to Joram” -2KI 9 27 yl6p translate-names 0 Beth Haggan…Gur…Ibleam…Megiddo These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 9 27 yl6p translate-names 0 Beth Haggan … Gur … Ibleam … Megiddo These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 9 27 z7k2 figs-activepassive 0 at the ascent of Gur The word “ascent” means that they were going up hill while travelling on the road to Gur. Alternate translation: “on the road leading up to Gur” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 9 28 bl6s 0 his fathers “his ancestors” 2KI 9 29 dnx1 figs-explicit 0 in the eleventh year of Joram son of Ahab This describes the time that Ahaziah began to reign by stating how long the current king of Israel had reigned. Alternate translation: “in the eleventh year that Joram son of Ahab was king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 9 35 v3xk 0 they found no more of her than “they found no more of her body than” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “all they found that was left of her body were” 2KI 9 35 l1m8 0 the palms of her hands The palm is the inner part of the hand. 2KI 9 36 pqz3 translate-names 0 the Tishbite This refers to someone from the city of Tishbe. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 9 37 kim4 figs-simile 0 the body of Jezebel will be like dung on the surface of the fields…so that no one will be able to say This speaks of the pieces of Jezebel’s body being scattered in the field as if they were dung spread in the field. Since the pieces of her body were so small and spread out there was nothing that could be collected and buried. Alternate translation: “the pieces of Jezebel’s body will be scattered like dung in the fields…so that no one will be able to recognize them and say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +2KI 9 37 kim4 figs-simile 0 the body of Jezebel will be like dung on the surface of the fields … so that no one will be able to say This speaks of the pieces of Jezebel’s body being scattered in the field as if they were dung spread in the field. Since the pieces of her body were so small and spread out there was nothing that could be collected and buried. Alternate translation: “the pieces of Jezebel’s body will be scattered like dung in the fields … so that no one will be able to recognize them and say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 2KI 9 37 xj6d 0 dung manure, specifically dung used as a fertilizer 2KI 9 37 ayb5 0 so that no one will be able to say, “This is Jezebel.” “so that no one will be able to recognize her body.” or “so no one will be able to tell this was Jezebel.” 2KI 10 intro abca 0 # 2 Kings 10 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

God’s prophecy against the family of Ahab was fulfilled. Jehu killed all of Ahab’s descendants and all the worshipers of Baal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) @@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 10 6 c3rg figs-idiom 0 on my side To “be on someone’s side” means to be loyal to them and supportive of them. Alternate translation: “loyal to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2KI 10 6 g3if 0 listen to hear and obey 2KI 10 6 hjr8 figs-metonymy 0 to my voice Here Jehu’s “voice” refer to what he says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 10 6 hij4 figs-explicit 0 you must take the heads…and come to me It is implied that they are to bring the heads of the Ahab’s descendant and present them to Jehu. Alternate translation: “you must take the heads…and bring them to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2KI 10 6 hij4 figs-explicit 0 you must take the heads … and come to me It is implied that they are to bring the heads of the Ahab’s descendant and present them to Jehu. Alternate translation: “you must take the heads … and bring them to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 10 6 v7id figs-euphemism 0 you must take the heads of the men of your master’s descendants This refers to killing them and removing their heads. Alternate translation: “kill your master’s descendants and cut off their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2KI 10 6 qps2 translate-numbers 0 seventy in number “70 in number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 10 6 xl7y figs-idiom 0 who were bringing them up This means that they were supervising them and teaching them. Alternate translation: “who were raising them” or “who were supervising them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -610,9 +610,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 10 9 dic5 0 See Jehu uses this word here to draw the peoples’ attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Hear my words” 2KI 10 9 apq9 figs-rquestion 0 but who killed all these? Jehu uses a rhetorical question to cause the people to think deeply about the situation. This can be written as a statement. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “but the men of Samaria are responsible for killing Ahab’s 70 descendants” or (2) Alternate translation: “but it was Yahweh’s will for these men to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 10 10 tky4 0 certainly realize “understand” or “be aware of the fact that” -2KI 10 10 qm1a figs-metaphor 0 no part of Yahweh’s word…will fall to the ground This speaks of everything happening that Yahweh has said will happen as if it were something that did not die and fall to the ground. Alternate translation: “No part of Yahweh’s word…will fail” or “every part of Yahweh’s word…will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2KI 10 10 qm1a figs-metaphor 0 no part of Yahweh’s word … will fall to the ground This speaks of everything happening that Yahweh has said will happen as if it were something that did not die and fall to the ground. Alternate translation: “No part of Yahweh’s word … will fail” or “every part of Yahweh’s word … will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 10 10 dxa2 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has done This speaks of Yahweh causing Ahab’s descendants to be killed as if he killed them himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2KI 10 11 q6ub figs-metonymy 0 So Jehu killed all…and his priests Jehu did not kill all of these people personally, rather he commanded for them to be killed. Alternate translation: “So Jehu commanded for all…to be killed” or “So Jehu commanded for all…to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2KI 10 11 q6ub figs-metonymy 0 So Jehu killed all … and his priests Jehu did not kill all of these people personally, rather he commanded for them to be killed. Alternate translation: “So Jehu commanded for all … to be killed” or “So Jehu commanded for all … to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 10 11 yv9x 0 all who remained “all who were alive” or “all who were left” 2KI 10 11 m7rb figs-euphemism 0 until none of them remained This means that they had all been killed. Alternate translation: “until all of them had been killed” or “until all of them were dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2KI 10 12 s861 translate-names 0 Beth Eked of the shepherd This was the name of a place where sheep were sheared. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 10 32 nr1q figs-synecdoche 0 Hazael defeated Here “Hazael” refers to himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Hazael and his army” or “King Hazael’s Aramean army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2KI 10 32 ar6f translate-names 0 Hazael See how you translated this king’s name in [2 Kings 8:8](../08/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 10 33 n3me 0 from the Jordan eastward “from the land east of the Jordan” -2KI 10 33 ef2f translate-names 0 Aroer…Bashan These are all names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 10 33 ef2f translate-names 0 Aroer … Bashan These are all names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 10 33 u9im translate-names 0 the Arnon “the Arnon River” This is the name of a river. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 10 34 dhn9 figs-rquestion 0 are they not written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel? This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. See how this phrase is translated in [2 Kings 1:18](../01/18.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in the book of the history of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 10 35 ka9p figs-euphemism 0 Jehu slept with his ancestors, and they buried him in Samaria This means that Jehu died. This speaks of him being buried where his ancestors were buried as if he were sleeping with them. Alternate translation: “Jehu died and they buried him in Samaria, where they had also buried his ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 12 15 yl27 figs-activepassive 0 they did not require the money paid for repairs to be accounted for by the men who received it and paid it to the workmen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they did not require the men who received the money and paid the workmen for the repairs to account for the money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 12 15 d5vz 0 to be accounted for to keep a record of how much money was received and spent 2KI 12 16 frz5 figs-explicit 0 the money for the guilt offerings and the money for the sin offerings was not brought into the temple of Yahweh It is implied that this money was not used for the repairs. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they did not use the money from the guilt offerings and the sin offerings to pay for the repairs to the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2KI 12 17 lxs4 figs-synecdoche 0 Hazael king of Aram attacked…Hazael then turned to attack This refers to Hazael’s army as well as to Hazael. Alternate translation: “Hazael king of Aram and his army attacked…Then they turned to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2KI 12 17 lxs4 figs-synecdoche 0 Hazael king of Aram attacked … Hazael then turned to attack This refers to Hazael’s army as well as to Hazael. Alternate translation: “Hazael king of Aram and his army attacked … Then they turned to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2KI 12 17 h8n3 translate-names 0 Hazael This is the name of the king of the country of Syria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 12 17 l227 0 took it “defeated and took control of it” 2KI 12 18 jt6e figs-metaphor 0 Jehoshaphat and Jehoram and Ahaziah, his fathers These men were previous kings of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 12 18 yc4i 0 Then Hazael went away from Jerusalem The gifts Joash gave Hazael convinced him not to attack Jerusalem. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “So Hazael stopped attacking Jerusalem and left” 2KI 12 19 vzj6 figs-rquestion 0 are they not written in the book of the events of the kings of Judah? This question is used to remind the reader that these things are recorded. See how this phrase is translated in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in the book of the history of the kings of Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 12 20 bpc3 translate-names 0 Silla The location of this place is unknown. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 12 21 a67i translate-names 0 Jozabad…Shimeath…Jehozabad…Shomer…Amaziah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 12 21 a67i translate-names 0 Jozabad … Shimeath … Jehozabad … Shomer … Amaziah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 12 21 c8xh 0 with his ancestors “in the place where his ancestors were buried” 2KI 12 21 jic7 0 became king in his place “became the next king of Judah” 2KI 13 intro abcd 0 # 2 Kings 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the last chapter about Elisha.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Elisha’s death
The king of Israel is upset when Elisha is dying. Elisha assures him that he will have three victories over Aram.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor

The king compares the protection that Elisha had given Israel to “The chariot of Israel and the horsemen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -821,9 +821,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 13 23 xdv2 0 But Yahweh was gracious to Israel, and had compassion on them and concern for them It may be helpful to divide this sentence into shorter parts. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh was very kind to the Israelite people. He helped them” 2KI 13 23 rh9e figs-explicit 0 So Yahweh did not destroy them Yahweh’s covenant is the reason he did not destroy Israel. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “This is the reason that Yahweh did not destroy them” or “Because of his covenant, Yahweh did not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 13 23 w4jq figs-metaphor 0 has not driven them away from his presence Yahweh’s rejection is spoken of as if he had physically driven Israel away from where he was. Alternate translation: “has not rejected them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2KI 13 24 pn16 translate-names 0 Hazael…Ben Hadad These are names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 13 24 pn16 translate-names 0 Hazael … Ben Hadad These are names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 13 24 z9i4 0 became king in his place “became king after him” -2KI 13 25 kwm4 translate-names 0 Jehoash…Jehoahaz These are names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 13 25 kwm4 translate-names 0 Jehoash … Jehoahaz These are names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 13 25 zz2a figs-synecdoche 0 Jehoash attacked him three times Here “Jehoash” and “him” refer to the kings and their armies. Alternate translation: “Jehoash’s army attacked Ben Hadad’s army three times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2KI 13 25 v9pk 0 he recovered those cities of Israel “Jehoash took back control of the Israelite cities that Ben Hadad had captured” 2KI 14 intro abce 0 # 2 Kings 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The text begins to alternate between the kingdoms of Israel and Judah again.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pride
Pride in one’s success can make a person attempt and fail at something else. Amaziah defeated Edom so he wanted to fight Israel. But Israel defeated him and thoroughly humiliated him. @@ -848,9 +848,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 14 7 ivl5 translate-numbers 0 ten thousand soldiers “10,000 soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 14 7 th9a 0 Valley of Salt This is the name of a place that is located south of the Dead Sea. 2KI 14 7 p37c figs-synecdoche 0 he also took Sela in war Here the word “he” refers to King amaziah and represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “King Amaziah’s army captured the city of Sela” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2KI 14 7 n6i2 translate-names 0 Sela…Joktheel They renamed the city of Sela. The new name was Joktheel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 14 7 n6i2 translate-names 0 Sela … Joktheel They renamed the city of Sela. The new name was Joktheel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 14 8 wa4f figs-synecdoche 0 Then Amaziah sent messengers to Jehoash son of Jehoahaz son of Jehu king of Israel, saying, “Come, let us meet each other face to face in battle.” Here “each other” also included their armies. Alternate translation: “Then Amaziah sent messengers to King Jehoash of Israel, saying, ‘Come here and let us and our armies fight each other in battle.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2KI 14 9 c44n figs-metaphor 0 A thistle that was in Lebanon…trampled down the thistle This is a word picture and a riddle. A cedar tree is great and a thistle is small and worthless. Jehoash compares himself to the cedar and Amaziah to the thistle and warns Amaziah not to attack. If you have a similar comparison in your own language, you can use it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2KI 14 9 c44n figs-metaphor 0 A thistle that was in Lebanon … trampled down the thistle This is a word picture and a riddle. A cedar tree is great and a thistle is small and worthless. Jehoash compares himself to the cedar and Amaziah to the thistle and warns Amaziah not to attack. If you have a similar comparison in your own language, you can use it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 14 9 m2ge 0 thistle type of bush with thorns 2KI 14 9 thw3 figs-quotations 0 saying, ‘Give your daughter to my son for a wife,’ This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “asking the cedar to give his daughter to the thistle’s son for a wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 2KI 14 10 uh7l 0 You have indeed attacked Edom This is the warning part of Jehoash’s message to Amaziah. “Amaziah, you have definitely defeated Edom” @@ -858,16 +858,16 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 14 10 t29y 0 Take pride in your victory “Be content with your victory” 2KI 14 10 ik12 figs-rquestion 0 for why should you cause yourself trouble and fall Jehoash uses this question to warn Amaziah not to attack him. Alternate translation: “for you should not cause trouble for yourself and suffer defeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 14 11 tc12 figs-metonymy 0 But Amaziah would not listen Here “listen” refers to obeying the warning. Alternate translation: “However, Amaziah would not obey Jehoash’s warning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 14 11 dxk2 figs-synecdoche 0 So Jehoash king of Israel attacked…Amaziah king of Judah met each other The armies of these kings went to battle with them. Alternate translation: “So Jehoash and his army went to fight Amaziah and his army and they met each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2KI 14 11 dxk2 figs-synecdoche 0 So Jehoash king of Israel attacked … Amaziah king of Judah met each other The armies of these kings went to battle with them. Alternate translation: “So Jehoash and his army went to fight Amaziah and his army and they met each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2KI 14 11 tea6 translate-names 0 Beth Shemesh This is a town in Judah near the border of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 14 12 iqd2 figs-activepassive 0 Judah was defeated by Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Israel defeated Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 14 12 s7x5 0 every man fled home “all the men in the army of Judah ran home” 2KI 14 13 pau5 0 General Information: This is what happened after the army of Israel defeated the army of Judah at Beth Shemesh. -2KI 14 13 r9xl figs-synecdoche 0 He came Here “He” refers to Jehoash and his army. Alternate translation: “Jehoash and his army came…Jehoash’s soldiers took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2KI 14 13 y4k8 translate-names 0 Ephraim Gate…Corner Gate There are the names of gates in the wall of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 14 13 r9xl figs-synecdoche 0 He came Here “He” refers to Jehoash and his army. Alternate translation: “Jehoash and his army came … Jehoash’s soldiers took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2KI 14 13 y4k8 translate-names 0 Ephraim Gate … Corner Gate There are the names of gates in the wall of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 14 13 vqd2 translate-numbers 0 four hundred cubits “about 180 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 14 13 b9as translate-bdistance 0 cubits A cubit was about 46 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -2KI 14 14 phn9 figs-synecdoche 0 He took Here “He” refers to Jehoash and his army. Alternate translation: “Jehoash and his army came…Jehoash’s soldiers took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2KI 14 14 phn9 figs-synecdoche 0 He took Here “He” refers to Jehoash and his army. Alternate translation: “Jehoash and his army came … Jehoash’s soldiers took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2KI 14 14 x427 figs-explicit 0 with hostages also, and returned to Samaria This implies that Jehoash needed to take these hostages to prevent Amaziah from attacking again. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and they also took to Samaria some prisoners to make sure that Amaziah would cause them no more trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 14 15 t4dy figs-rquestion 0 are they not written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel? This question is used to remind the reader that the acts of Jehoahaz are recorded in another book. See how this phrase is translated in [2 Kings 1:18](../01/18.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 14 16 vt46 figs-euphemism 0 Then Jehoash slept with his ancestors This is a polite way to say that he died. Alternate translation: “Then Jehoash died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 15 5 a3rs figs-abstractnouns 0 to the day of his death The abstract noun “death” can be expressed with the verb “die.” Alternate translation: “until the day he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2KI 15 5 gk1i 0 Jotham, the king’s son, was over the household The word “household” refers to the people living in the king’s palace. Because Azariah was a leper, he had to live in a separate house. So his son, Jotham, took charge over the palace. 2KI 15 5 pz41 figs-metaphor 0 was over the household Being over the household represents having authority over those in it. Alternate translation: “was in charge of the household” or “had authority over those in Azariah’s palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2KI 15 6 i6ew figs-rquestion 0 are they not written…Judah? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Azariah is in this other book. This can also be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written…Judah.” or “you can read about them…Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2KI 15 6 i6ew figs-rquestion 0 are they not written … Judah? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Azariah is in this other book. This can also be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written … Judah.” or “you can read about them … Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 15 7 h3ex figs-metaphor 0 Azariah slept with his ancestors Sleeping represents dying. Alternate translation: “Azariah died as his ancestors had” or “like his ancestors, Azariah died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2KI 15 7 cv1f 0 they buried him with his ancestors “his family buried him where his ancestors had been buried” 2KI 15 7 xj9r figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Azariah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 15 9 s24j figs-metaphor 0 He did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat Departing from sins represents refusing to do those sins. Alternate translation: “Zechariah did not refuse to commit the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat” or “He sinned as Jeroboam son of Nebat had sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 15 9 tf55 0 Jeroboam son of Nebat This Jeroboam was the first king of the ten northern tribes that made up the kingdom of Israel. 2KI 15 9 jf9j figs-metonymy 0 who had caused Israel to sin Here the word “Israel” represents the people of the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “who had caused the people of Israel to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 15 10 p3db translate-names 0 Shallum…Jabesh These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 15 10 p3db translate-names 0 Shallum … Jabesh These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 10 e54l 0 against Zechariah “against King Zechariah” 2KI 15 10 zj8z translate-names 0 Ibleam This was the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 10 xu2j 0 Then he became king in his place “Then Shallum became king in Zechariah’s place” @@ -931,9 +931,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 15 12 e1b4 figs-explicit 0 This was the word of Yahweh It can be stated clearly that the events described in verse 10 fulfilled the word of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “What happened to Zechariah was according to the word of Yahweh” or “What happened to Zechariah fulfilled the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 15 12 x3sm figs-metonymy 0 Your descendants will sit on the throne of Israel to the fourth generation Sitting on the throne represents being the king. Alternate translation: “Your descendants will be the kings of Israel for four generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 15 13 z5db figs-explicit 0 in the thirty-ninth year of Azariah king of Judah It can be stated clearly that this is the thirty-ninth year of his reign. Alternate translation: “in year 39 of the reign of Azariah king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2KI 15 13 jep2 translate-names 0 Shallum…Jabesh These are the names of two men. See how you translated these names in [2 Kings 15:10](../15/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 15 13 jep2 translate-names 0 Shallum … Jabesh These are the names of two men. See how you translated these names in [2 Kings 15:10](../15/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 13 wql8 figs-explicit 0 he reigned only one month in Samaria Samaria is the city that he lived in when was king of Israel. Alternate translation: “Shallum lived in Samaria and reigned over Israel for only one month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2KI 15 14 y7eg translate-names 0 Menahem…Gadi These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 15 14 y7eg translate-names 0 Menahem … Gadi These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 14 tv6u figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Shallum” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 15 15 t6xd figs-explicit 0 the conspiracy that he formed The abstract noun “conspiracy” can be translated with the verb “plan.” It can be stated clearly what this conspiracy was. Alternate translation: “how he planned to murder King Zechariah” or “and how he murdered King Zechariah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 15 15 nd96 figs-activepassive 0 they are written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you can read about them in the book of the events of the kings of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 15 20 nd7g 0 exacted this money from Israel “took this money from Israel” 2KI 15 20 b1hv translate-bmoney 0 fifty shekels of silver You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “six hundred grams of silver” or “three-fifths of a kilogram of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) 2KI 15 20 qz7q 0 did not stay there in the land “did not stay there in Israel” -2KI 15 21 w6zx figs-rquestion 0 are they not written…Israel? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Menahem is in this other book. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 1:18](../01/18.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in The Book of the Events of the Kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 15 21 w6zx figs-rquestion 0 are they not written … Israel? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Menahem is in this other book. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 1:18](../01/18.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in The Book of the Events of the Kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 15 22 a3i4 figs-metaphor 0 Menahem slept with his ancestors Sleeping represents dying. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 10:35](../10/35.md). Alternate translation: “Menahem died as his ancestors had” or “like his ancestors, Menahem died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2KI 15 22 l6tw translate-names 0 Pekahiah This a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 22 axh7 figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Menahem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -961,10 +961,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 15 24 yt2s figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 15 24 n1vt figs-metaphor 0 He did not leave behind the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat Leaving behind sins represents refusing to do those sins. Alternate translation: “Pekahiah did not refuse to commit the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat” or “He sinned as Jeroboam son of Nebat had sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 15 24 v24h figs-metonymy 0 he had caused Israel to sin Here the word “Israel” represents the people of the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 15 25 iu97 translate-names 0 Pekah…Remaliah These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 15 25 iu97 translate-names 0 Pekah … Remaliah These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 25 f5xz 0 conspired against him “secretly planned to kill Pekahiah” 2KI 15 25 b6dd translate-numbers 0 fifty men “50 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2KI 15 25 l8ei translate-names 0 Argob…Arieh These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 15 25 l8ei translate-names 0 Argob … Arieh These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 25 lc6k 0 the citadel of the king’s palace “the fortified part of the king’s palace” or “the safe place in the king’s palace” 2KI 15 25 qu35 figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Pekahiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 15 26 yea7 figs-activepassive 0 they are written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you can read about them in the book of the events of the kings of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -973,10 +973,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 15 28 wpl3 figs-metaphor 0 He did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat Departing from sins represents refusing to do those sins. Alternate translation: “Zechariah did not refuse to commit the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat” or “He sinned as Jeroboam son of Nebat had sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 15 29 q5s8 figs-explicit 0 In the days of Pekah king of Israel It can be stated clearly that this refers to the time of Pekah’s reign. Alternate translation: “In the days of the reign of Pekah king of Israel” or “During the time that Pekah was king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 15 29 wj1u translate-names 0 Tiglath-Pileser In [2 Kings 15:19](../15/19.md) this man was called “Pul.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 15 29 fgz6 translate-names 0 Ijon…Abel Beth Maacah…Janoah…Kedesh…Hazor…Gilead…Galilee…Naphtali These are the names of cities or regions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 15 29 fgz6 translate-names 0 Ijon … Abel Beth Maacah … Janoah … Kedesh … Hazor … Gilead … Galilee … Naphtali These are the names of cities or regions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 29 c6cs figs-synecdoche 0 He carried away the people to Assyria Here “He” refers to Tiglath-Pileser and represents him and his army. Carrying the people to Assyria represents forcing them to go to Assyria. Alternate translation: “He and his army forced the people to go to Assyria (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 15 29 d5la figs-explicit 0 the people It can be stated clearly which people these are. Alternate translation: “the people of those places” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2KI 15 30 v22a translate-names 0 Hoshea…Elah These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 15 30 v22a translate-names 0 Hoshea … Elah These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 30 k3bf 0 a conspiracy A conspiracy is a secret plan by a group to do harm to someone or something. 2KI 15 30 q13k 0 He attacked him and killed him “Hoshea attacked Pekah and killed him” 2KI 15 30 d345 figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Pekah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -984,21 +984,21 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 15 31 e8hz figs-activepassive 0 they are written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you can read about them in the book of the events of the kings of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 15 32 l454 figs-explicit 0 In the second year of Pekah son of Remaliah, king of Israel It can be stated clearly that this is the second year of his reign. Alternate translation: “In year 2 of the reign of Pekah son of Remaliah, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 15 32 aht7 0 Jotham son of Azariah, king of Judah began to reign “Jotham son of Azariah, king of Judah became king of Judah” -2KI 15 33 w1ag translate-numbers 0 He was twenty-five years old…sixteen years “He was 25 years old…16 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2KI 15 33 w1ag translate-numbers 0 He was twenty-five years old … sixteen years “He was 25 years old…16 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 15 33 xz2x translate-names 0 Jerushah This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 34 r4gi figs-metaphor 0 what was right in the eyes of Yahweh The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what was right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 15 35 nad3 figs-activepassive 0 the high places were not taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one took away the high places” or “Jotham did not have anyone take the high places away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 15 35 y74d figs-metaphor 0 were not taken away Being taken away represents being destroyed. Alternate translation: “were not destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 15 35 mws8 figs-metonymy 0 Jotham built the upper gate “Jotham built” represents Jotham making his workers build it. Alternate translation: “Jotham had his workers build the upper gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 15 36 h17b figs-rquestion 0 are they not written…Judah? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Jotham is in this other book. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in The Book of the Events of the Kings of Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 15 36 h17b figs-rquestion 0 are they not written … Judah? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Jotham is in this other book. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in The Book of the Events of the Kings of Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 15 37 ct5w figs-explicit 0 In those days This refers to a time period. What time period this refers to can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “During that time” or “While Jotham was king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 15 37 w42k translate-names 0 Rezin This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 15 37 sx2e translate-names 0 Pekah…Remaliah These are men’s names. Pekah was the king of Israel. See how you translated them in [2 Kings 15:37](../15/37.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 15 37 sx2e translate-names 0 Pekah … Remaliah These are men’s names. Pekah was the king of Israel. See how you translated them in [2 Kings 15:37](../15/37.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 15 38 nar5 figs-metaphor 0 Jotham slept with his ancestors Sleeping represents dying. Alternate translation: “Jotham died as his ancestors had” or “Like his ancestors, Jotham died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2KI 15 38 qj1b figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Jotham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 16 intro abcg 0 # 2 Kings 16 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ahaz
Ahaz was a wicked king. Israel and Aram united to fight against him, so he paid the Assyrian king to attack Aram. Assyria defeated the people of Aram and took them into captivity. The people were to trust in Yahweh and not rely on military alliances with other Gentile nations. This showed a lack of trust in the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 2KI 16 1 x9n9 figs-explicit 0 In the seventeenth year of Pekah son of Remaliah It can be stated clearly that this is the seventeenth year of his reign. Alternate translation: “In year 17 of the reign of Pekah son of Remaliah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2KI 16 1 ja6f translate-names 0 Pekah…Remaliah These are men’s names. Pekah was the king of Israel. See how you translated them in [2 Kings 15:25](../15/25.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 16 1 ja6f translate-names 0 Pekah … Remaliah These are men’s names. Pekah was the king of Israel. See how you translated them in [2 Kings 15:25](../15/25.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 16 2 rm3i figs-metaphor 0 what was right in the eyes of Yahweh his God The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what was right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh his God considers to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 16 2 f9pl 0 as David his ancestor had done David had done what is right. 2KI 16 3 a1c2 figs-metaphor 0 he walked in the way of the kings of Israel Walking represents behavior and actions. Alternate translation: “King Ahaz acted the same way that the kings of Israel had acted” or “he did the things that the kings of Israel had done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1008,7 +1008,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 16 3 q89d figs-explicit 0 before the people of Israel The people of those nations fled as the people of Israel moved into the land. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “before the people of Israel who moved into the land” or “as the people of Israel moved into the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 16 4 nl1p 0 the high places, on the hilltops, and under every green tree These are places where the people of the other nations worshiped their false gods. 2KI 16 4 zjl2 figs-hyperbole 0 under every green tree God wanted his people to offer sacrifices to him in Jerusalem. The word “every” here is an exaggeration to show how determined King Ahaz was to disobey God by offering sacrifices in many other places instead. Alternate translation: “under many green trees” or “under many green trees around the country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -2KI 16 5 u3ts translate-names 0 Rezin…Pekah…Remaliah These are men’s names. See how you translated them in [2 Kings 15:37](../15/37.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 16 5 u3ts translate-names 0 Rezin … Pekah … Remaliah These are men’s names. See how you translated them in [2 Kings 15:37](../15/37.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 16 5 hx16 figs-synecdoche 0 besieged Ahaz Ahaz was in Jerusalem. Here “Ahaz” represents himself and the people who were in Jerusalem with him. Alternate translation: “surrounded the city with Ahaz in it” or “surrounded Ahaz and the others in the city with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2KI 16 6 ew5k figs-metonymy 0 recovered Elath for Aram Here “Aram” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “took back control of the city of Elath for the people of Aram” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 16 6 axm2 translate-names 0 Elath This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [2 Kings 14:22](../14/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1025,13 +1025,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 16 13 jf6b 0 General Information: This is what King Ahaz did after he returned from Damascus and visited the new altar which Uriah the priest had built for him. 2KI 16 13 w1tk 0 He made his burnt offering “King Ahaz made his burnt offering” 2KI 16 13 rn3y 0 on the altar This refers to the altar that King Ahaz told Uriah to build. -2KI 16 14 g4cd 0 from the front of the temple…from between his altar and the temple of Yahweh Both of these phrases tell where the bronze altar was. They refer to the same place. +2KI 16 14 g4cd 0 from the front of the temple … from between his altar and the temple of Yahweh Both of these phrases tell where the bronze altar was. They refer to the same place. 2KI 16 15 v2xm 0 the large altar This refers to the new altar that Ahaz told Uriah to build. 2KI 16 15 cj8m figs-123person 0 the king’s burnt offering and his grain offering When Ahaz said “the king” and “his,” he was referring to himself. The king treated his offerings as special. Alternate translation: “my burnt offering and my grain offering” or “the royal burnt offering and royal grain offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 2KI 16 17 y1g1 0 the portable stands “the movable stands” or “the carts.” These stands had wheels on them so they could be moved around. 2KI 16 17 p7hv 0 he also took down the sea “he also removed the large bowl.” The “sea” was a huge basin or water bowl that was made of bronze. 2KI 16 18 h1v3 figs-explicit 0 because of the king of Assyria Why they did this can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “to please the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2KI 16 19 wqa8 figs-rquestion 0 are they not written…Judah? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Ahaz is in this other book. This can also be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in The Book of the Events of the Kings of Judah.” or “someone has written about them in The Book…Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2KI 16 19 wqa8 figs-rquestion 0 are they not written … Judah? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Ahaz is in this other book. This can also be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written in The Book of the Events of the Kings of Judah.” or “someone has written about them in The Book … Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 16 20 c5rk figs-metaphor 0 Ahaz slept with his ancestors Sleeping represents dying. Alternate translation: “Ahaz died as his ancestors had” or “like his ancestors, Ahaz died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2KI 16 20 wbc9 figs-activepassive 0 was buried with his ancestors This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people buried him with his ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 16 20 y1p2 figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Ahaz” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 17 4 z8ag 0 shut him up and bound him in prison “put Hoshea in prison” 2KI 17 5 de7d 0 besieged it put troops around the city in order to force it to surrender 2KI 17 6 ue2e figs-metonymy 0 carried Israel away to Assyria The name “Israel” is metonymy for the people living there. Alternate translation: “took the Israelite people to Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 17 6 j5lr translate-names 0 Halah…Habor River…Gozan These are the names of locations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 17 6 j5lr translate-names 0 Halah … Habor River … Gozan These are the names of locations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 17 6 sgu8 translate-names 0 Medes This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 17 7 sg9j 0 General Information: The narrative pauses to summarize Yahweh’s judgment on Israel. 2KI 17 7 rdg7 0 This captivity This refers to the capture of the Israelites by the Assyrians. @@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 17 11 iv69 0 performed wicked things to provoke Yahweh to anger Possible ways to render this: (1) “did many wicked things that caused Yahweh to become angry” or (2) “did many sinful things that made Yahweh angry” 2KI 17 12 um9h 0 about which Yahweh had said to them “about which Yahweh had warned them” 2KI 17 13 pf5x 0 General Information: The narrative continues to summarize Yahweh’s judgment on Israel. -2KI 17 13 l95x 0 Yahweh had testified…by every prophet Yahweh spoke through the prophets. +2KI 17 13 l95x 0 Yahweh had testified … by every prophet Yahweh spoke through the prophets. 2KI 17 13 u47j 0 Turn from your evil ways “Stop doing the evil things you have been doing” 2KI 17 13 k7g1 0 I sent to you by my servants the prophets The prophets were sent by Yahweh to remind the people of God’s Laws and to obey them. 2KI 17 14 ji6d 0 General Information: The summary of Yahweh’s judgment on Israel continues. @@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 17 15 e99s 0 not to imitate “not to copy” 2KI 17 16 qih1 0 General Information: The summary of Yahweh’s judgment on Israel continues. 2KI 17 16 n1a8 0 cast metal figures Cast metal figures are objects made by pouring melted metal into a form (or mold) to make a shape. -2KI 17 17 hy71 0 used…enchantments used magic to say what would happen in the future +2KI 17 17 hy71 0 used … enchantments used magic to say what would happen in the future 2KI 17 17 vek9 figs-metaphor 0 sold themselves to do that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh To “sell themselves” is a metaphor for committing completely to do that which was evil. Alternate translation: “committed themselves to do things that Yahweh said were evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 17 18 x1zd figs-metonymy 0 removed them out of his sight “Sight” is metonymy for being within the attention of Yahweh so he no longer cared for them. Alternate translation: “removed them from his attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 17 19 p16f 0 General Information: The summary of Yahweh’s judgment on Israel includes how Judah also fell into idolatry. @@ -1084,16 +1084,16 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 17 22 e5r7 0 they did not depart from them “the Israelites did not stop committing these sins” or “they did not turn away from those sins” 2KI 17 23 j42u figs-metaphor 0 so Yahweh removed Israel from his sight “Sight” here is a metaphor for attention and care. Alternate translation: “so Yahweh removed the people of Israel from his attention and care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 17 24 wn3n 0 General Information: Yahweh’s judgment continues against the new Assyrian inhabitants who practice their pagan religions. -2KI 17 24 f8bq translate-names 0 Kuthah…Avva…Hamath…Sepharvaim These are places in the Assyrian empire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 17 24 f8bq translate-names 0 Kuthah … Avva … Hamath … Sepharvaim These are places in the Assyrian empire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 17 25 ka1w 0 It happened at the beginning of their residence there that “When those people first lived there” 2KI 17 26 k4vb 0 The nations that you have carried away and placed in the cities of Samaria “The people you have moved from other lands and sent to live in the cities of Samaria” 2KI 17 26 k3lc 0 do not know the practices required by the god of the land “do not know how to worship the God that the Israelites worshiped in this land” 2KI 17 27 f22x 0 Take one of the priests there whom you brought from there “Take a priest who came from Samaria back there” 2KI 17 27 cv65 0 let him teach them “let the Samaritan priest teach the people who are living there now” -2KI 17 30 fz4p translate-names 0 Succoth Benoth…Nergal…Ashima These are the names of gods, both male and female. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 17 30 pu6z translate-names 0 Kuthah…Hamath These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 17 31 dl97 translate-names 0 Nibhaz…Tartak These are the names of gods, both male and female. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 17 31 s6iw translate-names 0 Avvites…Sepharvites These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 17 30 fz4p translate-names 0 Succoth Benoth … Nergal … Ashima These are the names of gods, both male and female. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 17 30 pu6z translate-names 0 Kuthah … Hamath These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 17 31 dl97 translate-names 0 Nibhaz … Tartak These are the names of gods, both male and female. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 17 31 s6iw translate-names 0 Avvites … Sepharvites These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 17 31 ksc4 0 burned their children in the fire “sacrificed their own children” or “burned their children in fire as an offering” 2KI 17 32 uw4e 0 They This refers to the pagan people that the king of Assyria moved into the cities of Samaria. 2KI 17 34 z9z7 0 they persist in their old customs “they continue in the same habits as before” @@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 17 41 zh69 0 up to this day “and have continued ever since.” The phrase “this day” refers to the time period in which the writer lived. 2KI 18 intro abci 0 # 2 Kings 18 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story of Hezekiah, one of the great kings of Judah (2 Kings 18 – 20). Because he was so important, there is more space dedicated to the history of his reign.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust in Yahweh
Hezekiah trusted and obeyed God. He stopped paying tribute to Assyria so the Assyrians invaded Judah. The Assyrian king told the people of Judah that resistance was useless. Despite this, Hezekiah trusted in the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 2KI 18 1 an23 0 General Information: Hezekiah becomes king over Judah in place of his father King Ahaz. -2KI 18 1 b49b translate-names 0 Hoshea…Elah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 18 1 b49b translate-names 0 Hoshea … Elah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 2 u8q8 translate-names 0 Zechariah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 2 zuh6 translate-names 0 Abijah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 3 asi6 figs-metaphor 0 He did what was right in the eyes of Yahweh “In the eyes” here is a metaphor for Yahweh’s attention and care. Alternate translation: “King Hezekiah did what was right to Yahweh” or “Hezekiah did things that Yahweh said are right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1118,8 +1118,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 18 6 pl2n figs-metaphor 0 he held on to Yahweh To “hold on” is metaphor for staying loyal and attached. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah stayed loyal to Yahweh” or “Hezekiah remained faithful to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 18 7 q5ms 0 wherever he went he prospered “wherever Hezekiah went he was successful” 2KI 18 8 jru2 0 fortified city city with a wall all around it -2KI 18 9 why1 translate-names 0 Hoshea…Elah…Shalmaneser These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 18 11 s3p4 translate-names 0 Halah…Habor River…Gozan These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 18 9 why1 translate-names 0 Hoshea … Elah … Shalmaneser These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 18 11 s3p4 translate-names 0 Halah … Habor River … Gozan These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 11 nn5t translate-names 0 Medes This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 11 g59s 0 So the king of Assyria carried Israel away to Assyria “So the king of Assyria commanded his army to take the Israelites away from their homes, and he made them live in Assyria” 2KI 18 12 u5f8 figs-metonymy 0 the voice of Yahweh “Voice” is metonymy for the message about the command of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the command of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1131,45 +1131,45 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 18 14 w755 translate-bmoney 0 talents This is the name of type of weight that was used for money. One talent weighted about 33 kilograms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) 2KI 18 15 w5qx 0 treasuries This was the place in the palace where money and valuable things were stored. 2KI 18 17 rw3n 0 the king of Assyria mobilized his great army, sending Tartan and Rabsaris and the chief commander Sennacherib sent a group of men from his army to Jerusalem to meet with King Hezekiah, including officials named Tartan and Rabsaris. -2KI 18 17 iz1r translate-names 0 Tartan…Rabsaris Some Bibles translate these as proper names. Other versions of the Bible translate them as titles. Alternate translation: “the Tartan…the Rabsaris” or “the leader of the soldier…a court official” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 18 17 iz1r translate-names 0 Tartan … Rabsaris Some Bibles translate these as proper names. Other versions of the Bible translate them as titles. Alternate translation: “the Tartan … the Rabsaris” or “the leader of the soldier … a court official” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 17 hnu8 translate-names 0 Lachish This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 17 hq5b 0 the conduit of the upper pool the channel where the water stored in the “upper pool” flows into the city of Jerusalem 2KI 18 17 wj5c 0 stood by it “and waited there for King Hezekiah to meet with them” -2KI 18 18 f4ny translate-names 0 Eliakim…Hilkiah…Shebna…Joah…Asaph These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 18 18 f4ny translate-names 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebna … Joah … Asaph These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 19 mt3a 0 General Information: Rabshakeh continues telling the message from the king of Assyria to King Hezekiah’s men. 2KI 18 19 fj2e figs-rquestion 0 What is the source of your confidence? The King of Assyria (through his messenger Rabshakeh) wants to make King Hezekiah doubt himself and Egypt’s support. He does not ask this question looking for an answer. Alternate translation: “You have no reason to think that you can defeat me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 18 20 l4ks figs-rquestion 0 In whom are you trusting, that you should rebel against me? The King of Assyria (through his messenger Rabshakeh) wants to make King Hezekiah doubt himself and Egypt’s support. He does not ask this question looking for an answer. Alternate translation: “You cannot trust anyone to help you rebel against me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 18 21 l67d figs-metaphor 0 walking stick of this bruised reed of Egypt The King of Assyria compares Egypt to a weak walking stick; you expect that it will support you when you lean on it, but instead it breaks and cuts you. Alternate translation: “the weak support from Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2KI 18 21 vl81 figs-metaphor 0 but if a man leans…and pierce it The speaker is extending the metaphor by describing what happens when a reed is used as a support. Alternate translation: “but if someone uses this for support, he will be injured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2KI 18 21 vl81 figs-metaphor 0 but if a man leans … and pierce it The speaker is extending the metaphor by describing what happens when a reed is used as a support. Alternate translation: “but if someone uses this for support, he will be injured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 18 22 im2y 0 General Information: Rabshakeh continues telling the message from the king of Assyria to King Hezekiah’s men. -2KI 18 22 vr43 figs-rquestion 0 is not he the one whose high places…Jerusalem’? This question assumes the listeners know the answer and is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “You need to remember that he is the one whose high places…Jerusalem’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 18 22 vr43 figs-rquestion 0 is not he the one whose high places … Jerusalem’? This question assumes the listeners know the answer and is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “You need to remember that he is the one whose high places … Jerusalem’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 18 24 sn27 0 General Information: Rabshakeh continues telling the message from the king of Assyria to King Hezekiah’s men. 2KI 18 24 pmx6 figs-rquestion 0 How could you resist even one captain of the least of my master’s servants? He asks this question to emphasize that the army of Hezekiah does not have the resources to fight. He also uses exaggeration to mock Hezekiah’s army. Alternate translation: This could mean: (1) “You could not defeat even one of the least of the king’s soldiers.” or (2) “You could not defeat a group of the king’s soldiers commanded by his least important officer.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2KI 18 25 s1nk figs-rquestion 0 Have I traveled up here without Yahweh to fight against this place and destroy it? He asks this question to emphasize that Yahweh is behind his success to obey the command to destroy Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh himself told us to come here and destroy this land!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2KI 18 26 i5v3 translate-names 0 Eliakim…Hilkiah…Shebnah…Joah Translate the names of these men as in [2 Kings 18:18](../18/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 18 26 i5v3 translate-names 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebnah … Joah Translate the names of these men as in [2 Kings 18:18](../18/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 26 t7mk figs-metonymy 0 in the ears of the people who are on the wall “In the ears” is metonymy for being able to listen. Alternate translation: “because the people standing on the city wall will hear it and be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 18 27 kju3 figs-rquestion 0 Has my master sent me to your master and to you to speak these words? Has he not sent me to the men who sit on the wall, who will have to eat their own dung and drink their own urine with you? He asks these questions assuming the listeners know the answers to emphasize their intention to destroy and humiliate the leaders and people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “My master sent me not only to you and your master, but also to speak to the people in this city, who will suffer with you when they have to eat their own dung and drink their own urine to survive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 18 29 es79 figs-metonymy 0 from my power “my power” is metonymy for the ability of the king himself. Alternate translation: “from me” or “from the power of my army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 18 30 x8a6 figs-activepassive 0 this city will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria This can be expressed in an active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will never allow the king of Assyria’s army to take this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 18 30 zg7s figs-metonymy 0 the hand “Hand” is metonymy for control, authority and power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 18 31 e5tl 0 Make peace with me and come out to me “Come out of the city and surrender to me” or “Make an agreement with me to surrender, and come out of the city to me” -2KI 18 31 c7we figs-metaphor 0 his own vine…his own fig tree…his own cistern These sources of food and water are metaphors for security and plenty. This also was a common way of expressing this idea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2KI 18 32 hw3y figs-metaphor 0 a land of grain and new wine…bread and vineyards…olive trees and honey These are metaphors for having good things and plenty in daily life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2KI 18 31 c7we figs-metaphor 0 his own vine … his own fig tree … his own cistern These sources of food and water are metaphors for security and plenty. This also was a common way of expressing this idea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2KI 18 32 hw3y figs-metaphor 0 a land of grain and new wine … bread and vineyards … olive trees and honey These are metaphors for having good things and plenty in daily life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 18 33 jbv2 0 General Information: Rabshakeh continues telling the message from the king of Assyria to King Hezekiah’s men. -2KI 18 33 yg4w figs-rquestion 0 Has any of the gods…Assyria? He asks this question for emphasis because they know the answer. Alternate translation: “None the gods of the peoples have rescued them…Assyria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2KI 18 34 v6ap figs-rquestion 0 Where are the gods of…Arpad? He asks this question for emphasis because they know the answer. Alternate translation: “I have destroyed the gods of…Arpad!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2KI 18 34 vmd2 translate-names 0 Hamath…Arpad…Sepharvaim…Hena…Ivvah…Samaria These are the names of places that represent the people living there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 18 33 yg4w figs-rquestion 0 Has any of the gods … Assyria? He asks this question for emphasis because they know the answer. Alternate translation: “None the gods of the peoples have rescued them … Assyria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 18 34 v6ap figs-rquestion 0 Where are the gods of … Arpad? He asks this question for emphasis because they know the answer. Alternate translation: “I have destroyed the gods of … Arpad!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 18 34 vmd2 translate-names 0 Hamath … Arpad … Sepharvaim … Hena … Ivvah … Samaria These are the names of places that represent the people living there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 34 h7d8 figs-metonymy 0 out of my hand “Hand” is metonymy for control, power, or authority. Alternate translation: “out from my control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 18 35 tq6t figs-rquestion 0 is there any god who has rescued his land from my power? He asks this question for emphasis because they know the answer. Alternate translation: “No god has rescued his land from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 18 35 a9gn figs-metonymy 0 from my power “My power” is metonymy for the person whose has the power. Alternate translation: “from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 18 35 pg2h figs-rquestion 0 How could Yahweh save Jerusalem from my might? He asks this question for emphasis because they know the answer. Alternate translation: “There is no way Yahweh can save Jerusalem from my might!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2KI 18 37 qv1k translate-names 0 Eliakim…Shebna…Joah…Asaph These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 18 37 qv1k translate-names 0 Eliakim … Shebna … Joah … Asaph These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 18 37 ve84 0 who was over the household “who managed the king’s palace” 2KI 18 37 ew4c 0 the recorder “the history keeper” 2KI 18 37 k5bu 0 chief commander and is the translation of the Hebrew; some see this as a personal name, “Rabshakeh” 2KI 19 intro abcj 0 # 2 Kings 19 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of Hezekiah continues in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God’s power
God is in control of everything. God caused the Assyrian king to fail in conquering Jerusalem because he mocked God.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

“The virgin daughter of Zion” here is an idiom meaning the people of Jerusalem. “The virgin daughter of Zion despises you and laughs you to scorn” means that “the people of Jerusalem know that Assyria will fail because they have mocked God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2KI 19 1 kae1 0 house of Yahweh This is another way of saying “temple of Yahweh.” -2KI 19 2 aw2h translate-names 0 Eliakim…Shebna…Isaiah…Amoz These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 19 2 aw2h translate-names 0 Eliakim … Shebna … Isaiah … Amoz These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 19 2 vdb3 0 He sent Eliakim “Hezekiah sent Eliakim” 2KI 19 2 jv2y 0 all covered with sackcloth “all wearing sackcloth” 2KI 19 3 efp5 0 This day is a day of distress “This is a time of distress” @@ -1181,8 +1181,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 19 7 h1aj figs-metonymy 0 I will cause him to fall by the sword “Fall by the sword” is metonymy for being killed. Alternate translation: “I will cause him to die by the sword” or “I will cause some men to kill him with a sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 19 8 qdm5 0 the chief commander “the official from Assyria in charge under the king” 2KI 19 8 z994 0 found the king of Assyria fighting “discovered that the Assyrian army was fighting” -2KI 19 8 z9m6 translate-names 0 Libnah…Lachish The names of cities in the kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 19 9 qp2v translate-names 0 Sennacherib…Tirhakah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 19 8 z9m6 translate-names 0 Libnah … Lachish The names of cities in the kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 19 9 qp2v translate-names 0 Sennacherib … Tirhakah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 19 9 v22s 0 had mobilized to fight against him “had prepared his army to fight against Assyria” 2KI 19 9 qsw8 0 so he sent “so Sennacherib sent” 2KI 19 9 mjm3 0 a message This message was written in a letter. @@ -1192,10 +1192,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 19 11 yi6z 0 See, you have heard “Notice, you have heard” or “You have certainly heard.” Here “see” was used to draw attention to what he was about to say next. 2KI 19 11 rg7k figs-rquestion 0 So will you be rescued? Sennacharib used this question to emphasize that God will not be able to rescue them. Alternate translation: “Your God will not rescue you!” or “You will not be able to escape either!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 19 12 h82z 0 General Information: King Sennacharib’s message to King Hezekiah continues. -2KI 19 12 t2qt figs-rquestion 0 Have the gods of the nations rescued them, the nations…destroyed: Gozan…Assar? This question assumes Hezekiah knows the answer and provides emphasis. Alternate translation: “The gods of the nations, the nations…destroyed—Gozan…Assar—certainly did not rescue them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 19 12 t2qt figs-rquestion 0 Have the gods of the nations rescued them, the nations … destroyed: Gozan … Assar? This question assumes Hezekiah knows the answer and provides emphasis. Alternate translation: “The gods of the nations, the nations … destroyed—Gozan … Assar—certainly did not rescue them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 19 12 qh8k 0 my fathers “the previous kings of Assyria” or “the armies of the previous kings of Assyria” -2KI 19 12 jlk5 translate-names 0 Gozan…Haran…Rezeph…Eden…Tel Assar These are all place names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 19 13 qr8p translate-names 0 Hamath…Arpad…Sepharvaim…Hena…Ivvah These are all place names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 19 12 jlk5 translate-names 0 Gozan … Haran … Rezeph … Eden … Tel Assar These are all place names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 19 13 qr8p translate-names 0 Hamath … Arpad … Sepharvaim … Hena … Ivvah These are all place names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 19 14 rl14 0 this letter This refers to the letter that King Sennacherib of Assyria sent to Hezekiah ([2 Kings 19:8](../19/08.md)). 2KI 19 15 tj35 figs-explicit 0 you who sit above the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 19 16 q3iu 0 General Information: King Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh after receiving the letter from King Sennacherib of Assyria. @@ -1216,10 +1216,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 19 22 bu8e 0 the Holy One of Israel An expression for the God of Israel, Yahweh. 2KI 19 23 xfl9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: This continues the message from Yahweh given by Isaiah, the prophet, to King Hezekiah concerning King Sennacherib. It uses parallelism throughout. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2KI 19 23 l4ei 0 you have defied the Lord To “defy” is to openly resist or mock. -2KI 19 23 fz73 figs-synecdoche 0 I have gone up…I will cut down…I will enter These boasts made by Sennacherib could only be fulfilled by his army. The pronoun “I” represents him and his army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2KI 19 23 fz73 figs-synecdoche 0 I have gone up … I will cut down … I will enter These boasts made by Sennacherib could only be fulfilled by his army. The pronoun “I” represents him and his army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2KI 19 24 q99y figs-hyperbole 0 I dried up all the rivers of Egypt under the soles of my feet. This is a boast that Sennacherib has so many soldiers that their feet dry up the water when they cross a river. This is an exaggeration to emphasize the great number of soldiers he has. Alternate translation: “And by marching through the streams of Egypt, we dried them all up!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2KI 19 25 ay9r figs-parallelism 0 General Information: This continues the message from Yahweh, given by Isaiah, the prophet, for King Hezekiah concerning King Sennecherib. It uses parallelism throughout. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -2KI 19 25 r3ai figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard how…times? To make the point strongly this question assumes the listener knows the answer. Alternate translation: “Surely you know how…times.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 19 25 r3ai figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard how … times? To make the point strongly this question assumes the listener knows the answer. Alternate translation: “Surely you know how … times.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 19 25 pi5d 0 impregnable cities “cities that cannot be captured” or “cities surrounded by high walls” 2KI 19 26 cp3z figs-metaphor 0 plants in the field, green grass This metaphor compares the weak victims of the Assyrian advance to fragile plants. Alternate translation: “as frail as plants and grass in the fields” or “as weak as shallow rooted plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 19 26 u3mn figs-metaphor 0 the grass on the roof or in the field, burned before it has grown up This continues the metaphor comparing the weak victims of the Assyrian advance to fragile plants in difficult conditions for growing fully. Alternate translation: “like grass before it has matured” or “like grass before it has grown tall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 19 35 n87u 0 It came about “It happened” 2KI 19 35 g563 translate-numbers 0 185,000 soldiers “one hundred eighty-five thousand soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 19 35 d5f2 0 When the men arose “When the men who were left alive got up” -2KI 19 37 txi6 translate-names 0 Adrammelek…Sharezer…Esarhaddon These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 19 37 txi6 translate-names 0 Adrammelek … Sharezer … Esarhaddon These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 20 intro abck 0 # 2 Kings 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter finishes the story of Hezekiah.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Hezekiah’s additional time
God hears the distressed call of his faithful believers. Hezekiah was dying but when he prayed, God gave him 15 more years of life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) 2KI 20 1 dhm5 figs-metonymy 0 Set your house in order “House” is metonymy for what was under Hezekiah’s control. Alternate translation: “Give final instructions to your household and government” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 20 3 y2ay figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is a common way of speaking, an idiom, urging Yahweh to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1258,9 +1258,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 20 9 wf56 0 ten steps This expression refers to the “stairway of Ahaz” in [2 Kings 20:11](../20/11.md). This was probably a special stairway built for King Ahaz in such a way that its steps marked the hours of daylight as the sun’s rays advanced along them. In this way, the staircase served to tell the time during the day. 2KI 20 10 tm24 figs-explicit 0 It is an easy thing for the shadow to go forward ten steps Why “it is an easy thing” can be stated clearly. “It is easy to cause the shadow to move forward ten steps, because that is the normal thing for it to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 20 11 n148 figs-explicit 0 the stairway of Ahaz This was probably a special stairway built for King Ahaz in such a way that its steps marked the hours of daylight as the sun’s rays advanced along them. In this way, the staircase served to tell the time during the day. Alternate translation: “the steps that had been built for King Ahaz” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2KI 20 12 q3u5 translate-names 0 Marduk-Baladan…Baladan These are the names of the king of Babylon and his son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 20 12 q3u5 translate-names 0 Marduk-Baladan … Baladan These are the names of the king of Babylon and his son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 20 13 dh37 0 listened to those letters “carefully considered those letters” or “heard the message from the king of Babylon” -2KI 20 13 zgg3 figs-doublenegatives 0 There was nothing in his house, nor in all his kingdom, that Hezekiah did not show them Here “There was nothing…did not show them” is an exaggeration used for emphasis. It means Hezekiah showed them all of his most valuable things. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah showed him absolutely everything valuable in his house and in all his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +2KI 20 13 zgg3 figs-doublenegatives 0 There was nothing in his house, nor in all his kingdom, that Hezekiah did not show them Here “There was nothing … did not show them” is an exaggeration used for emphasis. It means Hezekiah showed them all of his most valuable things. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah showed him absolutely everything valuable in his house and in all his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2KI 20 14 neq3 0 these men This refers to the men sent to King Hezekiah with a message and gifts from Marduk-Baladan. 2KI 20 15 fkx7 figs-hyperbole 0 They have seen everything in my house. There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them Hezekiah repeats the same idea in two ways to emphasize his point. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2KI 20 15 mau7 figs-doublenegatives 0 There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them “Nothing” and “not” cancel each other out to make the idea positive. This exaggeration is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I showed them absolutely every one of my valuable things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) @@ -1277,7 +1277,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 21 1 cuc4 translate-names 0 Hephzibah The mother of King Manasseh (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 21 2 k3ux figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 21 2 qx6p 0 like the disgusting things Another possible meaning is “including the disgusting things.” -2KI 21 3 i746 figs-metonymy 0 he rebuilt the high places…he built altars for Baal, made an Asherah pole Manasseh would have commanded his workers to do the building for him. Alternate translation: “he had the high places rebuilt…he had altars built for Baal, had an Asherah pole made” or “he had his workers rebuild the high places…he had them build altars for Baal, make an Asherah pole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2KI 21 3 i746 figs-metonymy 0 he rebuilt the high places … he built altars for Baal, made an Asherah pole Manasseh would have commanded his workers to do the building for him. Alternate translation: “he had the high places rebuilt … he had altars built for Baal, had an Asherah pole made” or “he had his workers rebuild the high places … he had them build altars for Baal, make an Asherah pole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 21 4 kq9h 0 General Information: The story of King Manasseh’s reign continues. 2KI 21 4 tf5j figs-metonymy 0 It is in Jerusalem that my name will be forever The name is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem is where I will forever make known who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 21 5 lm3d figs-explicit 0 He built altars for all the stars of heaven in the two courtyards of the house of Yahweh It is implied that he built these altars so people could make sacrifices and worship the stars. Also, he would not have built these altars himself, rather he would have commanded his workers to do it. Alternate translation: “He had his workers build altars in the two courtyards of the house of Yahweh so that the people could worship the stars and offer them sacrifices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1299,11 +1299,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 21 16 f4ns figs-metonymy 0 Manasseh shed much innocent blood The words “shed much innocent blood” are a metonym for killing people violently. It might be best to translate this so the reader understands that other people helped Manasseh do this. Alternate translation: “Manasseh ordered his soldiers to kill many innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 21 16 sx9u figs-hyperbole 0 he had filled Jerusalem from one end to another with death This hyperbole emphasizes the great number of people Manasseh had killed throughout Jerusalem. The abstract noun “death” can be stated as “dead people.” Alternate translation: “there were very many dead people throughout Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2KI 21 16 ff48 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2KI 21 17 ce1p figs-activepassive 0 are they not written…Judah? This can be expressed in active form and assumes that the answer is positive. The question is rhetorical and is used for emphasis. See how this phrase is translated in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written…Judah.” or “you can find them…Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 21 17 ce1p figs-activepassive 0 are they not written … Judah? This can be expressed in active form and assumes that the answer is positive. The question is rhetorical and is used for emphasis. See how this phrase is translated in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written … Judah.” or “you can find them … Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 21 18 i542 figs-euphemism 0 slept with his ancestors and This is a polite way of saying he “died, as his ancestors had, and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2KI 21 18 rhh9 translate-names 0 the garden of Uzza This could mean: (1) “the garden that had once belonged to a man named Uzza” or (2) “Uzza Garden.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 21 18 b29b translate-names 0 Amon This is a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 21 19 np3n translate-names 0 Amon…Haruz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 21 19 np3n translate-names 0 Amon … Haruz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 21 19 wqq6 translate-names 0 Meshullemeth This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 21 19 qwh8 translate-names 0 Jotbah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 21 20 xn3z figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1312,7 +1312,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 21 23 km8a 0 conspired against him “made plans and worked together to harm him” 2KI 21 24 pwu1 figs-hyperbole 0 the people of the land This is a generalization. Alternate translation: “some of the people in Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2KI 21 24 nj33 0 conspired against “made plans and worked together to harm.” See how you translated this in [2 Kings 21:23](../21/23.md). -2KI 21 25 zcb6 figs-activepassive 0 are they not written…Judah? This can be expressed in active form and assumes that the answer is positive. The question is rhetorical and is used for emphasis. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written…Judah.” or “you can find them…Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 21 25 zcb6 figs-activepassive 0 are they not written … Judah? This can be expressed in active form and assumes that the answer is positive. The question is rhetorical and is used for emphasis. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written … Judah.” or “you can find them … Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 21 26 zpi6 translate-names 0 the garden of Uzza This could mean: (1) “the garden that had once belonged to a man named Uzza” or (2) “Uzza Garden.” See how you translated this in [2 Kings 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 22 intro abcm 0 # 2 Kings 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The next two chapters (2 Kings 22-23) tell about the spiritual revival under King Josiah. A revival occurs when the people begin to worship Yahweh properly again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The law
The priests found a copy of the law in the temple and took it to the king. He was upset because the people had disobeyed the law so badly. Josiah asked God about it. God said that he would destroy Judah for these sins but not in Josiah’s lifetime, since he humbled himself and wanted to do better. Many scholars believe this was a copy of the book of Deuteronomy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) 2KI 22 1 gp47 translate-numbers 0 thirty-one years “31 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1324,19 +1324,19 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 22 2 n1m8 figs-metaphor 0 he did not turn away either to the right or to the left To fully obey Yahweh is spoken of as if a person were on the correct road and never turned from it. Alternate translation: “he did not do anything that would displease Yahweh” or “he fully obeyed all the laws of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 22 3 p4bf 0 It came about that If your language has a way to mark the beginning of a new part of the story, consider using it here. 2KI 22 3 hab4 translate-ordinal 0 the eighteenth year “Eighteenth” is the ordinal form of 18. Alternate translation: “year 18” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -2KI 22 3 kxh4 translate-names 0 Shaphan…Azaliah…Meshullam These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 22 3 kxh4 translate-names 0 Shaphan … Azaliah … Meshullam These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 22 4 alb5 0 Go up to Hilkiah The phrase “Go up” is used because Yahweh’s temple was higher in elevation than where King Josiah was located. Alternate translation: “Go to Hilkiah” 2KI 22 4 dub3 translate-names 0 Hilkiah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 22 4 sf26 figs-activepassive 0 that has been brought into the house of Yahweh, which the temple guards have gathered from the people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the temple guards who gathered the money from the people brought into the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 22 4 xz1u 0 house of Yahweh This is another name for the “temple” (verse 3). -2KI 22 5 g4kj 0 house of Yahweh…in the temple Here “house of Yahweh” and “temple” mean the same thing. +2KI 22 5 g4kj 0 house of Yahweh … in the temple Here “house of Yahweh” and “temple” mean the same thing. 2KI 22 5 xuv8 figs-synecdoche 0 Let it be given into the hand of the workmen Here “hand” represents the workmen as a whole. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Tell Hilkiah to give the money to the workmen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 22 6 li9c 0 General Information: The message from King Josiah to Hilkiah, the high priest, continues. 2KI 22 6 i313 0 Let them give money Here “them” refers to the workmen who are in charge of the house of Yahweh in [2 Kings 22:5](../22/05.md). 2KI 22 6 r9kj 0 the carpenters, the builders, and the masons These are the same as the workmen who are in the house of Yahweh in [2 Kings 22:5](../22/05.md). Here the workers are described in more detail. 2KI 22 6 j71y 0 carpenters workers who build with wood 2KI 22 6 ql4r 0 masons workers who build with stone -2KI 22 7 ieq6 0 was given to them…because they handled Here “them” and “they” refer to the workmen who are in charge of the house of Yahweh in [2 Kings 22:5](../22/05.md). +2KI 22 7 ieq6 0 was given to them … because they handled Here “them” and “they” refer to the workmen who are in charge of the house of Yahweh in [2 Kings 22:5](../22/05.md). 2KI 22 7 hkm7 figs-activepassive 0 no accounting was required for the money that was given to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the workmen who were in charge did not have to report how they used the money that the temple guards gave them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 22 7 dt6w 0 because they handled it faithfully “because they used the money honestly” 2KI 22 8 hf68 translate-names 0 Hilkiah This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 18:18](../18/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1345,14 +1345,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 22 11 jl4t 0 It came about that If your language has a way to mark the beginning of a new part of the story, consider using it here. 2KI 22 11 nye3 figs-metonymy 0 had heard the words of the law Here “words” represents the message of the law. Alternate translation: “had heard the laws that were written in the book” or “had heard the laws that were written in the scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 22 11 d65n translate-symaction 0 he tore his clothes This is a symbolic action that indicates intense grief or sadness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -2KI 22 12 qm31 translate-names 0 Ahikam…Shaphan…Akbor…Micaiah…Asaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 22 12 qm31 translate-names 0 Ahikam … Shaphan … Akbor … Micaiah … Asaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 22 13 xl33 0 Go and consult with Yahweh It is made clear in 22:14 that the king means for the men to go to the prophetess of Yahweh to determine Yahweh’s will. 2KI 22 13 r823 0 consult to go to someone to ask for advice 2KI 22 13 u6an figs-synecdoche 0 the words of this book that has been found Here “words” represents the laws. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the laws in this book that Hilkiah has found” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 22 13 u2jp figs-metaphor 0 For great is the anger of Yahweh that has been kindled against us Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a fire that was lit. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is very angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 22 13 e5fi figs-activepassive 0 all that was written concerning us This refers to the law that was given to Israel. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all that Moses wrote in the law that we should do” or “all the laws that God gave through Moses to the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 22 14 hj95 translate-names 0 Huldah This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 22 14 lc23 translate-names 0 Shallum…Tikvah…Harhas These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 22 14 lc23 translate-names 0 Shallum … Tikvah … Harhas These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 22 14 fia7 0 keeper of the wardrobe This could mean: (1) the person who took care of the clothing that priests wore in the temple or (2) the person who took care of the king’s clothing. 2KI 22 14 at8l figs-explicit 0 she lived in Jerusalem in the second quarter Here “second quarter” refers to the new part of the city that was built on the north side of Jerusalem. Also, “second” is the ordinal form of 2. Alternate translation: “she lived in Jerusalem in the new part of the city” or “she lived in the new part of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2KI 22 15 lf4s 0 the man who sent you to me Here “the man” refers to King Josiah. @@ -1383,48 +1383,48 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 23 3 ecz5 figs-idiom 0 stand by the covenant This idiom means to “obey the terms of the covenant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2KI 23 4 sx3u 0 the priests under him “the other priests who served him” 2KI 23 4 vy6i 0 gatekeepers men who guarded the gates to the temple -2KI 23 4 i5uk 0 for Baal…for all the stars “so people could use them to worship Baal…so people could use them to worship all the stars” -2KI 23 4 vje6 figs-metonymy 0 He burned…and carried The word “he” refers to Josiah. He would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “he had them burn them…and carry them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 23 4 qsq2 translate-names 0 Kidron Valley…Bethel names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 23 4 i5uk 0 for Baal … for all the stars “so people could use them to worship Baal … so people could use them to worship all the stars” +2KI 23 4 vje6 figs-metonymy 0 He burned … and carried The word “he” refers to Josiah. He would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “he had them burn them … and carry them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2KI 23 4 qsq2 translate-names 0 Kidron Valley … Bethel names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 23 5 i5fz figs-metonymy 0 He got rid The word “He” refers to Josiah. He would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “He had them get rid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 23 5 p31g 0 to Baal, to the sun and the moon, to the planets, and to all the stars “as a way to worship Baal, the sun and the moon, the planets, and all the stars” 2KI 23 6 e6wt 0 General Information: This continues to tell what King Josiah did in response to the message from Yahweh. -2KI 23 6 ueh3 figs-metonymy 0 He brought out…and burned it…He beat it…and threw The word “he” refers to Josiah. He would have commanded his workers to do these things. Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “He had them bring out…and burn it…He had them beat it…and throw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2KI 23 6 ueh3 figs-metonymy 0 He brought out … and burned it … He beat it … and threw The word “he” refers to Josiah. He would have commanded his workers to do these things. Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “He had them bring out … and burn it … He had them beat it … and throw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 23 7 vc4c figs-metonymy 0 He cleared The word “He” refers to Josiah. He would have commanded his workers to do these things. Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “He had them clear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 23 7 qn4w 0 wove garments “made clothes” -2KI 23 8 rlc8 figs-metonymy 0 Josiah brought…and defiled…He destroyed Josiah would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “He commanded them to bring…and to defile…He had them destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 23 8 uxq7 translate-names 0 Geba…Beersheba names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 23 8 rlc8 figs-metonymy 0 Josiah brought … and defiled … He destroyed Josiah would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “He commanded them to bring … and to defile … He had them destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2KI 23 8 uxq7 translate-names 0 Geba … Beersheba names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 23 8 y8lj 0 Joshua (the city governor) “the city ruler named Joshua” or “the city leader named Joshua.” This is a different Joshua from the Joshua in the Old Testament Book of Joshua. 2KI 23 9 j64s 0 their brothers Here “brothers” refers to their fellow priests who served at the temple. -2KI 23 10 yh8e translate-names 0 Topheth…Ben Hinnom place names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 23 10 yh8e translate-names 0 Topheth … Ben Hinnom place names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 23 10 dx37 0 cause his son or his daughter to pass through the fire as a sacrifice to Molech “put his son or his daughter in the fire and burn them as an offering to Molech” 2KI 23 11 x7tv figs-explicit 0 He took away It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people, perhaps Hilkiah and “the priests under him” ([2 Kings 23:4](../23/04.md)), might have helped Josiah do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 23 11 c4zx 0 the horses This could mean: (1) real horses or (2) statues of horses. 2KI 23 11 vq7r figs-metonymy 0 had given to the sun Here “given” represents being dedicated for worship. Alternate translation: “had used to worship the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 23 11 b1bh translate-names 0 Nathan-Melek a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 23 12 ct7r figs-metonymy 0 Josiah the king destroyed…Josiah smashed…and threw Josiah would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “Josiah the king commanded them to destroy…He had them smash…had them throw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 23 12 xs4w figs-metonymy 0 the kings of Judah had made…Manasseh had made Manasseh and the kings of Judah probably commanded their workers to make these things. Alternate translation: “the kings of Judah had their workers make…Manasseh had his workers make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2KI 23 12 ct7r figs-metonymy 0 Josiah the king destroyed … Josiah smashed … and threw Josiah would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “Josiah the king commanded them to destroy … He had them smash … had them throw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2KI 23 12 xs4w figs-metonymy 0 the kings of Judah had made … Manasseh had made Manasseh and the kings of Judah probably commanded their workers to make these things. Alternate translation: “the kings of Judah had their workers make … Manasseh had his workers make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 23 12 dwd6 translate-names 0 Kidron Valley place name. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 23:4](../23/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 23 13 d24c figs-metonymy 0 The king ruined Josiah would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “He had them ruin…He had them break…they filled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2KI 23 13 d24c figs-metonymy 0 The king ruined Josiah would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “He had them ruin … He had them break … they filled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 23 13 uf9z figs-metonymy 0 Solomon the king of Israel had built Solomon would have commanded his workers to do these things. Alternate translation: “Solomon the king of Israel had his workers build” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 23 14 wk4z figs-metonymy 0 He broke…he filled Josiah would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “He had them break…they filled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2KI 23 14 wk4z figs-metonymy 0 He broke … he filled Josiah would have commanded his workers to do these things. It is likely that Hilkiah and the priests who assisted him did these things. Alternate translation: “He had them break … they filled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 23 14 kaf7 figs-explicit 0 filled those places with the bones of human beings “covered the ground with human bones so people could not use it as a shrine anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2KI 23 15 q6gc figs-explicit 0 Josiah also completely destroyed…He also burned…and beat…He also burned It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people, perhaps Hilkiah and “the priests under him” ([2 Kings 23:4](../23/04.md)), might have helped Josiah do these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2KI 23 15 q6gc figs-explicit 0 Josiah also completely destroyed … He also burned … and beat … He also burned It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people, perhaps Hilkiah and “the priests under him” ([2 Kings 23:4](../23/04.md)), might have helped Josiah do these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 23 16 i3m8 0 spoke of these things beforehand “had said that these things would happen” 2KI 23 17 ma41 0 monument marker or statue that honors a person. A tomb is one kind of monument. 2KI 23 18 wbg1 0 So they let his bones alone, along with the bones of “So they did not touch his bones or the bones of” -2KI 23 19 fe2v figs-explicit 0 Josiah removed…He did It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people, perhaps Hilkiah and “the priests under him” ([2 Kings 23:4](../23/04.md)), might have helped Josiah do these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2KI 23 19 fe2v figs-explicit 0 Josiah removed … He did It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people, perhaps Hilkiah and “the priests under him” ([2 Kings 23:4](../23/04.md)), might have helped Josiah do these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 23 19 q3bs figs-explicit 0 the kings of Israel had made It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people, probably the kings’ workers, might have helped the kings make these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 23 19 g6dz 0 what had been done “what he had done” -2KI 23 20 i9c6 figs-explicit 0 He slaughtered…he burned It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people, perhaps Hilkiah and “the priests under him” ([2 Kings 23:4](../23/04.md)), might have helped Josiah do these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2KI 23 20 i9c6 figs-explicit 0 He slaughtered … he burned It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people, perhaps Hilkiah and “the priests under him” ([2 Kings 23:4](../23/04.md)), might have helped Josiah do these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 23 20 ub7s figs-explicit 0 he burned human bones on them You may need to make explicit why he burned the bones. “he burned human bones on them so no one would use them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 23 21 f44h 0 Keep the Passover “You must celebrate the Passover” 2KI 23 22 rbl1 figs-activepassive 0 Such a Passover celebration had never been held from the days of This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Israel had not celebrated the Passover festival in such a great way in the time of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2KI 23 22 qy57 figs-metonymy 0 ruled Israel The name “Israel” is a metonym for “the descendants of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 23 22 m8ft 0 the days of the kings of Israel or Judah “the time when the people of Israel had their own king and the people of Judah had their own king” 2KI 23 23 elp8 figs-activepassive 0 this Passover of Yahweh was celebrated This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah celebrated this Passover of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2KI 23 24 j8ze 0 banished…spirits “forced those…spirits to leave” or “made a law that those…spirits had to leave” -2KI 23 24 lu65 0 those who talked with the dead or with spirits See how you translated “those who talked with the dead and…those who talked with spirits,” in [2 Kings 21:6](../21/06.md). +2KI 23 24 j8ze 0 banished … spirits “forced those … spirits to leave” or “made a law that those … spirits had to leave” +2KI 23 24 lu65 0 those who talked with the dead or with spirits See how you translated “those who talked with the dead and … those who talked with spirits,” in [2 Kings 21:6](../21/06.md). 2KI 23 24 b9hr 0 fetishes things that people wrongly believe have special power 2KI 23 25 tg6s 0 who turned to Yahweh “who gave himself completely to Yahweh” 2KI 23 25 evf3 0 Nor did any king like Josiah arise after him “And since then there has never been a king who was like Josiah” @@ -1433,17 +1433,17 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 23 26 a2wd 0 had done to provoke him “had done to cause him to be angry” 2KI 23 27 d6xf 0 out of my sight “from where I am” or “from being near me” 2KI 23 27 bsh5 figs-metonymy 0 My name will be there The name is a metonym for the honor that people should give to the person. Alternate translation: “People should worship me there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 23 28 h614 figs-activepassive 0 are they not written…Judah? This can be expressed in active form and assumes that the answer is positive. The question is rhetorical and is used for emphasis. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “you can find them…Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 23 28 h614 figs-activepassive 0 are they not written … Judah? This can be expressed in active form and assumes that the answer is positive. The question is rhetorical and is used for emphasis. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “you can find them … Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 23 29 sap6 0 In his days, Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt “During the time of Josiah, Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt” -2KI 23 29 k8gd translate-names 0 Necho…Megiddo Necho is the name of a man. Megiddo is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 23 29 k8gd translate-names 0 Necho … Megiddo Necho is the name of a man. Megiddo is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 23 31 sf3p translate-numbers 0 twenty-three years old “23 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 23 31 m2m9 translate-names 0 Hamutal This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 23 31 k16l translate-names 0 Libnah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 23 32 z2g6 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2KI 23 33 e9hv translate-names 0 Riblah…Hamath These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 23 33 e9hv translate-names 0 Riblah … Hamath These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 23 33 aw37 figs-metonymy 0 put him in chains Being put “in chains” represents being captured and imprisoned. Alternate translation: “put him in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 23 33 iwc7 0 fined Judah “forced the people of Judah to give him” -2KI 23 33 g4w9 translate-bmoney 0 one hundred talents…one talent A talent was about 33 kilograms. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms…33 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +2KI 23 33 g4w9 translate-bmoney 0 one hundred talents … one talent A talent was about 33 kilograms. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms…33 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) 2KI 23 35 i68u 0 Jehoikim taxed the land “Jehoikim collected taxes from the people who owned land” 2KI 23 35 v24z 0 people of the land “people of the land of Judah.” This could mean: (1) “the people who lived in the land of Judah” or (2) “the richest and most powerful of those who lived in Judah.” 2KI 23 36 s72q translate-names 0 Zebidah This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1459,10 +1459,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 24 3 eb3l 0 remove them out of his sight “get rid of them” or “destroy them” 2KI 24 4 bik2 figs-metonymy 0 innocent blood that he shed Blood is a metonym for innocent life, and shedding blood is a metonym for killing innocent people. Alternate translation: “innocent people whom he killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2KI 24 4 xy8v figs-metonymy 0 he filled Jerusalem with innocent blood Blood is a metonym for innocent life, and shedding blood is a metonym for killing innocent people. Alternate translation: “he killed many innocent people in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 24 5 en3p figs-activepassive 0 are they not written…Judah? This is written as a rhetorical question because at the time this was written people were already aware of this information. This can be written as a statement. It can be translated in active form. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are indeed written…Judah.” or “you can find them…Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2KI 24 5 en3p figs-activepassive 0 are they not written … Judah? This is written as a rhetorical question because at the time this was written people were already aware of this information. This can be written as a statement. It can be translated in active form. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are indeed written … Judah.” or “you can find them … Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2KI 24 6 nt1z figs-euphemism 0 slept with his ancestors Sleeping is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: “died and was buried along with his ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2KI 24 7 yjf2 0 The king of Egypt did not attack any more out of his land “The king of Egypt did not come out of his land any more to attack other people groups” -2KI 24 8 zka9 translate-names 0 Nehushta…Elnathan Nehushta is the name of a woman. Elnathan is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 24 8 zka9 translate-names 0 Nehushta … Elnathan Nehushta is the name of a woman. Elnathan is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 24 9 w6b8 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2KI 24 9 gi6b figs-hyperbole 0 he did all that his father had done Here “all” is a generalization. It means he did the same sinful things as his father. Alternate translation: “he committed the same kinds of sins his father had committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2KI 24 12 ish3 figs-explicit 0 Jehoiachin the king of Judah went out to the king of Babylon, he, his mother, his servants, his princes, and his officers You may need to make explicit why Jehoiachin went out to meet Nebuchadnezzar. Alternate translation: “Jehoiachin the king of Judah, with his mother, his servants, his princes, and his officers, went out to where the king of Babylon was, to surrender to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1471,9 +1471,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 24 14 k5cp figs-metonymy 0 He took into exile all Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” is a metonym for the people who lived there. And, “all” is a generalization. It means all the most important people Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar took all the important people away from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2KI 24 14 bf1n 0 the craftsmen and the smiths “the men who knew how to make and repair things that are made from metal” 2KI 24 14 fyh1 figs-doublenegatives 0 No one was left except the poorest people in the land This can be translated as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Only the poorest people in the land still lived there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -2KI 24 16 bz73 translate-numbers 0 seven thousand…one thousand “7,000…1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2KI 24 16 bz73 translate-numbers 0 seven thousand … one thousand “7,000…1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 24 17 h6dy translate-names 0 Mattaniah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 24 18 s1s8 translate-numbers 0 twenty-one…eleven “21…11” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2KI 24 18 s1s8 translate-numbers 0 twenty-one … eleven “21…11” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2KI 24 18 qfp6 translate-names 0 Hamutal This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 24 18 zy1q translate-names 0 Jeremiah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 24 18 fxr8 translate-names 0 Libnah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1499,10 +1499,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 25 8 yy9v translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 25 10 dj6i 0 As for all the walls around Jerusalem, all “This is what happened to all the walls around Jerusalem: all” 2KI 25 10 pp2x 0 who were under “who were following the orders of” -2KI 25 11 x6c3 0 As for the rest of the people…city, those “This is what happened to the rest of the people…city: those” +2KI 25 11 x6c3 0 As for the rest of the people … city, those “This is what happened to the rest of the people … city: those” 2KI 25 11 xm95 0 the rest of the people who were left in the city “the people who remained in the city” 2KI 25 11 i3y2 0 deserted to the king “left the city and gone to be with the king” -2KI 25 13 uaq2 0 As for the bronze pillars…Yahweh, the Chaldeans “This is what happened to the bronze pillars…Yahweh: the Chaldeans” +2KI 25 13 uaq2 0 As for the bronze pillars … Yahweh, the Chaldeans “This is what happened to the bronze pillars … Yahweh: the Chaldeans” 2KI 25 13 ph6f 0 the stands This refers to the large, moveable bronze stands with bronze wheels and axles. “the moveable bronze stands” or “the bronze stands with wheels” 2KI 25 13 l5um 0 the bronze sea “the large bronze basin” 2KI 25 13 vyc7 0 broke them into pieces “cut them into pieces” or “chopped them up into small pieces” @@ -1511,7 +1511,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 25 15 sgl1 figs-explicit 0 The pots for removing ashes You may need to make explicit which ashes are spoken of. Alternate translation: “The pots that were used for removing ashes from the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 25 16 j7af 0 the sea “the large bronze basin.” See how you translated this in [2 Kings 25:13](../25/13.md). 2KI 25 16 ser3 0 the stands See how you translated this in [2 Kings 25:13](../25/13.md). -2KI 25 17 ak56 translate-bdistance 0 eighteen cubits…three cubits A cubit was 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 8.3 meters…about 1.4 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +2KI 25 17 ak56 translate-bdistance 0 eighteen cubits … three cubits A cubit was 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 8.3 meters … about 1.4 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 2KI 25 17 g6qb 0 a capital of bronze “an artistic, bronze design” or “a bronze piece with designs” 2KI 25 17 c2rf 0 latticework This was a design made of crossed strips that looked like a net. 2KI 25 17 gr5z 0 all made of bronze “completely made of bronze” @@ -1527,8 +1527,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2KI 25 21 dxm3 figs-euphemism 0 put them to death This is a polite way of saying “killed them.” It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people might have helped the king do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2KI 25 21 b7iy 0 In this way, Judah went out of its land into exile “So Judah was taken into exile out of its land” 2KI 25 21 u6ll figs-metonymy 0 Judah went out of its land Judah, the name of the people group, is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah went out of their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2KI 25 22 k15w translate-names 0 Gedaliah…Ahikam…Shaphan These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2KI 25 23 yzs4 translate-names 0 Ishmael…Nethaniah…Johanan…Kareah…Seraiah…Tanhumeth…Jaazaniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 25 22 k15w translate-names 0 Gedaliah … Ahikam … Shaphan These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2KI 25 23 yzs4 translate-names 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah … Johanan … Kareah … Seraiah … Tanhumeth … Jaazaniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 25 23 ww42 translate-names 0 Netophathite This refers to a person who is a descendant of a man named Netophah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 25 23 ytq9 translate-names 0 Maakathite This refers to a person who comes from a place called Maakah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2KI 25 25 cfc4 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the seventh month This is the seventh month on the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) diff --git a/en_tn_13-1CH.tsv b/en_tn_13-1CH.tsv index 5e2e2222c..69e873a30 100644 --- a/en_tn_13-1CH.tsv +++ b/en_tn_13-1CH.tsv @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote 1CH front intro fa9l 0 # Introduction to 1 Chronicles
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of 1 Chronicles

1. Lists of descendants (1:1-9:44)
- From Adam to Jacob (1:1–2:2)
- Jacob’s descendants (2:2–9:44)
1. Saul dies and David begins to reign (10:1-29:30)
- Saul dies (10:1–14)
- David captures Jerusalem (11:1-9)
- David’s mighty men (11:10–12:40)
- David prospers (13:1–22:1)
- David prepares for Solomon to build the temple (22:2–29:30)

### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Chronicles about?

The Book of 1 Chronicles retells the line of descendants from Adam to Saul. It then gives the history of Israel during the time of David. The Book of 2 Chronicles gives the history of Israel beginning with Solomon. It ends when the Babylonian army attacks Judah and takes some of the people to Babylon. The writers of Chronicles probably wrote these books for the Jews who returned from exile in Babylon. The purpose was to teach the people to avoid disobeying God as their ancestors did.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators can use the traditional title “1 Chronicles” or “First Chronicles.” You may also call this book “The Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel, Book 1” or “The First Book of the Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel.”

### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles?

The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles are unknown. They mention that they used other books when writing Chronicles. The names of these other books are “The Chronicles of Samuel the Seer,” “The Chronicles of Nathan the Seer,” “The Chronicles of Gad the Seer,” “The History of Nathan the Prophet,” “The Chronicles of Shemaiah the Prophet and Iddo,” “The Story of the Prophet Iddo” and “The books of the kings of Judah and Israel.”

### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel?

The books of Chronicles and the books of Kings tell much of the same history, but they are not exactly the same. The writers of Chronicles wrote mostly about the kings of Judah who were faithful to Yahweh and his covenant. The writers wanted the Jews to think carefully about David and Solomon. They also wanted the Jews to think about how Jehoshaphat, Hezekiah, and Josiah caused their ancestors to repent and to worship Yahweh. The writers wanted to encourage the Jews and their leaders to obey the law and to honor God’s covenant with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Why did God punish the people of Israel?

God punished the people of Israel because they disobeyed him and worshiped false gods. God punished them with disease, disasters, and defeat in battle. However, God forgave them and caused them to prosper again if they repented and obeyed him. The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles continually reminded the readers that God punished his people because they disobeyed. They wanted the readers to understand that they must obey God.

### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books?

Yahweh led and protected the nation of Israel. The people of Israel should have trusted him instead of relying on other nations to protect them.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?

The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah.

### What does it mean to “seek God”?

The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles often wrote about “seeking God.” To “seek God” means to make an effort to please and honor God. It can also mean to ask God for help. It does not imply that God is hidden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

### What does the phrase “to this day” mean?

The writers used the phrase “to this day” to refer to the time when they were writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written,” or, “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in 1 Chronicles 4:41, 43; 5:26; 13:11; 20:26; 21:10; 35:25. 1CH 1 intro wqm8 0 # 1 Chronicles 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter gives the genealogies of Abraham, Esau and the early kings of Edom. -1CH 1 1 qvq6 translate-names 0 Adam…Seth…Enosh These are all names of men. Each man was the father or ancestor of the next man in the list. If your language has a specific way to mark this kind of list, you can use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 2 mh4h translate-names 0 Kenan…Mahalalel…Jared These are all names of men. Each man was the father or ancestor of the next man in the list. If your language has a specific way to mark this kind of list, you can use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 3 x77a translate-names 0 Enoch…Methuselah…Lamech These are all names of men. Each man was the father or ancestor of the next man in the list. If your language has a specific way to mark this kind of list, you can use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 1 qvq6 translate-names 0 Adam … Seth … Enosh These are all names of men. Each man was the father or ancestor of the next man in the list. If your language has a specific way to mark this kind of list, you can use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 2 mh4h translate-names 0 Kenan … Mahalalel … Jared These are all names of men. Each man was the father or ancestor of the next man in the list. If your language has a specific way to mark this kind of list, you can use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 3 x77a translate-names 0 Enoch … Methuselah … Lamech These are all names of men. Each man was the father or ancestor of the next man in the list. If your language has a specific way to mark this kind of list, you can use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 4 ng7g 0 The sons of Noah were Shem, Ham, and Japheth Some versions, including the ULT and UST, include “The sons of” in order to make it clear that Shem, Ham, and Japheth were brothers to each other and sons of Noah. Otherwise, the reader would assume that each person represented one generation farther away from Noah, their ancestor. 1CH 1 4 idy3 0 Noah Noah was Lamech’s son. Alternate translation: “Lamech’s son Noah” -1CH 1 5 n93y translate-names 0 Gomer…Magog…Madai…Javan…Tubal…Meshek…Tiras These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 6 mf3f translate-names 0 Ashkenaz…Riphath…Togarmah These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 7 f92z translate-names 0 Elishah…Tarshish These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 7 vtm2 translate-names 0 Kittites…Rodanites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 5 n93y translate-names 0 Gomer … Magog … Madai … Javan … Tubal … Meshek … Tiras These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 6 mf3f translate-names 0 Ashkenaz … Riphath … Togarmah These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 7 f92z translate-names 0 Elishah … Tarshish These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 7 vtm2 translate-names 0 Kittites … Rodanites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 7 pgx1 translate-textvariants 0 Rodanites This name is sometimes spelled “Dodanites.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) 1CH 1 8 mj6x translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 11 zc4f translate-names 0 Ludites…Anamites…Lehabites…Naphtuhites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 12 p883 translate-names 0 Pathrusites…Kasluhites…Philistines…Caphtorites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 11 zc4f translate-names 0 Ludites … Anamites … Lehabites … Naphtuhites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 12 p883 translate-names 0 Pathrusites … Kasluhites … Philistines … Caphtorites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 12 d1yt 0 from whom the Philistines came “the ancestors of the Philistines” -1CH 1 13 a3cp translate-names 0 Canaan…Sidon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 13 a3cp translate-names 0 Canaan … Sidon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 13 w38d translate-names 0 Hittites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 14 v4fs translate-names 0 Jebusites…Amorites…Girgashites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 15 hms5 translate-names 0 Hivites…Arkites…Sinites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 16 q29n translate-names 0 Arvadites…Zemarites…Hamathites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 14 v4fs translate-names 0 Jebusites … Amorites … Girgashites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 15 hms5 translate-names 0 Hivites … Arkites … Sinites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 16 q29n translate-names 0 Arvadites … Zemarites … Hamathites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 17 hqr6 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 20 s21f translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 24 ddm2 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -31,140 +31,140 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 1 39 y7pu translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men, execpt for Timna. Timna is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 40 k71t translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 41 bs83 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 43 zdy6 translate-names 0 Edom…Dinhabah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 43 h7hp translate-names 0 Bela…Beor These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 44 vii1 translate-names 0 Bela…Jobab…Zerah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 43 zdy6 translate-names 0 Edom … Dinhabah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 43 h7hp translate-names 0 Bela … Beor These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 44 vii1 translate-names 0 Bela … Jobab … Zerah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 44 bit6 translate-names 0 Bozrah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 45 p51v translate-names 0 Jobab…Husham These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 45 p51v translate-names 0 Jobab … Husham These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 45 s1yv 0 Husham of the land of the Temanites reigned in his place “Husham, from the land where Teman’s descendants lived, reigned after him” 1CH 1 45 tlr9 translate-names 0 Temanites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 46 xs1i translate-names 0 Husham…Hadad…Bedad These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 46 xs1i translate-names 0 Husham … Hadad … Bedad These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 46 fwm7 translate-names 0 Avith This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 47 l3tf translate-names 0 Hadad…Samlah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 47 l3tf translate-names 0 Hadad … Samlah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 47 dh6w translate-names 0 Masrekah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 48 lb1l translate-names 0 Samlah…Shaul These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 48 lb1l translate-names 0 Samlah … Shaul These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 48 bs2d translate-names 0 Rehoboth This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 49 a4fl translate-names 0 Shaul…Baal-Hanan…Akbor These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 50 k737 translate-names 0 Baal-Hanan…Akbor…Hadad…Me-Zahab These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 49 a4fl translate-names 0 Shaul … Baal-Hanan … Akbor These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 50 k737 translate-names 0 Baal-Hanan … Akbor … Hadad … Me-Zahab These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 50 vxt6 translate-names 0 Pau This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 50 tlv7 translate-names 0 Mehetabel…Matred These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 51 k3f9 translate-names 0 Hadad…Timna…Alvah…Jetheth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 50 tlv7 translate-names 0 Mehetabel … Matred These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 51 k3f9 translate-names 0 Hadad … Timna … Alvah … Jetheth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 51 k5te translate-names 0 Edom This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 52 s895 translate-names 0 Oholibamah…Elah…Pinon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 53 ft8b translate-names 0 Kenaz…Teman…Mibzar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 1 54 ngb5 translate-names 0 Magdiel…Iram These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 52 s895 translate-names 0 Oholibamah … Elah … Pinon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 53 ft8b translate-names 0 Kenaz … Teman … Mibzar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 1 54 ngb5 translate-names 0 Magdiel … Iram These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 1 54 w9ln translate-names 0 Edom This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 intro ix6r 0 # 1 Chronicles 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter records the descendants of Judah, son of Jacob. 1CH 2 1 lm7q translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 2 l5ef translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 3 p67t translate-names 0 Er…Onan…Shelah…Shua…Judah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 3 p67t translate-names 0 Er … Onan … Shelah … Shua … Judah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 3 y528 figs-activepassive 0 who were born to him by Shua’s daughter, a Canaanite woman This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “his sons whom Shua’s daughter, a Canaanite woman, bore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 2 3 m91v 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. 1CH 2 3 j5xa figs-metaphor 0 in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents his judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh judged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CH 2 3 c1kh figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh killed him The reader should understand that Yahweh may have had a person kill Er. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 2 4 i7tr translate-names 0 Tamar This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 4 wt6d 0 daughter-in-law This refers to the wife of his son. -1CH 2 4 zyu9 translate-names 0 Perez…Zerah…Judah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 4 zyu9 translate-names 0 Perez … Zerah … Judah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 4 dbi3 0 bore him Perez and Zerah “gave birth to his sons Perez and Zerah” 1CH 2 4 hqa7 translate-numbers 0 five sons “5 sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 2 5 v5ri translate-names 0 Perez…Hezron…Hamul These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 6 van7 translate-names 0 Zerah…Zimri…Ethan…Heman…Kalkol…Darda These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 7 ez3u translate-names 0 Karmi…Achar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 5 v5ri translate-names 0 Perez … Hezron … Hamul These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 6 van7 translate-names 0 Zerah … Zimri … Ethan … Heman … Kalkol … Darda These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 7 ez3u translate-names 0 Karmi … Achar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 7 hvc7 0 what was reserved for God what God had said he wanted the people to destroy -1CH 2 8 h27c translate-names 0 Ethan…Azariah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 9 b5vz translate-names 0 Hezron…Jerahmeel…Ram…Caleb These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 10 jaw9 translate-names 0 Ram…Amminadab…Nahshon…Judah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 11 h85a translate-names 0 Nahshon…Salmon…Boaz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 12 n5z6 translate-names 0 Boaz…Obed…Jesse These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 8 h27c translate-names 0 Ethan … Azariah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 9 b5vz translate-names 0 Hezron … Jerahmeel … Ram … Caleb These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 10 jaw9 translate-names 0 Ram … Amminadab … Nahshon … Judah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 11 h85a translate-names 0 Nahshon … Salmon … Boaz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 12 n5z6 translate-names 0 Boaz … Obed … Jesse These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 13 zxk9 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 13 f6gw figs-ellipsis 0 the second…the third The word “son” is understood. Also, the numbers are in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the second son…the third son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -1CH 2 14 qn1v translate-names 0 Nethanel…Raddai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 14 pfx5 figs-ellipsis 0 the fourth…the fifth The word “son” is understood. Also, the numbers are in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the fourth son…the fifth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -1CH 2 15 te72 translate-names 0 Ozem…David These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 15 g68w figs-ellipsis 0 the sixth…the seventh The word “son” is understood. Also, the numbers are in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the sixth son…the seventh son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +1CH 2 13 f6gw figs-ellipsis 0 the second … the third The word “son” is understood. Also, the numbers are in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the second son … the third son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +1CH 2 14 qn1v translate-names 0 Nethanel … Raddai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 14 pfx5 figs-ellipsis 0 the fourth … the fifth The word “son” is understood. Also, the numbers are in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the fourth son … the fifth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +1CH 2 15 te72 translate-names 0 Ozem … David These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 15 g68w figs-ellipsis 0 the sixth … the seventh The word “son” is understood. Also, the numbers are in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the sixth son … the seventh son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 1CH 2 16 br54 translate-names 0 General Information: All names here except Zeruiah and Abigail are the names of men. Zeruiah and Abigail are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 17 j7as translate-names 0 Amasa…Jether These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 17 j7as translate-names 0 Amasa … Jether These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 17 av3d 0 Jether the Ishmaelite “Jether, a descendant of Ishmael” -1CH 2 18 t4ug translate-names 0 Caleb…Hezron…Jesher…Shobab…Ardon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 18 d2lv translate-names 0 Azubah…Jerioth These are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 19 h7yh translate-names 0 Caleb…Hur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 19 uk7l translate-names 0 Azubah…Ephrath These are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 20 wh68 translate-names 0 Hur…Uri…Bezalel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 18 t4ug translate-names 0 Caleb … Hezron … Jesher … Shobab … Ardon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 18 d2lv translate-names 0 Azubah … Jerioth These are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 19 h7yh translate-names 0 Caleb … Hur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 19 uk7l translate-names 0 Azubah … Ephrath These are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 20 wh68 translate-names 0 Hur … Uri … Bezalel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 21 pxj5 translate-names 0 General Information: All names in this list are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 21 g62n 0 bore him “gave birth to” -1CH 2 22 e526 translate-names 0 Segub…Jair These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 22 e526 translate-names 0 Segub … Jair These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 22 ip3l 0 land of Gilead People gave the land the name of the man. -1CH 2 23 bx81 0 Geshur…Aram These are names of people groups named after ancestors. Translate “Aram” as in [1 Chronicles 1:17](../01/17.md). +1CH 2 23 bx81 0 Geshur … Aram These are names of people groups named after ancestors. Translate “Aram” as in [1 Chronicles 1:17](../01/17.md). 1CH 2 23 c8du translate-names 0 Havvoth Jair and Kenath These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 23 ur9v translate-names 0 Makir…Gilead These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 24 ebt4 translate-names 0 Hezron…Caleb…Ashhur…Tekoa These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 23 ur9v translate-names 0 Makir … Gilead These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 24 ebt4 translate-names 0 Hezron … Caleb … Ashhur … Tekoa These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 24 jx63 figs-euphemism 0 Caleb went in to Ephrathah This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Caleb had sexual relations with Ephrathah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 1CH 2 24 se6y translate-names 0 Ephrathah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 24 cn7z 0 bore him “gave birth to his son” -1CH 2 25 yb9p translate-names 0 Jerahmeel…Hezron…Ram…Bunah, Oren, Ozem, and Ahijah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 26 ai3j translate-names 0 Jerahmeel…Onam These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 25 yb9p translate-names 0 Jerahmeel … Hezron … Ram … Bunah, Oren, Ozem, and Ahijah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 26 ai3j translate-names 0 Jerahmeel … Onam These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 26 d8j6 translate-names 0 Atarah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 27 wx8e translate-names 0 Ram…Jerahmeel…Maaz, Jamin, and Eker These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 28 x6kw translate-names 0 Onam…Shammai…Jada…Nadab…Abishur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 29 gd38 translate-names 0 Abishur…Ahban…Molid These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 27 wx8e translate-names 0 Ram … Jerahmeel … Maaz, Jamin, and Eker These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 28 x6kw translate-names 0 Onam … Shammai … Jada … Nadab … Abishur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 29 gd38 translate-names 0 Abishur … Ahban … Molid These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 29 b59z translate-names 0 Abihail This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 30 q5e6 translate-names 0 Nadab…Seled…Appaim These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 31 b6l8 translate-names 0 Appaim…Ishi…Sheshan…Ahlai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 32 r8w2 translate-names 0 Jada…Shammai…Jether…Jonathan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 33 p2xd translate-names 0 Jonathan…Peleth…Zaza…Jerahmeel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 34 mr96 translate-names 0 Sheshan…Jarha These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 35 mmx7 translate-names 0 Sheshan…Jarha…Attai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 30 q5e6 translate-names 0 Nadab … Seled … Appaim These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 31 b6l8 translate-names 0 Appaim … Ishi … Sheshan … Ahlai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 32 r8w2 translate-names 0 Jada … Shammai … Jether … Jonathan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 33 p2xd translate-names 0 Jonathan … Peleth … Zaza … Jerahmeel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 34 mr96 translate-names 0 Sheshan … Jarha These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 35 mmx7 translate-names 0 Sheshan … Jarha … Attai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 35 u6ta 0 bore him “gave birth to his son” -1CH 2 36 r5uj translate-names 0 Attai…Nathan…Zabad These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 37 gmg7 translate-names 0 Zabad…Ephlal…Obed These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 38 t1qs translate-names 0 Obed…Jehu…Azariah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 39 a5jb translate-names 0 Azariah…Helez…Eleasah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 40 tfz4 translate-names 0 Eleasah…Sismai…Shallum These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 41 vul2 translate-names 0 Shallum…Jekamiah…Elishama These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 42 ium6 translate-names 0 Caleb…Jerahmeel…Mesha…Ziph…Mareshah…Hebron These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 36 r5uj translate-names 0 Attai … Nathan … Zabad These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 37 gmg7 translate-names 0 Zabad … Ephlal … Obed These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 38 t1qs translate-names 0 Obed … Jehu … Azariah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 39 a5jb translate-names 0 Azariah … Helez … Eleasah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 40 tfz4 translate-names 0 Eleasah … Sismai … Shallum These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 41 vul2 translate-names 0 Shallum … Jekamiah … Elishama These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 42 ium6 translate-names 0 Caleb … Jerahmeel … Mesha … Ziph … Mareshah … Hebron These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 42 v4u6 0 the father of Hebron Some versions read, “the founder of the clan of Hebron” -1CH 2 43 q4rj translate-names 0 Hebron…Korah, Tappuah, Rekem, and Shema These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 44 z2e6 translate-names 0 Shema…Raham…Jorkeam…Rekem…Shammai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 44 zx52 0 the father of Raham, the father of Jorkeam…the father of Shammai Some versions read, “the founder of the clan of Hebron…the founder of the clan of Raham, the founder of the clan of Jorkeam…the founder of the clan of Shammai.” -1CH 2 45 uvb9 translate-names 0 Shammai…Maon…Beth Zur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 46 cuv7 translate-names 0 Caleb…Haran…Moza…Gazez These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 43 q4rj translate-names 0 Hebron … Korah, Tappuah, Rekem, and Shema These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 44 z2e6 translate-names 0 Shema … Raham … Jorkeam … Rekem … Shammai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 44 zx52 0 the father of Raham, the father of Jorkeam … the father of Shammai Some versions read, “the founder of the clan of Hebron … the founder of the clan of Raham, the founder of the clan of Jorkeam … the founder of the clan of Shammai.” +1CH 2 45 uvb9 translate-names 0 Shammai … Maon … Beth Zur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 46 cuv7 translate-names 0 Caleb … Haran … Moza … Gazez These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 46 y6x9 translate-names 0 Ephah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 47 y3l1 translate-names 0 Jahdai…Regem, Jotham, Geshan, Pelet, Ephah, and Shaaph These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 48 s3wi translate-names 0 Caleb…Sheber…Tirhanah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 47 y3l1 translate-names 0 Jahdai … Regem, Jotham, Geshan, Pelet, Ephah, and Shaaph These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 48 s3wi translate-names 0 Caleb … Sheber … Tirhanah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 48 v5zq translate-names 0 Maakah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 49 ply8 0 She also bore “She also gave birth to”” -1CH 2 49 a13c translate-names 0 Shaaph…Madmannah…Sheva…Makbenah…Gibea…Caleb These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 49 a13c translate-names 0 Shaaph … Madmannah … Sheva … Makbenah … Gibea … Caleb These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 49 pct2 translate-names 0 Aksah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 50 vn49 translate-names 0 Hur…Shobal These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 50 vn49 translate-names 0 Hur … Shobal These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 50 tqs2 translate-names 0 Ephrathah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 50 ywm7 translate-names 0 father of Kiriath Jearim Kiriath Jearim is the name of a town. The name of the town is a metonym for the people who live in the town. Alternate translation: “founder of Kiriath Jearim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 51 ymr5 translate-names 0 Salma…Hareph These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 51 pb5m translate-names 0 father of Bethlehem…father of Beth Gader Bethlehem and Beth Gader are the names of towns. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. Alternate translation: “founder of Bethlehem…founder of Beth Gader” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 51 ymr5 translate-names 0 Salma … Hareph These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 51 pb5m translate-names 0 father of Bethlehem … father of Beth Gader Bethlehem and Beth Gader are the names of towns. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. Alternate translation: “founder of Bethlehem … founder of Beth Gader” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 52 k5ua translate-names 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] 1CH 2 52 yg2l translate-names 0 Shobal the father of Kiriath Jearim Shobal is the name of a man, and Kiriath Jearim is the name of a town. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 2:50](../02/50.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 52 ja97 0 Manahathites This is the name of a clan. -1CH 2 53 h9np 0 Ithrites, Puthites, Shumathites…Mishraites…Zorathites…Eshtaolites These are the names of clans. +1CH 2 53 h9np 0 Ithrites, Puthites, Shumathites … Mishraites … Zorathites … Eshtaolites These are the names of clans. 1CH 2 54 h6a3 translate-names 0 Salma This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 54 s219 translate-names 0 Bethlehem This is the name of a town where Salma’s descendants settled and represents the people living in that town. Alternate translation: “the people of Bethlehem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 54 fk5a translate-names 0 Netophathites…Atroth Beth Joab…Manahathites…Zorites These are names of clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 54 fk5a translate-names 0 Netophathites … Atroth Beth Joab … Manahathites … Zorites These are names of clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 55 e824 translate-names 0 Jabez This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 2 55 hrk8 translate-names 0 Tirathites…Shimeathites…Sucathites…Kenites These are names of clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 55 hrk8 translate-names 0 Tirathites … Shimeathites … Sucathites … Kenites These are names of clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 2 55 dsa5 0 the Kenites who came from Hammath “the Kenites who descended from Hamath” -1CH 2 55 z9wj translate-names 0 Hammath…Rekab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 2 55 z9wj translate-names 0 Hammath … Rekab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 3 intro f3pg 0 # 1 Chronicles 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter records the descendants of King David. 1CH 3 1 n4fh 0 David David was a son of Jesse, who was a descendant of Judah ([1 Chronicles 2:15](../02/15.md)). -1CH 3 1 h2yg translate-names 0 Ahinoam…Abigail These are the names of women who were David’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 3 1 h2yg translate-names 0 Ahinoam … Abigail These are the names of women who were David’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 3 1 q1dn 0 Daniel This man has the same name as an Israelite prophet but is a different person. -1CH 3 2 jn8b translate-names 0 Maakah…Haggith These are the names of women who were David’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 3 2 jn8b translate-names 0 Maakah … Haggith These are the names of women who were David’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 3 2 uzb7 translate-names 0 Talmai This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 3 3 g564 translate-names 0 Abital…Eglah These are the names of women who were David’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 3 3 dx1z translate-names 0 Shephatiah…Ithream These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 3 3 g564 translate-names 0 Abital … Eglah These are the names of women who were David’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 3 3 dx1z translate-names 0 Shephatiah … Ithream These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 3 4 wb35 0 where he reigned seven years and six months This can also be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “David reigned there seven years and six months” 1CH 3 4 rku9 translate-numbers 0 thirty-three years “33 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 3 5 zx4r translate-names 0 Ammiel…Shammua…Shobab…Nathan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 3 5 zx4r translate-names 0 Ammiel … Shammua … Shobab … Nathan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 3 6 xdf3 translate-names 0 Ibhar, Elishua, Eliphelet These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 3 7 h3xx translate-names 0 Nogah, Nepheg, Japhia These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 3 8 ymz8 translate-names 0 Elishama…Eliada…Eliphelet These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 3 8 ymz8 translate-names 0 Elishama … Eliada … Eliphelet These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 3 9 ff3s translate-names 0 Tamar This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 3 10 d4df translate-names 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the list of David’s descendants who became king. All of the names in this list are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 3 10 xah2 0 Solomon’s son was Rehoboam. Rehoboam’s son was Abijah Solomon had more than one son. The same is true of other men in the list. Alternate translation: “Solomon was the father of Rehoboam. Rehoboam was the father of Abijah” @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 3 14 x68c 0 General Information: This continues the list of David’s descendants who became king. All of the names in this list are the names of men. Form these sentences as you did starting in [1 Chronicles 3:10](../03/10.md). 1CH 3 15 bb7m 0 General Information: This continues the list of David’s descendants who became king. All of the names in this list are the names of men. Form these sentences as you did starting in [1 Chronicles 3:10](../03/10.md). 1CH 3 16 i3s1 0 General Information: This continues the list of David’s descendants who became king. All of the names in this list are the names of men. Form these sentences as you did starting in [1 Chronicles 3:10](../03/10.md). -1CH 3 17 kq1l translate-names 0 Jehoiachin…Shealtiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 3 17 kq1l translate-names 0 Jehoiachin … Shealtiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 3 17 ac1d 0 Jehoiachin Some versions have “Jeconiah,” which is a variation of “Jehoiachin.” 1CH 3 17 yx5z 0 the captive This may be a title that was given to Jehoiachin because he was taken into captivity. However, some versions regard the word as “Assir,” the name of one of his sons. 1CH 3 18 i7ch translate-names 0 General Information: These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -190,71 +190,71 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 4 intro dq4h 0 # 1 Chronicles 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter records the other descendants of Judah. 1CH 4 1 w6gl translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names in this list are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 2 p39w translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names in this list except the Zorathites are the names of men. Zorathites is the name of a people group who took their name from the town of Zorah where they lived. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 3 v5yg translate-names 0 Jezreel…Ishma…Idbash These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 3 v5yg translate-names 0 Jezreel … Ishma … Idbash These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 3 yct3 translate-names 0 Hazzelelponi This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 4 zd4a translate-names 0 Gedor…Hushah These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 4 u48f translate-names 0 Peniel…Ezer…Hur These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 4 zd4a translate-names 0 Gedor … Hushah These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 4 u48f translate-names 0 Peniel … Ezer … Hur These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 4 nbc5 0 These were descendants of Hur “Peniel and Ezer were descendants of Hur.” This points forward to the list that will follow. 1CH 4 4 c2g6 0 Ephrathah This is the name of a woman. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 2:50](../02/50.md). -1CH 4 5 x3h1 0 Ashhur…Tekoa See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 2:24](../02/24.md). -1CH 4 5 dl7z translate-names 0 Helah…Naarah These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 5 x3h1 0 Ashhur … Tekoa See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 2:24](../02/24.md). +1CH 4 5 dl7z translate-names 0 Helah … Naarah These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 6 kb18 0 bore him “gave birth to his sons” -1CH 4 6 b58w translate-names 0 Ahuzzam…Hepher These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 6 aur4 0 Temeni…Haahashtari These are understood here as the names of men. However, some versions understand them as the names of clans that were begun by the sons of Ashhur. -1CH 4 7 hdj2 translate-names 0 Zereth…Zohar…Ethnan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 8 grc3 translate-names 0 Koz…Anub…Hazzobebah…Aharhel…Harum These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 6 b58w translate-names 0 Ahuzzam … Hepher These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 6 aur4 0 Temeni … Haahashtari These are understood here as the names of men. However, some versions understand them as the names of clans that were begun by the sons of Ashhur. +1CH 4 7 hdj2 translate-names 0 Zereth … Zohar … Ethnan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 8 grc3 translate-names 0 Koz … Anub … Hazzobebah … Aharhel … Harum These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 8 tq7a 0 and of the clans descended from Aharhel son of Harum A new sentence can start here. “Koz also became the ancestor of Harum and the clans that descended from Harum’s son Aharhel” 1CH 4 9 gw86 translate-names 0 Jabez This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 10 v4ht 0 expand my territory “give me more land” 1CH 4 10 yd5d figs-metonymy 0 your hand will be with me Possible meanings are that God’s hand is (1) a metonym for his guidance, his power, or his protection. Alternate translation: “you will guide me” or “you will make me prosper” or “you will protect me” or (2) a synecdoche for himself. Alternate translation: “you will be with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1CH 4 10 pn9h figs-metonymy 0 granted him his prayer The words “his prayer” are a metonym for what Jabez asked in the prayer. Alternate translation: “did what Jabez had asked him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CH 4 11 ujx1 translate-names 0 Kelub…Shuhah…Mehir…Eshton These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 12 y95p translate-names 0 Eshton…Beth Rapha…Paseah…Tehinnah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 11 ujx1 translate-names 0 Kelub … Shuhah … Mehir … Eshton These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 12 y95p translate-names 0 Eshton … Beth Rapha … Paseah … Tehinnah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 12 q6mf translate-names 0 Tehinnah, the father of Ir Nahash It apprears that Ir Nahash may have been a city. Alternate translation: “Tehinnah, the founder of the city of Nahash” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 12 i63t translate-names 0 Nahash…Rekah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 12 i63t translate-names 0 Nahash … Rekah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 13 pc8k translate-versebridge 0 General Information: It may be helpful to create a verse bridge and to put verse 15 together with verse 13 since Kenaz was a descendant of Jephunneh and Caleb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) -1CH 4 13 z4jt translate-names 0 Kenaz…Othniel…Seraiah…Hathath…Meonothai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 14 hm3k translate-names 0 Meonothai…Ophrah…Joab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 13 z4jt translate-names 0 Kenaz … Othniel … Seraiah … Hathath … Meonothai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 14 hm3k translate-names 0 Meonothai … Ophrah … Joab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 14 gb2m translate-names 0 Ge-Harashim, whose people were craftsmen Ge-Harashim means “Valley of Craftsmen.” This can be made explicit with an explanation. Alternate translation: “Ge-Harashim, which means ‘Craftsmen’s Valley.’ It was called this because its people were craftsmen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 4 14 zl11 0 craftsmen people skilled at making or building things -1CH 4 15 g38i translate-names 0 Jephunneh…Iru…Elah…Naam…Kenaz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 16 xrb4 translate-names 0 Jehallelel…Ziph…Ziphah…Tiria…Asarel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 15 g38i translate-names 0 Jephunneh … Iru … Elah … Naam … Kenaz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 16 xrb4 translate-names 0 Jehallelel … Ziph … Ziphah … Tiria … Asarel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 17 bv9f translate-versebridge 0 General Information: You may want to combine the information in 1 Chronicles 4:17-18 into one verse so its meaning can be more easily understood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) -1CH 4 17 b2ws translate-names 0 Ezrah…Jether…Mered…Epher…Jalon…Miriam…Shammai…Ishbah…Eshtemoa These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 17 b2ws translate-names 0 Ezrah … Jether … Mered … Epher … Jalon … Miriam … Shammai … Ishbah … Eshtemoa These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 17 cg1z 0 These were the sons of Bithiah The word “these” refers to Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah. They were the sons Bithiah bore for her husband Mered. 1CH 4 17 j2pg 0 Bithiah This is the name of a woman. -1CH 4 18 smd8 translate-names 0 Jered…Gedor…Heber…Soko…Jekuthiel…Zanoah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 18 smd8 translate-names 0 Jered … Gedor … Heber … Soko … Jekuthiel … Zanoah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 18 m2qb 0 Mered’s Judahite wife The Hebrew text says, “His Judahite wife,” but most versions understand “his” to refer to Mered. This refers to a different wife of Mered, in addition to Bithiah. -1CH 4 19 n6ut translate-names 0 Hodiah…Naham…Keilah…Eshtemoa These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 19 n6ut translate-names 0 Hodiah … Naham … Keilah … Eshtemoa These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 19 bk1b translate-names 0 Garmite someone from the Gar people group (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 19 kp4g translate-names 0 Maakathite someone from the region of Maacah, which is also called Maacath (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 20 td9d translate-names 0 Shimon…Amnon…Rinnah…Ben-Hanan…Tilon…Ishi…Zoheth…Ben-Zoheth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 21 d5kv translate-names 0 Shelah…Er…Laadah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 21 qv8c translate-names 0 Lekah…Mareshah…Beth Ashbea These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 20 td9d translate-names 0 Shimon … Amnon … Rinnah … Ben-Hanan … Tilon … Ishi … Zoheth … Ben-Zoheth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 21 d5kv translate-names 0 Shelah … Er … Laadah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 21 qv8c translate-names 0 Lekah … Mareshah … Beth Ashbea These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 21 kjz3 translate-unknown 0 linen workers people who made clothing out of a fabric made from crushed reeds (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -1CH 4 22 y26b translate-names 0 Jokim…Joash…Saraph These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 22 t1mg translate-names 0 Kozeba…Jashubi Lehem These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 22 y26b translate-names 0 Jokim … Joash … Saraph These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 22 t1mg translate-names 0 Kozeba … Jashubi Lehem These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 23 q4sc 0 the potters the people who make containers out of clay -1CH 4 23 q5c3 translate-names 0 Netaim…Gederah These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 24 rjj5 translate-names 0 Nemuel…Jamin…Jarib…Zerah…Shaul These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 25 f2z7 translate-names 0 Shallum…Mibsam…Mishma These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 26 f8sp translate-names 0 Mishma…Hammuel…Zakkur…Shimei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 23 q5c3 translate-names 0 Netaim … Gederah These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 24 rjj5 translate-names 0 Nemuel … Jamin … Jarib … Zerah … Shaul These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 25 f2z7 translate-names 0 Shallum … Mibsam … Mishma These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 26 f8sp translate-names 0 Mishma … Hammuel … Zakkur … Shimei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 26 k5iz 0 Zakkur his grandson the son of Mishma’s son 1CH 4 26 nb77 0 great-grandson the son of Mishma’s grandson 1CH 4 27 idu9 translate-numbers 0 sixteen sons and six daughters “16 sons and 6 daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 4 28 i1vp translate-names 0 Moladah…Hazar Shual These are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 28 i1vp translate-names 0 Moladah … Hazar Shual These are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 29 kgj7 0 General Information: The list of the cities where Simeon’s descendants lived continues. -1CH 4 29 ut76 translate-names 0 Bilhah…Ezem…Tolad These are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 30 il6l translate-names 0 Bethuel…Hormah…Ziklag These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 31 fq6g translate-names 0 Beth Markaboth…Hazar Susim…Beth Biri…Shaaraim These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 29 ut76 translate-names 0 Bilhah … Ezem … Tolad These are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 30 il6l translate-names 0 Bethuel … Hormah … Ziklag These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 31 fq6g translate-names 0 Beth Markaboth … Hazar Susim … Beth Biri … Shaaraim These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 32 tne2 0 General Information: The list of places where Simeon’s descendants lived continues. -1CH 4 32 a6vw translate-names 0 Etam…Ain…Rimmon…Token…Ashan These are the names of villages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 32 a6vw translate-names 0 Etam … Ain … Rimmon … Token … Ashan These are the names of villages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 33 xqd5 0 outlying villages the villages that were near but outside the main town 1CH 4 33 s8es translate-names 0 Baalath This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 34 tl7z translate-names 0 Meshobab…Jamlech…Joshah…Amaziah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 35 ul5r translate-names 0 Joel…Jehu…Joshibiah…Seraiah…Asiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 36 m3rr translate-names 0 Elioenai…Jaakobah…Jeshohaiah…Asaiah…Adiel…Jesimiel…Benaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 4 37 v2yu translate-names 0 Ziza…Shiphi…Allon…Jedaiah…Shimri…Shemaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 34 tl7z translate-names 0 Meshobab … Jamlech … Joshah … Amaziah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 35 ul5r translate-names 0 Joel … Jehu … Joshibiah … Seraiah … Asiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 36 m3rr translate-names 0 Elioenai … Jaakobah … Jeshohaiah … Asaiah … Adiel … Jesimiel … Benaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 37 v2yu translate-names 0 Ziza … Shiphi … Allon … Jedaiah … Shimri … Shemaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 38 vhs6 0 These mentioned by name were leaders “These men were leaders” 1CH 4 38 bs2l figs-metonymy 0 their clans increased greatly The clan is a metonym for the people in the clan. Alternate translation: “the number of people in their clans increased greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 4 39 b2mn translate-names 0 Gedor This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 4 40 g36z 0 Hamites a people group, descendants of Ham 1CH 4 41 gue5 translate-names 0 Meunites a people group. Alternate translation: “descendants of Meun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 42 lby2 translate-numbers 0 five hundred men “500 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 4 42 m3kh translate-names 0 Pelatiah…Neariah…Rephaiah…Uzziel…Ishi These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 4 42 m3kh translate-names 0 Pelatiah … Neariah … Rephaiah … Uzziel … Ishi These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 4 43 i11u 0 the rest of the Amalekite refugees “the remaining Amalekite refugees” 1CH 4 43 k9d1 0 refugees people who are forced to leave their home country 1CH 4 43 nrm3 0 to this day “from then until now.” This refers to the day when the author was writing this account. @@ -273,22 +273,22 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 5 1 lbr7 figs-euphemism 0 Reuben had defiled his father’s couch This is a polite way to speak about Reuben sleeping with his father’s secondary wife. The couch is the place where a man and his wife would have slept together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 5 1 dv2w figs-activepassive 0 So he is not recorded as being the oldest son This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So the family history does not list Reuben as the oldest son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 5 2 bk4p writing-background 0 General Information: This verse finishes the background information about Reuben. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -1CH 5 3 fy1l translate-names 0 Hanok…Pallu…Hezron…Karmi These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 5 4 k5gj translate-names 0 Joel…Shemaiah…Gog…Shimei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 5 5 w2kv translate-names 0 Shimei…Micah…Reaiah…Baal These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 5 6 j851 translate-names 0 Baal…Beerah…Tiglath-Pileser These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 3 fy1l translate-names 0 Hanok … Pallu … Hezron … Karmi These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 4 k5gj translate-names 0 Joel … Shemaiah … Gog … Shimei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 5 w2kv translate-names 0 Shimei … Micah … Reaiah … Baal These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 6 j851 translate-names 0 Baal … Beerah … Tiglath-Pileser These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 5 7 rd15 figs-activepassive 0 listed according to their genealogical records This can start a new sentence: “Their genealogical records list them as” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 5 7 tp3d 0 genealogical records records that show how people in a family are related to each other -1CH 5 7 e386 translate-names 0 Jeiel…Zechariah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 5 8 p4nj translate-names 0 Bela…Azaz…Shema These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 5 8 zfu1 translate-names 0 Aroer…Nebo…Baal Meon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 7 e386 translate-names 0 Jeiel … Zechariah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 8 p4nj translate-names 0 Bela … Azaz … Shema These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 8 zfu1 translate-names 0 Aroer … Nebo … Baal Meon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 5 10 e3ah translate-names 0 the Hagrites This is a name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 5 10 ue3s figs-synecdoche 0 lived in the Hagrites’ tents The tents are a synecdoche for the land and the buildings on the land. Alternate translation: “took over all the Hagrites’ land and buildings” or “lived in all the Hagrite territory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1CH 5 11 wu68 translate-names 0 Salekah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 5 12 dnd2 0 Joel…Shapham…Janai…Shaphat These are names of men. -1CH 5 13 f3xt 0 Michael…Meshullam…Sheba…Jorai…Jakan…Zia…Eber These are names of men. -1CH 5 14 x7xq translate-names 0 Abihail…Huri…Jaroah…Gilead…Michael…Jeshishai…Jahdo…Buz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 5 15 fli4 translate-names 0 Ahi…Abdiel…Guni These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 12 dnd2 0 Joel … Shapham … Janai … Shaphat These are names of men. +1CH 5 13 f3xt 0 Michael … Meshullam … Sheba … Jorai … Jakan … Zia … Eber These are names of men. +1CH 5 14 x7xq translate-names 0 Abihail … Huri … Jaroah … Gilead … Michael … Jeshishai … Jahdo … Buz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 15 fli4 translate-names 0 Ahi … Abdiel … Guni These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 5 16 gm8y 0 They lived “The tribe of Gad lived” 1CH 5 16 u4x1 0 the pasturelands the areas of land where animals feed on grass 1CH 5 17 hkv1 figs-activepassive 0 All these were listed by genealogical records This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Genealogical records listed them all” or “The records of their family’s ancestry listed them all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 5 18 g3z9 0 Gadites This refers to the people from the tribe of Gad. 1CH 5 18 b85j translate-numbers 0 44,760 soldiers “forty-four thousand seven hundred and sixty soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 5 18 w2fb figs-metonymy 0 who carried shield and sword, and who drew the bow The soldiers are described as skilled in warfare by the weapons they carried. Alternate translation: “who were all trained to fight well in battles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 5 19 y4gb 0 Hagrites…Jetur…Naphish…Nodab These are the names of people groups. +1CH 5 19 y4gb 0 Hagrites … Jetur … Naphish … Nodab These are the names of people groups. 1CH 5 20 rfs9 0 the Israelites cried out to God “the Israelites prayed to God for help” 1CH 5 21 bty4 0 They captured their animals “The Israelites captured the Hagrites’ animals” 1CH 5 21 vu65 translate-numbers 0 fifty thousand camels “50,000 camels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -305,46 +305,46 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 5 21 hh55 translate-numbers 0 two thousand donkeys “2,000 donkeys” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 5 21 v8ej translate-numbers 0 100,000 men “one hundred thousand men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 5 22 q295 0 the battle was from God God’s help in battle is described as if he were the one who caused the battle. Alternate translation: “God helped them” -1CH 5 23 n7h1 translate-names 0 Baal Hermon…Senir These are the names of mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 5 24 jib7 translate-names 0 Epher…Ishi…Eliel…Azriel…Jeremiah…Hodaviah…Jahdiel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 23 n7h1 translate-names 0 Baal Hermon … Senir These are the names of mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 24 jib7 translate-names 0 Epher … Ishi … Eliel … Azriel … Jeremiah … Hodaviah … Jahdiel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 5 24 m7n4 0 fathers’ houses extended families, people related to each other who usually lived in different houses, what the UST calls “clans” -1CH 5 26 pxn8 translate-names 0 Pul…Tiglath-Pileser These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 5 26 m6ws translate-names 0 Reubenites…Gadites These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 5 26 gxm9 translate-names 0 Halah…Habor…Hara These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 26 pxn8 translate-names 0 Pul … Tiglath-Pileser These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 26 m6ws translate-names 0 Reubenites … Gadites These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 5 26 gxm9 translate-names 0 Halah … Habor … Hara These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 5 26 f4rf translate-names 0 Gozan This is the name of a river. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 5 26 hz4s 0 to this day See how you translated this phrase in [1 Chronicles 4:43](../04/43.md) 1CH 6 intro cb7a 0 # 1 Chronicles 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter records the descendants of Levi. -1CH 6 1 cs3c translate-names 0 Gershon…Kohath…Merari These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 2 rcj5 translate-names 0 Kohath…Amram…Izhar…Hebron…Uzziel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 3 bpp5 translate-names 0 Amram…Nadab…Abihu…Eleazar…Ithamar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 4 p7aa translate-names 0 Eleazar…Abishua These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 5 cim9 translate-names 0 Abishua…Bukki…Uzzi These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 6 u2kr translate-names 0 Uzzi…Zerahiah…Meraioth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 7 rn6y translate-names 0 Meraioth…Amariah…Ahitub These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 8 se23 translate-names 0 Ahitub…Zadok…Ahimaaz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 9 ua1t translate-names 0 Ahimaaz…Johanan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 1 cs3c translate-names 0 Gershon … Kohath … Merari These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 2 rcj5 translate-names 0 Kohath … Amram … Izhar … Hebron … Uzziel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 3 bpp5 translate-names 0 Amram … Nadab … Abihu … Eleazar … Ithamar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 4 p7aa translate-names 0 Eleazar … Abishua These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 5 cim9 translate-names 0 Abishua … Bukki … Uzzi These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 6 u2kr translate-names 0 Uzzi … Zerahiah … Meraioth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 7 rn6y translate-names 0 Meraioth … Amariah … Ahitub These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 8 se23 translate-names 0 Ahitub … Zadok … Ahimaaz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 9 ua1t translate-names 0 Ahimaaz … Johanan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 10 e9rf figs-metonymy 0 Solomon built The reader should understand that Solomon probably hired workers to do the work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CH 6 11 y8yi translate-names 0 Amariah…Ahitub These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 12 sh5k translate-names 0 Ahitub…Zadok…Shallum These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 11 y8yi translate-names 0 Amariah … Ahitub These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 12 sh5k translate-names 0 Ahitub … Zadok … Shallum These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 13 da5c translate-names 0 Hilkiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 14 cs3g translate-names 0 Seraiah…Jozadak These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 14 cs3g translate-names 0 Seraiah … Jozadak These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 15 s316 figs-synecdoche 0 exiled Judah and Jerusalem by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar The power Nebuchadnezzar has through his army is described as the part of his body (“hand”) he uses to direct his army. Alternate translation: “allowed Nebuchadnezzar’s army to defeat the armies of Judah and Jerusalem and take the people into captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1CH 6 16 hk3v 0 Gershon…Kohath…Merari Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 6:1](../06/01.md). -1CH 6 17 h6lj translate-names 0 Libni…Shimei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 18 z2ri 0 Amram…Izhar…Hebron…Uzziel Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 6:2](../06/02.md). -1CH 6 19 q82p translate-names 0 Merari…Mahli…Mushi These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 20 vy7s translate-names 0 Libni…Jahath…Zimmah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 21 sr64 translate-names 0 Joah…Iddo…Zerah…Jeatherai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 22 mr38 translate-names 0 Amminadab…Korah…Assir These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 23 w9ww translate-names 0 Elkanah…Ebiasaph…Assir These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 24 dkf5 translate-names 0 Tahath…Uriel…Uzziah…Shaul These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 25 m7zc translate-names 0 Elkanah…Amasai…Ahimoth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 26 g39j translate-names 0 Elkanah…Zophai…Nahath These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 27 h8sq translate-names 0 Eliab…Jeroham…Elkanah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 16 hk3v 0 Gershon … Kohath … Merari Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 6:1](../06/01.md). +1CH 6 17 h6lj translate-names 0 Libni … Shimei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 18 z2ri 0 Amram … Izhar … Hebron … Uzziel Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 6:2](../06/02.md). +1CH 6 19 q82p translate-names 0 Merari … Mahli … Mushi These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 20 vy7s translate-names 0 Libni … Jahath … Zimmah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 21 sr64 translate-names 0 Joah … Iddo … Zerah … Jeatherai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 22 mr38 translate-names 0 Amminadab … Korah … Assir These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 23 w9ww translate-names 0 Elkanah … Ebiasaph … Assir These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 24 dkf5 translate-names 0 Tahath … Uriel … Uzziah … Shaul These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 25 m7zc translate-names 0 Elkanah … Amasai … Ahimoth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 26 g39j translate-names 0 Elkanah … Zophai … Nahath These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 27 h8sq translate-names 0 Eliab … Jeroham … Elkanah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 28 uq9s translate-names 0 Joel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 28 lyp9 0 second-born the second son -1CH 6 29 e6f8 translate-names 0 Merari…Mahli…Libni…Shimei…Uzzah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 30 a61s translate-names 0 Shimea…Haggiah…Asaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 29 e6f8 translate-names 0 Merari … Mahli … Libni … Shimei … Uzzah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 30 a61s translate-names 0 Shimea … Haggiah … Asaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 31 xq65 0 the house of Yahweh “where people met with Yahweh” This was a tent in David’s time. 1CH 6 31 ns7x 0 the ark came to rest there “the people of Israel placed the ark there” 1CH 6 32 ab5r 0 the tabernacle, the tent of meeting This could mean: (1) that “the tent of meeting” and “the tabernacle” are two names for the same thing or (2) the tabernacle is part of the tent of meeting, “the sanctuary of the tent of meeting” @@ -354,86 +354,86 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 6 33 j9lh translate-names 0 Kohathites This is the name of a people group, the descendants of Kohath ([1 Chronicles 6:1](../06/01.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 33 mm8i 0 going back in time This means the list is going in order from the most recent to the oldest. 1CH 6 33 pac5 translate-names 0 Heman This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 34 esm6 translate-names 0 Jeroham…Eliel…Toah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 34 esm6 translate-names 0 Jeroham … Eliel … Toah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 34 x49d 0 Elkanah See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 6:25](../06/25.md). -1CH 6 35 c6ei translate-names 0 Toah…Zuph…Mahath These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 35 slm4 0 Elkanah…Amasai See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 6:25](../06/25.md). -1CH 6 36 l6px 0 Amasai…Elkanah See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 6:25](../06/25.md). +1CH 6 35 c6ei translate-names 0 Toah … Zuph … Mahath These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 35 slm4 0 Elkanah … Amasai See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 6:25](../06/25.md). +1CH 6 36 l6px 0 Amasai … Elkanah See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 6:25](../06/25.md). 1CH 6 36 v8hr translate-names 0 Joel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 37 rum2 translate-names 0 Tahath…Assir…Ebiasaph These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 38 bzh5 translate-names 0 Izhar…Kohath These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 37 rum2 translate-names 0 Tahath … Assir … Ebiasaph These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 38 bzh5 translate-names 0 Izhar … Kohath These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 39 dw6c 0 Heman’s colleague “Heman’s fellow worker” 1CH 6 39 cr9s figs-metonymy 0 who stood at his right hand The authority of a person is described by where they stand. The right side of a person is the place where the person with the most authority stands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CH 6 39 eq4u translate-names 0 Berekiah…Shimea These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 40 by6m translate-names 0 Shimea…Michael…Baaseiah…Malkijah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 41 p24i translate-names 0 Malkijah…Ethni…Zerah…Adaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 42 kq8s translate-names 0 Adaiah…Ethan…Zimmah…Shimei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 43 ft8p translate-names 0 Shimei…Jahath…Gershon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 39 eq4u translate-names 0 Berekiah … Shimea These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 40 by6m translate-names 0 Shimea … Michael … Baaseiah … Malkijah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 41 p24i translate-names 0 Malkijah … Ethni … Zerah … Adaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 42 kq8s translate-names 0 Adaiah … Ethan … Zimmah … Shimei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 43 ft8p translate-names 0 Shimei … Jahath … Gershon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 44 ui4w translate-names 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] 1CH 6 44 p7te 0 At Heman’s left hand “Standing on Heman’s left side” 1CH 6 44 vtr8 0 his colleagues “his fellow workers” -1CH 6 44 vti5 0 Heman…Ethan See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 2:6](../02/06.md). +1CH 6 44 vti5 0 Heman … Ethan See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 2:6](../02/06.md). 1CH 6 44 h7cq 0 Merari See how you translated the name of this man in [1 Chronicles 6:1](../06/01.md). -1CH 6 44 m4rc translate-names 0 Kishi…Abdi…Malluk These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 45 v8le translate-names 0 Malluk…Hashabiah…Amaziah…Hilkiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 46 lmw1 translate-names 0 Hilkiah…Amzi…Bani…Shemer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 47 u83v 0 Mahli…Mushi See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 6:19](../06/19.md). +1CH 6 44 m4rc translate-names 0 Kishi … Abdi … Malluk These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 45 v8le translate-names 0 Malluk … Hashabiah … Amaziah … Hilkiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 46 lmw1 translate-names 0 Hilkiah … Amzi … Bani … Shemer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 47 u83v 0 Mahli … Mushi See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 6:19](../06/19.md). 1CH 6 48 y9d7 figs-activepassive 0 Their associates, the Levites, were assigned to do This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God had assigned their associates, the Levites, to do” or “It was the duty of their fellow workers, the Levites, to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 6 49 k3jc 0 These offerings made atonement for Israel “They offered these things to make atonement for the sins of the people of Israel” 1CH 6 50 mlg8 0 Aaron’s descendants are reckoned as follows “These were the descendants of Aaron” -1CH 6 50 wk4s translate-names 0 Eleazar…Abishua These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 51 p46m translate-names 0 Bukki…Uzzi…Zerahiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 52 su6d translate-names 0 Meraioth…Amariah…Ahitub These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 50 wk4s translate-names 0 Eleazar … Abishua These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 51 p46m translate-names 0 Bukki … Uzzi … Zerahiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 52 su6d translate-names 0 Meraioth … Amariah … Ahitub These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 53 u2wd translate-names 0 Ahimaaz This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 54 n9u6 figs-activepassive 0 These are the locations where Aaron’s descendants were assigned to live This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “These are the places where God assigned Aaron’s descendants to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 6 54 rnj8 0 for the descendants of Aaron…Kohathites “where the descendants of Aaron…Kohathites were to live” +1CH 6 54 rnj8 0 for the descendants of Aaron … Kohathites “where the descendants of Aaron … Kohathites were to live” 1CH 6 54 s2av figs-explicit 0 Kohathites (the first lot was theirs) The Israelites drew lots to decide where people would live. Alternate translation: “Kohathites. The first lot that they drew was theirs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 6 54 yj9r 0 Kohathites This is the name of a people group, the descendants of Kohath ([1 Chronicles 6:1](../06/01.md)). See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 6:33](./33.md). 1CH 6 55 z6qq 0 To them they gave Hebron “They gave Hebron to the Kohathites” 1CH 6 55 nld2 0 its pasturelands the land with grass for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 5:16](../05/16.md). -1CH 6 57 lz3p translate-names 0 Hebron…Libnah…Jattir…Eshtemoa These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 57 lz3p translate-names 0 Hebron … Libnah … Jattir … Eshtemoa These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 57 tpf4 0 its pasturelands the land with grass for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 5:16](../05/16.md). -1CH 6 58 x8vw translate-names 0 Hilen…Debir These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 59 k6v5 translate-names 0 Ashan…Juttah…Beth Shemesh These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 58 x8vw translate-names 0 Hilen … Debir These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 59 k6v5 translate-names 0 Ashan … Juttah … Beth Shemesh These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 59 pm76 0 its pasturelands the land with grass for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 5:16](../05/16.md). -1CH 6 60 dvw1 translate-names 0 Geba…Alemeth…Anathoth These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 60 dvw1 translate-names 0 Geba … Alemeth … Anathoth These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 62 x2r9 translate-numbers 0 To Gershon’s descendants in their various clans were given thirteen cities “The clans of Gershon’s descendants gained 13 cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 6 63 a6hc 0 Merari See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 6:1](../06/01.md). 1CH 6 64 lp51 0 their pasturelands the land with grass for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 5:16](../05/16.md). 1CH 6 65 up2y 0 the towns mentioned earlier The towns mentioned in [1 Chronicles 6:55](../06/55.md) and [1 Chronicles 6:60](./60.md). 1CH 6 66 se3z 0 Kohathites This is the name of a people group, the descendants of Kohath ([1 Chronicles 6:1](../06/01.md)). See how you translated this family name in [1 Chronicles 6:33](./33.md). -1CH 6 67 g4yz translate-names 0 Shechem…Gezer These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 67 g4yz translate-names 0 Shechem … Gezer These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 67 gp5j 0 its pasturelands the land with grass for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 5:16](../05/16.md). -1CH 6 68 g4hi translate-names 0 Jokmeam…Beth Horon These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 69 z8l4 translate-names 0 Aijalon…Gath Rimmon These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 70 hu1w translate-names 0 Aner…Bileam These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 68 g4hi translate-names 0 Jokmeam … Beth Horon These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 69 z8l4 translate-names 0 Aijalon … Gath Rimmon These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 70 hu1w translate-names 0 Aner … Bileam These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 70 tmq5 0 its pasturelands the land with grass for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 5:16](../05/16.md). 1CH 6 71 u9l9 0 Gershon See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 6:1](../06/01.md). -1CH 6 71 e833 translate-names 0 Golan…Ashtaroth These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 71 e833 translate-names 0 Golan … Ashtaroth These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 71 wv4c 0 its pasturelands the land with grass for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 5:16](../05/16.md). -1CH 6 72 la3k translate-names 0 Kedesh…Daberath These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 73 ll1r translate-names 0 Ramoth…Anem These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 72 la3k translate-names 0 Kedesh … Daberath These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 73 ll1r translate-names 0 Ramoth … Anem These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 74 lc2u figs-activepassive 0 Issachar received from the tribe of Asher This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Asher gave Issachar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 6 74 jb8e translate-names 0 Mashal…Abdon These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 74 jb8e translate-names 0 Mashal … Abdon These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 74 fp6a 0 its pasturelands the land with grass for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 5:16](../05/16.md). -1CH 6 75 trd1 translate-names 0 Hukok…Rehob These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 75 trd1 translate-names 0 Hukok … Rehob These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 76 kgl6 figs-activepassive 0 They received from the tribe of Naphtali This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Naphtali gave them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 6 76 lpm1 translate-names 0 Kedesh…Hammon…Kiriathaim These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 6 77 ve5z figs-activepassive 0 The rest…descendants received from the tribe of Zebulun This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Zebulun gave the rest…descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CH 6 76 lpm1 translate-names 0 Kedesh … Hammon … Kiriathaim These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 77 ve5z figs-activepassive 0 The rest … descendants received from the tribe of Zebulun This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Zebulun gave the rest … descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 6 77 abl1 0 Merari’s Translate “Merari” as in [1 Chronicles 6:1](../06/01.md). -1CH 6 77 asc6 translate-names 0 Jokneam…Kartah…Rimmono…Tabor These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 77 asc6 translate-names 0 Jokneam … Kartah … Rimmono … Tabor These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 77 bvr1 0 its pasturelands the land with grass for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 5:16](../05/16.md). 1CH 6 78 bn5u translate-versebridge 0 General Information: The information in 1 Chronicles 6:78-79 can be rearranged as in the UST so its meaning can be more easily understood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) -1CH 6 78 u5c8 figs-activepassive 0 from the tribe of Reuben, across…Jericho, they received This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Reuben, across…Jericho, gave them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 6 78 ne49 translate-names 0 Bezer…Jahzah These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 78 u5c8 figs-activepassive 0 from the tribe of Reuben, across … Jericho, they received This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Reuben, across … Jericho, gave them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CH 6 78 ne49 translate-names 0 Bezer … Jahzah These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 79 s66v translate-versebridge 0 General Information: The information in 1 Chronicles 6:78-79 can be rearranged as in the UST so its meaning can be more easily understood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) -1CH 6 79 b6af translate-names 0 Kedemoth…Mephaath These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 79 b6af translate-names 0 Kedemoth … Mephaath These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 80 mzb3 figs-activepassive 0 The Levites received from the tribe of Gad This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Gad gave the Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 6 80 d6jk translate-names 0 Ramoth…Mahanaim These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 80 d6jk translate-names 0 Ramoth … Mahanaim These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 6 80 gx7f 0 its pasturelands the land with grass for animals to eat. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 5:16](../05/16.md). -1CH 6 81 f9ky translate-names 0 Heshbon…Jazer These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 6 81 f9ky translate-names 0 Heshbon … Jazer These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 intro kd8b 0 # 1 Chronicles 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter records the descendants of Issachar, Benjamin, Ephraim, Asher, and Manasseh living west of the Jordan River. -1CH 7 1 njl6 translate-names 0 Issachar…Tola, Puah, Jashub…Shimron These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 7 1 njl6 translate-names 0 Issachar … Tola, Puah, Jashub … Shimron These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 2 pz27 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 2 hd81 0 heads of their fathers’ houses The words “father’s houses” refers to extended families, people related to each other who usually lived in different houses, what the UST calls “clans.” 1CH 7 2 pgy7 translate-numbers 0 They numbered 22,600 “They numbered twenty-two thousand six hundred” or “There were 22,600 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 7 4 z4yz 0 Along with them they had Another possible meaning is “Among them were.” 1CH 7 4 pr7s translate-numbers 0 thirty-six thousand troops for battle “36,000 soldiers who were ready for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 7 5 l4sm translate-numbers 0 eighty-seven thousand fighting men “87,000 fighting men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 7 6 ce17 translate-names 0 Bela…Beker…Jediael These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 7 6 ce17 translate-names 0 Bela … Beker … Jediael These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 7 lhn4 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 7 xdl7 translate-numbers 0 22,034 fighting men “twenty-two thousand and thirty-four” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 7 7 p2uy 0 fathers’ houses extended families, people related to each other who usually lived in different houses, what the UST calls “clans” @@ -452,17 +452,17 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 7 11 lg2k translate-names 0 Jediael This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 11 tm7d 0 Listed in their clan lists were 17,200 “The clan lists contained 17,200” 1CH 7 11 u7g4 translate-numbers 0 17,200 heads of houses “seventeen thousand two hundred heads of houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 7 12 dkn4 translate-names 0 Ir…Aher These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 7 12 f8sc translate-names 0 Shuppites…Huppites…Hushites These are names of clans of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 7 12 dkn4 translate-names 0 Ir … Aher These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 7 12 f8sc translate-names 0 Shuppites … Huppites … Hushites These are names of clans of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 13 sg7y translate-names 0 Jahziel, Guni, Jezer, and Shillem These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 13 pfk7 translate-names 0 Bilhah’s grandsons “the sons of Bilhah’s son.” Bilhah is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 14 csk7 translate-names 0 Asriel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 14 erl3 0 Aramean concubine bore “Aramean concubine gave birth to” 1CH 7 14 x4h5 translate-names 0 Makir, Gilead’s father These are names of men. See how you translated “Makir, father of Gilead” in [1 Chronicles 2:21](../02/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 7 15 z8uv translate-names 0 Makir…Zelophehad These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 7 15 a7wq 0 Huppites…Shuppites See how you translated these names in [1 Chronicles 7:12](../07/12.md). +1CH 7 15 z8uv translate-names 0 Makir … Zelophehad These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 7 15 a7wq 0 Huppites … Shuppites See how you translated these names in [1 Chronicles 7:12](../07/12.md). 1CH 7 15 t6wh translate-names 0 Maakah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 7 16 krq1 translate-names 0 Makir…Peresh…Sheresh…Ulam…Rakem These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 7 16 krq1 translate-names 0 Makir … Peresh … Sheresh … Ulam … Rakem These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 17 ut3g translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 18 ec9i translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here except Hammoleketh are names of men. Hammoleketh is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 19 g6yh translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -472,16 +472,16 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 7 21 xu5s 0 they went to steal their cattle “the brothers went to steal the cattle from the people of Gath” 1CH 7 23 bp4h figs-euphemism 0 He went in to his wife This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 1CH 7 23 h9b3 0 She conceived and bore a son “She became pregnant and gave birth to a son” -1CH 7 23 c6x1 translate-names 0 Ephraim…Beriah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 7 23 c6x1 translate-names 0 Ephraim … Beriah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 23 s7zw 0 called him “named him” 1CH 7 24 s35f translate-names 0 Sheerah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 7 24 a9mu translate-names 0 Upper Beth Horon…Uzzen Sheerah These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 7 24 a9mu translate-names 0 Upper Beth Horon … Uzzen Sheerah These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 25 i1lp translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 26 dv3v translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 7 27 hwe5 translate-names 0 Elishama…Nun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 7 27 hwe5 translate-names 0 Elishama … Nun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 28 a2hb translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names listed here are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 7 28 t4wr figs-abstractnouns 0 Their possessions and residences were Bethel…villages The abstract nouns “possessions” and “residences” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “They possessed and resided in Bethel…villages” or “They owned and lived in Bethel…villages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1CH 7 29 k6m4 translate-names 0 Beth Shan…Taanach…Megiddo…Dor These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 7 28 t4wr figs-abstractnouns 0 Their possessions and residences were Bethel … villages The abstract nouns “possessions” and “residences” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “They possessed and resided in Bethel … villages” or “They owned and lived in Bethel … villages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1CH 7 29 k6m4 translate-names 0 Beth Shan … Taanach … Megiddo … Dor These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 29 zds1 0 In these towns the descendants of Joseph son of Israel lived “The descendants of Joseph, son of Israel, lived in these towns” 1CH 7 30 en5p translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here except Serah are names of men. Serah is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 7 31 g3g9 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -499,29 +499,29 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 7 40 e5yi translate-numbers 0 There were twenty-six thousand men listed who were fit for military service, according to their numbered lists “According to the clan records, there were 26,000 men who were able to serve in the military” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 8 intro a4bn 0 # 1 Chronicles 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter records the genealogy of Saul’s family. 1CH 8 1 p5r1 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 2 wp4y translate-names 0 Nohah…Rapha These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 3 gg1f translate-names 0 Bela…Addar, Gera, Abihud These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 2 wp4y translate-names 0 Nohah … Rapha These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 3 gg1f translate-names 0 Bela … Addar, Gera, Abihud These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 4 kki2 translate-names 0 Abishua, Naaman, Ahoah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 5 t9u2 translate-names 0 Gera, Shephuphan…Huram These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 5 t9u2 translate-names 0 Gera, Shephuphan … Huram These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 6 qsr7 translate-names 0 Ehud This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 6 zdj3 0 fathers’ houses extended families, people related to each other who usually lived in different houses, what the UST calls “clans” -1CH 8 6 fz5k translate-names 0 Geba…Manahath These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 6 fz5k translate-names 0 Geba … Manahath These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 6 c71s 0 were compelled to move “needed to move” or “had to move” 1CH 8 7 web4 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 8 x5s2 translate-names 0 Shaharaim This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 8 gtb7 translate-names 0 Hushim…Baara These are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 9 n84a translate-names 0 Shaharaim…Jobab…Zibia…Mesha…Malkam These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 8 gtb7 translate-names 0 Hushim … Baara These are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 9 n84a translate-names 0 Shaharaim … Jobab … Zibia … Mesha … Malkam These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 9 jrs5 0 By his wife Hodesh, Shaharaim became the father of “Shaharaim and his wife Hodesh had the following sons:” 1CH 8 9 d1zx translate-names 0 Hodesh This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 10 k6aa translate-names 0 Jeuz…Sakia…Mirmah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 10 k6aa translate-names 0 Jeuz … Sakia … Mirmah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 10 n9nl 0 fathers’ houses extended families, people related to each other who usually lived in different houses, what the UST calls “clans” -1CH 8 11 lw7d translate-names 0 Abitub…Elpaal These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 11 lw7d translate-names 0 Abitub … Elpaal These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 11 c4qd translate-names 0 Hushim This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 12 q1va translate-names 0 Elpaal…Eber…Misham…Shemed These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 12 lz1q translate-names 0 Ono…Lod These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 13 r9bw translate-names 0 Beriah…Shema These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 12 q1va translate-names 0 Elpaal … Eber … Misham … Shemed These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 12 lz1q translate-names 0 Ono … Lod These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 13 r9bw translate-names 0 Beriah … Shema These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 13 cp7j 0 fathers’ houses extended families, people related to each other who usually lived in different houses, what the UST calls “clans” -1CH 8 13 sb2q translate-names 0 Aijalon…Gath These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 13 sb2q translate-names 0 Aijalon … Gath These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 14 c9vn translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 15 b589 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 16 i9zy translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -547,11 +547,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 8 29 xf3y translate-names 0 Jeiel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 29 rlc5 translate-names 0 Maakah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 30 n9bu 0 His firstborn “Jeiel’s first son” -1CH 8 30 d786 translate-names 0 Abdon…Zur…Kish…Baal…Nadab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 31 y2ag translate-names 0 Gedor…Ahio…Zeker These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 32 lf9s translate-names 0 Jeiel…Mikloth…Shimeah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 30 d786 translate-names 0 Abdon … Zur … Kish … Baal … Nadab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 31 y2ag translate-names 0 Gedor … Ahio … Zeker These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 32 lf9s translate-names 0 Jeiel … Mikloth … Shimeah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 33 pmy5 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 8 34 xcj9 translate-names 0 Jonathan…Merib-Baal…Micah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 8 34 xcj9 translate-names 0 Jonathan … Merib-Baal … Micah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 35 ju1r translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 36 dm7i translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 8 37 z7f2 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -563,13 +563,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 9 intro awe1 0 # 1 Chronicles 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter records the genealogy of the people who returned to Jerusalem after the exile and the family of Saul. 1CH 9 1 yxr5 figs-activepassive 0 all Israel was recorded in genealogies This can be translated in active form. The reader should understand that the people who wrote the genealogies included the names of the people who had already died. Alternate translation: “The Israelites recorded all of themselves in genealogies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 9 1 d39v 0 genealogies family records that name ancestors and descendants -1CH 9 1 s5jc figs-activepassive 0 They were recorded in the book…Israel This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “They wrote the names in the book…Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CH 9 1 s5jc figs-activepassive 0 They were recorded in the book … Israel This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “They wrote the names in the book … Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 9 1 rv7g 0 the book of the kings of Israel This refers to a book that no longer exists. 1CH 9 1 wl8j figs-activepassive 0 they were carried away in exile This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Babylonians carried them away in exile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 9 4 lqq3 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 5 u2in translate-names 0 Shelanites This is the name of a people group descended from Shelah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 5 x26t translate-names 0 Asaiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 9 6 b9gs translate-names 0 Zerah…Jeuel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 9 6 b9gs translate-names 0 Zerah … Jeuel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 6 qzm7 translate-numbers 0 numbered 690 “numbered six hundred ninety people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 9 7 m7kr translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 8 a186 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -588,11 +588,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 9 15 d6y3 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 16 y7vf translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here except “Netophathites” are the names of men. The Netophathites were a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 17 v9db 0 The doorkeepers were “The guards were” or “The gatekeepers were” -1CH 9 17 i2g9 translate-names 0 Shallum…Akkub…Talmon…Ahiman These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 9 17 i2g9 translate-names 0 Shallum … Akkub … Talmon … Ahiman These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 18 zyi1 0 they stood guard at the king’s gate on the east side for the camp of Levi’s descendants “Levi’s descendants guarded the king’s gate on the east side of their camp” -1CH 9 19 h12r translate-names 0 Shallum…Kore…Ebiasaph These are all the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 9 19 h12r translate-names 0 Shallum … Kore … Ebiasaph These are all the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 19 a8jk translate-names 0 Korahites descendants of Korah (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 9 19 cr2s 0 the door to the tent…the entrance These phrases both refer to the entrance of the tent of meeting, or the tabernacle. +1CH 9 19 cr2s 0 the door to the tent … the entrance These phrases both refer to the entrance of the tent of meeting, or the tabernacle. 1CH 9 19 t8cz figs-metonymy 0 the tent This is a metonym for the second temple, which the people built after they returned from Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 9 20 fdl5 translate-names 0 Eleazar This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 20 tv4s 0 in charge of them “in charge of the Korahites” ([1 Chronicles 9:19](../09/19.md)) @@ -607,12 +607,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 9 24 e7wi 0 on all four sides, toward the east, west, north, and south The words “east, west, north, and south” explain the words “all four sides.” 1CH 9 25 cb5z 0 Their brothers “The guards’ brothers” 1CH 9 25 bhx4 translate-numbers 0 came in for seven-day rotations, in turn “would come to help for 7-day periods, taking turns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 9 26 igc9 figs-activepassive 0 the four leaders…were assigned to guard the rooms It is not clear who assigned these men, so if you have to translate in active form, use your language’s most general way of doing so. Alternate translation: “they assigned the four leaders…to guard the rooms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CH 9 26 igc9 figs-activepassive 0 the four leaders … were assigned to guard the rooms It is not clear who assigned these men, so if you have to translate in active form, use your language’s most general way of doing so. Alternate translation: “they assigned the four leaders … to guard the rooms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 9 26 xwj1 0 the house of God the second temple, which the people built after they returned from Babylon 1CH 9 28 dp5x 0 Some of them “Some of the guards” 1CH 9 28 g4ih figs-activepassive 0 they counted the articles when they were brought in and when they were taken out This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they counted the articles that people took out to use, and they counted the articles when people brought them back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 9 29 m1gr figs-activepassive 0 Some of them also were assigned to take care of It is not clear who assigned these men, so if you have to translate in active form, use your language’s most general way of doing so. Alternate translation: “The leaders also assigned some of them to take care of” or “Some of them also took care of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 9 31 aq5u translate-names 0 Mattithiah…Shallum These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 9 31 aq5u translate-names 0 Mattithiah … Shallum These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 31 s5jd translate-names 0 Korahite This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 32 id3p translate-names 0 Kohathites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 32 h73s 0 bread of the presence See the translationWord page about “bread” for the specific definition of “bread of the presence.” @@ -621,12 +621,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 9 33 y6sm 0 carry out their assigned tasks “complete the tasks they needed to do” 1CH 9 33 fw85 figs-merism 0 day and night This means “at all times” and can be translated using a phrase or word from your language or culture that gives the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1CH 9 34 wx1s 0 These were leaders of fathers’ houses among the Levites, as listed in their genealogical records “The family history lists included the names of these Levite family leaders” -1CH 9 35 b8av 0 Gibeon…Gibeon “the man Gibeon…the town of Gibeon” +1CH 9 35 b8av 0 Gibeon … Gibeon “the man Gibeon … the town of Gibeon” 1CH 9 35 n9tn translate-names 0 Jeiel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 35 wd5f translate-names 0 Maakah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 36 xif8 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 37 q1nz translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 9 38 h4jx translate-names 0 Mikloth…Shimeam These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 9 38 h4jx translate-names 0 Mikloth … Shimeam These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 39 y6mp translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 40 p677 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 9 41 kc4p translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -635,8 +635,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 9 44 tv24 translate-names 0 General Information: All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 10 intro abca 0 # 1 Chronicles 10 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The death of Saul

Saul died because he disobeyed God. 1CH 10 1 ws2j figs-explicit 0 Every man of Israel fled from before the Philistines and fell down dead on Mount Gilboa It is implied that these men were Israelite soldiers. Alternate translation: “The whole army of Israel ran away from the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1CH 10 1 fcs6 figs-hyperbole 0 Every man of Israel…fell down dead This is probably a generalization. It seems that while all the soldiers did run away, not all of them died. Alternate translation: “Every man of Israel…most of them died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -1CH 10 2 yet5 translate-names 0 Abinadab…Malki-Shua See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 8:33](../08/33.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 10 1 fcs6 figs-hyperbole 0 Every man of Israel … fell down dead This is probably a generalization. It seems that while all the soldiers did run away, not all of them died. Alternate translation: “Every man of Israel … most of them died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +1CH 10 2 yet5 translate-names 0 Abinadab … Malki-Shua See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 8:33](../08/33.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 10 4 i8du figs-metonymy 0 thrust me through with it The action of stabbing is a metonym for the result, death. Alternate translation: “kill me with it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 10 4 dnc2 figs-nominaladj 0 these uncircumcised will come The nominal adjective “uncircumcised” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “these people who are uncircumcised will come” or “these uncircumcised people will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 1CH 10 4 rb1l figs-metonymy 0 these uncircumcised Here “uncircumcised” represents people who do not belong to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “these people who do not belong to Yahweh” or “these heathen Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -671,20 +671,20 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 11 3 y88s translate-symaction 0 They anointed David king over Israel To “anoint” is a symbolic act to show that they recognized that God had chosen David as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 1CH 11 3 n669 figs-activepassive 0 the word of Yahweh that had been declared by Samuel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the word of Yahweh that Samuel had declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 11 4 r76h figs-metonymy 0 David and all Israel Here the phrase “all Israel” represents the entire Israelite army. Alternate translation: “David and all the Israelite army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CH 11 4 kgx6 writing-background 0 Now the Jebusites…were there The word “now” is used to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells background information about Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +1CH 11 4 kgx6 writing-background 0 Now the Jebusites … were there The word “now” is used to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells background information about Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 1CH 11 5 qdh3 figs-idiom 0 David took the stronghold of Zion Here the word “took” is an idiom that means “captured” or “conquered.” Since David led the army, his name here is a synecdoche for the whole army who attacked the city. Alternate translation: “David captured the stronghold of Zion” or “David and the Israelite army captured the stronghold of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1CH 11 5 rqf2 0 the stronghold of Zion…the city of David Both of these names refer to Jerusalem. +1CH 11 5 rqf2 0 the stronghold of Zion … the city of David Both of these names refer to Jerusalem. 1CH 11 6 hd12 translate-names 0 Zeruiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 11 6 ce58 figs-activepassive 0 so he was made the chief This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so David made Joab the chief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 11 8 cu15 figs-metonymy 0 He built the city all around…Joab restored the rest of the city The word “he” refers to David. The reader should understand that David and Joab were probably in charge of other men who made the fortifications. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CH 11 8 cu15 figs-metonymy 0 He built the city all around … Joab restored the rest of the city The word “he” refers to David. The reader should understand that David and Joab were probably in charge of other men who made the fortifications. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 11 8 t8xt translate-unknown 0 the Millo This likely refers to a terraced structure that consisted of retaining walls with dirt filled in behind them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 1CH 11 10 k74m 0 These were the leaders David had “These were the leaders of David’s warriors” -1CH 11 10 nla9 figs-explicit 0 who showed themselves strong with him in his kingdom…to make him king This phrase means that both the leaders of David’s army, and the full army, helped David to establish himself as king over Israel. Alternate translation: “who strongly supported David’s kingdom…to make him king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1CH 11 10 nla9 figs-explicit 0 who showed themselves strong with him in his kingdom … to make him king This phrase means that both the leaders of David’s army, and the full army, helped David to establish himself as king over Israel. Alternate translation: “who strongly supported David’s kingdom … to make him king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 11 11 en2g translate-names 0 Jashobeam This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 11 11 a3mx translate-names 0 a Hachmonite This refers to a person from the Hachmon clan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 11 11 w9y7 0 on one occasion “in one battle” 1CH 11 12 guw6 0 After him “After Jashobeam” -1CH 11 12 v71b translate-names 0 Eleazar…Dodo These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 11 12 v71b translate-names 0 Eleazar … Dodo These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 11 12 n9z8 translate-names 0 the Ahohite The “Ahohites” is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 11 13 kt1s translate-names 0 Pas Dammim This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 11 14 dq5e 0 They stood in the middle of the field “David and Eleazar stood in the middle of the field” @@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 11 20 sj8d translate-numbers 0 three hundred “300 men” or “300 warriors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 11 20 q7g6 figs-activepassive 0 He is mentioned along with the Three This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People often mentioned him when they spoke of the Three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 11 21 v46p figs-activepassive 0 Of the Three, he was given double honor and became This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) that he received double the honor that the Three received. Alternate translation: “People gave him twice as much honor as they gave the Three and he became” or (2) the Three honored him more than they honored others. Alternate translation: “The Three honored him more than they honored others and he became” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 11 22 y3ip translate-names 0 Benaiah…Jehoiada…Ariel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 11 22 y3ip translate-names 0 Benaiah … Jehoiada … Ariel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 11 22 k3cy translate-names 0 Kabzeel This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 11 23 y817 translate-bdistance 0 five cubits A “cubit” is a unit of measurement equal to 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “2.3 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1CH 11 23 cg6q figs-explicit 0 a spear like a weaver’s beam This compares the size of the spear with the size of a weaver’s beam. Alternate translation: “a spear the size of a weaver’s beam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 12 33 twy3 translate-numbers 0 fifty thousand “50,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 12 33 v2qm figs-explicit 0 ready to give undivided loyalty It is implicit that they would give loyalty to David. Alternate translation: “ready to give undivided loyalty to David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 12 34 fe23 translate-numbers 0 This continues the list of the number of men who joined David from each tribe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 12 34 k6qp translate-numbers 0 one thousand…thirty-seven thousand “1,000…37,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +1CH 12 34 k6qp translate-numbers 0 one thousand … thirty-seven thousand “1,000…37,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 12 35 lt9m translate-numbers 0 This continues the list of the number of men who joined David from each tribe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 12 35 ira4 0 From the Danites “From Dan” or “From the tribe of Dan” 1CH 12 35 r67s translate-numbers 0 28,600 men “twenty-eight thousand six hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -827,19 +827,19 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 13 2 zgc6 figs-activepassive 0 Let them be told to join us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let messengers tell them to join us” or “Let them join us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 13 4 x9wh figs-metaphor 0 they seemed right in the eyes of all the people Here the word “eyes” represents seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “all the people considered these things to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CH 13 5 nww1 figs-hyperbole 0 David assembled all Israel together Here the word “all” is a generalization. The phrase means that David assembled people from all over Israel, not that he assembled every person in Israel. Alternate translation: “David assembled people together from all Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -1CH 13 5 rl4d translate-names 0 Lebo Hamath…Kiriath Jearim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 13 6 nq6w translate-names 0 Baalah…Kiriath Jearim These are the names of places. “Baalah” is another name for Kiriath Jearim. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 13 5 rl4d translate-names 0 Lebo Hamath … Kiriath Jearim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 13 6 nq6w translate-names 0 Baalah … Kiriath Jearim These are the names of places. “Baalah” is another name for Kiriath Jearim. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 13 6 u61q 0 which belongs to Judah “which is in Judah” 1CH 13 6 bf1b figs-explicit 0 to bring up from there the ark of God It is implied that they are taking the ark to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “to take to Jerusalem the ark of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 13 6 yv2b 0 to bring up from there Jerusalem is higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem and going down from it. -1CH 13 6 fl1m figs-idiom 0 which is called by Yahweh’s name This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) the idiom “called by…name” refers to a person owning the thing. Alternate translation: “which belongs to Yahweh” or (2) the ark has Yahweh’s name written on it. Alternate translation: “which bears Yahweh’s name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1CH 13 6 fl1m figs-idiom 0 which is called by Yahweh’s name This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) the idiom “called by … name” refers to a person owning the thing. Alternate translation: “which belongs to Yahweh” or (2) the ark has Yahweh’s name written on it. Alternate translation: “which bears Yahweh’s name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CH 13 6 sfv5 figs-explicit 0 who sits enthroned over the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “who sits on his throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1CH 13 7 v3ay translate-names 0 Abinadab…Uzzah…Ahio These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 13 7 v3ay translate-names 0 Abinadab … Uzzah … Ahio These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 13 8 rx95 figs-hyperbole 0 David and all Israel Here the word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “David and all of the Israelites who were present” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1CH 13 8 c7lj 0 singing with stringed instruments “singing while playing stringed instruments” 1CH 13 8 bvf5 translate-unknown 0 tambourines hand drums with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instruments are shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 1CH 13 8 v5sq translate-unknown 0 cymbals two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -1CH 13 9 l342 translate-names 0 Kidon…Uzzah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 13 9 l342 translate-names 0 Kidon … Uzzah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 13 10 ue35 figs-metaphor 0 the anger of Yahweh burned against Uzzah Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a fire that burned the one with whom Yahweh is angry. Alternate translation: “Yahweh was very angry with Uzzah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CH 13 10 u1s8 0 before God “in the presence of God” 1CH 13 11 ek68 figs-activepassive 0 That place is called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People call that place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 14 9 d6fz translate-names 0 Valley of Rephaim This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 14 10 vm86 figs-idiom 0 give them to you This idiom means that Yahweh will enable David to have victory over them. Alternate translation: “give you victory over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CH 14 11 u2wk translate-names 0 Baal Perazim This is the name of a place. You may add a footnote that says, “The name ‘Baal Perazim’ means ‘Lord of breaking through.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 14 11 fg5g figs-simile 0 God has burst through my enemies…like a bursting flood of water David speaks of God easily defeating David’s enemies as if God had burst through them, like a flood bursts through anything in its path. Alternate translation: “God has easily defeated my enemies…like a flood easily bursts through everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +1CH 14 11 fg5g figs-simile 0 God has burst through my enemies … like a bursting flood of water David speaks of God easily defeating David’s enemies as if God had burst through them, like a flood bursts through anything in its path. Alternate translation: “God has easily defeated my enemies … like a flood easily bursts through everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 1CH 14 11 vex4 figs-metonymy 0 by my hand This refers to David’s resources. Alternate translation: “using my army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 14 12 vnw1 figs-activepassive 0 that they should be burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to burn their false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 14 13 fu2b 0 the valley “the Valley of Rephaim” @@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 14 16 pwb6 translate-names 0 Gezer This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 14 17 jy1f figs-personification 0 David’s fame went out into all lands People in every land hearing of David’s reputation is spoken of as if David’s fame traveled to those lands. Alternate translation: “People far away heard about David’s fame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1CH 15 intro abcf 0 # 1 Chronicles 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapters 15 and 16 explain how David organized the priests and Levites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -1CH 15 1 bu8k figs-metonymy 0 David built houses for himself…He prepared It might be best to translate this so that the reader understands that David had other people do this for him. Alternate translation: “David had workers build houses for him…He had them prepare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CH 15 1 bu8k figs-metonymy 0 David built houses for himself … He prepared It might be best to translate this so that the reader understands that David had other people do this for him. Alternate translation: “David had workers build houses for him … He had them prepare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 15 2 n56n figs-activepassive 0 they had been chosen by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had chosen them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 15 3 ew5y figs-hyperbole 0 David assembled all Israel at Jerusalem Here the word “all” is a generalization. The phrase “all Israel” means that David assembled people from all over Israel, not that he assembled every person in Israel. Alternate translation: “David assembled at Jerusalem people from all over Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1CH 15 4 lp7z translate-names 0 General Information: This begins the list of the number of men whom David assembled from each of the Levite clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 16 2 ez3k figs-metonymy 0 he blessed the people in the name of Yahweh To bless “in the name of Yahweh” means to bless with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 16 3 v43b figs-metonymy 0 He distributed to every Israelite This was done under David’s authority and direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 16 3 st2t 0 cake of raisins a baked sweet bread made with dried grapes -1CH 16 5 jw5t translate-names 0 Zechariah…Jaaziel…Shemiramoth…Jehiel…Mattithiah…Eliab…Benaiah…Obed Edom…Jeiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 16 5 jw5t translate-names 0 Zechariah … Jaaziel … Shemiramoth … Jehiel … Mattithiah … Eliab … Benaiah … Obed Edom … Jeiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 16 5 tj1f translate-ordinal 0 second to him This means next to him in authority and position. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 1CH 16 5 gc6h translate-unknown 0 cymbals These are two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 13:8](../13/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 1CH 16 6 z9ra translate-names 0 Benaiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 16 12 jnr7 figs-metonymy 0 decrees from his mouth Here “mouth” refers to the things that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “decrees that he has spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 16 13 m2fp figs-parallelism 0 you descendants of Israel his servant, you people of Jacob, his chosen ones These phrases share similar meanings and are used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1CH 16 14 ys9k figs-metonymy 0 His decrees are on all the earth Here “all the earth” refers to all the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “His laws are for all the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CH 16 15 mta5 figs-parallelism 0 Keep his covenant…for a thousand generations These two phrases share similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. Here “word” refers to the covenant. Alternate translation: “Keep his covenant in mind forever, the promise that he made for a thousand generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CH 16 15 mta5 figs-parallelism 0 Keep his covenant … for a thousand generations These two phrases share similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. Here “word” refers to the covenant. Alternate translation: “Keep his covenant in mind forever, the promise that he made for a thousand generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 16 15 fl7z figs-idiom 0 Keep his covenant in mind This means to remember and think about his covenant. Alternate translation: “Remember his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CH 16 15 ucv4 translate-numbers 0 a thousand generations “1,000 generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 16 16 wc6k figs-idiom 0 He calls to mind The phrase “calls to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “He remembers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -996,13 +996,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 16 36 du1r figs-hyperbole 0 All the people This is a generalization that refers to the group of people assembled to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “The people” or “Everyone who was there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1CH 16 37 wmj6 0 his brothers “his relatives” 1CH 16 37 rwj3 figs-explicit 0 as every day’s work required The implied information is that they were to perform the daily duties that were given in the law of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “as was required every day by the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1CH 16 38 zt8k translate-names 0 Obed Edom…Jeduthun…Hosah These were names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 16 38 zt8k translate-names 0 Obed Edom … Jeduthun … Hosah These were names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 16 38 ib12 translate-numbers 0 sixty-eight relatives “68 relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 16 39 z25u 0 to serve before the tabernacle “to serve at the tabernacle” 1CH 16 40 l7aq 0 General Information: The word “They” in this verse refers to the priests. 1CH 16 40 tg77 0 continually morning “every day, morning” 1CH 16 41 n9yx 0 General Information: The word “them” in this verse refers to the priests. -1CH 16 41 dc3e translate-names 0 Heman…Jeduthun These were names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 16 41 dc3e translate-names 0 Heman … Jeduthun These were names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 16 42 tp6u translate-unknown 0 cymbals These are two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 13:8](../13/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 1CH 16 42 aw82 figs-explicit 0 guarded the gate The implied information is that they were to guard the entrance to the tabernacle. Alternate translation: “guarded the tabernacle gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 17 intro abch 0 # 1 Chronicles 17 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Building the temple
David wanted to build a temple for God but God would not allow him to. Instead he promised that his son, Solomon, would build the temple and he promised David would have a descendant who would be king forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) @@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 17 20 ur5n figs-parallelism 0 there is none like you, and there is no God besides you These phrases have similar meaning and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1CH 17 20 a57y figs-exclusive 0 as we have always heard Here “we” refers to David and the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 1CH 17 21 sm7k 0 Connecting Statement: David continues to speak to Yahweh. -1CH 17 21 zp4r figs-rquestion 0 what nation on earth…by great and awesome deeds? This question expects a negative answer to make the point that there was no other nation like Israel. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no nation on earth…by great and awesome deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +1CH 17 21 zp4r figs-rquestion 0 what nation on earth … by great and awesome deeds? This question expects a negative answer to make the point that there was no other nation like Israel. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no nation on earth … by great and awesome deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CH 17 21 dx5k figs-explicit 0 you rescued from Egypt The implied information is that they were rescued from slavery. Alternate translation: “you rescued from slavery in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 17 21 af1i figs-metonymy 0 to make a name for yourself Here “name” represents Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “to make all people know who you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 17 21 m5i1 figs-metonymy 0 You drove out nations Here “nations” represents the people groups that were living in Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1117,32 +1117,32 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 18 6 el4v 0 Yahweh gave victory to David “Yahweh caused David to be victorious” 1CH 18 7 jhg5 0 Hadadezer This was the king of Zobah. See how you translated his name in [1 Chronicles 18:3](../18/03.md). 1CH 18 7 p98g 0 that were on Hadadezer’s servants “that Hadadezar’s servants carried” -1CH 18 8 ymy9 translate-names 0 Tebah…Kun These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 18 8 ymy9 translate-names 0 Tebah … Kun These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 18 8 j152 0 very much bronze “a large quantity of bronze” 1CH 18 8 l1ug writing-background 0 It was with this bronze that Solomon later made the bronze basin called “The Sea,” the pillars, and the bronze equipment The writer adds this background information to explain what would happen to this bronze at a later time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 1CH 18 8 fwc7 0 the bronze basin called “The Sea,” This a large bronze bowl, about 5 meters across, that was kept in the temple for ceremonial washing. 1CH 18 9 t1pp translate-names 0 Tou This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 18 9 jt1h translate-names 0 Hamath…Zobah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 18 10 h9ee translate-names 0 Tou…Hadoram These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 18 9 jt1h translate-names 0 Hamath … Zobah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 18 10 h9ee translate-names 0 Tou … Hadoram These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 18 10 rpi7 0 fought against “been at war with” 1CH 18 11 ih3f 0 set these objects apart to Yahweh “decided that these objects would only be used to worship Yahweh” 1CH 18 11 pc4f 0 he carried away from all the nations “David took from all the nations that he defeated” -1CH 18 12 sy89 translate-names 0 Abishai…Zeruiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 18 12 sy89 translate-names 0 Abishai … Zeruiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 18 12 zl52 translate-numbers 0 eighteen thousand Edomites “18,000 Edomites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 18 12 r8f2 0 Valley of Salt This is the name of a valley between Edom and Judah that was used as a battlefield. 1CH 18 14 s1xe 0 over all Israel “over all the Israelites” 1CH 18 14 e1tg figs-abstractnouns 0 he administered justice and righteousness to all his people The abstract nouns “justice” and “righteousness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “he did what was just and right for all his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1CH 18 15 y9vu translate-names 0 Zeruiah…Ahilud These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 18 15 y9vu translate-names 0 Zeruiah … Ahilud These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 18 15 d8wx 0 recorder the person who writes down details of special events -1CH 18 16 p7id translate-names 0 Ahitub…Abiathar…Shavsha These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 18 16 p7id translate-names 0 Ahitub … Abiathar … Shavsha These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 18 16 iz88 0 Ahimelech This spelling represents a correction of the spelling “Abimelech,” which some versions follow. The corrected spelling makes this verse agree with [2 Samuel 8:17](../08/17.md). -1CH 18 17 x55d translate-names 0 Benaiah…Jehoiada These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 18 17 gp59 translate-names 0 Kerethites…Pelethites These are the names of foreign people groups who became David’s bodyguards. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 18 17 x55d translate-names 0 Benaiah … Jehoiada These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 18 17 gp59 translate-names 0 Kerethites … Pelethites These are the names of foreign people groups who became David’s bodyguards. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 19 intro abcj 0 # 1 Chronicles 19 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the beginning of the story about the war against the Ammonites. This story continues in the first part of the next chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Insults

The young king of Ammon insulted David when he had David’s servants shaved and cut off their garments. Knowing David was going to attack him for this, he hired mercenaries from Aram to help him. Israel was able to defeat the Aramean mercenaries. 1CH 19 1 i9za 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 1CH 19 1 b5fi translate-names 0 Nahash This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 19 2 dn3v translate-names 0 Nahash…Hanun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 19 2 ql9n figs-abstractnouns 0 I will show kindness…showed kindness The abstract noun “kindness” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “I will be kind…was kind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1CH 19 2 dn3v translate-names 0 Nahash … Hanun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 19 2 ql9n figs-abstractnouns 0 I will show kindness … showed kindness The abstract noun “kindness” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “I will be kind … was kind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1CH 19 2 l5d4 0 console comfort 1CH 19 3 z7kg figs-rquestion 0 Do you think that David is honoring your father because he has sent men to comfort you? The princes asked this question to turn the king against David. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not think that David is honoring your father because he has sent men to comfort you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1CH 19 3 x9u2 figs-rquestion 0 Do not his servants come to you to explore and examine the land in order to overthrow it? The princes asked this question to turn the king against David. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely his servants come to you to explore the land in order to overthrow it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1155,9 +1155,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 19 6 a8dh figs-metaphor 0 saw that they had become a stench to David The word “stench” refers to a bad smell. This describes the Ammonites as something unpleasant and unwanted. Alternate translation: “realized that they had become repulsive to David” or “realized that they had angered David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CH 19 6 ks6l translate-numbers 0 a thousand talents “1,000 talents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 19 6 tm1j translate-bmoney 0 talents approximately 33 kilograms (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -1CH 19 6 xh4h translate-names 0 Naharaim…Maacah…Zobah These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 19 6 xh4h translate-names 0 Naharaim … Maacah … Zobah These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 19 7 tc1v translate-numbers 0 thirty-two thousand chariots “32,000 talents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 19 7 zt3b translate-names 0 Maacah…Medeba These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 19 7 zt3b translate-names 0 Maacah … Medeba These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 19 7 apt9 0 thirty-two thousand chariots It is not clear if the Ammonites paid the entire thousand talents to the king of Maacah, or if they paid him only a portion of that amount and gave the rest to the other cities that sent additional chariots and horsemen. 1CH 19 8 azh7 0 heard of it “heard that the Ammonites were coming out for war” 1CH 19 8 hd3z 0 to meet them “to fight against them” @@ -1167,30 +1167,30 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 19 10 tlv8 0 the battle lines “the enemy soldiers lined up for battle” 1CH 19 11 m9ew 0 put them into battle lines “arranged his soldiers in lines for battle” 1CH 19 11 u6nw translate-names 0 Abishai This is the name of Joab’s brother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 19 13 n5wu 0 Be strong…show ourselves to be strong “Be brave…behave bravely” +1CH 19 13 n5wu 0 Be strong … show ourselves to be strong “Be brave … behave bravely” 1CH 19 13 v52g 0 for our people and for the cities of our God “for the sake of our people and for the cities of our God” or “to protect our people and the cities of our God” 1CH 19 13 u3hv figs-metaphor 0 what is good in his eyes Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what he considers to be good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CH 19 14 eel3 0 advanced to the battle “moved forward to the battle” or “approached the enemy soldiers in the battle” -1CH 19 15 y1w8 0 Then Joab returned…and went back to Jerusalem It does not appear that Joab and his soldiers continued to attack the Ammonites in their city. When the Ammonites went into their city, the battle ended and the Israelites returned home. +1CH 19 15 y1w8 0 Then Joab returned … and went back to Jerusalem It does not appear that Joab and his soldiers continued to attack the Ammonites in their city. When the Ammonites went into their city, the battle ended and the Israelites returned home. 1CH 19 16 cmb9 0 General Information: Verses 16-19 describes a second battle when the Arameans who fled from Joab in [1 Chronicles 19:15](../19/15.md) were reinforced by other Arameans and attacked Israel again. 1CH 19 16 t16k figs-metonymy 0 the Arameans saw What the Arameans understood is spoken of as what they saw. Alternate translation: “the Arameans understood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 19 16 jj4u 0 sent for reinforcements “requested more soliders” -1CH 19 16 c1n9 translate-names 0 Shophak…Hadadezer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 19 16 c1n9 translate-names 0 Shophak … Hadadezer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 19 17 i19m 0 Connecting Statement: This verse continues to describe a second battle when the Arameans who fled from Joab in [1 Chronicles 19:15](../19/15.md) were reinforced by other Arameans and attacked Israel again. 1CH 19 17 w192 figs-activepassive 0 When David was told this This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: When David’s messengers told him that a larger Aramean army was coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 19 17 x2eh figs-synecdoche 0 he gathered…He arranged David did not do these things alone. His official and officers helped him. Alternate translation: “David and his officials gathered…David and his officers arranged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +1CH 19 17 x2eh figs-synecdoche 0 he gathered … He arranged David did not do these things alone. His official and officers helped him. Alternate translation: “David and his officials gathered … David and his officers arranged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1CH 19 17 i4ce figs-hyperbole 0 all Israel This is a generalization. Not every person in Israel came to fight. Alternate translation: “a very large number of Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1CH 19 17 g9ih 0 He arranged “He organized” 1CH 19 17 d4k5 figs-synecdoche 0 they fought him Here “him” refers to David’s soldiers, in addition to David. Alternate translation: “the Arameans fought David and his soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1CH 19 18 ps4l 0 Connecting Statement: This verse continues to describe a second battle when the Arameans who fled from Joab in [1 Chronicles 19:15](../19/15.md) were reinforced by other Arameans and attacked Israel again. -1CH 19 18 cs4n translate-numbers 0 killed seven thousand…forty thousand “ killed 7,000…40,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +1CH 19 18 cs4n translate-numbers 0 killed seven thousand … forty thousand “ killed 7,000…40,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 19 19 k6iq 0 Connecting Statement: This verse finishes describing a second battle when the Arameans who fled from Joab in [1 Chronicles 19:15](../19/15.md) were reinforced by other Arameans and attacked Israel again. 1CH 19 19 lej2 figs-activepassive 0 they were defeated by Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Israel had defeated them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 19 19 w6z2 0 they made peace with David and served them They made the peace agreement with David as the king, and served the Israelites. 1CH 20 intro abck 0 # 1 Chronicles 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter ends the story of the war with Ammon and tells of giants being killed by David’s soldiers.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “When kings normally go to war”
It was advantageous for kings to go to war in the springtime. This was possibly due to the weather being neither too hot nor too cold.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “It came about”
This is a phrase used to indicate the next event in a series. It can often be translated as “after,” “then” or “next.” 1CH 20 1 n3jh 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 1CH 20 1 syx2 writing-background 0 at the time when kings normally go to war This is background information from the author. It was harder to fight wars in the cold winter, so kings normally waited for spring to attack their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -1CH 20 1 b2iq figs-metonymy 0 kings normally go to war…Joab led the army into battle Here “kings” is a metonym that means the kings sent their armies into battle. Joab was the commander of David’s army. Alternate translation: “kings normally send their armies to war…Joab led David’s army into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CH 20 1 b2iq figs-metonymy 0 kings normally go to war … Joab led the army into battle Here “kings” is a metonym that means the kings sent their armies into battle. Joab was the commander of David’s army. Alternate translation: “kings normally send their armies to war … Joab led David’s army into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 20 1 wwm7 0 devastated the land “destroyed the land.” This refers to when an army will ruin the land where their enemies grow food. 1CH 20 1 ry6x figs-metonymy 0 He went and besieged Rabbah “He” refers to the soldiers as well as Joab. Alternate translation: “Joab and his soldiers surrounded Rabbah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 20 2 gq7i translate-bmoney 0 talent about 33 kilograms (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) @@ -1203,23 +1203,23 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 20 4 d9cr 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 1CH 20 4 tsv3 0 there was a battle at Gezer with the Philistines “the Israelites battled the Philistines at Gezer” 1CH 20 4 j76a translate-names 0 Gezer This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 20 4 xp88 translate-names 0 Sibbekai…Sippai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 20 4 qp6g translate-names 0 Hushathite…Rephaim These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 20 4 xp88 translate-names 0 Sibbekai … Sippai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 20 4 qp6g translate-names 0 Hushathite … Rephaim These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 20 4 uhl2 figs-activepassive 0 the Philistines were subdued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they subdued the Philistines” or “they defeated the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 20 5 g9u6 translate-names 0 Gob This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 20 5 vv9p translate-names 0 Elhanan…Jair…Lahmi These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 20 5 wdc6 translate-names 0 Bethlehemite…Gittite These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 20 5 vv9p translate-names 0 Elhanan … Jair … Lahmi These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 20 5 wdc6 translate-names 0 Bethlehemite … Gittite These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 20 5 fh2m 0 staff a long and thin pole. 1CH 20 5 f8pq 0 the staff of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam A weaver’s beam was a very large piece of wood used to stretch strings as the threads of a rug are weaved together around them. This means the handle of Lahmi’s spear was very large. 1CH 20 6 q3ln 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 1CH 20 6 yy8y translate-names 0 Rephaim This is the name given to a race of people who were very tall and strong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 20 7 epr3 0 Jehonadab…Shimea These are names of men. +1CH 20 7 epr3 0 Jehonadab … Shimea These are names of men. 1CH 20 8 bhd7 0 These were descendants of the Rephaim of Gath Here “these” refer to Sippai in [1 Chronicles 20:4](../20/04.md), Lahmi in [1 Chronicles 20:5](../20/05.md), and the giant in verse 6. 1CH 20 8 kv74 figs-synecdoche 0 they were killed by the hand of David and by the hand of his soldiers David and his soldiers are referred to by the part of their bodies used to hold a sword. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “David and his soldiers killed the descendants of the Rephaim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 21 intro abcl 0 # 1 Chronicles 21 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
To trust in one’s own power instead of God’s protection is a sin. David had been trusting God to protect him, but now he counted the men of military age so he could know the strength of his army. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) 1CH 21 1 dfl4 0 An adversary arose against Israel Possible meanings of “adversary” are (1) this refers to Satan who decided to cause trouble for Israel or (2) this refers to an enemy army that began to threaten Israel. 1CH 21 1 t4tl 0 incited David to count Israel “caused David to do wrong, to count Israel.” If your language has a word for getting someone to become angry and do something he knows is wrong, you should use it here. -1CH 21 2 qcp8 0 count the people of Israel…that I may know their number It is apparent from [1 Chronicles 21:5](../21/05.md) that David wanted to count only the men who were able to fight. +1CH 21 2 qcp8 0 count the people of Israel … that I may know their number It is apparent from [1 Chronicles 21:5](../21/05.md) that David wanted to count only the men who were able to fight. 1CH 21 2 yst5 figs-merism 0 from Beersheba to Dan The Israelites considered these two cities their most southern and most northern cities. David uses these cities to refer to all of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1CH 21 3 k9un figs-hyperbole 0 a hundred times greater than it is Joab expresses the desire for an army the size of 100 armies to say he would like the army to have more soldiers and be more powerful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1CH 21 3 f7vk figs-rquestion 0 But my master the king, do they not all serve my master? Why does my master want this? Why bring guilt on Israel? Joab uses these three rhetorical questions to tell David that the census was a bad idea. It appears that David was trusting the size of his army instead of trusting Yahweh, and thus making Israel guilty of sin. These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: But my master the king, they all serve you already. My master should not request this. You will only bring guilt on the people of Israel by trusting your military power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1297,7 +1297,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 22 7 b1ym figs-metonymy 0 for the name of Yahweh my God Here “name” represents God’s honor. Alternate translation: “in order to honor Yahweh my God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 22 8 l6hx figs-metonymy 0 shed much blood Here the killing of people is spoken of as shedding their blood, where “blood” represents their lives. Alternate translation: “killed many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 22 8 vj2e figs-metonymy 0 for my name Here “name” represents God’s honor. Alternate translation: “to honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1CH 22 8 qpz1 figs-metonymy 0 you have shed…in my sight Here “sight” refers to what God has seen. Alternate translation: “I have seen that you have shed much blood on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CH 22 8 qpz1 figs-metonymy 0 you have shed … in my sight Here “sight” refers to what God has seen. Alternate translation: “I have seen that you have shed much blood on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 22 9 hjm6 0 Connecting Statement: David continues telling Solomon what Yahweh said to him. 1CH 22 9 dxv4 0 be a peaceful man “live at peace with everyone” 1CH 22 9 y3mq 0 give him rest from all his enemies “cause there to be peace between him and all his enemies” @@ -1314,7 +1314,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 22 12 ul46 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to Solomon. 1CH 22 12 q6li 0 when he places you in charge over Israel “when he makes you king of Israel” 1CH 22 13 zf2f 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to Solomon. -1CH 22 13 b69i figs-parallelism 0 Be strong and courageous…Do not fear or be discouraged These two sentences mean the same thing, stated in different ways in order to emphasize that Solomon should not be afraid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1CH 22 13 b69i figs-parallelism 0 Be strong and courageous … Do not fear or be discouraged These two sentences mean the same thing, stated in different ways in order to emphasize that Solomon should not be afraid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1CH 22 14 f1m6 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to Solomon. 1CH 22 14 m9p8 0 Now, see, at great The words “Now, see” introduce something important David is about to say. Alternate translation: “Listen! At great” 1CH 22 14 vmi3 0 at great effort I have prepared “I have worked hard to prepare” @@ -1329,14 +1329,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 22 16 vv4f 0 Connecting Statement: David finishes speaking to Solomon. 1CH 22 16 cih1 figs-idiom 0 may Yahweh be with you This is an idiom that implies that Yahweh will help Solomon be successful in the project. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CH 22 18 atx8 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh your God is with you This is an idiom that implies that Yahweh will help Israel to prosper. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1CH 22 18 tcz3 figs-you 0 your…you Here these pronouns are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +1CH 22 18 tcz3 figs-you 0 your … you Here these pronouns are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 1CH 22 18 zy9p 0 has given you peace on every side “has caused all the nations who live around Israel to live peacefully with you” 1CH 22 18 yz6a figs-metonymy 0 He has given the region’s inhabitants into my hand Here “hand” refers to power to defeat his enemies. Alternate translation: “He has given me power over everyone who lives around us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 22 18 i43s figs-activepassive 0 The region is subdued before Yahweh and his people This can be stated in active form. “The other nations no longer attack Yahweh and his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 22 19 sn8d 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to all the leaders of Israel. 1CH 22 19 h4y1 0 Now This word introduces something important that David is about to say. 1CH 22 19 s59s figs-metaphor 0 seek Yahweh your God Seeking Yahweh represents either (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1CH 22 19 ejf2 figs-you 0 your…you Here these pronouns are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +1CH 22 19 ejf2 figs-you 0 your … you Here these pronouns are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 1CH 22 19 b3t4 figs-synecdoche 0 with all your heart and your soul Here “heart” and “soul” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “with your whole being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1CH 22 19 qhu2 figs-metonymy 0 Get up and build the holy place It is understood that Solomon will not do the work personally, but he will direct others to do it. Alternate translation: “Get up and direct the workers as they build the holy place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 22 19 jia8 figs-metonymy 0 the house built for Yahweh’s name Here “name” refers to honor. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the temple you will build to honor Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1356,7 +1356,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 23 9 f9dk translate-names 0 This continues the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 23 10 gsa3 translate-names 0 This continues the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 23 11 s93i translate-names 0 This continues the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 23 11 khl5 figs-ellipsis 0 the oldest…the second The word “son” is understood. Also, “second” is in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the oldest son…the second son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +1CH 23 11 khl5 figs-ellipsis 0 the oldest … the second The word “son” is understood. Also, “second” is in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the oldest son … the second son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 1CH 23 11 n6vm figs-activepassive 0 so they were considered as one clan This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so David considered them to be one clan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 23 12 chx4 translate-names 0 This continues the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 23 12 mbi4 0 There were four of Kohath’s sons “Kohath had 4 sons” @@ -1369,9 +1369,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 23 17 s5fp translate-names 0 This continues the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 23 18 rx9x translate-names 0 This continues the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 23 19 sbf2 translate-names 0 This continues the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 23 19 igr5 figs-ellipsis 0 the oldest…the second…the third…the fourth The word “son” is understood. Also, these numbers are in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the oldest son…the second son…the third son…the fourth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +1CH 23 19 igr5 figs-ellipsis 0 the oldest … the second … the third … the fourth The word “son” is understood. Also, these numbers are in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the oldest son … the second son … the third son … the fourth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 1CH 23 20 k5yt translate-names 0 This continues the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 23 20 kjy5 figs-ellipsis 0 the oldest…the second The word “son” is understood. Also, “second” is in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the oldest son…the second son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +1CH 23 20 kjy5 figs-ellipsis 0 the oldest … the second The word “son” is understood. Also, “second” is in ordinal form. Alternate translation: “the oldest son … the second son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 1CH 23 21 bg6q translate-names 0 This continues the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 23 22 j2vb translate-names 0 This continues the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 23 23 q86h translate-names 0 This ends the list of Levites according to their clans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1404,86 +1404,86 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 24 6 wg42 0 Ahimelech See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 18:16](../18/16.md). 1CH 24 6 g8k6 figs-activepassive 0 One clan was drawn by lot from Eleazar’s descendants, and then the next would be drawn from Ithamar’s descendants This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They chose one by lot from Eleazar’s descendants, then they would choose by lot one from Ithamar’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 24 7 prk5 0 General Information: This begins a list of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. This list ends in [1 Chronicles 24:18](../24/18.md). -1CH 24 7 kw78 translate-ordinal 0 The first lot…the second “Lot number 1…lot number 2.” This shows the order in which the families were chosen by lots. If this is unnatural in your language you may use “The initial” for “The first” and “the next” for all of the following ones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -1CH 24 7 e85c translate-names 0 Jehoiarib…Jedaiah See how you translated the names of these men in [1 Chronicles 9:10](../09/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 7 kw78 translate-ordinal 0 The first lot … the second “Lot number 1…lot number 2.” This shows the order in which the families were chosen by lots. If this is unnatural in your language you may use “The initial” for “The first” and “the next” for all of the following ones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +1CH 24 7 e85c translate-names 0 Jehoiarib … Jedaiah See how you translated the names of these men in [1 Chronicles 9:10](../09/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 7 s29d translate-ordinal 0 the second This refers to the second lot. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the second lot” or “lot number 2” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 24 8 de1h 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 8 aeh1 translate-ordinal 0 the third…the fourth This refers to the third and fourth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the third lot…the fourth lot” or “lot number 3…lot number 4” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 8 h5kc translate-names 0 Harim…Seorim These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 8 aeh1 translate-ordinal 0 the third … the fourth This refers to the third and fourth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the third lot … the fourth lot” or “lot number 3…lot number 4” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 8 h5kc translate-names 0 Harim … Seorim These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 9 ii28 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 9 at2l translate-ordinal 0 the fifth…the sixth This refers to the fifth and sixth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the fifth lot…the sixth lot” or “lot number 5…lot number 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 9 y3fr translate-names 0 Malkijah…Mijamin These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 9 at2l translate-ordinal 0 the fifth … the sixth This refers to the fifth and sixth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the fifth lot … the sixth lot” or “lot number 5…lot number 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 9 y3fr translate-names 0 Malkijah … Mijamin These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 10 edj9 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 10 n9za translate-ordinal 0 the seventh…the eighth This refers to the seventh and eighth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the seventh lot…the eighth lot” or “lot number 7…lot number 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 10 l33c translate-names 0 Hakkoz…Abijah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 10 n9za translate-ordinal 0 the seventh … the eighth This refers to the seventh and eighth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the seventh lot … the eighth lot” or “lot number 7…lot number 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 10 l33c translate-names 0 Hakkoz … Abijah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 11 f47r 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 11 e1tp translate-ordinal 0 the ninth…the tenth This refers to the ninth and tenth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the ninth lot…the tenth lot” or “lot number 9…lot number 10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 11 sw24 translate-names 0 Jeshua…Shecaniah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 11 e1tp translate-ordinal 0 the ninth … the tenth This refers to the ninth and tenth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the ninth lot … the tenth lot” or “lot number 9…lot number 10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 11 sw24 translate-names 0 Jeshua … Shecaniah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 12 kj4w 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 12 nnc3 translate-ordinal 0 the eleventh…the twelfth This refers to the eleventh and twelfth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the eleventh lot…the twelfth lot” or “lot number 11…lot number 12” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 12 rq2d translate-names 0 Eliashib…Jakim These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 12 nnc3 translate-ordinal 0 the eleventh … the twelfth This refers to the eleventh and twelfth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the eleventh lot … the twelfth lot” or “lot number 11…lot number 12” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 12 rq2d translate-names 0 Eliashib … Jakim These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 13 j879 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 13 ip2n translate-ordinal 0 the thirteenth…the fourteenth This refers to the thirteenth and fourteenth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the thirteenth lot…the fourteenth lot” or “lot number 13…lot number 14” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 13 xl3b translate-names 0 Huppah…Jeshebeab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 13 ip2n translate-ordinal 0 the thirteenth … the fourteenth This refers to the thirteenth and fourteenth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the thirteenth lot … the fourteenth lot” or “lot number 13…lot number 14” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 13 xl3b translate-names 0 Huppah … Jeshebeab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 14 cy7s 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 14 l5gs translate-ordinal 0 the fifteenth…the sixteenth This refers to the fifteenth and sixteenth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the fifteenth lot…the sixteenth lot” or “lot number 15…lot number 16” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 14 h1zn translate-names 0 Bilgah…Immer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 14 l5gs translate-ordinal 0 the fifteenth … the sixteenth This refers to the fifteenth and sixteenth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the fifteenth lot … the sixteenth lot” or “lot number 15…lot number 16” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 14 h1zn translate-names 0 Bilgah … Immer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 15 eq6z 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 15 vj1v translate-ordinal 0 the seventeenth…the eighteenth This refers to the seventeenth and eighteenth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the seventeenth lot…the eighteenth lot” or “lot number 17…lot number 18” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 15 fh6m translate-names 0 Hezir…Happizzez These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 15 vj1v translate-ordinal 0 the seventeenth … the eighteenth This refers to the seventeenth and eighteenth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the seventeenth lot … the eighteenth lot” or “lot number 17…lot number 18” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 15 fh6m translate-names 0 Hezir … Happizzez These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 16 ln22 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 16 p69z translate-ordinal 0 the nineteenth…the twentieth This refers to the nineteenth and twentieth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the nineteenth lot…the twentieth lot” or “lot number 19…lot number 20” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 16 f9bd translate-names 0 Pethahiah…Jehezkel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 16 p69z translate-ordinal 0 the nineteenth … the twentieth This refers to the nineteenth and twentieth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the nineteenth lot … the twentieth lot” or “lot number 19…lot number 20” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 16 f9bd translate-names 0 Pethahiah … Jehezkel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 17 cva5 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 17 xpb1 translate-ordinal 0 the twenty-first…the twenty-second This refers to the twenty-first and twenty-second lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the twenty-first lot…the twenty-second lot” or “lot number 21…lot number 22” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 17 iw2l translate-names 0 Jakin…Gamul These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 17 xpb1 translate-ordinal 0 the twenty-first … the twenty-second This refers to the twenty-first and twenty-second lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the twenty-first lot … the twenty-second lot” or “lot number 21…lot number 22” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 17 iw2l translate-names 0 Jakin … Gamul These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 18 ps35 0 Connecting Statement: This ends the list begun in [1 Chronicles 24:7](../24/07.md) of 24 lots that were cast to decide how the descendants of Eleazar and Ithamar would be divided into groups for their work as priests. -1CH 24 18 eam7 translate-ordinal 0 the twenty-third…the twenty-fourth This refers to the twenty-third and twenty-fourth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the twenty-third lot…the twenty-fourth lot” or “lot number 23…lot number 24” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -1CH 24 18 kys6 translate-names 0 Delaiah…Maaziah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 18 eam7 translate-ordinal 0 the twenty-third … the twenty-fourth This refers to the twenty-third and twenty-fourth lots. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the twenty-third lot … the twenty-fourth lot” or “lot number 23…lot number 24” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 24 18 kys6 translate-names 0 Delaiah … Maaziah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 19 qau6 figs-activepassive 0 following the procedure given to them by Aaron their ancestor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “following the rules that Aaron their ancestor gave them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 24 20 vz7g translate-names 0 General Information: This begins the list of names of the other sons of Levi. This list will end in [1 Chronicles 24:30](../24/30.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 20 y1hr 0 Amram See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 6:3](../06/03.md). 1CH 24 20 zu73 0 Shubael See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 23:16](../23/16.md). -1CH 24 23 s2rv 0 Hebron…Jeriah…Amariah…Jahaziel…Jekameam Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 23:19](../23/19.md). -1CH 24 23 jr6f translate-ordinal 0 the second…the third…the fourth “the second son…the third son…the fourth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -1CH 24 24 n1mj 0 Uzziel…Micah Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 23:20](../23/20.md). +1CH 24 23 s2rv 0 Hebron … Jeriah … Amariah … Jahaziel … Jekameam Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 23:19](../23/19.md). +1CH 24 23 jr6f translate-ordinal 0 the second … the third … the fourth “the second son … the third son … the fourth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +1CH 24 24 n1mj 0 Uzziel … Micah Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 23:20](../23/20.md). 1CH 24 24 g7e7 translate-names 0 Shamir This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 25 xa1x 0 Ishijah Translate the name of this man as in [1 Chronicles 23:20](../23/20.md). 1CH 24 25 x1n7 translate-names 0 Zechariah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 24 26 kv6r 0 Merari…Mahli…Mushi Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 23:21](../23/21.md). +1CH 24 26 kv6r 0 Merari … Mahli … Mushi Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 23:21](../23/21.md). 1CH 24 26 kk7q translate-names 0 Jaaziah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 26 mf5b 0 from the son of Jaaziah: Beno It seems Jaaziah is another son of Merari. And, Beno is the son of Jaaziah. Beno is mentioned in both verses 26 and 27 because he is a leader in his family. However, some Bibles translate “Beno” as “his son” rather than as a proper name. Those Bibles read like this: “and from his sons, Jaaziah, his son.” -1CH 24 27 r2cm translate-names 0 Jaaziah…Shoham…Zaccur…Ibri These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 27 r2cm translate-names 0 Jaaziah … Shoham … Zaccur … Ibri These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 27 hxj7 0 from Jaaziah: Beno, Shoham It seems Jaaziah is another son of Merari. And, Beno is the son of Jaaziah. Beno is mentioned in both verses 26 and 27 because he is a leader in his family. However, some Bibles translate “Beno” as “his son” rather than as a proper name. Those Bibles read like this: “from Jaaziah, his son: Shoham.” -1CH 24 28 aaz6 0 Mahli…Eleazar Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 23:21](../23/21.md). +1CH 24 28 aaz6 0 Mahli … Eleazar Translate the names of these men as in [1 Chronicles 23:21](../23/21.md). 1CH 24 29 qkz5 0 From Kish: The son of Kish This is written in the text as a title, but could be stated in a more complete form. Alternate translation: “These are the sons who were descended from Kish” 1CH 24 29 u23a 0 Kish Translate the name of this man as in [1 Chronicles 23:21](../23/21.md). 1CH 24 29 ham6 translate-names 0 Jerahmeel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 30 t5a5 0 Mushi Translate the name of this man as in [1 Chronicles 23:21](../23/21.md). -1CH 24 30 ek5n translate-names 0 Mahli…Eder…Jerimoth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 24 30 ek5n translate-names 0 Mahli … Eder … Jerimoth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 24 31 km4k 0 Ahimelech Translate the name of this man as in [1 Chronicles 18:16](../18/16.md). 1CH 25 intro abcp 0 # 1 Chronicles 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Music
The 24 groups who were chosen to play music in the temple cast lots to see in what order they would serve. 1CH 25 1 x5mj 0 this service “the work done at the tabernacle” 1CH 25 1 xnr2 translate-unknown 0 cymbals This refers to two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 13:8](../13/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -1CH 25 1 lu1w translate-names 0 Heman…Jeduthun Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 16:41](../16/41.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 25 1 lu1w translate-names 0 Heman … Jeduthun Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 16:41](../16/41.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 25 2 v7d3 0 General Information: This begins a list of leaders of the tabernacle service. -1CH 25 2 dwd8 translate-names 0 Zaccur…Joseph…Nethaniah…Asharelah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 25 2 dwd8 translate-names 0 Zaccur … Joseph … Nethaniah … Asharelah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 25 2 ne8m 0 the sons of Asaph, under the direction of Asaph, who prophesied under the king’s supervision “these were the sons of Asaph, whom he supervised. Asaph prophesied under the king’s supervision” 1CH 25 2 r73v 0 under the direction of “under the supervision of” 1CH 25 3 v6ql 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of leaders of the tabernacle service that was started in [1 Chronicles 25:2](../25/02.md). -1CH 25 3 r4xj translate-names 0 Gedaliah…Zeri…Jeshaiah…Shimei…Hashabiah…Mattithiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 25 3 r4xj translate-names 0 Gedaliah … Zeri … Jeshaiah … Shimei … Hashabiah … Mattithiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 25 4 f9hc 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of leaders of the tabernacle service that was started in [1 Chronicles 25:2](../25/02.md). 1CH 25 4 c73u translate-names 0 Heman See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 16:41](../16/41.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 25 4 ci19 translate-names 0 Bukkiah…Mattaniah…Uzziel…Shubael…Jerimoth…Hananiah…Hanani…Eliathah…Giddalti…Romamti-Ezer…Joshbekashah…Mallothi…Hothir…Mahazioth These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 25 4 ci19 translate-names 0 Bukkiah … Mattaniah … Uzziel … Shubael … Jerimoth … Hananiah … Hanani … Eliathah … Giddalti … Romamti-Ezer … Joshbekashah … Mallothi … Hothir … Mahazioth These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 25 5 x8g6 translate-numbers 0 fourteen sons and three daughters “14 sons and 3 daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 25 5 zn96 figs-metaphor 0 to lift up his horn An animal horn is a symbol of strength or authority. To lift up someone’s horn is a metaphor for honoring him. Alternate translation: “to honor Heman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1CH 25 6 j8h3 0 were under the direction of their fathers “were supervised by their fathers” 1CH 25 6 j2ye translate-unknown 0 cymbals This refers to two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 13:8](../13/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -1CH 25 6 vgs6 translate-names 0 Jeduthun…Heman Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 16:41](../16/41.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 25 6 vgs6 translate-names 0 Jeduthun … Heman Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 16:41](../16/41.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 25 7 t6ws translate-numbers 0 numbered 288 “were two hundred and eighty-eight men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 25 8 n5bl figs-merism 0 all alike, the same for the young as well as the old, the teacher as well as the student This refers to all of the men by describing the extremes. Alternate translation: “all of them, including the young men and the old men, the teachers and the students” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1CH 25 9 bhf9 0 General Information: This begins the list of 24 lots that were cast to choose the order in which families would serve. This list ends in [1 Chronicles 25:31](../25/31.md). -1CH 25 9 yu6y translate-ordinal 0 The first lot…the second “Lot number 1…lot number 2.” This shows the order in which the families were chosen by lots. If this is unnatural in your language you may use “The initial” for “The first” and “the next” for all of the following ones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +1CH 25 9 yu6y translate-ordinal 0 The first lot … the second “Lot number 1…lot number 2.” This shows the order in which the families were chosen by lots. If this is unnatural in your language you may use “The initial” for “The first” and “the next” for all of the following ones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 1CH 25 9 b4ew figs-explicit 0 The first lot fell to Joseph’s family For all of the other people in the list, the text specifies that there were “twelve persons in number.” Since this was likely true for Joseph’s family also, you may want to state it clearly. Alternate translation: “The first lot fell to Joseph’s family, twelve persons in number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 25 9 g39x translate-ordinal 0 the second This refers to the second lot. The word “lot” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the second lot” or “lot number 2” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 25 9 l1lu translate-names 0 Gedaliah See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 25:3](../25/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1584,23 +1584,23 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 26 1 t1ji translate-names 0 Kore See how you translated the name of this man in [1 Chronicles 9:19](../09/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 1 cq3l translate-names 0 Asaph This is an alternative spelling to “Ebiasaph” in [1 Chronicles 9:19](../09/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 2 jv52 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of gatekeepers that started in [1 Chronicles 26:1](../26/01.md). -1CH 26 2 qu3q translate-names 0 Meshelemiah…Zechariah See how you translated the names of these men in [1 Chronicles 9:21](../09/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 2 qem1 translate-names 0 Jediael…Zebadiah…Jathniel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 2 s122 translate-ordinal 0 the second…the third…the fourth This shows the order in which the sons were born. If it is more natural in your language, you may say “the next” for each son. The word “son” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the second son…the third son…the fourth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 26 2 qu3q translate-names 0 Meshelemiah … Zechariah See how you translated the names of these men in [1 Chronicles 9:21](../09/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 2 qem1 translate-names 0 Jediael … Zebadiah … Jathniel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 2 s122 translate-ordinal 0 the second … the third … the fourth This shows the order in which the sons were born. If it is more natural in your language, you may say “the next” for each son. The word “son” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the second son … the third son … the fourth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 26 3 y8nm 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of gatekeepers that started in [1 Chronicles 26:1](../26/01.md). -1CH 26 3 tu29 translate-names 0 Elam…Jehohanan…Eliehoenai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 3 j1d1 translate-ordinal 0 the fifth…the sixth…the seventh This shows the order in which the sons were born. If it is more natural in your language, you may say “the next” for each son. The word “son” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the fifth son…the sixth son…the seventh son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 26 3 tu29 translate-names 0 Elam … Jehohanan … Eliehoenai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 3 j1d1 translate-ordinal 0 the fifth … the sixth … the seventh This shows the order in which the sons were born. If it is more natural in your language, you may say “the next” for each son. The word “son” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the fifth son … the sixth son … the seventh son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 26 4 kp5s 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of gatekeepers that started in [1 Chronicles 26:1](../26/01.md). 1CH 26 4 pj2n translate-names 0 Obed Edom See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 16:38](../16/38.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 4 k2n2 translate-names 0 Shemaiah…Jehozabad…Joah…Sakar…Nethanel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 4 i7sg translate-ordinal 0 the second…the third…the fourth…the fifth This shows the order in which the sons were born. If it is more natural in your language, you may say “the next” for each son. The word “son” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the second son…the third son…the fourth son…the fifth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 26 4 k2n2 translate-names 0 Shemaiah … Jehozabad … Joah … Sakar … Nethanel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 4 i7sg translate-ordinal 0 the second … the third … the fourth … the fifth This shows the order in which the sons were born. If it is more natural in your language, you may say “the next” for each son. The word “son” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the second son … the third son … the fourth son … the fifth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 26 5 mc9f 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of gatekeepers that started in [1 Chronicles 26:1](../26/01.md). -1CH 26 5 m1jk translate-names 0 Ammiel…Issachar…Peullethai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 5 z7ce translate-ordinal 0 the sixth…the seventh…the eighth This shows the order in which the sons were born. If it is more natural in your language, you may say “the next” for each son. The word “son” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the sixth son…the seventh son…the eighth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 26 5 m1jk translate-names 0 Ammiel … Issachar … Peullethai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 5 z7ce translate-ordinal 0 the sixth … the seventh … the eighth This shows the order in which the sons were born. If it is more natural in your language, you may say “the next” for each son. The word “son” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the sixth son … the seventh son … the eighth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 26 6 q8xt 0 who ruled over their families “who were leaders in their father’s family.” This means that they were leaders among their clan. 1CH 26 7 cl3r 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of gatekeepers that started in [1 Chronicles 26:1](../26/01.md). 1CH 26 7 sra8 translate-names 0 Shemaiah Translate this name of this man the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 26:4](../26/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 7 kw9m translate-names 0 Othni…Rephael…Obed…Elzabad…Elihu…Semakiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 7 kw9m translate-names 0 Othni … Rephael … Obed … Elzabad … Elihu … Semakiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 7 cw3a 0 His relatives “Shemaiah’s relatives” or “Shemaiah’s family members” 1CH 26 8 b88e translate-names 0 Obed Edom Translate the name of this man as you did in [1 Chronicles 26:4](../26/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 8 b2al translate-numbers 0 sixty-two of them “62 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1608,10 +1608,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 26 9 h6b3 translate-names 0 Meshelemiah Translate the name of this man as you did in [1 Chronicles 26:1](../26/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 9 qde9 translate-numbers 0 eighteen in all “18 total” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 26 10 x7ar 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the list of gatekeepers that started in [1 Chronicles 26:1](../26/01.md). -1CH 26 10 nue6 translate-names 0 Hosah…Merari…Shimri These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 10 nue6 translate-names 0 Hosah … Merari … Shimri These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 11 lez8 0 Connecting Statement: This ends the list of gatekeepers that started in [1 Chronicles 26:1](../26/01.md). -1CH 26 11 ru3u translate-names 0 Hilkiah…Tabaliah…Zechariah…Hosah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 11 c485 translate-ordinal 0 the second…the third…the fourth This shows the order in which the sons were born. If it is more natural in your language, you may say “the next” for each son. The word “son” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the second son…the third son…the fourth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 26 11 ru3u translate-names 0 Hilkiah … Tabaliah … Zechariah … Hosah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 11 c485 translate-ordinal 0 the second … the third … the fourth This shows the order in which the sons were born. If it is more natural in your language, you may say “the next” for each son. The word “son” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the second son … the third son … the fourth son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 26 11 v3fg translate-numbers 0 All of Hosah’s sons and kinsmen were thirteen in number “There were 13 of Hosah’s sons and kinsmen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 26 12 e8vb 0 divisions groups 1CH 26 13 d643 0 threw lots “cast lots” @@ -1627,33 +1627,33 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 26 16 u3zk translate-names 0 Shalleketh This is the name of the gate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 16 jet2 figs-activepassive 0 Watches were established for each family. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Each family was responsible for a watch” or “Each family has a set period of time that it was responsible for guarding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 26 17 kv53 translate-numbers 0 six Levites “6 Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 26 17 ea4d figs-ellipsis 0 the east…the north…the south These phrases refer to the gates. Alternate translation: “the east gate…the north gate…the south gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +1CH 26 17 ea4d figs-ellipsis 0 the east … the north … the south These phrases refer to the gates. Alternate translation: “the east gate … the north gate … the south gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 26 17 fj8i figs-ellipsis 0 four a day This refers to the number of men on guard duty. Alternate translation: “four men each day” or “four Levites each day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 26 17 n4tq translate-numbers 0 two pairs “2 pairs of men” or “2 sets of 2 men each” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 26 18 fny4 figs-activepassive 0 At the pillar to the west there were four stationed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “four men guarded the pillar to the west” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 26 18 pp3k figs-ellipsis 0 four stationed at the road and two at the pillar The numbers “four” and “two” refer to guards. Alternate translation: “Four men guarded the road, and two men guarded the court” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 26 19 b8z1 figs-activepassive 0 They were filled with This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 26 19 xm7c translate-names 0 Merari See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 26:10](../26/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 21 tr21 translate-names 0 Ladan…Gershon Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:7](../23/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 21 tr21 translate-names 0 Ladan … Gershon Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:7](../23/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 21 ife2 0 descended from Gershon through him and who were leaders of the families of Ladan the Gershonite Since it is obvious that Ladan’s descendants were also descendants of Ladan’s ancestor Gershon, the information about them being Gershom’s descendants can be left implicit. Alternate translation: “who were leaders of the families of Ladan the Gershonite” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit) 1CH 26 21 p7zg translate-names 0 Gershonite A descendant of Gershon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 21 jk58 translate-names 0 Jehieli This is the name of a man. This is the same person as in [1 Chronicles 23:8](../23/08.md), but there his name is spelled “Jehiel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 22 n4y5 0 the sons of Jehieli: Zetham and Joel his brother Zetham and Joel were Jehieli’s sons. 1CH 26 22 lw7p translate-names 0 Jehieli This is the name of a man. This is the same person as in [1 Chronicles 23:8](../23/08.md), but there his name is spelled “Jehiel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 22 f7tq translate-names 0 Zetham…Joel Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 22 f7tq translate-names 0 Zetham … Joel Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 22 ps4w 0 They were in charge The word “They” refers to Jehieli, Zetham, and Joel. -1CH 26 23 zsp1 translate-names 0 Amram…Izhar…Hebron…Uzziel Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:12](../23/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 23 zsp1 translate-names 0 Amram … Izhar … Hebron … Uzziel Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:12](../23/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 24 w8ue translate-names 0 Shubael Translate the name of this man as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:16](../23/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 24 ax1w translate-names 0 Gershom Translate the name of this man as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:15](../23/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 25 g338 translate-names 0 Eliezer Translate the name of this man as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:15](../23/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 25 kwi9 figs-explicit 0 His relatives from the clan of Eliezer These were his relatives who did this work with him. Alternate translation: “His relatives who did the work with him from the clan of Eliezer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 26 25 mt17 translate-names 0 Rehabiah Translate the name of this man as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:17](../23/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 26 25 gl1z translate-names 0 Jeshaiah…Joram…Zichri…Shelomith These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 25 gl1z translate-names 0 Jeshaiah … Joram … Zichri … Shelomith These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 26 id9e figs-idiom 0 were over This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “were in charge of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CH 26 26 a6fy translate-numbers 0 commanders over thousands and hundreds This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of soldiers that these commanders led. Alternate translation: “the commanders over 1,000 soldiers and the commanders over 100 soldiers” or (2) the words translated as “thousands” and “hundreds” do not represent exact numbers, but are the names of larger and smaller military divisions. Alternate translation: “the commanders over large military divisions and the commanders over smaller military divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 26 27 e184 0 plunder things an army takes from its enemies after a victory -1CH 26 28 iq33 figs-activepassive 0 everything that was set apart to Yahweh by Samuel the prophet…Joab son of Zeruiah This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that Samuel the prophet…Joab son of Zeruiah set apart to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 26 28 x64y translate-names 0 Kish…Ner…Zeruiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 26 28 iq33 figs-activepassive 0 everything that was set apart to Yahweh by Samuel the prophet … Joab son of Zeruiah This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that Samuel the prophet … Joab son of Zeruiah set apart to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CH 26 28 x64y translate-names 0 Kish … Ner … Zeruiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 28 vzt1 figs-activepassive 0 Everything that was set apart This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everything that the leaders set apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 26 29 wqn3 translate-names 0 Izhar Translate the name of this man the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 23:12](../23/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 26 29 zi3i 0 civil affairs of Israel “daily business of the people of Israel.” This refers to the regular business of the people of Israel, not connected to the military or to the temple. @@ -1679,12 +1679,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 27 1 ij1w translate-numbers 0 twenty-four thousand men “24,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 27 2 xd5k figs-idiom 0 Over the division This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “In charge of the division” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CH 27 2 v68t translate-hebrewmonths 0 first month “month 1.” This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -1CH 27 2 wqc6 translate-names 0 Jashobeam…Zabdiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 2 wqc6 translate-names 0 Jashobeam … Zabdiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 2 bq7a translate-numbers 0 twenty-four thousand men “24,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 27 3 x5y9 translate-names 0 Perez This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 4 x2gw 0 Over the division “In charge of the division” 1CH 27 4 ws7t translate-hebrewmonths 0 the second month “month 2.” This is the second month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of April and the first part of May on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -1CH 27 4 iw9c translate-names 0 Dodai…Mikloth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 4 iw9c translate-names 0 Dodai … Mikloth These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 4 c78z translate-names 0 Ahoah See how you translated this man’s name in [1 Chronicles 8:4](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 4 lz5j 0 In his division “In his group of soldiers” 1CH 27 4 ae2h translate-numbers 0 twenty-four thousand men “24,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1696,14 +1696,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 27 6 v3b3 figs-idiom 0 over the thirty This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “in charge of the 30 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CH 27 7 n6ti 0 The commander for the fourth month was Asahel brother of Joab “Asahel, brother of Joab, was the commander for the fourth month” 1CH 27 7 e2j8 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the fourth month “month 4.” This is the fourth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of June and the first part of July on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -1CH 27 7 cgz8 translate-names 0 Asahel…Zebadiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 7 cgz8 translate-names 0 Asahel … Zebadiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 7 lxq4 0 his division “his military group” 1CH 27 7 j6e2 translate-numbers 0 twenty-four thousand men “24,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 27 8 ar9x translate-names 0 Shamhuth…Izrah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 8 ar9x translate-names 0 Shamhuth … Izrah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 8 hu5m translate-hebrewmonths 0 the fifth month “month 5.” This is the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 1CH 27 8 fpp5 translate-numbers 0 twenty-four thousand men “24,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 27 9 w43a translate-hebrewmonths 0 the sixth month “month 6.” This is the sixth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of August and the first part of September on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -1CH 27 9 rp3d translate-names 0 Ira…Ikkesh Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 11:28](../11/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 9 rp3d translate-names 0 Ira … Ikkesh Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [1 Chronicles 11:28](../11/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 9 tp4g translate-names 0 Tekoa This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 9 a4nh translate-numbers 0 twenty-four thousand men “24,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 27 10 ili4 0 The commander for the seventh month was Helez the Pelonite, from the people of Ephraim “Helez, the Pelonite, from the people of Ephraim, was the commander for the seventh month” @@ -1726,30 +1726,30 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 27 14 i3ac translate-names 0 Pirathon This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 14 v827 translate-numbers 0 twenty-four thousand men “24,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 27 15 m7h9 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the twelfth month “month 12.” This is the twelfth and last month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of February and the first part of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -1CH 27 15 xh74 translate-names 0 Heldai…Othniel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 15 xh74 translate-names 0 Heldai … Othniel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 15 gq8k translate-names 0 Netophah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 15 sbw4 translate-numbers 0 twenty-four thousand men “24,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 27 16 f6rx translate-names 0 Eliezer…Zichri…Shephatiah…Maacah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 27 17 j8wi translate-names 0 Hashabiah…Kemuel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 16 f6rx translate-names 0 Eliezer … Zichri … Shephatiah … Maacah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 17 j8wi translate-names 0 Hashabiah … Kemuel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 17 h6za translate-names 0 Zadok See how you translated the hame of this man in [1 Chronicles 6:8](../06/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 18 sf98 translate-names 0 Omri This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 18 l974 translate-names 0 Elihu See how you translated the name of this man in [1 Chronicles 12:20](../12/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 18 dwc2 translate-names 0 Michael See how you translated the name of this man in [1 Chronicles 7:3](../07/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 27 19 p88t translate-names 0 Ishmaiah…Obadiah…Jerimoth…Azriel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 27 20 hr4l translate-names 0 Hoshea…Azaziah…Joel…Pedaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 27 21 x9bi translate-names 0 Iddo…Zechariah…Jaasiel…Abner These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 27 22 cgq2 translate-names 0 Azarel…Jeroham These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 19 p88t translate-names 0 Ishmaiah … Obadiah … Jerimoth … Azriel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 20 hr4l translate-names 0 Hoshea … Azaziah … Joel … Pedaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 21 x9bi translate-names 0 Iddo … Zechariah … Jaasiel … Abner These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 22 cgq2 translate-names 0 Azarel … Jeroham These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 23 l4cy translate-numbers 0 those twenty years old or younger “people 20 years old or younger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 27 23 n5a2 figs-simile 0 to increase Israel like the stars of heaven This speaks of the number of people in Israel increasing as if they would become as numerous as the stars. Alternate translation: “to increase the number of people in Israel to be as many as the stars in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 1CH 27 23 hn9w figs-metonymy 0 increase Israel Here “Israel” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “increase the population of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 27 24 q7q9 translate-names 0 Zeruiah See how you translated this woman’s name in [1 Chronicles 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 24 h55w figs-metonymy 0 Wrath fell on Israel This speaks of God punishing the people as if his “wrath” were something that fell upon them. Alternate translation: “God punished the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 27 24 kt7m figs-activepassive 0 This number was not written down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one wrote this number down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 27 25 n81x translate-names 0 Azmaveth…Adiel…Jonathan…Uzziah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 25 n81x translate-names 0 Azmaveth … Adiel … Jonathan … Uzziah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 25 x93h 0 in charge of “responsible for guarding” 1CH 27 25 k2kt figs-idiom 0 was over This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “was in charge of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1CH 27 25 u7kt 0 fortified towers “strong towers” -1CH 27 26 qpk1 translate-names 0 Ezri…Kelub These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 26 qpk1 translate-names 0 Ezri … Kelub These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 26 f5an 0 plowed the land This means to dig into or break up the dirt before planting. 1CH 27 27 r3jh translate-names 0 Zabdi This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 27 s7cn translate-names 0 Ramathite This is the name of a person from the city of Ramah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1760,20 +1760,20 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 27 28 d2xp translate-names 0 Baal-Hanan This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 28 vd7r translate-names 0 Geder This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 29 ilr2 translate-names 0 Sharon This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 27 29 e47x translate-names 0 Shitrai…Shaphat…Adlai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 29 e47x translate-names 0 Shitrai … Shaphat … Adlai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 29 c9x7 figs-activepassive 0 that were pastured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that ate grass in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 27 30 a67g figs-idiom 0 Over the This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “In charge of the” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1CH 27 30 w466 translate-names 0 Obil…Jehdeiah…Jaziz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 30 w466 translate-names 0 Obil … Jehdeiah … Jaziz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 30 yk8s translate-names 0 Ishmaelite Translate the name of this clan as you did in [1 Chronicles 2:17](../02/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 30 su8j translate-names 0 Hagrite Translate the name of this people group as you did in [1 Chronicles 5:10](../05/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 30 e9jp translate-names 0 Meronoth This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 31 v9qn translate-names 0 Jaziz This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 31 w5bc translate-names 0 Hagrite Translate the name of this people group as you did in [1 Chronicles 5:10](../05/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 31 ffj4 0 All these officials “All of these men” -1CH 27 32 mew3 translate-names 0 Jonathan…Jehiel…Hakmoni These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 27 33 iz6y translate-names 0 Ahithophel…Hushai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 32 mew3 translate-names 0 Jonathan … Jehiel … Hakmoni These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 33 iz6y translate-names 0 Ahithophel … Hushai These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 27 33 d46f translate-names 0 Arkite This is the name of a tribe or clan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1CH 27 34 r3m1 translate-names 0 Ahithophel…Jehoiada These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +1CH 27 34 r3m1 translate-names 0 Ahithophel … Jehoiada These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1CH 28 intro abcs 0 # 1 Chronicles 28 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. David lectured the people and Solomon on what they should do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David’s instructions
David gives instructions to the people because he knows that he will not be there when the temple is built. It was common in the ancient Near East for leaders to give instructions to people before they die in preparation or anticipation of their death. 1CH 28 1 y878 0 assembled called together 1CH 28 1 u8rq 0 scheduled work Work that needs to be repeated, for example every day or every month. @@ -1788,7 +1788,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 28 3 deg8 figs-parallelism 0 a man of war and have shed blood “a man accustomed to war and have shed blood.” Both descriptions emphasize the same thing, namely that David had killed people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1CH 28 3 zy9t figs-euphemism 0 have shed blood This refers to killing people. Alternate translation: “have killed people” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 1CH 28 4 yi7t 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to the Israelites. -1CH 28 4 dm8t figs-metonymy 0 chose me…to be king over Israel forever One possible meaning is that here David is a metonym for David and his descendants who will rule Israel forever. Alternate translation: “chose me and my descendants…to be kings over Israel forever” Another is that David will continue to be the king of Israel after he is resurrected from the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1CH 28 4 dm8t figs-metonymy 0 chose me … to be king over Israel forever One possible meaning is that here David is a metonym for David and his descendants who will rule Israel forever. Alternate translation: “chose me and my descendants … to be kings over Israel forever” Another is that David will continue to be the king of Israel after he is resurrected from the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 28 4 u9b6 0 all Israel “the whole land of Israel” or “all the Israelites” 1CH 28 5 y54e 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to the Israelites. 1CH 28 5 wr6u figs-metonymy 0 to sit on the throne of Here “to sit on the throne” means to rule as king. Alternate translation: “to rule over” or “to be the king of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1801,7 +1801,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 28 7 dxp1 figs-doublet 0 my commandments and decrees These two words basically mean the same thing and refer to everything that Yahweh had commanded. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1CH 28 7 d5p8 figs-ellipsis 0 as you are this day The word “you” here refers to David. Also, the understood word “committed” may be supplied. Alternate translation: “just as you are committed this day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1CH 28 8 s4rx 0 Connecting Statement: David finishes speaking to the Israelites. -1CH 28 8 y8w2 figs-explicit 0 Now then, in the sight of all Israel…all of you must Here David is giving a command to all of the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Now then, in the sight of all Israel, this assembly for Yahweh, and in the presence of our God, I command all of you to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1CH 28 8 y8w2 figs-explicit 0 Now then, in the sight of all Israel … all of you must Here David is giving a command to all of the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Now then, in the sight of all Israel, this assembly for Yahweh, and in the presence of our God, I command all of you to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 28 8 ik49 0 Now then This indicates that David starts a new phase in his speech. 1CH 28 8 x4ex figs-parallelism 0 all Israel, this assembly for Yahweh These two phrases have the same meaning and the second describes the first. Even though all of the people of Israel are not present, those present represent all of Israel. Alternate translation: “all you people of Israel, in this assembly for Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1CH 28 8 hmi9 figs-idiom 0 in the sight of The phrase “in the sight of” means that they are all present and listening. Alternate translation: “in the hearing of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1836,8 +1836,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 29 intro abct 0 # 1 Chronicles 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The preparation for the temple is finished in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Offering
David and the people made a free will offering and dedicated it all to God. 1CH 29 1 qu77 0 whom alone God has chosen “the one whom God has chosen” 1CH 29 2 dp3z 0 Connecting Statement: David continues talking to the people about his provisions for the building of the temple. -1CH 29 2 w79s figs-activepassive 0 gold for the things to be made of gold…to be made of wood This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “gold so the craftsmen may make the gold things, silver so they may make the silver things, bronze so they may make the bronze things, iron so they may make the iron things, and wood so they may make the wooden things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1CH 29 2 t7rz 0 onyx stones…stones to be set…stones for inlaid work of various colors Each of these phrases refer to different types of stones intended for different purposes. +1CH 29 2 w79s figs-activepassive 0 gold for the things to be made of gold … to be made of wood This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “gold so the craftsmen may make the gold things, silver so they may make the silver things, bronze so they may make the bronze things, iron so they may make the iron things, and wood so they may make the wooden things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CH 29 2 t7rz 0 onyx stones … stones to be set … stones for inlaid work of various colors Each of these phrases refer to different types of stones intended for different purposes. 1CH 29 2 nf3d 0 onyx stones These are stones with black and white lines that are used to make jewelry. 1CH 29 2 c7be 0 stones to be set This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “stones for the craftsmen to set” or “stones for mounting” 1CH 29 2 m3qx 0 inlaid work This refers to the beautiful and decorative designs or patterns formed by the stones. @@ -1847,13 +1847,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 29 4 iix4 0 gold from Ophir This was the best quality and most valuable gold. 1CH 29 4 mb3f translate-bmoney 0 seven thousand talents “7,000 talents.” This can be stated in modern measurements. Alternate translation: “about 230,000 kilograms” or “230 metric tons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 29 5 lf78 0 Connecting Statement: David finishes talking to the people about his provisions for the building of the temple. -1CH 29 5 s62z figs-activepassive 0 gold for the things to be made of gold…work to be done by craftsmen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “gold for the craftsmen to make the gold things, silver so they may make the silver things, and things of all kinds for their other work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CH 29 5 s62z figs-activepassive 0 gold for the things to be made of gold … work to be done by craftsmen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “gold for the craftsmen to make the gold things, silver so they may make the silver things, and things of all kinds for their other work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 29 5 b1xt 0 give himself to him “give himself to God” 1CH 29 6 din9 translate-numbers 0 General Information: (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -1CH 29 6 d694 figs-activepassive 0 Then freewill offerings were made by the leaders…and by the officials over the king’s work. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then the leaders…and the officials over the king’s work made freewill offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1CH 29 6 d694 figs-activepassive 0 Then freewill offerings were made by the leaders … and by the officials over the king’s work. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then the leaders … and the officials over the king’s work made freewill offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1CH 29 6 jr54 translate-numbers 0 the commanders of thousands and hundreds This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of soldiers that these commanders led. Alternate translation: “the commanders of 1,000 soldiers and the commanders of 100 soldiers” or (2) the words translated as “thousands” and “hundreds” do not represent exact numbers, but are the names of larger and smaller military divisions. Alternate translation: “the commanders of large military divisions and the commanders of smaller military divisions” See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 13:1](../13/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 29 6 m3hh figs-idiom 0 the officials over the king’s work Here the word “over” is used as an idiom. Alternate translation: “the officials in charge of the king’s work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1CH 29 7 hib8 translate-bmoney 0 five thousand talents…and 100,000 talents of iron “5,000 talents and 10,000 darics of gold, 10,000 talents of silver, 18,000 talents of bronze, and 100,000 talents of iron.” These may be written in modern measurements. Alternate translation: “165 metric tons and 84 kilograms of gold, 330 metric tons of silver, 600 metric tons of bronze, and 3,300 metric tons of iron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) +1CH 29 7 hib8 translate-bmoney 0 five thousand talents … and 100,000 talents of iron “5,000 talents and 10,000 darics of gold, 10,000 talents of silver, 18,000 talents of bronze, and 100,000 talents of iron.” These may be written in modern measurements. Alternate translation: “165 metric tons and 84 kilograms of gold, 330 metric tons of silver, 600 metric tons of bronze, and 3,300 metric tons of iron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) 1CH 29 7 f711 translate-numbers 0 100,000 talents “one hundred thousand talents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 29 8 kk84 0 treasury This is a place where money and valuable objects are kept. 1CH 29 8 bgg1 translate-names 0 Jehiel See how you translated these men’s names in [1 Chronicles 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1891,8 +1891,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1CH 29 22 n3m8 figs-explicit 0 anointed him with Yahweh’s authority to be ruler To do something with “Yahweh’s authority” means to do it on his behalf and with his approval. Alternate translation: “anointed him to rule over Israel on Yahweh’s behalf” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1CH 29 23 t3ul figs-metonymy 0 Then Solomon sat on Yahweh’s throne as king instead of David his father Here the throne of Israel is referred to as “Yahweh’s throne,” to emphasize that the people of Israel are Yahweh’s people. Sitting on the throne represents ruling as king. Alternate translation: “So Solomon sat on the throne, instead of his father David, as king over Yahweh’s people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1CH 29 24 v1k6 0 gave allegiance to King Solomon “told King Solomon that they would be faithful to him” -1CH 29 25 g2u5 figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh greatly honored Solomon before all Israel…bestowed on him greater power These two phrases emphasize that Solomon received special favor from Yahweh, which made him Israel’s greatest and most powerful king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1CH 29 27 bt7n translate-numbers 0 forty years…thirty-three years “40 years…33 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +1CH 29 25 g2u5 figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh greatly honored Solomon before all Israel … bestowed on him greater power These two phrases emphasize that Solomon received special favor from Yahweh, which made him Israel’s greatest and most powerful king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +1CH 29 27 bt7n translate-numbers 0 forty years … thirty-three years “40 years…33 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 1CH 29 28 i3uj 0 at a good old age “as an old man” 1CH 29 29 vep9 0 written in the history of Samuel the prophet,…and in the history of Gad the prophet These are written accounts that no longer exist. 1CH 29 30 k1k8 figs-activepassive 0 Recorded there are the deeds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There men wrote down the deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/en_tn_14-2CH.tsv b/en_tn_14-2CH.tsv index 5a09e9d50..435b7a9fb 100644 --- a/en_tn_14-2CH.tsv +++ b/en_tn_14-2CH.tsv @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 1 1 p2am 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. 2CH 1 1 vd1l figs-idiom 0 God was with him Here “was with him” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “God supported him” or “God helped him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 1 2 sp3p figs-events 0 General Information: It may be helpful to reorder the events in these verses as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -2CH 1 2 j3dj 0 spoke to all Israel, to the commanders…heads of the fathers’ house Here “all of Israel” means those people mentioned afterwards. They represent all of Israel. Alternate translation: “spoke to the commanders…heads of the father’s house” +2CH 1 2 j3dj 0 spoke to all Israel, to the commanders … heads of the fathers’ house Here “all of Israel” means those people mentioned afterwards. They represent all of Israel. Alternate translation: “spoke to the commanders … heads of the father’s house” 2CH 1 2 sb2m translate-numbers 0 the commanders of thousands and of hundreds This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of soldiers that these commanders led. Alternate translation: “the commanders of 1,000 soldiers and the commanders of 100 soldiers” or (2) the words translated as “thousands” and “hundreds” do not represent exact numbers, but are the names of larger and smaller military divisions. Alternate translation: “the commanders of large military divisions and the commanders of smaller military divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 1 2 g247 0 to every prince in all Israel, the heads of the fathers’ houses Here “the heads of the fathers’ houses” further describe the princes. Alternate translation: “to every prince in all Israel, that is, the heads of the fathers’ houses” 2CH 1 2 m8q8 0 to every prince Here “prince” means leaders in general. They are not necessarily the sons of the king. Alternate translation: “to every leader” @@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 1 16 a9hx figs-abstractnouns 0 As for the importation of horses from Egypt and Kue for Solomon “Importation” is the act of bringing something into one country from another country. This can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “As for the horses Solomon imported from Egypt and Kue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CH 1 16 fn2v translate-names 0 Kue This is the name of a region. Some think that Kue was the same as Cilicia, in Asia Minor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 1 16 hlw7 0 at a price “at a set price” or “for money” -2CH 1 17 y9si translate-bweight 0 six hundred shekels of silver…150 shekels A shekel is a unit of weight equal to about 11 grams. Alternate translation: “about 6.6 kilograms of silver…about 1.7 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +2CH 1 17 y9si translate-bweight 0 six hundred shekels of silver…150 shekels A shekel is a unit of weight equal to about 11 grams. Alternate translation: “about 6.6 kilograms of silver … about 1.7 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) 2CH 1 17 in3k translate-numbers 0 six hundred “600” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 1 17 zs9z 0 exported to send something out of one country into another 2CH 2 intro fnm3 0 # 2 Chronicles 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of Solomon’s reign continues in this chapter. This chapter also begins a section on building the temple. (2 Chronicles 2-4 and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### House of God
The temple is repeatedly referred to as the “house of God” because Yahweh will dwell in the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/houseofgod]]) 2CH 2 1 k3yv 0 Now This marks a new part of the story. 2CH 2 1 jg9u figs-metonymy 0 commanded the building of a house for Yahweh’s name The word “name” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “commanded his people to build a house where Yahweh may live” or “commanded his people to build a house where they could worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 2 1 le5w 0 of a palace for his kingdom “of a royal palace for his kingdom” or “of a palace for himself” -2CH 2 2 x3et translate-numbers 0 seventy thousand men…eighty thousand men “70,000 men…80,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 2 2 x3et translate-numbers 0 seventy thousand men … eighty thousand men “70,000 men…80,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 2 2 h2i5 figs-ellipsis 0 to carry loads It is understood that these are loads of materials for building Yahweh’s house. Alternate translation: “to carry loads of materials” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2CH 2 2 ur1y translate-numbers 0 3600 “three thousand six hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 2 3 pl98 translate-names 0 Hiram This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 2 12 yb7r figs-abstractnouns 0 gifted with prudence and understanding This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “prudence” and “understanding.” Alternate translation: “who is very intelligent and understands many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CH 2 13 m162 figs-abstractnouns 0 gifted with understanding The abstract noun “understanding” can be stated as “understands” or “wise.” Alternate translation: “who understand many things” or “who is very wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CH 2 13 b5gt translate-names 0 Huram-Abi This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 2 14 w9mh 0 He is skilled at work in gold…crimson wool Translate many of these words as you did in [2 Chronicles 2:7](../02/07.md). +2CH 2 14 w9mh 0 He is skilled at work in gold … crimson wool Translate many of these words as you did in [2 Chronicles 2:7](../02/07.md). 2CH 2 14 k19k 0 fine linen “high quality cloth” or “the best cloth” 2CH 2 14 qr4y 0 He is the son of a woman of the daughters of Dan “His mother is from the tribe of Dan” or “His mother is a descendant of Dan” 2CH 2 15 b7yq 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the message from Hiram, king of Tyre, to Solomon. @@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 2 17 k8ls figs-activepassive 0 They were found to be 153,600 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There were 153,600 foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 2 17 i3k8 translate-numbers 0 153600 “one hundred and fifty-three thousand six hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 2 17 cv1e translate-numbers 0 3600 “three thousand six hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2CH 2 18 d4ud translate-numbers 0 seventy thousand…eighty thousand “70,000 men…80,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 2 18 d4ud translate-numbers 0 seventy thousand … eighty thousand “70,000 men…80,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 2 18 l7b2 figs-ellipsis 0 to carry loads It is understood that these are loads of materials for building Yahweh’s house. Alternate translation: “to carry loads of materials” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2CH 3 intro ng2u 0 # 2 Chronicles 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of King Solomon and the building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Location of the temple
The location of the temple was very significant. Many important events in history occurred at this location. -2CH 3 1 lyj2 figs-metonymy 0 Then Solomon began to build…He prepared The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Then Solomon’s workers began to build…They prepared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 3 1 lyj2 figs-metonymy 0 Then Solomon began to build … He prepared The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Then Solomon’s workers began to build … They prepared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 3 1 f5w8 translate-names 0 Mount Moriah This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 3 1 e7jb translate-names 0 Ornan the Jebusite “Ornan” is the name of a man. “Jebusite” is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 3 2 w43y figs-metonymy 0 He began The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “They began” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -84,41 +84,41 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 3 2 wxp7 translate-ordinal 0 in the fourth year “in year 4” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2CH 3 3 i4ry figs-metonymy 0 that Solomon laid The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “that Solomon’s workers laid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 3 3 ves7 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator begins to explain the dimensions and the design of the temple. -2CH 3 3 e65l translate-numbers 0 sixty cubits…twenty cubits “60 cubits…20 cubits.” A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “27.6 meters long…9.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +2CH 3 3 e65l translate-numbers 0 sixty cubits … twenty cubits “60 cubits…20 cubits.” A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “27.6 meters long…9.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 2CH 3 4 uu2n 0 portico an area of a building made of columns and a roof that leads to and connects with the building’s entrance door. This portico was probably attached to the front part of the wall that surrounded the temple. 2CH 3 4 z1r2 translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “9.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 2CH 3 4 p42q figs-metonymy 0 Solomon overlaid The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers overlaid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 3 5 qaa3 figs-metonymy 0 He fashioned…which he overlaid…which he carved The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers fashioned…which they overlaid…which they carved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 3 5 qaa3 figs-metonymy 0 He fashioned … which he overlaid … which he carved The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers fashioned … which they overlaid … which they carved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 3 5 hf28 0 the main hall This is a reference to a large room, not a hallway. 2CH 3 6 s7ee figs-metonymy 0 He decorated The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers decorated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 3 6 r8b6 0 precious stones Stones that were beautiful, highly valued, and used for decorations. 2CH 3 6 uu64 translate-names 0 Parvaim This is probably the name of a region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 3 7 ig1x figs-metonymy 0 He also overlaid…he carved The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers also overlaid…they carved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 3 7 ig1x figs-metonymy 0 He also overlaid … he carved The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers also overlaid … they carved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 3 7 eud6 0 beams A beam is a long heavy piece of wood used to support a building. -2CH 3 8 q5wy figs-metonymy 0 He built…He overlaid The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers built…They overlaid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 3 8 q5wy figs-metonymy 0 He built … He overlaid The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers built … They overlaid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 3 8 yah9 translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “9.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 2CH 3 8 bv9h translate-numbers 0 six hundred talents “600 talents.” A talent is 33 kilograms. Alternate translation: “about 20 metric tons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) 2CH 3 9 jh8y translate-numbers 0 fifty shekels “50 shekels.” A shekel is 11 grams. Alternate translation: “.55 kilograms” or “about a half a kilogram”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) 2CH 3 10 ui5f figs-metonymy 0 He made The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 3 11 bqe9 translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits…five cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “9.2 meters…2.3 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +2CH 3 11 bqe9 translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits … five cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “9.2 meters…2.3 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 2CH 3 13 gkp3 translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “9.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -2CH 3 14 sq7c figs-metonymy 0 He made…he fashioned The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made…they fashioned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 3 14 sq7c figs-metonymy 0 He made … he fashioned The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made … they fashioned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 3 14 a442 0 blue, purple, and crimson wool Translate these words as you did in [2 Chronicles 2:7](../02/07.md). 2CH 3 14 bws6 0 fine linen “high quality cloth” or “the best cloth” 2CH 3 15 kz56 figs-metonymy 0 Solomon also made The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers also made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 3 15 d9wd translate-numbers 0 thirty-five cubits…five cubits “35 cubits…5 cubits.” A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “16.1 meters…2.3 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +2CH 3 15 d9wd translate-numbers 0 thirty-five cubits … five cubits “35 cubits…5 cubits.” A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “16.1 meters…2.3 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 2CH 3 15 r6eb 0 the capitals decorations on top of the pillars -2CH 3 16 s6mv figs-metonymy 0 He made…he also made The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “They made…they also made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 3 16 s6mv figs-metonymy 0 He made … he also made The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “They made … they also made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 3 16 a7jg translate-numbers 0 one hundred pomegranates “100 pomegranates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 3 17 ll7a figs-metonymy 0 He set up The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “They set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 3 17 akb5 0 on the right hand…on the left “on the right side…on the left side” or “on the south side…on the north side” +2CH 3 17 akb5 0 on the right hand … on the left “on the right side … on the left side” or “on the south side … on the north side” 2CH 3 17 wlq9 0 he named “Solomon named” 2CH 3 17 jf9x translate-names 0 Jakin Possibly a name to describe God as “The One who establishes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 3 17 v7z1 translate-names 0 Boaz This name means “in strength” and is possibly used here to describe God because it means, “In Him is strength.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 4 intro h8s1 0 # 2 Chronicles 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of King Solomon and the building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Special construction
Not only is the temple constructed in a special way, the things that are used in the temple’s sacrificial system and its decorations are constructed in a special way. 2CH 4 1 qgj1 figs-metonymy 0 he made Here “he” refers to Solomon. The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 4 1 jni2 translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits…ten cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “20 cubits…10 cubits” or “9.2 meters…4.6 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -2CH 4 2 ifi9 translate-bdistance 0 ten cubits…five cubits…thirty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “4.6 meters…2.3 meters…13.8 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +2CH 4 1 jni2 translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits … ten cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “20 cubits…10 cubits” or “9.2 meters…4.6 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +2CH 4 2 ifi9 translate-bdistance 0 ten cubits … five cubits … thirty cubits A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “4.6 meters…2.3 meters…13.8 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 2CH 4 2 l3p4 0 the round sea This refers to a tank or basin that would hold water. 2CH 4 2 u94d 0 cast metal This is metal that was melted then formed in a mold. 2CH 4 2 a4ik 0 from brim to brim “from one edge to the other” @@ -134,15 +134,15 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 4 5 eqv6 translate-bdistance 0 thick as the width of a hand This is about 8 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 2CH 4 5 pjf1 figs-activepassive 0 its brim was forged like the brim of a cup, like a lily blossom This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers forged the brim to look like the brim of a cup, to curve outward like a lily” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 4 5 pyq1 translate-numbers 0 three thousand baths “3,000 baths.” A bath is a unit of volume equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “66 kiloliters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) -2CH 4 6 krw8 figs-metonymy 0 He made…he put Here “he” refers to Solomon. The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made…they put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 4 6 krw8 figs-metonymy 0 He made … he put Here “he” refers to Solomon. The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made … they put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 4 6 bwn1 figs-activepassive 0 items used in performing the burnt offering were to be washed in them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people were to wash the items used in performing the burnt offering in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CH 4 7 kzu8 figs-metonymy 0 He made…he placed Here “he” refers to Solomon. The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made…they placed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 4 7 kzu8 figs-metonymy 0 He made … he placed Here “he” refers to Solomon. The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made … they placed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 4 7 hxw7 figs-activepassive 0 that were made from the instructions for their design This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “according to the instructions for their design” or “according to how Solomon instructed his workers to design them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CH 4 7 f4xa 0 on the right hand…on the left “on the right side…on the left side” or “on the south side…on the north side” -2CH 4 8 zf4p figs-metonymy 0 He made…He made Here “he” refers to Solomon. The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made…They made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 4 7 f4xa 0 on the right hand … on the left “on the right side … on the left side” or “on the south side … on the north side” +2CH 4 8 zf4p figs-metonymy 0 He made … He made Here “he” refers to Solomon. The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made … They made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 4 8 jd4q translate-numbers 0 one hundred basins “100 basins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 4 8 gg3f 0 basins shallow bowls used for washing -2CH 4 9 x7zs figs-metonymy 0 he made the courtyard…and overlaid Here “he” refers to Solomon. The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made…they overlaid…They placed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 4 9 x7zs figs-metonymy 0 he made the courtyard … and overlaid Here “he” refers to Solomon. The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Solomon’s workers made … they overlaid … They placed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 4 9 k869 0 the great court “the large court” 2CH 4 10 rc79 figs-metonymy 0 He placed Here “he” refers to Solomon. The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “They placed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 4 10 kz4q 0 on the east side of the temple, facing toward the south “next to the southeast corner of the temple” @@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 4 19 zvq8 0 the bread of the presence This is a reference to the 12 loaves of bread that were placed in front of the altar. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 2:4](../02/04.md). 2CH 4 21 bb6c 0 the flowers, the lamps The “flowers” and “lamps” were part of the lampstands. 2CH 4 21 eg3c 0 the tongs This is a tool made from two sticks of wood or metal connected at one end and used for picking up objects. -2CH 4 22 e3lr figs-activepassive 0 Also the lamp trimmers…were all made of pure gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The workers also made the lamp trimmers…out of pure gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2CH 4 22 e3lr figs-activepassive 0 Also the lamp trimmers … were all made of pure gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The workers also made the lamp trimmers … out of pure gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 4 22 e9lw 0 lamp trimmers These would have been used to trim the wicks of the lamps. -2CH 4 22 r9an figs-activepassive 0 its inner doors…were made of gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the workers made its inner doors…out of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2CH 4 22 r9an figs-activepassive 0 its inner doors … were made of gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the workers made its inner doors … out of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 5 intro hb74 0 # 2 Chronicles 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Moving the contents of the tent
Everything from the tent was moved into the new temple. This too was done in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) 2CH 5 1 u3jv figs-metonymy 0 When all the work that Solomon did for the house of Yahweh was completed, Solomon brought The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When Solomon’s workers completed all of the work for the house of Yahweh, they brought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 5 1 j4yx 0 treasuries storerooms, rooms where things are kept or stored @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 5 6 k1ea figs-hyperbole 0 sacrificing sheep and oxen that could not be counted This is an exaggeration that emphasizes the great number of animals that were sacrificed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “sacrificing more sheep and oxen than anyone could count” or “sacrificing very many sheep and oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 5 7 ryr2 0 into the inner room of the house, to the most holy place, under “into the inner room of the house—that is, to the most holy place—under” 2CH 5 8 l1ta figs-activepassive 0 poles by which it was carried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “poles by which the priests carried it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CH 5 9 e5zr 0 their ends were seen…they could not be seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people could see their ends…people could not see them” +2CH 5 9 e5zr 0 their ends were seen … they could not be seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people could see their ends … people could not see them” 2CH 5 9 nm1q 0 to this day This means the day on which the writer wrote. 2CH 5 11 di3c 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way of doing this, you could consider using it here. 2CH 5 12 he4d translate-names 0 Asaph, Heman, Jeduthun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -211,8 +211,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 6 6 mnv9 figs-metaphor 0 to be over my people Israel Being “over” people represents ruling them. Alternate translation: “to rule my people Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 6 7 y8bq 0 Connecting Statement: King Solomon continues speaking to the people at the temple. 2CH 6 7 k1hc figs-metaphor 0 it was in the heart of David my father Here David’s heart is spoken of as if it were a container, and what he desired is spoken of as if it were an item in the container. Alternate translation: “David my father desired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 6 7 xz4b figs-metonymy 0 for the name of Yahweh This could mean: (1) Yahweh’s name represents himself. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh…for me” or (2) Yahweh’s name represents his reputation. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh’s reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 6 8 q89x figs-metaphor 0 it was in your heart…for it to be in your heart Here David’s heart is spoken of as if it were a container, and what he desired is spoken of as if it were an item in the container. Alternate translation: “you desired…to desire to do that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2CH 6 7 xz4b figs-metonymy 0 for the name of Yahweh This could mean: (1) Yahweh’s name represents himself. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh … for me” or (2) Yahweh’s name represents his reputation. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh’s reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 6 8 q89x figs-metaphor 0 it was in your heart … for it to be in your heart Here David’s heart is spoken of as if it were a container, and what he desired is spoken of as if it were an item in the container. Alternate translation: “you desired … to desire to do that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 6 8 rdt9 figs-metonymy 0 for my name This could mean: (1) Yahweh’s name represents himself. Alternate translation: “for me” or (2) Yahweh’s name represents his reputation. Alternate translation: “for my reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 6 8 a4hn 0 In that it was in your heart “Because it was in your heart” or “Because you wanted” 2CH 6 9 d23q 0 one who will come from your loins “one who will be your own offspring” or “one whom you yourself will father” @@ -290,22 +290,22 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 6 33 t2by figs-activepassive 0 this house I have built is called by your name The phrase “is called by your name” shows that God possesses and owns the house. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you own this house that I have built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 6 33 d3nn figs-synecdoche 0 this house I have built Solomon speaks of commanding the people to build the temple and telling them how to do it as if he himself had built it. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Chronicles 6:18](../06/18.md). Alternate translation: “this house that your people have built under my leadership” or “this house that I and your people have built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 6 34 w95l 0 Connecting Statement: King Solomon continues praying. -2CH 6 34 w49h figs-hypo 0 Suppose that your people go out…suppose that they pray When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -2CH 6 34 c3iw translate-symaction 0 they pray to you toward this city…and toward the house Praying toward Jerusalem and the temple shows that they are praying to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +2CH 6 34 w49h figs-hypo 0 Suppose that your people go out … suppose that they pray When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +2CH 6 34 c3iw translate-symaction 0 they pray to you toward this city … and toward the house Praying toward Jerusalem and the temple shows that they are praying to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2CH 6 34 p8bb figs-synecdoche 0 the house that I have built Solomon speaks of commanding the people to build the temple and telling them how to do it as if he himself had built it. Alternate translation: “this house that your people have built under my leadership” or “this house that I and your people have built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 6 34 rfp6 figs-metonymy 0 for your name This could mean: (1) Yahweh’s name represents himself. Alternate translation: “for you” or (2) Yahweh’s name represents his reputation. Alternate translation: “for your reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 6 35 b6mm figs-doublet 0 to their prayer, their request The abstract nouns “prayer” and “request” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “to what they request when they pray to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 2CH 6 35 y3ze 0 help their cause This refers to helping them fight against their enemies. 2CH 6 36 ck1s 0 Connecting Statement: King Solomon continues praying. -2CH 6 36 uv9y figs-hypo 0 Suppose they sin…suppose that you are angry When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +2CH 6 36 uv9y figs-hypo 0 Suppose they sin … suppose that you are angry When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 2CH 6 36 e985 figs-metaphor 0 hand them over to the enemy Here “hand them over to the enemy” represents allowing the enemy to capture them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 6 36 f2vd figs-metaphor 0 so that the enemy carries them away Here “carries them away” represents forcing them to leave their own country. Alternate translation: “so that the enemy forces them to leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 6 37 r66r figs-hypo 0 suppose they realize…suppose that they repent…Suppose that they say When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +2CH 6 37 r66r figs-hypo 0 suppose they realize … suppose that they repent … Suppose that they say When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 2CH 6 37 u1sh figs-activepassive 0 where they have been exiled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where their enemies have taken them as exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 6 37 bik7 0 seek favor from you “beg you to be merciful to them” 2CH 6 37 m1am figs-parallelism 0 We have acted perversely and sinned. We have behaved wickedly These two sentences mean the same thing. Together they emphasize how bad the people’s actions were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2CH 6 37 n6sk figs-doublet 0 acted perversely and sinned The words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the people sinned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -2CH 6 38 qm3l figs-hypo 0 Suppose that they return…suppose that they pray When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +2CH 6 38 qm3l figs-hypo 0 Suppose that they return … suppose that they pray When Solomon was speaking, these hypothetical situations had not happened, but Solomon knew that they might happen in the future. Use the form in your language for talking about events that have not happened but might happen in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 2CH 6 38 etp7 figs-metaphor 0 they return to you Here “return to you” represents submitting to Yahweh again. Alternate translation: “they submit to you again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 6 38 n2d2 figs-idiom 0 with all their heart and with all their soul The idioms “with all their heart” means “completely” and “with all their soul” means “with all their being.” These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 2CH 6 38 s114 0 where they took them as captives “where their enemies took them as captives” @@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 6 40 a4re figs-activepassive 0 to the prayer that is made in this place This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “to the prayer that we make in this place” or “to us as we pray to you in this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 6 41 w18l figs-metaphor 0 arise, Yahweh God, to your resting place This pictures God as if he were sitting on his throne, and asks that he will get up from his throne and come to this place. Alternate translation: “arise, Yahweh God, and come to your resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 6 41 wy6c 0 the ark of your strength “the ark, which is a symbol of your power” -2CH 6 41 w8wp figs-metaphor 0 Let your priests…be clothed with salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with the verb “to save.” This could mean: (1) being clothed with salvation is a metaphor for experiencing salvation. Alternate translation: “Let your priests…know that you have saved them” or (2) being clothed with salvation is a metaphor for demonstrating salvation. Alternate translation: “Let your priests…demonstrate how you save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2CH 6 41 w8wp figs-metaphor 0 Let your priests … be clothed with salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with the verb “to save.” This could mean: (1) being clothed with salvation is a metaphor for experiencing salvation. Alternate translation: “Let your priests … know that you have saved them” or (2) being clothed with salvation is a metaphor for demonstrating salvation. Alternate translation: “Let your priests … demonstrate how you save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CH 6 42 gdj1 figs-metaphor 0 do not turn the face of your anointed away from you Turning the face of someone away represents rejecting him. Alternate translation: “do not reject your anointed one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 6 42 y5ew figs-metonymy 0 your anointed “your anointed one.” Being anointed is a metonym for being chosen by God. King Solomon may have been speaking specifically about himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one you anointed” or “me, the one you chose to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 6 42 fdg8 0 Keep in mind your acts of covenant loyalty for David, your servant The phrase “your acts” can be expressed with the phrase “what you have done.” Alternate translation: “Remember what you have done for David, your servant, because of your covenant loyalty” @@ -447,11 +447,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 9 8 szp3 figs-metaphor 0 in order to establish them forever This could mean: (1) “establish” represents helping them in general. Alternate translation: “in order to help them forever” or (2) “establish” represents making them strong as a nation. Alternate translation: “in order to make them a nation forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 9 8 h1p5 figs-abstractnouns 0 for you to do justice and righteousness The abstract nouns “justice” and “righteousness” can be expressed with the words “fairly” and “righteously.” Alternate translation: “for you to rule fairly and righteously” or “for you to do what is just and right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CH 9 9 ur2t translate-numbers 0 120 talents “one hundred and twenty talents.” A talent is a unit of weight equal to about 33 kilograms. You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “about four thousand kilograms of gold” or “about four metric tons of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -2CH 9 9 de8v figs-activepassive 0 No greater amount of spices…was ever given to him again The verb “was ever given” can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “No one ever gave more spices than the queen of Sheba gave to King Solomon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2CH 9 9 de8v figs-activepassive 0 No greater amount of spices … was ever given to him again The verb “was ever given” can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “No one ever gave more spices than the queen of Sheba gave to King Solomon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 9 10 ylb5 translate-names 0 Hiram Hiram was the king of Tyre. See how you translated his name in [2 Chronicles 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “Hiram, the king of Tyre” or “King Hiram” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 9 10 w6ht translate-names 0 Ophir This is the name of a place. Its location is not known. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 8:18](../08/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 9 10 nmk6 0 algum wood Algum is a kind of tree that grows in Lebanon. King Hiram sent this kind of wood to Solomon. See how you translated it in [2 Chronicles 2:8](../02/08.md). -2CH 9 11 qy68 figs-metonymy 0 the king made steps…well as harps and lyres The author speaks of the king having his workers make these things as if he himself had made them. Alternate translation: “the king had his workers make the steps…as well as harps and lyres” or “the king’s workers made steps…well as harps and lyres” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 9 11 qy68 figs-metonymy 0 the king made steps … well as harps and lyres The author speaks of the king having his workers make these things as if he himself had made them. Alternate translation: “the king had his workers make the steps … as well as harps and lyres” or “the king’s workers made steps … well as harps and lyres” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 9 11 ej8x figs-activepassive 0 No wood like this had been seen before in the land of Judah This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one had seen wood like this before in the land of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 9 13 ps2f 0 in one year This could mean: (1) this refers to each year or (2) this refers to a particular year. 2CH 9 13 mi29 translate-bweight 0 666 talents of gold A talent is a unit of weight equal to about 33 kilograms. You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “about twenty-two thousand kilograms of gold” or “about twenty-two metric tons of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -482,20 +482,20 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 9 23 ujf3 figs-metonymy 0 to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart The heart is a metonym for what a person thinks, and here it is spoken of as if it were a container. The abstract noun “wisdom” is a metonym for the wise things a person thinks or says. Alternate translation: “to hear how wise God had enabled him to be” or “to hear him speak the wise words that God had enabled him to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 9 23 l6ce figs-metaphor 0 which God had put in his heart God putting wisdom in Solomon’s heart represents God making Solomon wise. Alternate translation: “which God had given him” or “because God had made him wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 9 24 mvr7 figs-idiom 0 year after year This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “every year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2CH 9 25 k9au translate-numbers 0 four thousand stalls…twelve thousand horsemen “4,000 stalls…12,000 horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 9 25 k9au translate-numbers 0 four thousand stalls … twelve thousand horsemen “4,000 stalls…12,000 horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 9 25 x2et 0 stalls This is a small enclosure where horses are kept. 2CH 9 27 h18u figs-hyperbole 0 as much as the stones on the ground This is an exaggeration to emphasize that there was such a great amount of silver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2CH 9 28 s2el 0 They brought horses for Solomon from Egypt and from all the lands The word “they” may refer to Solomon’s merchants. However this sentence is not about what the merchants did, but about where Solomon’s horses came from. Alternate translation: “Horses were brought to Solomon from Egypt and from all the lands” or “Solomon’s horses were from Egypt and all the lands” 2CH 9 28 tj72 figs-hyperbole 0 from all the lands The word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “from many other places” or “from many other countries” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2CH 9 29 m8in figs-merism 0 first and last The phrase “first and last” represents the whole time of Solomon’s reign. Alternate translation: “from the beginning to the end of his reign” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 2CH 9 29 qgp3 figs-rquestion 0 are they not written…(which also had information about Jeroboam son of Nebat)? The author uses the question to remind the readers that other people had written about Solomon. It can be expressed in active form Alternate translation: “they are written…(which also had information about Jeroboam son of Nebat.)” or “people have written about them…(which also had information about Jeroboam son of Nebat).” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2CH 9 29 hsm8 0 The History of Nathan the Prophet…The Prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite…The Visions of Iddo the Seer These are the names of some writings that existed when 2 Chronicles was written, but they do not exist now. +2CH 9 29 hsm8 0 The History of Nathan the Prophet … The Prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite … The Visions of Iddo the Seer These are the names of some writings that existed when 2 Chronicles was written, but they do not exist now. 2CH 9 29 a674 0 Ahijah the Shilonite This is a prophet from Shiloh who predicted that the nation of Israel would be divided into two kingdoms. 2CH 9 29 ae38 translate-names 0 Shilonite This is the name of a people group from the town of Shiloh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 9 31 bi64 figs-euphemism 0 He slept with his ancestors This was a polite way to tell about him dying. Alternate translation: “He died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2CH 10 intro abca 0 # 2 Chronicles 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This begins a section on King Rehoboam. (2 Chronicles 10-12)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Rehoboam’s taxes
The people asked Solomon’s son, Rehoboam, to reduce the heavy taxes and the forced labor Solomon had demanded but Rehoboam refused. He lacked the wisdom to follow the advice of the men who had been councilors of his father Solomon. So the ten northern tribes broke off and made Jeroboam their king. They were called “Israel” and Rehoboam’s kingdom was called Judah. This will cause confusion between the northern kingdom of Israel and the whole nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor

The people use the metaphor of a yoke to complain about the high taxes and forced labor Solomon demanded from the people. They said, “Your father made our yoke difficult.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 10 1 e14t figs-metonymy 0 all Israel was coming Here “Israel” is a metonym for the men of Israel. The word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “the men of Israel were coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -2CH 10 2 ihc3 translate-names 0 Jeroboam…Nebat These are the names of men. See how you translated these names in [2 Chronicles 9:29](../09/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 10 2 ihc3 translate-names 0 Jeroboam … Nebat These are the names of men. See how you translated these names in [2 Chronicles 9:29](../09/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 10 3 muy4 0 they sent and called him “the men of Israel sent for Jeroboam” 2CH 10 3 q2a7 0 Jeroboam and all Israel came “Jeroboam and all Israel came to Rehoboam” 2CH 10 3 d63f figs-metonymy 0 all Israel came Here “Israel” is a metonym for the men of Israel. The word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “the men of Israel came” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -517,10 +517,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 10 14 c4q1 figs-metaphor 0 I will punish you with scorpions Possible meanings are that (1) “scorpions” is a metaphor for any kind of painful punishment. Alternate translation: “I will punish you much more harshly” or (2) “scorpions” is a metaphor for whips with sharp metal barbs at the end. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 10:11](../10/11.md). Alternate translation: “I will punish you with whips that have sharp pieces of metal at the ends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 10 15 h2dv figs-metonymy 0 So the king did not listen to the people Here “listen to the people” represents not care about what they said or about actually doing what they asked. Alternate translation: “So the king did not do what the people had asked him to do” or “So the king ignored the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 10 15 a44u figs-idiom 0 it was a turn in events brought about by God This is an idiom and can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God caused things to happen like this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CH 10 15 w5m2 0 that Yahweh might carry out his word…Nebat “that Yahweh might do according to the message that he told Ahijah the Shilonite to tell Jeroboam son of Nebat” or “that Yahweh might do what he had said he would do when he told Ahijah the Shilonite to give a message to Jeroboam son of Nebat” +2CH 10 15 w5m2 0 that Yahweh might carry out his word … Nebat “that Yahweh might do according to the message that he told Ahijah the Shilonite to tell Jeroboam son of Nebat” or “that Yahweh might do what he had said he would do when he told Ahijah the Shilonite to give a message to Jeroboam son of Nebat” 2CH 10 15 q9vz figs-idiom 0 that Yahweh might carry out his word The idiom “carry out his word” means to do what he had said he would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 10 15 pap1 0 his word that Ahijah the Shilonite had spoken to Jeroboam son of Nebat This refers to the message that God gave Ahijah to tell Jeroboam. -2CH 10 15 qrk3 translate-names 0 Ahijah the Shilonite…Jeroboam son of Nebat See how you translated these names in [2 Chronicles 9:29](../09/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 10 15 qrk3 translate-names 0 Ahijah the Shilonite … Jeroboam son of Nebat See how you translated these names in [2 Chronicles 9:29](../09/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 10 16 hu75 figs-metonymy 0 all Israel Here “Israel” is a metonym for the men of Israel. The word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “the men of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2CH 10 16 vy1b figs-metonymy 0 the king did not listen to them Here “listen to the people” represents not caring about what they said or about actually doing what they asked. Alternate translation: “the king did not do what they had asked him to do” or “the king ignored them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 10 16 gk4q figs-rquestion 0 What share do we have in David? We have no inheritance in the son of Jesse The people use this question and statement to imply that since they do not belong to David’s family, they are not obligated to support David’s grandson, King Rehoboam. Alternate translation: “We have no share in David. We will not have anything to do with the descendants of the son of Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 11 1 eq9s figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah and Benjamin Here “house” is a metonym that represents a tribe or descendants and refers specifically to the soldiers from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Alternate translation: “all the soldiers from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 11 1 b7w5 translate-numbers 0 180,000 chosen men “one hundred and eighty thousand chosen men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 11 1 w8fs figs-idiom 0 chosen men who were soldiers “choice men who were soldiers.” The phrase “chosen men” is an idiom that refers to elite soldiers who were skilled in battle. Alternate translation: “of the best soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2CH 11 2 i9jx figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came…saying This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message…and he said” or “Yahweh spoke these words…and he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2CH 11 2 i9jx figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came … saying This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message … and he said” or “Yahweh spoke these words … and he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 11 2 z5q8 translate-names 0 Shemaiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 11 2 vj8y 0 the man of God The expression “man of God” is a respectful way of referring to a prophet of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the man who belongs to God” or “the prophet of God” 2CH 11 3 x22i figs-metonymy 0 all Israel in Judah and Benjamin Here the word “Israel” refers to the Israelite people who live in the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Alternate translation: “all of the Israelites in the tribes of Judah and Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -548,22 +548,22 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 11 11 x59w figs-explicit 0 He fortified the fortresses Here the word “fortresses” refers to fortified cities. That Rehoboam “fortified the fortresses” means that he built up and strengthened the defenses of these fortified cities. Alternate translation: “He strengthened the defenses of the fortified cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 11 12 d49t 0 made them very strong “made the cities very strong” 2CH 11 12 e62q 0 Judah and Benjamin belonged to him Rehoboam was in control of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. -2CH 11 13 fza2 0 The priests and the Levites…went over to him from within their borders This could mean: (1) “The priests and Levites…supported Rehoboam from within their borders” or (2) “The priests and Levites…traveled from within their borders to join Rehoboam.” +2CH 11 13 fza2 0 The priests and the Levites … went over to him from within their borders This could mean: (1) “The priests and Levites … supported Rehoboam from within their borders” or (2) “The priests and Levites … traveled from within their borders to join Rehoboam.” 2CH 11 14 dm8b 0 pasturelands lands used for animals 2CH 11 14 x37j figs-idiom 0 Jeroboam and his sons had driven them away To “drive away” is an idiom that means to forcefully cause someone to leave. Alternate translation: “Jeroboam and his sons had forced them to leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 11 15 duw5 figs-metonymy 0 the goat and calf idols he had made It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people helped Jeroboam make these idols. Alternate translation: “the goat idols and calf idols that he had his craftsmen make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 11 16 gm4x 0 People…came after them “People…followed the Levites” or “People…came to Jerusalem after the Levites” +2CH 11 16 gm4x 0 People … came after them “People … followed the Levites” or “People … came to Jerusalem after the Levites” 2CH 11 16 r688 figs-metonymy 0 those who set their hearts to seek Yahweh Here the word “hearts” represents the thoughts and desires. The idiom “set their hearts” means to determine to do something. Alternate translation: “those who had determined to seek Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 11 16 jk2k figs-metaphor 0 to seek Yahweh Worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 11 17 sf1g figs-metaphor 0 made Rehoboam son of Solomon strong The people supporting Rehoboam as king is spoken of as if they made Rehoboam strong. Alternate translation: “supported Rehoboam son of Solomon as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 11 17 n53b figs-metaphor 0 they walked for three years in the way of David and Solomon Here a person’s actions and lifestyle are spoken of as if the person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “they followed the example of David and Solomon for three years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 11 18 v4pe translate-names 0 Mahalath…Abihail These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 11 18 u3e6 translate-names 0 Jerimoth…Eliab These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 11 19 l1gb translate-names 0 Jeush…Shemariah…Zaham These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 11 20 rb7q translate-names 0 Mahalath…Maacah These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 11 18 v4pe translate-names 0 Mahalath … Abihail These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 11 18 u3e6 translate-names 0 Jerimoth … Eliab These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 11 19 l1gb translate-names 0 Jeush … Shemariah … Zaham These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 11 20 rb7q translate-names 0 Mahalath … Maacah These are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 11 20 u4hc figs-idiom 0 Rehoboam took Maacah This idiom means that he married her. Alternate translation: “Rehoboam married Maacah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 11 20 g3uj translate-names 0 Abijah, Attai, Ziza, and Shelomith These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 11 21 m2ue translate-numbers 0 eighteen wives and sixty concubines…twenty-eight sons and sixty daughters “18 wives and 60 concubines…28 sons and 60 daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 11 21 m2ue translate-numbers 0 eighteen wives and sixty concubines … twenty-eight sons and sixty daughters “18 wives and 60 concubines…28 sons and 60 daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 11 22 c4mf 0 he had the thought of making him king “he had thought of making Abijah king” 2CH 11 23 dy54 0 he scattered all his sons throughout all the land of Judah and Benjamin to every fortified city “he sent all his sons throughout all the land to every fortified city of Judah and Benjamin” 2CH 12 intro abcc 0 # 2 Chronicles 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter ends the section on King Rehoboam.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Worshiping Yahweh

The safety of Israel and Judah was dependent upon the people worshiping Yahweh and not upon their military power. Because Rehoboam deserted the worship of God, God allowed the king of Egypt to take all of the wealth Solomon stored up. @@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 12 5 z5kx translate-names 0 Shemaiah This is the name of a man. See how you translated this word in [2 Chronicles 11:2](../11/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 12 5 nb5s figs-metonymy 0 so I have also given you over into Shishak’s hand Here the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh speaks of enabling Shishak’s army to defeat the king and the others in Jerusalem as if he were placing them into Shishak’s hand. Alternate translation: “so I have enabled Shishak to defeat you” or “so I have given you to Shishak as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 12 7 gf96 0 they had humbled themselves “the princes of Israel and the king had humbled themselves” -2CH 12 7 ltq3 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came…saying This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message…and he said” or “Yahweh spoke these words…and he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2CH 12 7 ltq3 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came … saying This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message … and he said” or “Yahweh spoke these words … and he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 12 7 h5pb 0 I will rescue them to some extent This could mean: (1) Yahweh will permit Shishak to attack Jerusalem and cause trouble for the people, but he will rescue them from total destruction or (2) the words “to some extent” can be translated as soon, meaning that Yahweh will rescue the people of Jerusalem before Shishak can completely destroy the city. 2CH 12 7 ixx1 figs-metaphor 0 my anger will not pour out on Jerusalem Yahweh speaks of his anger as if it were a liquid, and of expressing his anger as if he were to pour out that liquid. Alternate translation: “I will not express my anger against Jerusalem” or “Jerusalem will not suffer the effects of my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 12 7 t19p figs-synecdoche 0 by means of Shishak’s hand Here the word “hand” represents Shishak himself. Alternate translation: “by means of Shishak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -597,14 +597,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 12 11 b2p9 0 the guards would carry them “the guards would carry the shields” 2CH 12 12 mqq3 figs-personification 0 Yahweh’s anger turned away from him, so as not to destroy him completely Yahweh no longer being angry with Rehoboam is spoken of as if Yahweh’s anger were a person who turned away from Rehoboam. Alternate translation: “Yahweh was no longer angry with him and so did not destroy him completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 2CH 12 12 xw5h 0 besides, there was “in addition, there was” -2CH 12 13 i7a2 translate-numbers 0 forty-one years old…seventeen years “41 years old…17 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 12 13 i7a2 translate-numbers 0 forty-one years old … seventeen years “41 years old…17 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 12 13 q8fn figs-metonymy 0 so that he might put his name there Possible meanings for the phrase “put his name” are (1) a metonym for “dwell.” Alternate translation: “so that he might dwell there” or (2) an idiom that refers to ownership. Alternate translation: “so that it might belong to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 12 13 iri3 translate-names 0 Naamah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 12 14 pr1e figs-metonymy 0 he did not fix his heart to seek Yahweh Here the word “heart” represents the thoughts and desires. The idiom “fix his heart” means to determine to do something. Alternate translation: “he was not committed to seeking Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 12 14 uty9 figs-metaphor 0 to seek Yahweh Worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 12 15 hg8t figs-merism 0 first and last “from beginning to end.” These two words form a merism and refer to everything that Rehoboam did from the beginning of his reign to the end of his reign. Alternate translation: “everything that he did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -2CH 12 15 n1x7 figs-activepassive 0 are they not written…Jeroboam? This can be expressed in active form and assumes that the answer is positive. The question is rhetorical and is used for emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “they are written…Jeroboam.” or “you can read about them…Jeroboam.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2CH 12 15 sh73 translate-names 0 Shemaiah…Iddo These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 12 15 n1x7 figs-activepassive 0 are they not written … Jeroboam? This can be expressed in active form and assumes that the answer is positive. The question is rhetorical and is used for emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “they are written … Jeroboam.” or “you can read about them … Jeroboam.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 12 15 sh73 translate-names 0 Shemaiah … Iddo These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 12 15 y6gg figs-synecdoche 0 the constant wars between Rehoboam and Jeroboam The names of the kings represent the armies that they led. Alternate translation: “the wars in which Rehoboam’s army and Jeroboam’s army constantly engaged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 12 16 f7ty translate-names 0 Abijah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 12 16 xt65 figs-metaphor 0 Rehoboam slept with his ancestors Rehoboam dying is spoken of as if he had fallen asleep. Alternate translation: “Rehoboam died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -614,15 +614,15 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 13 1 i77c figs-explicit 0 In the eighteenth year of King Jeroboam This refers to the eighteenth year of Jeroboam’s reign as king. Alternate translation: “In the eighteenth year that Jeroboam was king” or “in year 18 of King Jeroboam’s reign” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2CH 13 2 ruf6 translate-names 0 Macaiah, the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah “Macaiah” is the name of a woman. “Uriel” is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 13 2 ks67 figs-synecdoche 0 There was war between Abijah and Jeroboam The names of the kings represent the armies that they led. Alternate translation: “There was war between the army of Abijah and the army of Jeroboam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2CH 13 3 crk5 translate-numbers 0 400,000 chosen men…800,000 chosen men “Four hundred thousand chosen men…eight hundred thousand chosen men.” The phrase “chosen men” is an idiom that refers to elite soldiers who were skilled in battle. Alternate translation: “400,000 skilled men…800,000 skilled men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2CH 13 3 crk5 translate-numbers 0 400,000 chosen men…800,000 chosen men “Four hundred thousand chosen men … eight hundred thousand chosen men.” The phrase “chosen men” is an idiom that refers to elite soldiers who were skilled in battle. Alternate translation: “400,000 skilled men…800,000 skilled men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 13 4 ai78 translate-names 0 Mount Zemaraim (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 13 5 hj4c figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know…by a formal covenant? Abijah asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the positive answer that it anticipates. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know very well…by a formal covenant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 13 5 hj4c figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know … by a formal covenant? Abijah asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the positive answer that it anticipates. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know very well … by a formal covenant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 13 7 xg3s 0 base fellows “wicked men” or “evil men” 2CH 13 7 c3ni 0 gathered to him “joined with Jeroboam” 2CH 13 8 pj8y figs-explicit 0 the kingdom of Yahweh This is a reference to a united Israel as it existed in the time of David and Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 13 8 bn3a figs-metonymy 0 that is held within the hand of the descendants of David Here the word “hand” represents authority and possession. Abijah is claiming that only the descendants of David have the rightful authority to rule Yahweh’s kingdom. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the descendants of David hold within their hand” or “which only the descendants of David have the authority to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 13 8 p2rg figs-metonymy 0 the golden calves that Jeroboam made It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that Jeroboam had others make the golden calves. Alternate translation: “the golden calves that Jeroboam had his craftsmen make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 13 9 pz1r figs-rquestion 0 But did you not drive out…as the people of other lands do? Abijah asks this rhetorical question to rebuke the people and to emphasize the positive answer that it anticipates. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “But you drive out…as the people of other lands do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 13 9 pz1r figs-rquestion 0 But did you not drive out … as the people of other lands do? Abijah asks this rhetorical question to rebuke the people and to emphasize the positive answer that it anticipates. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “But you drive out … as the people of other lands do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 13 9 xm3a 0 Whoever comes to serve as a priest “Anyone who comes to serve as a priest” 2CH 13 9 a6pr figs-explicit 0 a priest of what are not gods The phrase “what are not gods” refers to the golden calves that Jeroboam had his craftsmen make. Although the priests served them as if they were gods, they were not really gods. Alternate translation: “a priest of idols that are not really gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 13 10 yv96 0 as for us The word “us” refers to the people of the southern kingdom of Judah. @@ -645,10 +645,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 13 17 s3zl translate-numbers 0 500,000 chosen men “five hundred thousand chosen men.” The phrase “chosen men” is an idiom that refers to elite soldiers who were skilled in battle. Alternate translation: “500,000 of the best soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 13 18 df71 figs-activepassive 0 the people of Israel were subdued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the army of Judah subdued the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 13 19 upd4 0 Abijah pursued “Abijah chased after” -2CH 13 19 hz7n translate-names 0 Jeshanah…Ephron These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 13 19 hz7n translate-names 0 Jeshanah … Ephron These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 13 20 lgm4 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh struck him, and he died Yahweh causing Jeroboam to die is spoken of as if Yahweh struck Jeroboam. It is possible that this refers to Yahweh causing Jeroboam to become ill. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused Jeroboam to die” or “Yahweh caused Jeroboam to become ill, and he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2CH 13 21 hp32 figs-idiom 0 he took fourteen wives for himself The idiom “took…wives” means that he married. Alternate translation: “he married fourteen women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2CH 13 21 giq9 translate-numbers 0 fourteen wives…twenty-two sons and sixteen daughters “14 wives…22 sons and 16 daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 13 21 hp32 figs-idiom 0 he took fourteen wives for himself The idiom “took … wives” means that he married. Alternate translation: “he married fourteen women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2CH 13 21 giq9 translate-numbers 0 fourteen wives … twenty-two sons and sixteen daughters “14 wives…22 sons and 16 daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 13 22 n2y7 0 his behavior, and words “his behavior, and his sayings” or “his behavior, and the things that he said” 2CH 13 22 du9n figs-activepassive 0 are written in the history of the prophet Iddo This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “are in the history that the prophet Iddo wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 14 intro abce 0 # 2 Chronicles 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the section about King Asa. (2 Chronicles 14-16)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
Trusting in Yahweh, Asa was able to defeat million men of the army of Nubia. Trust in Yahweh is more important than military might. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) @@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 14 7 qum6 figs-metonymy 0 Asa said to Judah Here “Judah” refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Asa said to the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 14 7 y2uw 0 peace on every side “peace all around.” This means that Judah was at peace with all of the surrounding nations. 2CH 14 7 y6sy figs-ellipsis 0 So they built The ellipsis may be supplied from the context. Alternate translation: “So they built the cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -2CH 14 8 rcx3 translate-numbers 0 300,000 men…280,000 men “three hundred thousand men…two hundred and eighty thousand men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 14 8 rcx3 translate-numbers 0 300,000 men…280,000 men “three hundred thousand men … two hundred and eighty thousand men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 14 9 e8rc translate-names 0 Zerah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 14 9 czv8 translate-numbers 0 one million soldiers and three hundred chariots “1,000,000 soldiers and 300 chariots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 14 9 vp8f translate-names 0 Mareshah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -701,9 +701,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 15 9 h9ua 0 For they came from Israel “For people from of Ephraim, Manasseh, and Simeon came from Israel” 2CH 15 10 tn9n 0 So they gathered together “They” here refers to the tribes of Judah and Israel that were with Asa. 2CH 15 10 j6xk translate-hebrewmonths 0 the third month This is the third month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of May and the first part of June on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) -2CH 15 10 nt3u translate-ordinal 0 third…fifteenth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +2CH 15 10 nt3u translate-ordinal 0 third … fifteenth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2CH 15 11 p5jc 0 some of the plunder that they had brought This refers to the plunder that they had taken from the villages around Gerar in [2 Chronicles 14:14](../14/14.md). -2CH 15 11 cb7r translate-numbers 0 seven hundred…seven thousand “700…7,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 15 11 cb7r translate-numbers 0 seven hundred … seven thousand “700…7,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 15 12 aq2r figs-idiom 0 with all their heart and with all their soul Together, these two phrases form an idiomatic expression that refers to a person’s entire being. Alternate translation: “with all their beings” or “wholeheartedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 2CH 15 13 yp2f figs-activepassive 0 be put to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “should die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 15 13 cg98 figs-metaphor 0 whether the person was small or great This could mean: (1) a person’s importance within the community is spoken of as if the person were small or great. Alternate translation: “whether the person was important or not” or (2) a young person is spoken of as if he were small and an old person is spoken of as if he were great. Alternate translation: “whether the person was young or old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 15 15 gs5l figs-idiom 0 with all their heart The idiom “with all their heart” means “with complete devotion.” Alternate translation: “with complete devotion” or “wholeheartedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 15 15 sc7r figs-activepassive 0 he was found by them This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 15:4](../15/04.md). Alternate translation: “they found him” or “he permitted them to find him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 15 16 h8dq 0 a disgusting figure This phrase refers to an idol. -2CH 15 16 j33i figs-metonymy 0 Asa cut down the disgusting figure, ground it…and burned it Since Asa was king, he may have told his officials to cut down the figure. Alternate translation: “Asa made his workers cut down the disgusting figure, grind it…and burn it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 15 16 j33i figs-metonymy 0 Asa cut down the disgusting figure, ground it … and burned it Since Asa was king, he may have told his officials to cut down the figure. Alternate translation: “Asa made his workers cut down the disgusting figure, grind it … and burn it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 15 17 u314 figs-activepassive 0 But the high places were not taken out of Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But Asa did not command the people to take the high places out of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 15 17 q3z1 figs-synecdoche 0 Asa’s heart was completely devoted The heart represents the person. Alternate translation: “Asa was completely devoted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 15 17 q7kg figs-idiom 0 all his days This refers to the whole period of time that Asa lived. Alternate translation: “the whole time that he lived” or “throughout his whole life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -721,10 +721,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 16 1 rpk1 translate-numbers 0 the thirty-sixth year “year 36” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 16 1 jjy7 figs-explicit 0 built up Ramah It is implied that the army of Baasha first captured Ramah. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “captured and fortified Ramah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 16 1 a748 0 so that he might not allow anyone to “so that no one could” -2CH 16 2 b4gn figs-metonymy 0 Then Asa brought the silver…of the king’s house, and sent it Asa would have had his workers gather the gold and silver for him. Alternate translation: “Then Asa told his workers to take the silver…of the king’s house, and to take it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 16 2 b4gn figs-metonymy 0 Then Asa brought the silver … of the king’s house, and sent it Asa would have had his workers gather the gold and silver for him. Alternate translation: “Then Asa told his workers to take the silver … of the king’s house, and to take it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 16 2 vs22 translate-names 0 Ben Hadad This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 16 2 bc6a figs-metonymy 0 He said This means he spoke by means of his servants. Asa told his servants what to say to Ben Hadad and they did. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Asa told his servants to say to Ben Hadad” or “Through his servants, Asa said to Ben Hadad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2CH 16 3 n4x5 figs-metaphor 0 Let there be a covenant between me and you…between my father and your father A covenant being between two people represents those two people having a covenant with each other. Alternate translation: “Let us have a covenant with each other…with my father and your father” or “Let us make a peace treaty…with my father and your father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2CH 16 3 n4x5 figs-metaphor 0 Let there be a covenant between me and you … between my father and your father A covenant being between two people represents those two people having a covenant with each other. Alternate translation: “Let us have a covenant with each other … with my father and your father” or “Let us make a peace treaty … with my father and your father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 16 3 lf3m 0 Look, I have sent “As proof that I want a treaty with you, I have sent” 2CH 16 3 z3er figs-metaphor 0 Break your covenant with Baasha, king of Israel Breaking a covenant represents canceling it and not doing what one has promised to do. Alternate translation: “Cancel your covenant with Baasha king of Israel” or “Do not be loyal to Baasha king of Israel as you promised in your covenant with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 16 3 yzx9 figs-explicit 0 Break your covenant with Baasha, king of Israel Asa wanted Ben Hadad to attack Israel. Ben Hadad could only do that if he broke his covenant with the king of Israel. The meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Break your covenant with Baasha, king of Israel, and attack Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 16 6 h38u figs-metonymy 0 took all Judah This refers to all the men who live in Judah. Alternate translation: “took all the men of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 16 6 tb71 0 timbers Timbers are large pieces of wood used to build houses or walls. 2CH 16 6 zs4e figs-metonymy 0 Baasha had been Here “Baasha” refers to his workers. Alternate translation: “Baasha’s workers had been” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 16 6 y6th 0 building up…to build up “fortifying…to fortify” +2CH 16 6 y6th 0 building up … to build up “fortifying … to fortify” 2CH 16 6 kxf2 figs-metonymy 0 Then King Asa used Here “King Asa” represents his workers. Alternate translation: “Then King Asa had his workers use” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 16 6 iv87 translate-names 0 Geba This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 16 7 dxr4 translate-names 0 Hanani This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 17 6 ldd1 figs-synecdoche 0 His heart Here the king is represented by his “heart” to emphasize his will and desires. Alternate translation: “He” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 17 7 yn3d translate-ordinal 0 the third “year 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2CH 17 7 eu8e translate-names 0 Ben-Hail, Obadiah, Zechariah, Nethanel, and Micaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 17 8 c7se translate-names 0 Shemaiah, Nethaniah, Zebadiah, Asahel, Shemiramoth, Jehonathan, Adonijah, Tobijah, and Tob-Adonijah…Elishama and Jehoram These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 17 8 c7se translate-names 0 Shemaiah, Nethaniah, Zebadiah, Asahel, Shemiramoth, Jehonathan, Adonijah, Tobijah, and Tob-Adonijah … Elishama and Jehoram These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 17 10 if6i figs-abstractnouns 0 Terror of Yahweh fell on all the kingdoms of the lands The word “terror” can be expressed with the adjective “afraid.” Also, this speaks of the people becoming afraid as if the terror were something that fell upon them. Alternate translation: “The people in all the kingdoms surrounding Judah became very afraid of what Yahweh might do to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 17 10 iy2n figs-synecdoche 0 against Jehoshaphat Here Jehoshaphat represents his army. Alternate translation: “against Jehoshaphat’s army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 17 11 i95m translate-numbers 0 7,700 rams, and 7,700 goats The number can also be written as seven thousand seven hundred. This is a description of the flocks that the Arabians brought Jehoshaphat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -814,17 +814,17 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 18 13 cq4p figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives “as surely as Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 18 14 dgu8 figs-ellipsis 0 or not The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “or should we not go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2CH 18 14 kak6 figs-exclusive 0 should we go The word “we” refers to Ahab, Jehoshaphat, and their armies but not to Micaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -2CH 18 15 qh3x figs-rquestion 0 How many times must I require…in the name of Yahweh? Ahab asks this question out of frustration to rebuke Micaiah. Alternate translation: “Many times I have required…in the name of Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 18 15 qh3x figs-rquestion 0 How many times must I require … in the name of Yahweh? Ahab asks this question out of frustration to rebuke Micaiah. Alternate translation: “Many times I have required … in the name of Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 18 15 aj72 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” refers to authority. Alternate translation: “as the representative of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 18 16 wj78 figs-metonymy 0 I saw all Israel Here “all Israel” refers to the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “I saw the entire army of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 18 16 mp8v figs-simile 0 like sheep who have no shepherd The people of the army are compared to sheep that have no one to lead them because their shepherd, the king, has died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 2CH 18 16 rt29 figs-metaphor 0 These have no shepherd Yahweh speaks of the king as if he were a shepherd. Just like a shepherd is responsible to care for and protect his sheep, the king is responsible to lead and protect his people. Alternate translation: “These people no longer have a leader” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 18 17 rg8n figs-rquestion 0 Did I not tell you…but only disaster? Ahab asks this question to emphasize that he had spoken the truth about Micaiah. Alternate translation: “I told you…but only disaster!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 18 17 rg8n figs-rquestion 0 Did I not tell you … but only disaster? Ahab asks this question to emphasize that he had spoken the truth about Micaiah. Alternate translation: “I told you … but only disaster!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 18 18 zb4t figs-idiom 0 on his right hand and on his left This means that they were standing beside him on his left side and his right side. Alternate translation: “by his right side and by his left side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 18 18 mv48 figs-explicit 0 on his left This implies his left hand. Alternate translation: “on his left hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 18 19 gu45 0 entice This means to attract someone by offering something appealing. 2CH 18 19 iw9f figs-metaphor 0 fall at Ramoth Gilead Ahab dying in battle is spoken of as if he will fall. Alternate translation: “die at Ramoth Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -2CH 18 19 r2fp 0 One said this and another that This indicates that there was more than one opinion. The words “One…and another” refer to two or more angels in the heavenly host who were responding to Yahweh’s question in the previous verse. +2CH 18 19 r2fp 0 One said this and another that This indicates that there was more than one opinion. The words “One … and another” refer to two or more angels in the heavenly host who were responding to Yahweh’s question in the previous verse. 2CH 18 21 yl99 figs-metonymy 0 become a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets Here the word “spirit” refers to the attitudes of the prophets and the words “the mouth” represents what they will say. Alternate translation: “cause all his prophets to speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 18 22 y3iw 0 Now see, Yahweh “Now pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: Yahweh” 2CH 18 22 xn2w figs-metonymy 0 has put a lying spirit in the mouth of these prophets of yours Here the word “spirit” refers to the attitudes of the prophets and the words “the mouth” represents what they will say. Alternate translation: “has caused your prophets to speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 19 11 xw19 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in this verse refers to those persons Jehoshaphat appointed to be judges. 2CH 19 11 pi87 0 Connecting Statement: Jehoshaphat continues to instruct some of the Levites and the priests, and some of the heads of the ancestral houses of Israel, who he appointed to be judges. 2CH 19 11 d1sw 0 See, Amariah “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: Amariah” -2CH 19 11 k733 translate-names 0 Amariah…Zebadiah…Ishmael These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 19 11 k733 translate-names 0 Amariah … Zebadiah … Ishmael These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 19 11 v1uj 0 is over you “is in charge of you” 2CH 19 11 ad3r figs-123person 0 of all the matters of the king Here Jehoshaphat speaks of himself in the third person. This can be translated in the first person. Alternate translation: “of all my royal matters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 2CH 20 intro abck 0 # 2 Chronicles 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of King Jehoshaphat is completed in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Deliverance and trust
God rescues those who trust him. An enormous army came against Jehoshaphat but God promised that he would defeat them without Judah having to fight. Then the enemy fought among themselves and when the army of Judah arrived there were dead bodies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) @@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 20 5 v2hd figs-metonymy 0 of Judah and Jerusalem This refers to the people from these places. Alternate translation: “of the people from Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 20 6 j8b7 figs-rquestion 0 are you not God in heaven? Are you not the ruler over all the kingdoms of the nations? Jehoshaphat uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that God is in heaven and his authority over all things. This question can be written as statement. Alternate translation: “you are indeed God in heaven and the ruler over all the kings of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 20 6 nrd2 figs-doublet 0 Power and might are in your hand The words “Power” and “might” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of Yahweh’s power. The word “hand” refers to possession. Alternate translation: “You possess great power” or “You have great power and might” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2CH 20 7 k8wd figs-rquestion 0 Our God, did you not drive out the inhabitants of this land…to the descendants of Abraham? Jehoshaphat uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that God drove their enemies from their land and gave it to the Israelites. This question can be written as statement. Alternate translation: “It was you who drove out those who lived in this land for the sake of your people Israel and who gave it permanently to the descendants of Abraham.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 20 7 k8wd figs-rquestion 0 Our God, did you not drive out the inhabitants of this land … to the descendants of Abraham? Jehoshaphat uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that God drove their enemies from their land and gave it to the Israelites. This question can be written as statement. Alternate translation: “It was you who drove out those who lived in this land for the sake of your people Israel and who gave it permanently to the descendants of Abraham.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 20 8 j7nk figs-metonymy 0 for your name Here Yahweh is represented by his “name.” Alternate translation: “for you” or “to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 20 9 zs2j figs-metonymy 0 the sword The “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “war” or “battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 20 9 m1p3 0 before this house This refers to the temple. @@ -907,7 +907,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 20 12 y3e6 figs-rquestion 0 will you not judge them? This rhetorical question is used as a request. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “please judge them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 20 12 rw6a figs-synecdoche 0 our eyes are on you Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize that they are directing their attention to God. Alternate translation: “we are looking to you for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 20 14 dw8t figs-idiom 0 the Spirit of Yahweh came on This is an idiom which means that the spirit of God influenced Jahaziel and enabled him to prophesy. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 15:1](../15/01.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2CH 20 14 h5s4 translate-names 0 Jahaziel…Zechariah…Benaiah…Jeiel…Mattaniah…Asaph These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 20 14 h5s4 translate-names 0 Jahaziel … Zechariah … Benaiah … Jeiel … Mattaniah … Asaph These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 20 15 r1m2 figs-metonymy 0 all Judah and you inhabitants of Jerusalem Here “Judah” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “all you who live in Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 20 15 e5m5 0 for the battle does not belong to you, but to God This means that God is in control of the battle and of what happens. 2CH 20 16 d6g8 figs-idiom 0 go down against This is an idiom that means to go and meet the enemy army for battle. Alternate translation: “march against” or “go to battle against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 20 17 n8ky figs-idiom 0 Go out against This is an idiom that means to go and meet the enemy army for battle. Alternate translation: “March out against” or “Go to battle against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 20 17 vm5c figs-abstractnouns 0 the rescue of Yahweh with you The word “rescue” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rescue you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CH 20 17 ev75 figs-metonymy 0 Judah and Jerusalem Here these places represent the people from them. Alternate translation: “people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 20 18 r9hk translate-symaction 0 bowed his head with his face to the ground…fell down before Yahweh These acts of worship that express humility and submission to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +2CH 20 18 r9hk translate-symaction 0 bowed his head with his face to the ground … fell down before Yahweh These acts of worship that express humility and submission to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2CH 20 18 gy8f figs-metonymy 0 All Judah Here “Judah” refers to the people from Judah. Alternate translation: “All the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 20 19 zq97 translate-names 0 Kohathites and Korahites These are the names of people groups descending from Kohath and Korah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 20 19 u3ar figs-metaphor 0 with a very loud voice This speaks of all the people praising Yahweh as if they together had one voice. Alternate translation: “with very loud voices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -942,15 +942,15 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 20 29 t8nz 0 The terror of God was on all the kingdoms of the nations The word “terror” can be expressed with the verb “feared.” Alternate translation: “All the kingdoms of the nations greatly feared God” 2CH 20 29 adf4 0 kingdoms of the nations “kingdoms in the nearby nations” 2CH 20 30 k3wa 0 Jehoshaphat’s kingdom was quiet This speaks of the kingdom having peace as the kingdom being quiet. Alternate translation: “Jehoshaphat’s kingdom was at peace” -2CH 20 31 cp73 translate-numbers 0 thirty-five years old…twenty-five years “35 years old…25 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 20 31 cp73 translate-numbers 0 thirty-five years old … twenty-five years “35 years old…25 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 20 31 ath8 translate-names 0 Azubah, the daughter of Shilhi “Azubah” was the name of Jehoshaphat’s mother. Shilhi was the name of Azubah’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 20 32 z6wv figs-explicit 0 He walked in the ways of Asa, his father; he did not turn away from them This means that he lived in a way that pleased Yahweh as his father had done. Here “walking” is an idiom for the way a person lives and behaves. Alternate translation: “He did things that were pleasing to Yahweh, like his father Asa had done, and he did not stop doing those things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 20 32 rc76 figs-metaphor 0 he did what was right in the eyes of Yahweh The eyes here represent seeing, and seeing represents judgment. Yahweh saw and approved of Jehoshaphat’s actions. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Chronicles 14:2](../14/02.md). Alternate translation: “he did what Yahweh judged to be right” or “he did what Yahweh considered to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 20 33 b7p8 figs-activepassive 0 the high places were not taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he did not get rid of the high places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 20 33 jz8s figs-metonymy 0 The people still had not directed their hearts to the God This means that the people did not desire to obey God and were not devoted to him. Here people’s “hearts” represent their will and their desires. Alternate translation: “The people were still not devoted to the God” or “The people still were not committed to following the God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 20 34 hl65 figs-merism 0 first and last These two opposites are given to refer to everything concerning Jehoshaphat during his reign as king. Alternate translation: “from the beginning of his reign until he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -2CH 20 34 en76 0 behold, they are written in the history…Israel The word “behold” is used here to add emphasis to the important information that follows. Alternate translation: “anyone can look in the history…Israel and see that they are written there” -2CH 20 34 rk5u figs-activepassive 0 they are written in…which is recorded in This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they are in…which is in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2CH 20 34 en76 0 behold, they are written in the history … Israel The word “behold” is used here to add emphasis to the important information that follows. Alternate translation: “anyone can look in the history … Israel and see that they are written there” +2CH 20 34 rk5u figs-activepassive 0 they are written in … which is recorded in This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they are in … which is in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 20 34 bw3y translate-names 0 Hanani Translate this man’s name as you did in [2 Chronicles 16:7](../16/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 20 34 c9hp 0 the history of Jehu son of Hanani This is a historical account that was written by Jehu. 2CH 20 34 eb1p 0 the book of the kings of Israel This is a book that no longer exists. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 16:11](../16/11.md). @@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 20 36 be8n translate-names 0 Tarshish This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 20 36 a6dj figs-metonymy 0 They built the ships Jehoshaphat and Ahaziah did not build the ships, rather, their workers built them. Alternate translation: “Their workers built the ships” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 20 36 m9yx translate-names 0 Ezion Geber Translate the name of this place as you did in [2 Chronicles 8:17](../08/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 20 37 j4tx translate-names 0 Eliezer…Dodavahu These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 20 37 j4tx translate-names 0 Eliezer … Dodavahu These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 20 37 yz7g translate-names 0 Mareshah Translate this man’s name as you did in [2 Chronicles 11:8](../11/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 20 37 pjq3 figs-activepassive 0 The ships were wrecked so that This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The ships became ruined and” or “The ships wrecked so that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 20 37 nwz7 0 they were not able to sail “no one was able to sail them” @@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 21 8 s1a6 0 from the control of Judah “against Judah’s control” 2CH 21 8 tp66 figs-rpronouns 0 set a king over themselves The word “set” is a metonym for choosing, and the words “over themselves” is a metonym for “to rule them.” Alternate translation: “chose a king to rule over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 2CH 21 9 t8zx 0 crossed over “crossed the border into Edom” or “went to Edom” -2CH 21 9 vqi3 figs-explicit 0 It was night when he rose up…surrounded him and his chariot commanders It may be helpful to reorder this sentence and to add implicit information. Alternate translation: “The Edomites surrounded him and his chariot commanders, but Jehoram and his army fought against them and escaped during the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2CH 21 9 vqi3 figs-explicit 0 It was night when he rose up … surrounded him and his chariot commanders It may be helpful to reorder this sentence and to add implicit information. Alternate translation: “The Edomites surrounded him and his chariot commanders, but Jehoram and his army fought against them and escaped during the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 21 10 b7r2 0 to this present day This refers to the time when the book of 2 Chronicles was written. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 5:9](../05/09.md). 2CH 21 10 p7fc translate-names 0 Libnah This was a town in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 21 11 s6tg figs-synecdoche 0 Jehoram had also built high places Other people helped Jehoram build these high places all over the mountains of Judah. Alternate translation: “Jehoram and the people had also built high places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 21 19 d8dk figs-explicit 0 made no fire in his honor as they had done for his ancestors The custom of the Israelites was to make a bonfire to honor the king who had died. They did not do this for Jehoram to express their contempt for him. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “did not make a bonfire to honor him as they normally did to honor kings when they died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 21 20 y2kv 0 when he departed no one mourned him “no one was sad that he died” 2CH 22 intro abcm 0 # 2 Chronicles 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is the beginning of the story of Queen Athaliah.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor

The author compares Athaliah’s evil deeds to Ahab’s family’s evil lives: “walked in the ways of the house of Ahab.” Ahab is pictured as the epitome of evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -2CH 22 1 mmm8 writing-background 0 for the band of men…had killed all his older sons This is background information about the events of [2 Chronicles 21:16](../21/16.md) and [2 Chronicles 21:17](../21/17.md). Ahaziah was called “Jehoahaz” in that earlier account. It is possible he changed his name when he became king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +2CH 22 1 mmm8 writing-background 0 for the band of men … had killed all his older sons This is background information about the events of [2 Chronicles 21:16](../21/16.md) and [2 Chronicles 21:17](../21/17.md). Ahaziah was called “Jehoahaz” in that earlier account. It is possible he changed his name when he became king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 2CH 22 1 r4vf 0 all his older sons “all Jehoram’s older sons” 2CH 22 2 nym9 translate-numbers 0 twenty-two years old “22 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 22 2 bmd3 translate-names 0 Athaliah This is the name of Ahaziah’s mother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1023,19 +1023,19 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 22 6 f5en 0 of the wounds that they had given him “from the wounds that he received at the battle” 2CH 22 6 a51c 0 went down to Jezreel Jezreel was lower in elevation than Jerusalem. 2CH 22 7 es6p figs-abstractnouns 0 Now the destruction of Ahaziah was brought about by God The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated as an action. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God caused Ahaziah to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CH 22 7 py2x 0 visit to Joram…went with Jehoram “Joram” and “Jehoram” are two names for the same person. +2CH 22 7 py2x 0 visit to Joram … went with Jehoram “Joram” and “Jehoram” are two names for the same person. 2CH 22 7 jk9g translate-names 0 Nimshi This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 22 7 fsr1 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Ahab The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the descendants of Ahab. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 21:6](../21/06.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ahab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 22 8 nil2 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 2CH 22 8 f4j8 0 carrying out God’s judgment on the house of Ahab This refers to killing the descendants of Ahab. Alternate translation: “killing all the descendants of Ahab as God had commanded” 2CH 22 8 y16a 0 the sons of Ahaziah’s brothers This could mean: (1) Ahaziah’s nephews or (2) the sons of Ahaziah’s relatives . -2CH 22 9 w5uj 0 they caught him…killed him “they caught Ahaziah…killed Ahaziah” +2CH 22 9 w5uj 0 they caught him … killed him “they caught Ahaziah … killed Ahaziah” 2CH 22 9 pvb7 figs-explicit 0 they buried him, for they said, “He is a son of Jehoshaphat, who sought Yahweh with all his heart.” They honored him enough to bury his body because he was the descendant of Jehoshaphat, who was a good king. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: they buried his corpse, because they said, “He deserves to be buried, because he was a descendant of Jehoshaphat, who tried hard to please Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 22 9 kaw8 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Ahaziah had no more power to rule the kingdom Here “house of Ahaziah” is a metonym that refers to Ahaziah’s descendants. Here “power to rule” is a metonym for a king. Since all the adult descendants of Ahaziah were dead, there was no one left to rule Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 22 10 bkc3 figs-metonymy 0 she arose and killed all the royal children Here the writer speaks of Athaliah as if she killed the children herself, but the reader should understand that she would have ordered her servants to kill them. Alternate translation: “she commanded her servants to kill all the royal children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 22 10 mhv4 figs-explicit 0 all the royal children This refers only to the males, because they could become king. Verse 11 confirms that the sons were the ones who were killed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 22 10 a8wp figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case, it refers to the kingdom of Judah. Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 22 11 xxf8 translate-names 0 a daughter of the king…a daughter of King Jehoram Here “the king” refers to Jehoram, the father of Ahaziah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 22 11 xxf8 translate-names 0 a daughter of the king … a daughter of King Jehoram Here “the king” refers to Jehoram, the father of Ahaziah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 22 11 lrh9 0 his nurse This refers to a person who cares for a child, not to a medical person. 2CH 22 11 fw3s 0 into a bedroom Verse 12 makes it clear that this bedroom was located in the temple. Jehosheba could access that room because she was married to Jehoiada who was a priest. 2CH 22 11 kdl4 translate-names 0 Jehoiada This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1046,13 +1046,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 23 1 s3ap 0 showed his strength He decided it was time to challenge Athaliah’s rule and reveal that Joash was alive and ready to be king. Alternate translation: “decided to act” 2CH 23 1 qa9v translate-numbers 0 the commanders of hundreds The phrase “commander of hundreds” is probably an official title for a military officer. This could mean: (1) the word “hundreds” represents the exact amount of soldiers that these commanders led. Alternate translation: “the commanders of 100 soldiers” or (2) the word translated as “hundreds” does not represent an exact number, but is the name of a military division. Alternate translation: “the commanders of military divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 23 1 nsc1 0 entered into a covenant “made an agreement” -2CH 23 1 hg6w translate-names 0 Azariah…Ishmael…Azariah…Maaseiah…Elishaphat These five men were the commanders of hundreds of soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 23 1 h188 translate-names 0 Jeroham…Jehohanan…Obed…Adaiah…Zichri These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 23 1 hg6w translate-names 0 Azariah … Ishmael … Azariah … Maaseiah … Elishaphat These five men were the commanders of hundreds of soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 23 1 h188 translate-names 0 Jeroham … Jehohanan … Obed … Adaiah … Zichri These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 23 2 c922 figs-metaphor 0 the heads of the ancestral houses of Israel Here “heads” is a metaphor for the most important part. And “houses” represents the families. Alternate translation: “leaders of the founding families of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 23 3 j5pz 0 the king’s son Here, “king” refers to Joash’s father. Alternate translation: “Joash, the son of the king” 2CH 23 4 n3aj translate-ordinal 0 A third “One-third” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2CH 23 4 rn7m 0 will be guards at the doors “will be guards at the temple doors” -2CH 23 5 zz9r translate-ordinal 0 Another third…the other third “Another one-third…the other one-third” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +2CH 23 5 zz9r translate-ordinal 0 Another third … the other third “Another one-third … the other one-third” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2CH 23 5 j257 0 the Foundation Gate This gate may have also been called the “Middle Gate” or the “Sur Gate.” It was apparently an inner gate that was near the king’s palace. 2CH 23 5 udn7 figs-hyperbole 0 All the people This is a generalization that refers to all the people who are present. Alternate translation: “All the other people who are present” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2CH 23 6 rc8l 0 Allow no one to come into the house of Yahweh “Do not allow anyone to come into the house of Yahweh” @@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 23 7 w2bd figs-idiom 0 when he comes in and when he goes out This could mean: (1) “at all times” or (2) “wherever he goes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 23 8 xqu4 figs-hyperbole 0 all Judah This is a generalization to refer to all the people of Judah who were present in the courtyard that day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2CH 23 8 m6jh 0 served in every way in the manner in which Jehoiada the priest commanded “did exactly what Jehoiada the priest commanded” or “obeyed everything that Jehoiada the priest commanded” -2CH 23 8 u5l3 0 Each one took his men…any of their divisions The priests and guards served in divisions, with each group working for two weeks. This refers to the point in time when two divisions were present—the one ending their service and the one starting their service. Thus there were twice as many men as usual. +2CH 23 8 u5l3 0 Each one took his men … any of their divisions The priests and guards served in divisions, with each group working for two weeks. This refers to the point in time when two divisions were present—the one ending their service and the one starting their service. Thus there were twice as many men as usual. 2CH 23 8 m5am 0 were to leave off serving on the Sabbath “were finishing their work on that Sabbath day” 2CH 23 10 j4wa figs-explicit 0 General Information: Throughout chapter 23, Joash is referred to as “the king.” It may be helpful to your readers to occasionally add “King Joash” or “Joash the king” to make his identity explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 23 10 gx81 0 with his weapon in his hand This means they were ready to fight. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Chronicles 23:7](../23/07.md). @@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 24 4 c35n 0 It came about after this This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 2CH 24 5 vg6g 0 right away “immediately” 2CH 24 5 msj1 0 The Levites did nothing at first It may be helpful to add “but” to show that the Levites did not obey. Alternate translation: “But the Levites did not do it immediately” -2CH 24 6 q8pa figs-rquestion 0 Why have you not required the Levites…covenant decrees? King Joash asks this rhetorical question to accuse Jehoiada of not doing his duty. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have neglected your duty. I told you to require the Levites…covenant decrees, but you have not done it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 24 6 q8pa figs-rquestion 0 Why have you not required the Levites … covenant decrees? King Joash asks this rhetorical question to accuse Jehoiada of not doing his duty. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have neglected your duty. I told you to require the Levites … covenant decrees, but you have not done it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 24 6 c4cm 0 for the tent of the covenant decrees Although it refers to the temple that Solomon built, it is a reminder that this tax has been collected since the time of Moses and the “tent of meeting.” 2CH 24 7 smr6 0 holy things This refers to the items used for worship in the temple. 2CH 24 7 mtk1 0 to the Baals “to people to use for the worship of idols of Baal” @@ -1146,21 +1146,21 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 24 25 u6at figs-activepassive 0 Joash had been severely wounded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they had severely wounded Joash” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 24 25 bm42 0 because of the murder of the sons of Jehoiada “because he had murdered the sons of Jehoiada” 2CH 24 25 a4s2 0 They killed him in his bed “The servants killed Joash in his bed” -2CH 24 26 b7vr translate-names 0 Zabad…Jehozabad These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 24 26 fk8e translate-names 0 Shimeath, an Ammonite woman…Shimrith, a Moabite woman “Shimeath, from the country of Ammon…Shimrith, from the country of Moab.” These are the names of two women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 24 26 b7vr translate-names 0 Zabad … Jehozabad These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 24 26 fk8e translate-names 0 Shimeath, an Ammonite woman … Shimrith, a Moabite woman “Shimeath, from the country of Ammon … Shimrith, from the country of Moab.” These are the names of two women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 24 27 f9u5 0 the accounts about his sons “the record of what his sons did” 2CH 24 27 ua6b 0 the important prophecies that were spoken about him “the important things the prophets spoke about him” 2CH 24 27 j35b 0 see, they are written Here “see” alerts the reader to pay special attention to the information that follows. 2CH 24 27 sg2c 0 the commentary on the book of the kings This is a book which no longer exists. 2CH 25 intro abcp 0 # 2 Chronicles 25 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Worshiping other gods

When Amaziah trusted God he was successful against Edom. But when he started worshiping the idols of Edom he was badly defeated. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -2CH 25 1 ng3y translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years…twenty-nine years “25 years…29 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 25 1 ng3y translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years … twenty-nine years “25 years…29 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 25 1 bg2h translate-names 0 Jehoaddan This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 25 2 sad2 figs-metaphor 0 what was right in the eyes of Yahweh Here the word “eyes” represents sight, and sight represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Chronicles 14:2](../14/02.md). Alternate translation: “what Yahweh judged to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 25 2 n7iz figs-idiom 0 but not with a whole heart Here the phrase “whole heart” is an idiom that means “completely.” Alternate translation: “but not completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 25 3 w7l9 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 2CH 25 4 pb7j 0 the book of Moses This is a reference to the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. 2CH 25 5 n6hs figs-metonymy 0 gathered Judah together Here “Judah” refers to the people who lived in Judah. Alternate translation: “gathered the people of Judah together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 25 5 uf4a 0 registered them…numbered them He had someone write their names on an official list. +2CH 25 5 uf4a 0 registered them … numbered them He had someone write their names on an official list. 2CH 25 5 c5qe figs-metonymy 0 by their ancestors’ houses Here the word “houses” is a metonym for the families that lived in them. Alternate translation: “by their ancestors’ families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 25 5 yu4d translate-numbers 0 commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of soldiers that these commanders led. Alternate translation: “commanders of 1,000 soldiers and commanders of 100 soldiers” or (2) the words translated as “thousands” and “hundreds” do not represent exact numbers, but are the names of larger and smaller military divisions. Alternate translation: “commanders of large military divisions and commanders of smaller military divisions” See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Chronicles 1:2](../01/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 25 5 y5vt figs-metonymy 0 all of Judah and Benjamin Here “Judah” and “Benjamin” refer to the people who lived in the wider kingdom of Judah. Alternate translation: “all the people of Judah and Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1171,8 +1171,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 25 6 l94u translate-numbers 0 100000 “one hundred thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 25 6 az6k translate-numbers 0 one hundred talents of silver “100 talents of silver.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “about thirty-three hundred kilograms of silver” or “about 3,300 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) 2CH 25 7 h9k1 0 a man of God “a prophet of God” -2CH 25 7 t5c9 0 Israel…the people of Ephraim These are two names for the same group people. -2CH 25 8 mix2 figs-metaphor 0 throw you down before the enemy…throw down Here the prophet speaks of military defeat as if the king would be thrown down on the ground. Alternate translation: “enable your enemy to defeat you…defeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2CH 25 7 t5c9 0 Israel … the people of Ephraim These are two names for the same group people. +2CH 25 8 mix2 figs-metaphor 0 throw you down before the enemy … throw down Here the prophet speaks of military defeat as if the king would be thrown down on the ground. Alternate translation: “enable your enemy to defeat you … defeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 25 9 l6di translate-bweight 0 about the one hundred talents You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “about the thirty-three hundred kilograms of silver” or “about the 3,300 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 25 10 zbw4 0 the army that had come to him from Ephraim These words refer to “the army of Israel” (verse 9). 2CH 25 10 rrn6 figs-metaphor 0 So their anger was greatly kindled Here the increase in their anger is spoken of as if it were a growing fire inside them. Alternate translation: “So their anger began to burn within them like a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1190,17 +1190,17 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 25 14 gik5 0 Now it came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 2CH 25 14 w592 0 the slaughter of the Edomites “slaughtering the Edomites” or “killing the Edomites” 2CH 25 14 fnj7 0 the gods of the people of Seir “the gods that the people of Seir worshiped” -2CH 25 14 sik5 translate-symaction 0 bowed down…burned incense These are symbolic acts of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +2CH 25 14 sik5 translate-symaction 0 bowed down … burned incense These are symbolic acts of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2CH 25 14 lab4 0 the gods This expresses the popular opinion of the day that the gods determined who won battles. 2CH 25 15 d9rl figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s anger was kindled against Amaziah Here the increase in Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a growing fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s anger grew like a fire against Amaziah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 25 15 h5ej figs-rquestion 0 Why have you sought after the gods of a people who did not even save their own people from your hand? The prophet uses this rhetorical question to rebuke Amaziah for worshiping the powerless gods of the people he had defeated. Here the word “hand” is a metonym for power. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have worshiped the gods of a people that did not even save their own people from your power, King Amaziah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 25 15 qq83 0 the gods…who did not even save their own people This expresses the popular opinion of the day that the gods determined who won battles. +2CH 25 15 qq83 0 the gods … who did not even save their own people This expresses the popular opinion of the day that the gods determined who won battles. 2CH 25 16 p4i6 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark the next important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 2CH 25 16 l4e5 figs-rquestion 0 Have we made you an advisor to the king? Stop! Why should you be killed? The king used these rhetorical questions to rebuke the prophet for speaking against him. The questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “We certainly did not appoint you to be one of my advisors. So stop talking! If you say anything more, I will tell my soldiers to kill you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 25 16 q3gu 0 you have done this deed This refers back to Amaziah worshiping the gods of the Edomites in [2 Chronicles 25:14](../25/14.md). -2CH 25 17 rp1z translate-names 0 Jehoash…Jehoahaz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 25 17 rp1z translate-names 0 Jehoash … Jehoahaz These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 25 17 u8n8 figs-idiom 0 meet each other face to face This idiom means they would both be there in person, rather than communicating through messages or other people. Alternate translation: “meet each other in person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2CH 25 18 kuv2 figs-parables 0 A thistle that was in Lebanon…trampled down the thistle This message is in the form of a parable. The worthless thistle represents Amaziah, and the cedar represents Jehoash. The trampling of the thistle by the beast expresses that something bad will happen to the thistle, and it will be powerless to stop it. The point of the parable is that Amaziah was foolish to challenge Jehoash. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) +2CH 25 18 kuv2 figs-parables 0 A thistle that was in Lebanon … trampled down the thistle This message is in the form of a parable. The worthless thistle represents Amaziah, and the cedar represents Jehoash. The trampling of the thistle by the beast expresses that something bad will happen to the thistle, and it will be powerless to stop it. The point of the parable is that Amaziah was foolish to challenge Jehoash. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) 2CH 25 18 us2b 0 thistle This is a small, worthless plant with small, sharp thorns. 2CH 25 18 ay6l 0 cedar a very large type of tree 2CH 25 18 ukb7 figs-metonymy 0 Judah Here “Judah” is a metonym for the people who lived in Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1216,12 +1216,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 25 23 um1e translate-numbers 0 four hundred cubits in distance A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “400 cubits in distance” or “a length of 180 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 2CH 25 24 r42n figs-metonymy 0 with Obed Edom Here “Obed Edom” refers to this man’s descendants. Alternate translation: “under the care of the descendants of Obed Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 25 24 hz4e 0 the king’s house “the royal palace” -2CH 25 26 v1zc figs-rquestion 0 As for the other matters…are they not written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel? This rhetorical question is used to remind the reader that what happened to Amaziah is well-known. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “All of the matters concerning Amaziah, behold, are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 25 26 v1zc figs-rquestion 0 As for the other matters … are they not written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel? This rhetorical question is used to remind the reader that what happened to Amaziah is well-known. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “All of the matters concerning Amaziah, behold, are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 25 26 nrg2 figs-merism 0 the other matters concerning Amaziah, first and last Here the phrase “first and last” refers to those extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “all the matters concerning Amaziah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 2CH 25 26 rvg3 0 behold This alerts the reader to pay special attention to the truth of what follows. 2CH 25 26 yq3e 0 the book of the kings of Judah and Israel This refers to a book that no longer exists. 2CH 25 27 s5wp figs-idiom 0 turned away from following Yahweh Here “turn away” is an idiom that means he no longer obeyed Yahweh. Alternate translation: “stopped obeying Yahweh” or “started to disobey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2CH 25 27 n2ru 0 they began to make a conspiracy…they sent The text does not state to whom “they” refers. Retain the generic “they” in your translation if possible. +2CH 25 27 n2ru 0 they began to make a conspiracy … they sent The text does not state to whom “they” refers. Retain the generic “they” in your translation if possible. 2CH 25 27 v2jh figs-abstractnouns 0 make a conspiracy against him The abstract noun “conspiracy” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “conspire against him” or “plot against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CH 25 27 ndw6 translate-names 0 Lachish a city in Judah (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 25 28 p98d 0 They brought The text does not state to whom the word “They” refers. Retain the generic “they” in your translation if possible. @@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 26 2 fd3x translate-names 0 Elath a city in Judah (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 26 2 bbf8 0 restored it to Judah “returned it to Judah.” This means that his army captured the city so that now it belonged to Judah again. 2CH 26 2 ai71 figs-euphemism 0 slept with his ancestors This is a polite way to say he died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -2CH 26 3 p69k translate-numbers 0 sixteen…fifty-two “16…52” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 26 3 p69k translate-numbers 0 sixteen … fifty-two “16…52” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 26 4 jc7c figs-metaphor 0 what was right in the eyes of Yahweh The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Chronicles 14:2](../14/02.md). Alternate translation: “what Yahweh judges to be right” or “what Yahweh considers to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 26 4 ya6s figs-explicit 0 following the example of his father, Amaziah, in everything This implies that his father had done what was right in God’s eyes. Alternate translation: “just as his father, Amaziah, had done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 26 4 n9jl figs-hyperbole 0 in everything This is a generalization. Alternate translation: “in the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -1243,7 +1243,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 26 5 sbp3 0 As long as he sought Yahweh “During the whole time that he sought Yahweh” 2CH 26 5 qw6y figs-metaphor 0 sought Yahweh Seeking Yahweh represents choosing to know, worship, and obey him. Alternate translation: “chose to obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 26 6 gy99 figs-synecdoche 0 Uzziah went out and fought against the Philistines Here “Uzziah” represents himself and his army that he led. Alternate translation: “Uzziah led his army out to fight against the Philistines” or “Uzziah and his army went out and fought against the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2CH 26 6 n43d figs-synecdoche 0 He broke down…he built cities Here the pronouns “He” and “him” represent Uzziah and his army. Alternate translation: “Uzziah and his army broke down…they built cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2CH 26 6 n43d figs-synecdoche 0 He broke down … he built cities Here the pronouns “He” and “him” represent Uzziah and his army. Alternate translation: “Uzziah and his army broke down … they built cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 26 6 cb74 translate-names 0 Jabneh This was a town in northern Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 26 6 y92w 0 the country of Ashdod “the country surrounding Ashdod” or “near Ashdod” 2CH 26 7 y3fp figs-synecdoche 0 God helped him Here the pronouns “He” and “him” represent Uzziah and his army. Alternate translation: “God helped them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1251,9 +1251,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 26 7 d4p8 translate-names 0 Meunites This is likely people who moved to that area from the kingdom of Maon near Mount Seir. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 26 8 c7j5 0 his fame spread, even to the entrance of Egypt His fame spreading is a metaphor for people in various places learning about him. Alternate translation: “people who lived even as far away as the border of Egypt learned about the things he was doing” 2CH 26 9 uj28 figs-metonymy 0 Uzziah built towers Here “Uzziah” represents the workers he had commanded to build the towers. Alternate translation: “Uzziah had his workers build towers” or “Uzziah’s workers built towers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 26 10 x9rp figs-metonymy 0 He built watchtowers…and dug many cisterns Uzziah commanded his workers, and they did these things. Alternate translation: “He had his workers build watchtowers…and dig many cisterns” or “They built watchtowers…and dug many cisterns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 26 10 r2ui 0 he had much cattle…He had farmers…he loved farming The word “he” refers to Uzziah. -2CH 26 11 qp1l translate-names 0 Jeiel…Maaseiah, the officer…Hananiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 26 10 x9rp figs-metonymy 0 He built watchtowers … and dug many cisterns Uzziah commanded his workers, and they did these things. Alternate translation: “He had his workers build watchtowers … and dig many cisterns” or “They built watchtowers … and dug many cisterns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 26 10 r2ui 0 he had much cattle … He had farmers … he loved farming The word “he” refers to Uzziah. +2CH 26 11 qp1l translate-names 0 Jeiel … Maaseiah, the officer … Hananiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 26 12 nbd6 0 the leaders of the families who led the mighty men “the family leaders who led the mighty men” 2CH 26 12 fal4 translate-numbers 0 2600 “two thousand six hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 26 13 d9dk translate-numbers 0 307500 “three hundred seven thousand five hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1284,13 +1284,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 26 23 z88d 0 they buried him with his ancestors “the people buried him near his ancestors” or “they buried him where his ancestors were buried” 2CH 26 23 y9w8 0 Jotham, his son, became king in his place “Jotham, his son, became king after Uzziah” 2CH 27 intro abcr 0 # 2 Chronicles 27 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust in Yahweh
Jotham was able to conquer the people of Ammon because he obeyed the Lord. For Yahweh, trust in Yahweh is the key to victory in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -2CH 27 1 ua41 translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years old…sixteen years “25 years old…16 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 27 1 ua41 translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years old … sixteen years “25 years old…16 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 27 1 d5aq translate-names 0 Jerushah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 27 2 ghj2 figs-metaphor 0 He did what was right in the eyes of Yahweh The eyes here represent seeing, and seeing represents judgment. Yahweh saw and approved of Jotham’s actions. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 14:2](../14/02.md). Alternate translation: “He did what Yahweh judged to be right” or “He did what Yahweh considered to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 27 2 f1pd 0 in everything “in everything he did” -2CH 27 3 b1c8 figs-metonymy 0 He built the upper gate…he built much Since Jotham was king, he may have had his workers build these things. Alternate translation: “He had his workers build the upper gate…he had his workers build many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 27 3 b1c8 figs-metonymy 0 He built the upper gate … he built much Since Jotham was king, he may have had his workers build these things. Alternate translation: “He had his workers build the upper gate … he had his workers build many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 27 3 in4k translate-names 0 the hill of Ophel This is a hill in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 27 4 iz7g figs-metonymy 0 he built cities…he built castles and towers Since Jotham was king, he may have had his workers build these things. Alternate translation: “he had his workers build cities…he had his workers build castles and towers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 27 4 iz7g figs-metonymy 0 he built cities … he built castles and towers Since Jotham was king, he may have had his workers build these things. Alternate translation: “he had his workers build cities … he had his workers build castles and towers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 27 5 pip5 figs-synecdoche 0 He fought also with the king of the people of Ammon You may need to translate so that the reader understands that Jothan led his army to fight. Alternate translation: “He also led his army to fight with the king of the people of Ammon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 27 5 v99b figs-synecdoche 0 with the king of the people of Ammon You may need to translate so that the reader understands that the king of Ammon led his army to fight. Alternate translation: “with the king of Ammon and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 27 5 r28d translate-bweight 0 one hundred talents of silver You may convert this to a modern measure. A “talent” is equivalent to 33 kilograms. Alternate translation: “100 talents of silver” or “3,300 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1299,15 +1299,15 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 27 5 vp4e 0 in the second and third years “in the second and third years after he defeated them” 2CH 27 6 i1x7 figs-metaphor 0 he walked firmly before Yahweh his God Jotham’s actions and lifestyle are spoken of as if they were a path upon which he walked. That he walked firmly means that he was devoted to living in this way. Alternate translation: “he faithfully obeyed Yahweh his God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 27 7 mla9 figs-metaphor 0 his ways Jotham’s actions are spoken of as if they were a path upon which he walked. Alternate translation: “the things that he did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 27 7 w1yz 0 see, they are written in the book…Judah “anyone can look in the book…Judah and see that they are written there” +2CH 27 7 w1yz 0 see, they are written in the book … Judah “anyone can look in the book … Judah and see that they are written there” 2CH 27 7 xa62 figs-activepassive 0 they are written in the book This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they are in the book” or “you can read of them in the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 27 7 r9h4 0 the book of the kings of Israel and Judah This is a book that no longer exists. -2CH 27 8 j4c2 translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years old…sixteen years “25 years old…16 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 27 8 j4c2 translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years old … sixteen years “25 years old…16 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 27 9 rz6e figs-metaphor 0 Jotham slept with his ancestors Jotham dying is spoken of as if he had fallen asleep. Alternate translation: “Jotham died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2CH 27 9 ipz3 0 they buried him “people buried him” 2CH 27 9 mbl8 figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Jotham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 28 intro abcs 0 # 2 Chronicles 28 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### King Ahaz’s idolatry

Judah was defeated by all of the neighboring countries because King Ahaz was worshiping all sorts of foreign gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -2CH 28 1 q5fy translate-numbers 0 twenty years old…sixteen years “20 years old…16 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 28 1 q5fy translate-numbers 0 twenty years old … sixteen years “20 years old…16 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 28 1 vk31 figs-metaphor 0 what was right in the eyes of Yahweh The eyes here represent seeing, and seeing represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of Ahaz’s actions. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 14:2](../14/02.md). Alternate translation: “what Yahweh judged to be right” or “what Yahweh considered to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 28 2 yfe8 figs-metaphor 0 he walked in the ways of the kings of Israel Walking represents behavior and actions. Alternate translation: “he acted the same way that the kings of Israel had acted” or “he did the things that the kings of Israel had done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 28 3 u8iu translate-names 0 the Valley of Ben Hinnom This is a valley in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1319,7 +1319,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 28 5 d7pp figs-metonymy 0 Ahaz was also given into the hand of the king of Israel who defeated him Here the metonym “hand” represents power. God enabling the army of the king of Israel to defeat Ahaz and his army is spoken of as if God had put Ahaz in the hand of the king of Israel. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh also enabled the king of Israel to defeat Ahaz” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 28 6 l3w8 translate-names 0 Pekah son of Remaliah This was the king of Israel. Both “Pekah” and “Remaliah” are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 28 6 t9rn translate-numbers 0 120,000 soldiers “one hundred twenty thousand soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2CH 28 7 b9gi translate-names 0 Zicri…Maaseiah…Azrikam…Elkanah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 28 7 b9gi translate-names 0 Zicri … Maaseiah … Azrikam … Elkanah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 28 7 cvp7 figs-idiom 0 a powerful man This is an idiom that refers to a mighty warrior. Alternate translation: “a mighty warrior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 28 7 s9b4 figs-idiom 0 who was next to the king This idiom means that this man was the king’s assistant who was second in command. Alternate translation: “who was the king’s second in command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 28 8 hq2g 0 The army of Israel took captive from their relatives “From their own relatives, the army of Israel took captive.” The word “their” refers to the army of Israel. The narrator speaks of the people of Judah as the relatives of the people of Israel. @@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 28 15 hm45 0 sandals This is a type of shoe. 2CH 28 15 z4u7 0 put the weak ones on donkeys “put the weak ones who were too weak to walk on donkeys” 2CH 28 18 pbe6 figs-idiom 0 They took Beth Shemesh Taking a city is an idiom that means to conquer or to capture the city. Alternate translation: “The Philistines captured Beth Shemesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2CH 28 18 jx3g translate-names 0 Beth Shemesh, Aijalon, Gederoth, Soko…Timnah…Gimzo These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 28 18 jx3g translate-names 0 Beth Shemesh, Aijalon, Gederoth, Soko … Timnah … Gimzo These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 28 19 ets5 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh brought Judah low because of Ahaz The metonym “Judah” represents the people of Judah. Yahweh humiliating the people is spoken of as if he physically brought Judah low to the ground. Alternate translation: “Yahweh humiliated the people of Judah because of Ahaz” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 28 19 e6ya figs-metaphor 0 sinned against Yahweh very heavily Ahaz sinning very much is spoken of as if sin were a very heavy object. Alternate translation: “sinned very greatly against Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 28 20 bg3j translate-names 0 Tiglath-Pileser This is Tiglath-Pileser III, also known as Pul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1347,24 +1347,24 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 28 23 j2la figs-explicit 0 gods that had defeated him This expresses Ahaz’s opinion. Because the Syrians had defeated him and his army, Ahaz attributed his defeat to the gods whom the Syrians worshiped. Alternate translation: “gods whom he believed had enabled the Syrian army to defeat him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 28 23 dud5 figs-abstractnouns 0 they were the ruin of him and of all Israel The word “ruin” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “those gods ruined him and all Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CH 28 23 s5rh 0 all Israel Here “Israel” represents the southern kingdom of Judah. -2CH 28 24 aq8i figs-metonymy 0 the house of God…the house of Yahweh Here the word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple of God…the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 28 24 aq8i figs-metonymy 0 the house of God … the house of Yahweh Here the word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple of God … the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 28 24 r4zt figs-metaphor 0 in every corner of Jerusalem This could mean: (1) the word “corner” refers to street corners, or places where streets intersect. Alternate translation: “on every street corner in Jerusalem” or (2) the various parts of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were the corners of the city. Alternate translation: “in every part of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 28 24 a6t1 figs-metonymy 0 he made for himself altars Since Ahaz was king, he may have had his workers make these high places. Alternate translation: “he had his workers make altars for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 28 25 hu6h figs-metonymy 0 he made high places to burn sacrifices Since Ahaz was king, he may have had his workers make these high places. Alternate translation: “he had his workers make high places to burn sacrifices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 28 26 q9h8 figs-metaphor 0 all his ways, first and last Ahaz’s actions are spoken of as if they were a path upon which he walked. The phrase “first and last” refers to those extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “all that he did from the beginning of his reign to the end of his reign” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -2CH 28 26 x2wa 0 see, they are written in the book…Israel “anyone can look at the book…Israel and see that they are written there” +2CH 28 26 x2wa 0 see, they are written in the book … Israel “anyone can look at the book … Israel and see that they are written there” 2CH 28 26 b6cl figs-activepassive 0 they are written in the book This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone has written them in the book” or “you can read of them in the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 28 26 al5i 0 the book of the kings of Judah and Israel This is a book that no longer exists. 2CH 28 27 ik3s figs-metaphor 0 Ahaz slept with his ancestors Ahaz dying is spoken of as if he had fallen asleep. Alternate translation: “Ahaz died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2CH 28 27 db2g 0 they buried him “people buried him” 2CH 28 27 i4nk figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Ahaz” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 29 intro abct 0 # 2 Chronicles 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story of King Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 29-32)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Cleansing the temple

King Hezekiah was a great king. He cleaned and rededicated the temple. This was a sign that he wanted the people to return to worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -2CH 29 1 at93 translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years old…twenty-nine years “25 years old…29 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 29 1 at93 translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years old … twenty-nine years “25 years old…29 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 29 1 r1vb translate-names 0 Abijah This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 29 2 jk4r figs-metaphor 0 what was right in the eyes of Yahweh The word “eyes” here represents seeing, and seeing represents judgment. Yahweh saw and approved of Hezekiah’s actions. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Chronicles 14:1](../14/01.md). Alternate translation: “what Yahweh judged to be right” or “what Yahweh considered to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 29 3 w3sj translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of March and the first part April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2CH 29 3 mz6r figs-metonymy 0 the house of Yahweh Here the word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 29 3 u3j6 figs-metonymy 0 Hezekiah opened the doors…and repaired them Since Hezekiah was king, he may have had his workers do these things. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah ordered his workers to open the doors…and to repair them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 29 3 u3j6 figs-metonymy 0 Hezekiah opened the doors … and repaired them Since Hezekiah was king, he may have had his workers do these things. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah ordered his workers to open the doors … and to repair them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 29 4 a5x3 figs-explicit 0 on the east side This refers to the east side of the temple. Alternate translation: “on the east side of the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 29 5 n27j figs-metaphor 0 carry away the filthiness from the holy place The word “filthiness” refers to things that the people had used to worship other gods. The narrator speaks of these things making the temple unacceptable to Yahweh as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “remove the things that defile the holy place” or “remove the things that make the holy place unacceptable to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 29 6 mt3s figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh our God The word “sight” here represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of their ancestors’ actions. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh our God judged to be evil” or “what Yahweh our God considered to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1383,7 +1383,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 29 15 mj7w 0 following the words of Yahweh This phrase shows that the king gave his command in obedience to the word of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in obedience to the word of Yahweh” or “because of what Yahweh had said” 2CH 29 15 r6mx figs-metaphor 0 to cleanse the house of Yahweh A place that is fit to be used for God’s purposes is spoken of as if it were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 29 15 kw9u figs-metonymy 0 the house of Yahweh Here the word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 29 16 av6v figs-metonymy 0 the house of Yahweh…the courtyard of the house Here the word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple of Yahweh…the courtyard of the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 29 16 av6v figs-metonymy 0 the house of Yahweh … the courtyard of the house Here the word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple of Yahweh … the courtyard of the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 29 16 vd9p figs-metaphor 0 they brought out all the filth that they found in the temple of Yahweh The word “filth” refers to things that the people had used to worship other gods. The narrator speaks of these things making the temple unacceptable to Yahweh as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “they brought out all the defiled things that they found in the temple of Yahweh” or “they brought out all the things that they found in the temple of Yahweh that made it unacceptable to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 29 16 lxp4 translate-names 0 brook Kidron A small body of water that flows on the east side of Jerusalem. At times it was used as a trash dump. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 29 17 r12t translate-hebrewmonths 0 the first day of the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day marks the day when Yahweh brought the people out of Egypt. This is near the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) @@ -1467,14 +1467,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 30 22 i564 figs-distinguish 0 who understood the service of Yahweh This was the reason that he spoke encouragingly to them. Alternate translation: “because they understood the service of Yahweh” or “because they served Yahweh skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 2CH 30 22 d2rq 0 So they ate throughout the festival The word “they” refers to the people of Israel. 2CH 30 22 qnw4 0 making confession to Yahweh This could mean: (1) “confession” here refers to saying that God is great. Alternate translation: “praising Yahweh” or (2) “confession” here refers to admitting their sins. Alternate translation: “confessing their sins to Yahweh” -2CH 30 24 y3lu 0 Hezekiah…gave the assembly…bulls and…sheep as an offering Hezekiah gave the animals to the people as an offering to the Lord for the people to eat. -2CH 30 24 ez4q translate-numbers 0 one thousand bulls…seven thousand sheep…one thousand bulls…ten thousand sheep and goats “1,000 bulls…7,000 sheep…1,000 bulls…10,000 sheep and goats” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 30 24 y3lu 0 Hezekiah … gave the assembly … bulls and … sheep as an offering Hezekiah gave the animals to the people as an offering to the Lord for the people to eat. +2CH 30 24 ez4q translate-numbers 0 one thousand bulls … seven thousand sheep … one thousand bulls … ten thousand sheep and goats “1,000 bulls…7,000 sheep…1,000 bulls…10,000 sheep and goats” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 30 25 wa91 0 All the assembly of Judah Here “Judah” probably refers to the southern tribes of Israel. 2CH 30 25 tkm9 figs-explicit 0 all the people who came together from Israel Here “Israel” probably refers to the northern tribes of Israel. The people are members of those tribes. They came to Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Alternate translation: “all the people who came together from Israel in the north” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 30 25 zr6u figs-explicit 0 the foreigners who came from the land of Israel Here “the land of Israel” probably refers to the land owned by the northern tribes of Israel. Alternate translation: “the foreigners who came from the land of Israel in the north” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 30 26 gw4f 0 since the time of Solomon son of David, king of Israel “since the time when Solomon son of David ruled as king of Israel” or “since the Passover Festival that the people held when Solomon son of David was king of Israel” 2CH 30 26 cm8s 0 there had not been anything like it in Jerusalem “there had not been any Passover Festival in Jerusalem like this Passover Festival” -2CH 30 27 mi6e figs-parallelism 0 Their voice was heard…their prayer went up to heaven, the holy place where God lives These two phrases mean the same thing and imply that God responded favorably to their prayer. Alternate translation: “God responded favorably to their prayer, which he heard in heaven, the holy place where he lives” or “God, who lives in the holy heaven, heard their prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +2CH 30 27 mi6e figs-parallelism 0 Their voice was heard … their prayer went up to heaven, the holy place where God lives These two phrases mean the same thing and imply that God responded favorably to their prayer. Alternate translation: “God responded favorably to their prayer, which he heard in heaven, the holy place where he lives” or “God, who lives in the holy heaven, heard their prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2CH 30 27 wny8 figs-activepassive 0 Their voice was heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God heard their voice” or “God heard what they said to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 30 27 pdh5 figs-metaphor 0 their prayer went up to heaven Their prayer going up to heaven represents God in heaven paying attention to them praying on earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 31 intro abcv 0 # 2 Chronicles 31 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of King Hezekiah continues in this chapter.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

To express Hezekiah’s desire to please God, the author uses two idioms “to seek God” and “with all his heart.” This means that he really wanted to do what God wanted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1492,14 +1492,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 31 10 nl5j figs-metonymy 0 of the house of Zadok Here “house” represents a family or descendants. Alternate translation: “a descendant of Zadok” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 31 10 jqr2 0 What was left over is this large amount here The chief priest would have been pointing to the large heaps. 2CH 31 11 edq4 figs-activepassive 0 Hezekiah commanded storerooms to be prepared This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah commanded the priests and Levites to prepare storerooms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CH 31 12 j9tq translate-names 0 Konaniah…Shimei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 31 12 j9tq translate-names 0 Konaniah … Shimei These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 31 13 gq1i translate-names 0 Jehiel, Azaziah, Nahath, Asahel, Jerimoth, Jozabad, Eliel, Ismakiah, Mahath, and Benaiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 31 13 h6kt figs-metonymy 0 were managers under the hand of Konaniah and Shimei his brother Here “hand” represents power or control. The phrase “under the hand” is an idiom that means to be under someone’s authority. Alternate translation: “were managers whom Konaniah and Shimei his brother supervised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 31 13 tw2r figs-idiom 0 the official over the house of God Here “over” is an idiom that means to be in charge of. Alternate translation: “the official in charge of everyone who served in the house of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2CH 31 14 xr91 translate-names 0 Kore…Imnah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 31 14 xr91 translate-names 0 Kore … Imnah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 31 14 hww2 0 the porter at the east gate “the gatekeeper at the east gate of the temple” 2CH 31 15 bdn1 translate-names 0 Eden, Miniamin, Jeshua, Shemaiah, Amariah, and Shecaniah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 31 15 swk8 figs-idiom 0 Under him were Eden…in the cities of the priests Here “under” is an idiom that means to be under someone’s authority. Alternate translation: “Eden…assisted Kore in the cities of the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2CH 31 15 swk8 figs-idiom 0 Under him were Eden … in the cities of the priests Here “under” is an idiom that means to be under someone’s authority. Alternate translation: “Eden … assisted Kore in the cities of the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 31 15 db3d 0 They filled offices of trust, in order to give “Their duty was to give” or “They faithfully gave” 2CH 31 15 pt73 figs-metaphor 0 to their brothers Here “brothers” is a metaphor for “fellow priests.” Alternate translation: “to their fellow priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 31 15 mc4d 0 division by division “group by group” @@ -1517,32 +1517,32 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 31 21 hpa7 figs-metonymy 0 he performed it with all his heart Here the word “heart” refers to a person’s will and desire. Alternate translation: “he performed it with all his will” or “he was completely committed to what he did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 32 intro abcw 0 # 2 Chronicles 32 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of King Hezekiah is completed in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust in Yahweh
Because Hezekiah trusted God, God rescued Jerusalem from the attacked of the Assyrian army and healed Hezekiah when he was very sick. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 2CH 32 1 cr8m figs-abstractnouns 0 After these things and these acts of faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “After Hezekiah faithfully did all the things Yahweh commanded him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2CH 32 1 kg14 figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib, king of Assyria, came…He camped Here Sennacherib represents his army. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib, king of Assyria, and his army came…They camped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2CH 32 1 kg14 figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib, king of Assyria, came … He camped Here Sennacherib represents his army. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib, king of Assyria, and his army came … They camped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 32 1 ql5r figs-go 0 came and entered Judah Here “came” can be stated as “went.” Alternate translation: “went and entered Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 2CH 32 2 cc6u figs-synecdoche 0 that Sennacherib had come and that he intended Here Sennacherib also represents his army. Alternate translation: “that Sennacherib and his army had come and that they intended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 32 2 yg5w figs-metonymy 0 to fight against Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people there. Alternate translation: “to fight against the people of Jerusalem” or “to fight against the army of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 32 3 hu1g 0 to stop up the waters of the springs that were outside the city The people of the city would fill up wells and fountain springs with earth and rocks, hiding the water from the Assyrians, but the people would cause the water to flow into the city through secret pathways. 2CH 32 4 s837 figs-rquestion 0 Why should the kings of Assyria come and find a lot of water? The people use a rhetorical question to emphasize that they do not want the kings of Assyria to find their water. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not want the kings of Assyria to come here and find a lot of water.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 32 4 k77q figs-idiom 0 the kings of Assyria Possible meanings for “kings” are (1) this is an idiom that refers to the one king of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria” or (2) this may refer to the king and his other leaders. Alternate translation: “the king and the other leaders of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2CH 32 5 axu1 figs-synecdoche 0 Hezekiah took courage and built up…He built…He also…he made The readers should understand that Hezekiah probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah took courage and commanded the people to build up…They built…They also…they made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2CH 32 5 axu1 figs-synecdoche 0 Hezekiah took courage and built up … He built … He also … he made The readers should understand that Hezekiah probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah took courage and commanded the people to build up … They built … They also … they made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 32 5 m33q grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 Hezekiah took courage and built up This could mean: (1) Hezekiah strengthened his position by commanding the people to repair the walls of the city. You can make this clear by using the connecting word “by.” Alternate translation: “Hezekiah strengthened the city by building up” or (2) he became encouraged. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah became encouraged and built up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 2CH 32 5 k73i 0 the Millo This is a part of the wall on the north side of Jerusalem. 2CH 32 6 hs5z figs-idiom 0 He placed military commanders over the people The idiom “place over” means to put in charge of. “He put military commanders in charge of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 32 7 u7m5 0 for someone is with us who is greater than those with him “for our God is with us and is more powerful than those with the king of Assyria” 2CH 32 8 w79p figs-metonymy 0 is only an arm of flesh Here “arm” represents strength, and “flesh” represents humanity. Alternate translation: “are only those with human power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 32 9 p11g writing-background 0 now he was…with him The word “now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells background information about the location of Sennacherib and his army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +2CH 32 9 p11g writing-background 0 now he was … with him The word “now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells background information about the location of Sennacherib and his army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 2CH 32 9 z923 translate-names 0 Lachish This was a city in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 32 10 a1ag figs-rquestion 0 What are you relying on in order to endure a siege in Jerusalem? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people to think about their situation. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are not able to endure a siege in Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2CH 32 11 lv26 figs-rquestion 0 Is not Hezekiah misleading you…king of Assyria’? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah is misleading you…king of Assyria.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 32 11 lv26 figs-rquestion 0 Is not Hezekiah misleading you … king of Assyria’? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah is misleading you … king of Assyria.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 32 11 he12 0 that he may give you over to die by famine and by thirst “so that you will die from lack of food and water” 2CH 32 11 wh6w figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of the king of Assyria Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “from the power of the king of Assyria” or “from the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 32 12 k45m 0 Has not this same Hezekiah taken away…sacrifices’? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is the same Hezekiah who has taken away…sacrifices.’” or “Hezekiah has taken away…sacrifices.’” +2CH 32 12 k45m 0 Has not this same Hezekiah taken away … sacrifices’? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is the same Hezekiah who has taken away … sacrifices.’” or “Hezekiah has taken away … sacrifices.’” 2CH 32 12 ksx4 figs-metonymy 0 commanded Judah and Jerusalem Here “Judah” and “Jerusalem” represent the people who live there. Alternate translation: “commanded the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 32 13 dje4 figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know what…lands? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know very well what…lands!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2CH 32 13 b4vn figs-rquestion 0 Were the gods…power? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There was no god…power!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -2CH 32 14 dpm2 figs-rquestion 0 Among all the gods…was there any god who…hand? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There was no god among all the gods…who…hand!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 32 13 dje4 figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know what … lands? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know very well what … lands!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 32 13 b4vn figs-rquestion 0 Were the gods … power? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There was no god … power!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 32 14 dpm2 figs-rquestion 0 Among all the gods … was there any god who … hand? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There was no god among all the gods … who … hand!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 32 14 d1sb figs-metonymy 0 out of my hand Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “from my power” or “from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 32 14 t2ve figs-rquestion 0 Why should your God be able…power? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no reason your God should be able…power!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2CH 32 14 t2ve figs-rquestion 0 Why should your God be able … power? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no reason your God should be able … power!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 32 15 t69x 0 Now Here the word “now” is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 2CH 32 15 xfh2 figs-rquestion 0 How much less will your God rescue you from my hand? Sennacherib uses a rhetorical question to cause the people of Jerusalem to think about their situation. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your God will certainly not be able to rescue you from my hand!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2CH 32 17 a3w9 figs-metonymy 0 out of my hand Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “from my power” or “from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1554,7 +1554,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 32 20 y9b9 figs-metonymy 0 cried out to heaven Here “heaven” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “cried to Yahweh for help” or “pleaded to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 32 21 d5z2 0 with shame on his face “embarrassed” or “ashamed” 2CH 32 21 vc32 0 the house of his god “the temple of his god” -2CH 32 22 aiw4 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of Sennacherib…from the hand of all others Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “from the power of Sennacherib…from the power of all others” or “from Sennacherib…from all others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 32 22 aiw4 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of Sennacherib … from the hand of all others Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “from the power of Sennacherib … from the power of all others” or “from Sennacherib … from all others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 32 22 s1f2 figs-abstractnouns 0 gave them rest on every side The abstract noun “rest” can be translated as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “caused them to live peacefully with all the people of the nations around them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CH 32 23 bw24 figs-idiom 0 he was lifted up in the eyes of all nations Here “lifted up” is an idiom that means to honor. Also, “in the eyes” is a metaphor that represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations honored him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 32 24 m9ff figs-activepassive 0 that he would be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he would heal Hezekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1564,7 +1564,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 32 26 auz1 0 during Hezekiah’s days “during Hezekiah’s lifetime” or “during Hezekiah’s reign as king” 2CH 32 28 nb7k 0 stalls This is a small enclosure where horses are kept. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 9:25](../09/25.md) 2CH 32 28 kqd4 0 pens a storage place for small animals -2CH 32 30 bhn5 figs-metonymy 0 Hezekiah who also stopped up…and who brought them straight down The readers should understand that Hezekiah probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah who ordered his workers to stop up…and to build a tunnel so that the water would flow down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 32 30 bhn5 figs-metonymy 0 Hezekiah who also stopped up … and who brought them straight down The readers should understand that Hezekiah probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah who ordered his workers to stop up … and to build a tunnel so that the water would flow down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 32 30 v3ga translate-names 0 waters of Gihon This is the name of a stream near Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 32 31 pf9p figs-activepassive 0 the miraculous sign that had been done in the land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the miracle that Yahweh had performed in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 32 31 gzw6 figs-metonymy 0 to know all that was in his heart Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “to reveal Hezekiah’s true character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1572,7 +1572,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 33 intro abcx 0 # 2 Chronicles 33 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### King Manasseh

Manasseh angered God more than any other king of Judah. He worshiped the sun, stars and many foreign gods and even sacrificed his sons to the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) 2CH 33 2 new5 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh Here Yahweh’s “sight” refers to how he judges or decides on the value of something. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Chronicles 14:2](../14/02.md). Alternate translation: “things that Yahweh said were evil” or “the things that Yahweh considers evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 33 2 jsg3 0 like the disgusting things Another possible meaning is “including the disgusting things.” -2CH 33 3 ii16 figs-metonymy 0 he rebuilt the high places…he built altars…he made Asherah poles Manasseh would have commanded his workers to do the building for him. Alternate translation: “he had the high places rebuilt…he had altars built…he had Asherah poles made” or “he had his workers rebuild the high places…he had them build altars…he had them make Asherah poles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 33 3 ii16 figs-metonymy 0 he rebuilt the high places … he built altars … he made Asherah poles Manasseh would have commanded his workers to do the building for him. Alternate translation: “he had the high places rebuilt … he had altars built … he had Asherah poles made” or “he had his workers rebuild the high places … he had them build altars … he had them make Asherah poles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 33 4 e3qg figs-metonymy 0 It is in Jerusalem that my name will be forever The name is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem is where I will forever make known who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 33 5 er9h figs-explicit 0 He built altars for all the stars of heaven in the two courtyards of the house of Yahweh It is implied that he built these altars so people could make sacrifices and worship the stars. Also, he would not have built these altars himself, rather he would have commanded his workers to do it. Alternate translation: “He had his workers build altars in the two courtyards of the house of Yahweh so that the people could worship the stars and offer them sacrifices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 33 6 u61w translate-names 0 Valley of Ben Hinnom This is the name of a place near Jerusalem that is also known as Gehenna. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1593,16 +1593,16 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 33 13 xd6y figs-doublet 0 He prayed to him; and God was begged by him The second phrase intensifies the first phrase and emphasizes the earnestness of Manasseh’s prayer. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He prayed to God and begged him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 33 13 sc6t 0 into his kingship “to rule again as king” 2CH 33 14 sqx2 translate-names 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] -2CH 33 14 w5tn figs-metonymy 0 Manasseh built…He surrounded…and raised…He put Manasseh did not do the building and construction himself, rather, he commanded his workers to do it. Alternate translation: “Manasseh commanded his workers to build…They surrounded…and raised…He commanded his workers to put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 33 14 w5tn figs-metonymy 0 Manasseh built … He surrounded … and raised … He put Manasseh did not do the building and construction himself, rather, he commanded his workers to do it. Alternate translation: “Manasseh commanded his workers to build … They surrounded … and raised … He commanded his workers to put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 33 14 v94d translate-names 0 Gihon This was the name of a spring and a stream. See how you translated the “waters of Gihon” in [2 Chronicles 32:30](../32/30.md). Alternate translation: “the waters of Gihon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 33 14 fly1 translate-names 0 the hill of Ophel Translate the name of this hill as you did in [2 Chronicles 27:3](../27/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 33 14 x6vz 0 raised the wall up “built the wall up” 2CH 33 14 bz5w 0 the fortified cities This refers to cities with walls around them. -2CH 33 15 kb2j figs-metonymy 0 He took away…he had built…and threw Manasseh did not do the building and construction himself; rather, he commanded his workers to do it. Alternate translation: “Manasseh commanded his workers to take away…they had previously built…and to throw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 33 15 kb2j figs-metonymy 0 He took away … he had built … and threw Manasseh did not do the building and construction himself; rather, he commanded his workers to do it. Alternate translation: “Manasseh commanded his workers to take away … they had previously built … and to throw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 33 15 ybx7 0 the foreign gods “the false gods from other countries” 2CH 33 16 lv5y figs-metonymy 0 He rebuilt Manasseh did not do the building and construction himself, rather, he commanded his workers to do it. Alternate translation: “He commanded them to rebuild” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 33 16 zu45 figs-metonymy 0 he commanded Judah Here “Judah” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “he commanded the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 33 18 q7ja 0 behold, they are written among the deeds…of Israel “anyone can look among the deeds…Israel and see that they are written there” +2CH 33 18 q7ja 0 behold, they are written among the deeds … of Israel “anyone can look among the deeds … Israel and see that they are written there” 2CH 33 18 g2x7 figs-activepassive 0 they are written These phrases can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “men have written them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 33 18 cek8 0 the deeds of the kings of Israel This in account of the history of Israel that no longer exists. 2CH 33 19 pvp6 figs-metonymy 0 the places where he had built high places and set up the Asherah poles and the carved figures Manasseh did not do the building and construction himself, rather, he commanded his workers to do it. Alternate translation: “the place where he had the high places built and the Asherah poles and the carved figures set up” or “the places where he commanded his workers to build the high places and to set up the Asherah poles and carved figures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1623,19 +1623,19 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 34 2 xd2k figs-metaphor 0 what was right in the eyes of Yahweh Here Yahweh’s “sight” refers to how he judges or decides on the value of something. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Chronicles 14:2](../14/02.md). Alternate translation: “the things that Yahweh said were right” or “the things that Yahweh considers right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 34 2 mad6 figs-metaphor 0 walked in the ways of David his ancestor Josiah behaving as David did is spoken of as if he walked on the same road or way as David. Alternate translation: “lived the way David his ancestor had lived” or “followed the example of David his ancestor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 34 2 a1un figs-metaphor 0 did not turn away either to the right or to the left To fully obey Yahweh is spoken of as if a person were on the correct road and never turned from it. Alternate translation: “did not do anything that would displease Yahweh” or “fully obeyed the laws of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 34 3 fqk4 translate-ordinal 0 the eighth year…the twelfth year “year 8…year 12.” See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 14:2](../14/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -2CH 34 3 kyb1 figs-metaphor 0 he began to cleanse Judah and Jerusalem from…the cast metal figures This speaks of Josiah getting rid of the things that were used for worshiping false gods from Judah and Jerusalem as if he were making the places physically clean. Josiah would have commanded his workers to remove these things. Alternate translation: “he began to make Judah and Jerusalem acceptable again to Yahweh by having his workers remove from them the high places, the Asherah poles, the craved figures, and the cast metal figures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 34 3 fqk4 translate-ordinal 0 the eighth year … the twelfth year “year 8…year 12.” See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 14:2](../14/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +2CH 34 3 kyb1 figs-metaphor 0 he began to cleanse Judah and Jerusalem from … the cast metal figures This speaks of Josiah getting rid of the things that were used for worshiping false gods from Judah and Jerusalem as if he were making the places physically clean. Josiah would have commanded his workers to remove these things. Alternate translation: “he began to make Judah and Jerusalem acceptable again to Yahweh by having his workers remove from them the high places, the Asherah poles, the craved figures, and the cast metal figures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 34 4 e96b 0 in his presence “in Josiah’s presence” -2CH 34 4 ml1e figs-metonymy 0 he cut apart…He broke…He scattered Josiah probably commanded his workers to do much or all of this work. Alternate translation: “he had them cut apart…He commanded them to break…He had them scatter” or “he and his workers cut apart…He and his workers broke…He and his workers scattered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2CH 34 4 ml1e figs-metonymy 0 he cut apart … He broke … He scattered Josiah probably commanded his workers to do much or all of this work. Alternate translation: “he had them cut apart … He commanded them to break … He had them scatter” or “he and his workers cut apart … He and his workers broke … He and his workers scattered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 34 4 g9ae 0 dust very small pieces that could be carried away by the wind 2CH 34 5 m1ai figs-metonymy 0 He burned Josiah probably commanded his workers to do much or all of this work. Alternate translation: “He commanded them to burn” or “He and his workers burned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 34 5 se8w 0 He burned the bones of their priests on their altars This means that the bones of the priests who offered sacrifices on the altars to the false gods were burned on the altars that the priests had previously made sacrifices on. 2CH 34 5 i3cl figs-metaphor 0 he cleansed Judah and Jerusalem This speaks of Josiah causing Judah and Jerusalem to be acceptable to Yahweh as if he made them physically clean. Alternate translation: “he caused Judah and Jerusalem to be acceptable again to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 34 7 w5t4 figs-metonymy 0 He broke down the altars, beat…cut apart Josiah would have commanded his workers to do these things. Alternate translation: “He commanded his workers to break down the altars, to beat…to cut apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 34 7 w5t4 figs-metonymy 0 He broke down the altars, beat … cut apart Josiah would have commanded his workers to do these things. Alternate translation: “He commanded his workers to break down the altars, to beat … to cut apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 34 7 nm3w 0 into powder “into dust.” This means to smash them until they have become powder. 2CH 34 8 xn4u translate-ordinal 0 the eighteenth year “year 18” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2CH 34 8 f2r9 figs-metaphor 0 Josiah had cleansed the land and the temple This speaks of Josiah causing Judah and Jerusalem to be acceptable to Yahweh as if he made them physically clean. Alternate translation: “Josiah had caused the land and the temple to become acceptable again to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 34 8 k15u translate-names 0 Shaphan…Azaliah…Maaseiah…Joah…Joahaz These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 34 8 k15u translate-names 0 Shaphan … Azaliah … Maaseiah … Joah … Joahaz These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 34 9 ip5d translate-names 0 Hilkiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 34 9 de7v 0 entrusted to him “gave to him the responsibility of using the money” 2CH 34 9 mzp5 figs-activepassive 0 that had been brought into the house of God, that the Levites, the guards of the doors, had gathered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the Levites who guarded the doors had brought into the house of God all that they had gathered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1644,10 +1644,10 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 34 11 yl3v 0 carpenters workers who build with wood 2CH 34 11 ipp7 0 braces pieces used to connect large beams 2CH 34 11 lj49 0 had let fall apart “had allowed to rot” -2CH 34 12 zvy2 translate-names 0 Jahath…Meshullam These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 34 12 zvy2 translate-names 0 Jahath … Meshullam These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 34 12 wu15 translate-names 0 Merari Translate this man’s name as you did in [2 Chronicles 29:12](../29/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 34 12 s18r translate-names 0 Kohathites Translate the name of the clan as you did in [2 Chronicles 20:19](../20/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 34 12 bn3y translate-names 0 Obadiah…Zechariah Translate these men’s names the same as you did for other men by the same names in [2 Chronicles 17:7](../17/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 34 12 bn3y translate-names 0 Obadiah … Zechariah Translate these men’s names the same as you did for other men by the same names in [2 Chronicles 17:7](../17/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 34 13 nd5d figs-explicit 0 These Levites were in charge of those who carried building material and all other men who worked in any way This means that they were in charge of all the men who did any type of building work. Alternate translation: “These Levites were in charge of all of the men who did any kind of building work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2CH 34 14 z5es translate-names 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] 2CH 34 14 bku5 figs-activepassive 0 When they brought out the money that was brought into The word “they” refers to Hilkiah and whoever was helping him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When they brought out the money for the supervisors from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1659,14 +1659,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 34 17 t5tw figs-synecdoche 0 into the hand of the supervisors and to the workmen The supervisors and workmen are represented by their “hand” to emphasize their possession. Alternate translation: “to the supervisors and the workmen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2CH 34 19 ngp5 0 It came about that when This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 2CH 34 19 bzb3 translate-symaction 0 he tore his clothes This is a symbolic action that indicates intense grief or sadness. Alternate translation: “he tore his clothes because he was very upset” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -2CH 34 20 npc9 translate-names 0 Ahikam son of Shaphan, Abdon son of Micah, Shaphan…Asaiah These are the names of men. (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 34 20 npc9 translate-names 0 Ahikam son of Shaphan, Abdon son of Micah, Shaphan … Asaiah These are the names of men. (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 34 21 c1nu figs-abstractnouns 0 ask Yahweh’s will for me The word “will” can be translated as a verb. Also, it is made clear in [2 Chronicles 34:22](../34/22.md) that the king means for the men to go to the prophetess of Yahweh to determine Yahweh’s will. Alternate translation: “Ask Yahweh what he wants me to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2CH 34 21 z4ue 0 because of the words “concerning the words” 2CH 34 21 r1s7 figs-metonymy 0 the words of the book that has been found Here “words” represents the laws. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the laws in the book that Hilkiah has found” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 34 21 y4ud figs-metaphor 0 For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been poured out on us. It is great Emotions such as anger are often spoken of in Scripture as if they were liquids. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh’s anger towards us is great, like water that could totally wash us away” or “For great is Yahweh’s anger with which he has punished us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 34 21 e2m2 figs-activepassive 0 all that was written in it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all that is written in it” or “all that is in this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 34 22 p3p5 translate-names 0 Huldah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 34 22 ak1d translate-names 0 Shallum…Tokhath…Hasrah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 34 22 ak1d translate-names 0 Shallum … Tokhath … Hasrah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 34 22 vd7l 0 keeper of the wardrobe This refers to Shallum. This could mean: (1) the person who took care of the clothing that priests wore in the temple or (2) the person who took care of the king’s clothing. 2CH 34 22 yp5b translate-ordinal 0 the Second District This was a cerain part of Jerusalem. It may have been a newer part. Alternate translation: “The Second Part” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2CH 34 22 f1d3 0 they spoke with her in this way “they had the following conversation with her” @@ -1710,7 +1710,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 35 4 hep3 0 by the name of your ancestral houses and your divisions The word “name” is a collective noun, referring to each name of each ancestral house and each division. Your language may need to say “according to the names of your ancestral houses and your divisions.” 2CH 35 4 ir2z figs-metonymy 0 your ancestral houses The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “the families that are descendants of your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 35 4 p441 0 divisions groups into which the people had divided the priests and Levites -2CH 35 4 b7vi 0 the written instructions of David…and those of Solomon, his son “the instructions that David…and Solomon, his son, wrote” +2CH 35 4 b7vi 0 the written instructions of David … and those of Solomon, his son “the instructions that David … and Solomon, his son, wrote” 2CH 35 5 rg1m 0 Stand in the holy place, taking your position “Take your positions in the temple area” 2CH 35 5 mir3 0 your divisions This refers to the work group to which the people had assigned each Levite. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 35:4](../35/04.md). 2CH 35 5 k1kc 0 the ancestral houses This refers to the various clans among the Levites. It seems that Levites were assigned to different work groups on the basis of the kind of work assigned to each clan or ancestral house. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 35:4](../35/04.md). @@ -1723,8 +1723,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 35 7 xj1b 0 these were from the king’s possessions “all these lambs, kids, and bulls that he gave were ones that he himself owned” 2CH 35 8 int8 translate-numbers 0 2,600 small cattle “two thousand six hundred small cattle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 35 8 qk5t translate-numbers 0 three hundred oxen “300 oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2CH 35 8 a9y3 translate-names 0 Hilkiah…Zechariah…Jehiel These are all the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 35 9 c545 translate-names 0 Konaniah…Shemaiah…Nethanel…Hashabiah…Jeiel…Jozabad These are all the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 35 8 a9y3 translate-names 0 Hilkiah … Zechariah … Jehiel These are all the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 35 9 c545 translate-names 0 Konaniah … Shemaiah … Nethanel … Hashabiah … Jeiel … Jozabad These are all the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 35 9 dv66 translate-numbers 0 five thousand small cattle “5,000 small cattle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 35 9 lj1e translate-numbers 0 five hundred oxen “500 oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 35 10 q6hn figs-activepassive 0 the service was prepared This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they prepared everything they needed so they could perform the Passover” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1734,9 +1734,9 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 35 13 p33m 0 General Information: All instances of “they” and “themselves” refer to the Levites ([2 Chronicles 35:10](../35/10.md)). 2CH 35 13 ti43 0 They roasted the Passover lambs with fire “They cooked the Passover lambs over fires” 2CH 35 13 t8x9 0 they boiled them in pots, cauldrons, and pans “they cooked them in water in containers of different sizes” -2CH 35 14 v9dj 0 They…prepared offerings for themselves and for the priests “They…prepared the offerings that they would eat and the offerings that the priests would eat” +2CH 35 14 v9dj 0 They … prepared offerings for themselves and for the priests “They … prepared the offerings that they would eat and the offerings that the priests would eat” 2CH 35 15 pr5g figs-activepassive 0 as directed by David, Asaph, Heman, and Jeduthun the king’s seer This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “as David, Asaph, Heman, and Jeduthun the king’s seer had directed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CH 35 15 ku14 translate-names 0 Heman…Jeduthun These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 35 15 ku14 translate-names 0 Heman … Jeduthun These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2CH 35 16 lv9t figs-abstractnouns 0 the entire service of Yahweh was carried out This refers to everything associated with the preparation, the sacrifice, and the worship of Yahweh during the Passover. The word “service” can be expressed as a verb and this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they did everything that needed to be done to serve Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 35 17 im2m figs-idiom 0 kept the Passover This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “observed the Passover” or “celebrated the Passover” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 35 17 ctu9 figs-ellipsis 0 then the Festival of Unleavened Bread This refers to celebrating the festival. Alternate translation: “then kept the Festival of Unleavened Bread” or “then celebrated the Festival of Unleavened Bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -1765,38 +1765,38 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 35 25 qbx9 0 the songs of lament This was an ancient scroll of funeral songs. 2CH 35 26 g6lf figs-activepassive 0 his good deeds done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the good deeds that he did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 35 26 r9xn figs-activepassive 0 what is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CH 35 27 p9ah figs-activepassive 0 and his deeds…are written in the book This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and men have written of all his deeds…in the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2CH 35 27 p9ah figs-activepassive 0 and his deeds … are written in the book This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and men have written of all his deeds … in the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 35 27 dg5g figs-merism 0 his deeds, from beginning to end, This refers to all of the significant things that he did from the beginning of his reign as king to the end of his life. Alternate translation: “all of his deeds” or “everything he did from the beginning of his reign to when he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 2CH 35 27 bzc6 0 the book of the kings of Judah and Israel This is a book that no longer exists. 2CH 36 intro abc1 0 # 2 Chronicles 36 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the end of the story of Judah as an independent country.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Punishment
God warned the people through the prophets, that he would punish them if they did not worship Yahweh. The people refused to listen to the prophets or to stop their evil deeds. God finally punished them by letting the Babylonians conquer them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) 2CH 36 1 l5tm translate-names 0 Jehoahaz This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 36 1 uya6 figs-metaphor 0 in his father’s place The phrase “in his…place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “instead of his father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 36 2 wjc8 translate-numbers 0 twenty-three years old…three months “23 years old…3 months” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 36 1 uya6 figs-metaphor 0 in his father’s place The phrase “in his … place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “instead of his father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +2CH 36 2 wjc8 translate-numbers 0 twenty-three years old … three months “23 years old…3 months” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 36 3 s6cq figs-idiom 0 The king of Egypt removed him at Jerusalem The idiom “removed him at Jerusalem” means that he caused him no longer to be king in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “The king of Egypt removed him from being king in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 36 3 ztc6 figs-metonymy 0 fined the land Here the word “land” represents the people who lived there. Alternate translation: “fined the people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 36 3 qvv5 translate-bmoney 0 one hundred talents of silver and one talent of gold You may convert this to a modern measure. A talent was about 33 kilograms. Alternate translation: “thirty-three hundred kilograms of silver and thirty-three kilograms of gold” or “about 3,300 kilograms of silver and 33 kilograms of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2CH 36 4 t497 translate-names 0 Eliakim…Jehoahaz These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2CH 36 5 i9zz translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years old…eleven years “25 years old…11 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 36 4 t497 translate-names 0 Eliakim … Jehoahaz These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +2CH 36 5 i9zz translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years old … eleven years “25 years old…11 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 36 5 feb3 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh his God Here “sight” represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of Jehoiakim’s actions. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh judged to be evil” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 36 6 f2pt figs-metonymy 0 attacked him The word “him” refers to Jehoiakim. Jehoiakim represents either Jerusalem or the nation of Judah. Alternate translation: “attacked Jerusalem” or “attacked Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 36 7 lxi7 figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar also carried Since Nebuchadnezzar was king, he may have had his soldiers do this. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar also had his soldiers carry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 36 7 sg83 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Yahweh Here the word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 36 8 w715 0 the disgusting things that he did This usually refers to worshiping false gods, which Yahweh hated. 2CH 36 8 k6hw figs-idiom 0 what was found against him This idiom refers to things that he did for which people could accuse him of wrong. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what people found against him” or “things that he did for which people could accuse him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2CH 36 8 nj1u 0 behold, they are written “anyone can look in the book…Israel and see they are written there” +2CH 36 8 nj1u 0 behold, they are written “anyone can look in the book … Israel and see they are written there” 2CH 36 8 yex6 figs-activepassive 0 they are written in the book This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone has written them in the book” or “you can read of them in the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2CH 36 8 btm6 0 the book of the kings of Judah and Israel This is a book that no longer exists. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 35:27](../35/27.md). 2CH 36 8 kk9u figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Jehoiakim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 36 9 a92l translate-numbers 0 eight years old…three months and ten days “8 years old…3 months and 10 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 36 9 a92l translate-numbers 0 eight years old … three months and ten days “8 years old…3 months and 10 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 36 9 cdx8 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh Here “sight” here represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of Jehoiachin’s actions. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh judged to be evil” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 36 10 py1t 0 brought him to Babylon “brought Jehoiachin to Babylon” 2CH 36 10 rqc3 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Yahweh Here “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 36 10 sa28 0 his relative “Jehoiachin’s relative” -2CH 36 11 k62g translate-numbers 0 twenty-one years old…eleven years “21 years old…11 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +2CH 36 11 k62g translate-numbers 0 twenty-one years old … eleven years “21 years old…11 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2CH 36 12 r9zr figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh his God Here “sight” represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of Zedekiah’s actions. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh his God judged to be evil” or “what Yahweh his God considered to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2CH 36 12 ww6k figs-metonymy 0 who spoke from the mouth of Yahweh Here the word “mouth” represents the words that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “who spoke the words that Yahweh spoke to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 36 13 h6mp figs-doublet 0 Zedekiah stiffened his neck and hardened his heart against turning to Yahweh The phrases “stiffened his neck” and “hardened his heart” are both metaphors that mean to become stubborn. Zedekiah refusing to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if he refused to turn to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Zedekiah stubbornly refused to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2CH 36 14 e8cz figs-idiom 0 they followed the disgusting practices of the nations The idiom “followed the…practices” means to do those things. Alternate translation: “they did the disgusting things that the nations did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2CH 36 14 e8cz figs-idiom 0 they followed the disgusting practices of the nations The idiom “followed the … practices” means to do those things. Alternate translation: “they did the disgusting things that the nations did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 36 14 y9gj 0 disgusting practices This phrase refers to worshiping other gods. 2CH 36 14 hr9a figs-metaphor 0 They polluted the house of Yahweh A place that is unfit to be used for God’s purposes is spoken of as if it were physically dirty. The word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “They polluted the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 36 15 q85q 0 again and again “many times” @@ -1806,7 +1806,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2CH 36 17 r9mq figs-idiom 0 God brought on them the king of the Chaldeans, who The idiom “brought on them” means to cause to attack with his army. Alternate translation: “God caused the king of the Chaldeans to attack them, and he” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 36 17 azp7 figs-metonymy 0 who killed their young men with the sword The king probably did not personally kill their young men. Rather, his army killed them. Alternate translation: “whose army killed their young men with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 36 17 ad1e figs-metonymy 0 God gave them all into his hand Here “hand” is a metonym for the power to defeat them. Alternate translation: “God allowed the Chaldean army to defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2CH 36 18 r168 figs-metonymy 0 the house of God…the house of Yahweh The word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple of God…the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +2CH 36 18 r168 figs-metonymy 0 the house of God … the house of Yahweh The word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple of God … the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2CH 36 19 j8uc 0 They burned down “They” refers to the Babylonian soldiers. 2CH 36 20 z2vu figs-metonymy 0 The king carried away to Babylon Here “the king” refers to his soldiers whom he ordered to do the work. The phrase “carried away” is an idiom that means to forcefully bring them to Babylon. Alternate translation: “The king had his army forcefully take to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2CH 36 20 mmk1 0 until the rule of the kingdom of Persia “until the kingdom of Persia came to power” diff --git a/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv b/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv index 325b66c79..51dbcc723 100644 --- a/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv +++ b/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ EZR 1 2 zb3e figs-idiom נָ֣תַן לִ֔⁠י 1 This is an idiom. Alternate EZR 1 2 dcb6 figs-explicit לִ⁠בְנֽוֹת־ל֣⁠וֹ בַ֔יִת 1 Cyrus is not going to do the building personally. Rather, he means that he is giving the Jews, the people who worship Yahweh, permission and support to rebuild his temple, which the Babylonians had destroyed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “to make it possible for the Jews, the people who worship him, to rebuild his temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 1 2 eapm figs-metaphor בַ֔יִת 1 Here, **house** figuratively means a temple. Cyrus speaks of this temple as if it would be a house in which God lived, since God’s presence would be there. Alternate translation: “a temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 1 2 i909 figs-distinguish בִּ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּֽ⁠יהוּדָֽה׃ 1 Here Cyrus provides some background information about the city where he wants the Jews to rebuild the temple of Yahweh, since many of the recipients of his message might not have known where Jerusalem was. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem, the capital city of the province of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -EZR 1 2 gmx4 translate-names בִּ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּֽ⁠יהוּדָֽה׃ 1 for him a house…in Judah **Jerusalem** is the name of a city, and **Judah** is the name of the province in which it was located. These names occur many times in the book, and it will be helpful to your readers if you translate them consistently each time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 1 2 gmx4 translate-names בִּ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּֽ⁠יהוּדָֽה׃ 1 for him a house … in Judah **Jerusalem** is the name of a city, and **Judah** is the name of the province in which it was located. These names occur many times in the book, and it will be helpful to your readers if you translate them consistently each time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 1 3 xf34 figs-explicit מִֽי־בָ⁠כֶ֣ם מִ⁠כָּל־עַמּ֗⁠וֹ 1 his people Here, **all** probably indicates that Cyrus is thinking of not only the people whom the Babylonians had taken into exile from the southern kingdom of Judah some decades before, and their descendants, but also any of the people whose ancestors the Assyrians had taken into exile from the northern kingdom of Israel nearly two centuries earlier. Cyrus now ruled over the territories to which both groups had been exiled. If any in the second group still had awareness and proof of their identity, and if they still wanted to honor and worship Yahweh, they could also return to Jerusalem and help rebuild the temple. (However, as [1:5](../01/05.md) indicates, it was essentially Israelites from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin who actually did return.) To make this clear, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “Which of you is an Israelite from any tribe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 1 3 fq6g figs-idiom יְהִ֤י אֱלֹהָי⁠ו֙ עִמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 Cyrus wishing that **God** will **be with** these Israelites is an idiom that expresses his wish that God would make their journey and the rebuilding project successful. If it is more natural in your language, you can say this at the end of the verse. Alternate translation: “May his God make him successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 1 3 hz9g figs-idiom וְ⁠יַ֕עַל לִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם 1 Cyrus says **go up** because the Jews would have to travel from a river valley up into the mountains in order to return from their places of exile to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “and let him return to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ EZR 1 4 fr03 figs-idiom וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָ֗ר 1 This phras EZR 1 4 vvzw figs-idiom מִֽ⁠כָּל־הַ⁠מְּקֹמוֹת֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר ה֣וּא גָֽר־שָׁם֒ 1 **Sojourning** means living somewhere other than in one’s native land. Here, **he** refers to any Jew such as is described in the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “in any of the places where a Jew may be living in exile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 1 4 uoep אֲשֶׁ֣ר ה֣וּא גָֽר־שָׁם֒ 1 Saying **where** and **there** in the same phrase like this is a characteristic Hebrew construction, but it might represent an unnecessary duplication in your language. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could omit any translation of the word “there.” Alternate translation: “in which he is living” EZR 1 4 p5jk figs-gendernotations יְנַשְּׂא֨וּ⁠הוּ֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י מְקֹמ֔⁠וֹ 1 It is likely that both women and men would have helped to gather the supplies listed in the rest of this verse to support the returning Jews. So the term **men** here probably includes both groups. Alternate translation: “the people of that place should help him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -EZR 1 4 d9rn figs-idiom יְנַשְּׂא֨וּ⁠הוּ֙ 1 **Lift** here is an idiom that means help. Alternate translation: “let…help him by providing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZR 1 4 d9rn figs-idiom יְנַשְּׂא֨וּ⁠הוּ֙ 1 **Lift** here is an idiom that means help. Alternate translation: “let … help him by providing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 1 4 f6tk figs-explicit הַ֨⁠נְּדָבָ֔ה 1 The book expects readers to know that these would be extra gifts, beyond the necessities already listed. They might include money to help rebuild the temple and vessels to be used in the temple, such as the ones listed in [1:7–11](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “any extra gifts that they want to give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 1 4 swvz figs-metaphor לְ⁠בֵ֥ית הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ 1 **House** figuratively means a temple. Cyrus continues to speak of this temple as if it would be a house in which God lived, since God’s presence would be there. The book repeatedly uses the expressions **house**, **house of God**, and “house of Yahweh” to mean the temple in Jerusalem. It will be helpful to your readers if you translate these expressions consistently every time. Alternate translation: “for the temple that the Jews will rebuild for God in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 1 5 i39z grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יָּק֜וּמוּ 1 The word **then** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous verses have described. Alternate translation: “In response to this decree ... prepared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -EZR 1 5 kkxf figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּק֜וּמוּ 1 In this context, the term **arose** means that these leaders took action to get an enterprise under way. It does not indicate that these leaders had been sitting or lying down and that they stood up. Alternate translation: “Then…started making preparations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZR 1 5 kkxf figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּק֜וּמוּ 1 In this context, the term **arose** means that these leaders took action to get an enterprise under way. It does not indicate that these leaders had been sitting or lying down and that they stood up. Alternate translation: “Then … started making preparations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 1 5 hgd0 figs-ellipsis רָאשֵׁ֣י הָ⁠אָב֗וֹת 1 This is an abbreviated way of saying the heads of the father’s houses. Alternate translation: “the clan leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) EZR 1 5 v371 רָאשֵׁ֣י הָ⁠אָב֗וֹת 1 Among the Israelites, the expression “father’s house” or “house of the father” originally described an extended-family group. It later came to be used more generally to refer to a larger clan within a tribe. In this expression, the word “house” (which does not appear in the abbreviated version here) figuratively describes all the people descended from a particular person. The term views all of those descendants as if they were one household living together. Alternate translation: “the clan leaders” EZR 1 5 bezo figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֣י 1 Here, **heads** is a figurative way of saying leaders. Alternate translation: “leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ EZR 1 7 bt1u figs-explicit כְּלֵ֣י בֵית־יְהוָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ EZR 1 7 bwol translate-names נְבֽוּכַדְנֶצַּר֙ 1 **Nebuchadnezzar** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 1 8 emq3 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יּֽוֹצִיאֵ֗⁠ם כּ֚וֹרֶשׁ מֶ֣לֶךְ פָּרַ֔ס עַל־יַ֖ד מִתְרְדָ֣ת הַ⁠גִּזְבָּ֑ר 1 Here, **by the hand of** is a metaphor that represents control and action. The expression means that Mithredath did this at the command of Cyrus and on his behalf. Mithredath would have commanded others to do the work; he would not have carried the things in his own hands. Alternate translation: “King Cyrus of Persia ordered his treasurer, Mithredath, to bring them out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 1 8 j32q figs-explicit וַ⁠יּֽוֹצִיאֵ֗⁠ם כּ֚וֹרֶשׁ מֶ֣לֶךְ פָּרַ֔ס עַל־יַ֖ד מִתְרְדָ֣ת 1 The implication is that these vessels had remained in the temple where Nebuchadnezzar had put them, and so **Mithredath brought them out** from there. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “King Cyrus of Persia had his treasurer, Mithredath, bring these vessels out from the temple where Nebuchadnezzar had put them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 1 8 m5w3 translate-names מִתְרְדָ֣ת 1 Mithredath…Sheshbazzar **Mithredath** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 1 8 m5w3 translate-names מִתְרְדָ֣ת 1 Mithredath … Sheshbazzar **Mithredath** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 1 8 wc54 translate-unknown הַ⁠גִּזְבָּ֑ר 1 brought them out by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer This term describes the office of a person responsible for all of the valuable possessions of a kingdom and for the places where they are stored safely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EZR 1 8 w8rk figs-idiom וַֽ⁠יִּסְפְּרֵ⁠ם֙ לְ⁠שֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֔ר 1 treasurer Here, **he** refers to Mithredath, and **them** refers to the objects for the temple. The expression **counted them out** probably does not mean that Mithredath handed Sheshbazzar the objects one at a time while announcing the number of each one. It probably means that Mithredath gave Sheshbazzar the objects along with a document that listed how many there were of each kind, as recorded in [1:9](../01/09.md) and [1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: “Mithredath turned them over to Sheshbazzar along with a detailed list of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 1 8 wb5a translate-names לְ⁠שֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֔ר 1 This leader of the first group of exiles to return to Judah, who is called **Sheshbazzar** here and in [1:11](../01/11.md), [5:14](../05/14.md), and [5:16](../05/16.md), seems to be the same person who is called Zerubbabel in the rest of the book. The reason for the difference in names is not clear. Some interpreters suggest that he was known as Sheshbazzar in the Persian court and that he used the name Zerubbabel as governor of Judah. There are examples in the Bible of Jews having both a Persian name and a Hebrew name. It would probably be best simply to translate both names consistently where they appear without calling attention to the difference, but you could add this possible explanation in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ EZR 2 4 zhh6 translate-names שְׁפַטְיָ֔ה 1 Shephatiah **Shephatiah** EZR 2 5 d4gc figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י אָרַ֔ח 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “From the descendants of Arah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 5 inj3 translate-names אָרַ֔ח 1 Arah **Arah** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 6 qyea figs-metaphor בְּנֵֽי־פַחַ֥ת מוֹאָ֛ב לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יֵשׁ֖וּעַ יוֹאָ֑ב 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 2 6 fw6a translate-names פַחַ֥ת מוֹאָ֛ב…יֵשׁ֖וּעַ 1 Pahath-Moab…Jeshua **Pahath-Moab** is the name of a man, and **Jeshua** and **Joab** are the names of two of his male descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 2 6 fw6a translate-names פַחַ֥ת מוֹאָ֛ב…יֵשׁ֖וּעַ 1 Pahath-Moab … Jeshua **Pahath-Moab** is the name of a man, and **Jeshua** and **Joab** are the names of two of his male descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 7 a6df figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י עֵילָ֔ם 1 General Information: Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “From the descendants of Elam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 7 ytv9 translate-names עֵילָ֔ם 1 **Elam** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 8 ryuy figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י זַתּ֔וּא 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “From the descendants of Zattu” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ EZR 2 22 v2ky translate-names אַנְשֵׁ֥י נְטֹפָ֖ה חֲמִשּׁ EZR 2 23 l29x translate-names אַנְשֵׁ֣י עֲנָת֔וֹת מֵאָ֖ה עֶשְׂרִ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁמֹנָֽה׃ 1 Anathoth **Anathoth** is the name of a town. Alternate translation: “From the town of Anathoth, 128 returned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 24 qlw7 figs-idiom בְּנֵ֥י עַזְמָ֖וֶת 1 forty-two The list speaks here of the **sons of Azmaveth**. This is an idiom that means that
these men were from families that had originally lived in that town. Alternate translation: “From the town of Azmaveth, 42 returned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 2 24 d37s translate-names עַזְמָ֖וֶת 1 Azmaveth **Azmaveth** is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 2 25 y9xa figs-idiom בְּנֵ֨י קִרְיַ֤ת עָרִים֙ כְּפִירָ֣ה וּ⁠בְאֵר֔וֹת 1 Kiriath Arim…Kephirah…Beeroth The list speaks here of the **sons of Kirjath-Arim, Kephirah, and Beeroth**.
This is an idiom that means that these men were from families that had originally lived in those towns. Alternate translation: “From the towns of Kirjath-Arim, Kephirah, and Beeroth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZR 2 25 y9xa figs-idiom בְּנֵ֨י קִרְיַ֤ת עָרִים֙ כְּפִירָ֣ה וּ⁠בְאֵר֔וֹת 1 Kiriath Arim … Kephirah … Beeroth The list speaks here of the **sons of Kirjath-Arim, Kephirah, and Beeroth**.
This is an idiom that means that these men were from families that had originally lived in those towns. Alternate translation: “From the towns of Kirjath-Arim, Kephirah, and Beeroth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 2 25 rw2o translate-names קִרְיַ֤ת עָרִים֙ כְּפִירָ֣ה וּ⁠בְאֵר֔וֹת 1 **Kirjath-Arim, Kephirah**, and **Beeroth** are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 26 iyhq figs-idiom בְּנֵ֤י הָ⁠רָמָה֙ וָ⁠גָ֔בַע 1 The list speaks here of the **sons of Ramah and Geba**. This is an idiom that means that these men were from families that had originally lived in those towns.
Alternate translation: “From the towns of Ramah and Geba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 2 26 k69y translate-names הָ⁠רָמָה֙ וָ⁠גָ֔בַע 1 Geba **Ramah** and **Geba** are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ EZR 2 31 sl5j translate-names עֵילָ֣ם 1 Here, **Elam** is the name of a EZR 2 32 fqlf figs-idiom בְּנֵ֣י חָרִ֔ם 1 The list speaks here of the **sons of Harim**. This is an idiom that means that these men were from families that had originally lived in this town. Alternate translation: “From the town of Harim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 2 32 ubs3 translate-names חָרִ֔ם 1 Harim **Harim** is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 33 ti5a figs-idiom בְּנֵי־לֹד֙ חָדִ֣יד וְ⁠אוֹנ֔וֹ 1 The list speaks here of the **sons of Lod, Hadid, and Ono**. This is an idiom that means that these men were from families that had originally lived in these towns. Alternate translation: “From the towns of Lod, Hadid, and Ono” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EZR 2 33 e3tw translate-names לֹד֙ חָדִ֣יד וְ⁠אוֹנ֔וֹ 1 Lod…Hadid…Ono **Lod, Hadid, and Ono** are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 2 33 e3tw translate-names לֹד֙ חָדִ֣יד וְ⁠אוֹנ֔וֹ 1 Lod … Hadid … Ono **Lod, Hadid, and Ono** are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 34 eyhe figs-idiom בְּנֵ֣י יְרֵח֔וֹ 1 Here, the list speaks figuratively of the **sons of Jericho**. This is an idiom that means that these men were from families that had originally lived in this city. Alternate translation: “From the city of Jericho” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 2 34 pt5k translate-names יְרֵח֔וֹ 1 General Information: **Jericho** is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 35 frxs figs-idiom בְּנֵ֣י סְנָאָ֔ה 1 The list speaks here of the **sons of Senaah**. This is an idiom that means that these men were from families that had originally lived in this town. Alternate translation: “From the town of Senaah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -150,22 +150,22 @@ EZR 2 38 w3dr translate-names פַשְׁח֔וּר 1 **Pashhur** is the name of EZR 2 39 jzxo figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י חָרִ֔ם 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “From the descendants of Harim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 39 g31h translate-names חָרִ֔ם 1 Harim **Harim** is the name of a man. Alternate translation: “From the descendants of Harim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 40 tm51 translate-unknown הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֑ם 1 General Information: **The Levites** were descendants of Levi. They had the special assignment of helping the priests. Alternate translation: “Some Levites also returned” or “Some of the descendants of Levi also returned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -EZR 2 40 vug8 figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־יֵשׁ֧וּעַ וְ⁠קַדְמִיאֵ֛ל לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י הוֹדַוְיָ֖ה 1 Kadmiel…Hodaviah Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Jeshua and Kadmiel, who were descended from Hodaviah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 2 40 vug8 figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־יֵשׁ֧וּעַ וְ⁠קַדְמִיאֵ֛ל לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י הוֹדַוְיָ֖ה 1 Kadmiel … Hodaviah Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Jeshua and Kadmiel, who were descended from Hodaviah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 40 yu1j translate-names יֵשׁ֧וּעַ וְ⁠קַדְמִיאֵ֛ל…הוֹדַוְיָ֖ה 1 seventy-four **Jeshua and Kadmiel** are men’s names, and **Hodaviah** is the name of their male ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 41 t56r translate-unknown הַֽ⁠מְשֹׁרְרִ֑ים 1 **The ones who sang** refers to vocal musicians who led in worship, in processions, and ceremonies, producing music and chants that emphasized and enhanced the occasion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EZR 2 41 th1l figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י אָסָ֔ף 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “who were descendants of Asaph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 41 wkzb translate-names אָסָ֔ף 1 **Asaph** is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 42 xno0 figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠שֹּֽׁעֲרִ֗ים 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “Some of the descendants of the gatekeepers also returned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 42 i72w translate-unknown הַ⁠שֹּֽׁעֲרִ֗ים 1 gatekeepers Here, **the gatekeepers** refers to people who had been assigned to the gates of the city of Jerusalem and to the gates of the temple within the city. They were responsible for controlling access to these places. They would open and close the gates at times and for reasons set by the authorities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -EZR 2 42 imn8 figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־שַׁלּ֤וּם בְּנֵֽי־אָטֵר֙ בְּנֵי־טַלְמ֣וֹן בְּנֵי־עַקּ֔וּב בְּנֵ֥י חֲטִיטָ֖א בְּנֵ֣י שֹׁבָ֑י 1 Shallum…Talmon…Akkub…Hatita…Shobai Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Shallum, Ater, Talmon, Akkub, Hatita, and Shobai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 2 42 imn8 figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־שַׁלּ֤וּם בְּנֵֽי־אָטֵר֙ בְּנֵי־טַלְמ֣וֹן בְּנֵי־עַקּ֔וּב בְּנֵ֥י חֲטִיטָ֖א בְּנֵ֣י שֹׁבָ֑י 1 Shallum … Talmon … Akkub … Hatita … Shobai Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Shallum, Ater, Talmon, Akkub, Hatita, and Shobai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 42 lyb8 translate-names שַׁלּ֤וּם…אָטֵר֙…טַלְמ֣וֹן…עַקּ֔וּב…חֲטִיטָ֖א…שֹׁבָ֑י 1 Ater These are the names of six men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 43 fhw8 translate-unknown הַ⁠נְּתִינִ֑ים 1 General Information: The term **Nethinim** describes servants who worked in the temple. Alternate translation: “The temple servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EZR 2 43 nt2x הַ⁠נְּתִינִ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “Some of the descendants of the temple servants also returned” EZR 2 43 m9ay figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־צִיחָ֥א בְנֵי־חֲשׂוּפָ֖א בְּנֵ֥י טַבָּעֽוֹת׃ 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “they were from the descendants of Ziha, Hasupha, Tabbaoth” beginning a series that will continue through [2:54](../02/54.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 2 43 tx4y translate-names צִיחָ֥א…חֲשׂוּפָ֖א…טַבָּעֽוֹת 1 Ziha…Hasupha…Tabbaoth These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 2 44 vl6i figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־קֵרֹ֥ס בְּֽנֵי־סִֽיעֲהָ֖א בְּנֵ֥י פָדֽוֹן׃ 1 Keros…Siaha…Padon Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. If you continue the sentence from [2:43](../02/43.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Keros, Siaha, Padon,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 2 45 b5nu figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־לְבָנָ֥ה בְנֵי־חֲגָבָ֖ה בְּנֵ֥י עַקּֽוּב׃ 1 Lebanah…Hagabah Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. If you continue the sentence from [2:43](../02/43.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Lebanah, Hagabah, Akkub,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 2 46 qx4z translate-names בְּנֵי־חָגָ֥ב בְּנֵי־שַׁלְמַ֖י בְּנֵ֥י חָנָֽן׃ 1 Hagab…Shalmai…Hanan Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. If you continue the sentence from [2:43](../02/43.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Hagab, Shalmai, Hanan,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 2 43 tx4y translate-names צִיחָ֥א…חֲשׂוּפָ֖א…טַבָּעֽוֹת 1 Ziha … Hasupha … Tabbaoth These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 2 44 vl6i figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־קֵרֹ֥ס בְּֽנֵי־סִֽיעֲהָ֖א בְּנֵ֥י פָדֽוֹן׃ 1 Keros … Siaha … Padon Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. If you continue the sentence from [2:43](../02/43.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Keros, Siaha, Padon,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 2 45 b5nu figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־לְבָנָ֥ה בְנֵי־חֲגָבָ֖ה בְּנֵ֥י עַקּֽוּב׃ 1 Lebanah … Hagabah Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. If you continue the sentence from [2:43](../02/43.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Lebanah, Hagabah, Akkub,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 2 46 qx4z translate-names בְּנֵי־חָגָ֥ב בְּנֵי־שַׁלְמַ֖י בְּנֵ֥י חָנָֽן׃ 1 Hagab … Shalmai … Hanan Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. If you continue the sentence from [2:43](../02/43.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Hagab, Shalmai, Hanan,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 47 qg3y figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־גִדֵּ֥ל בְּנֵי־גַ֖חַר בְּנֵ֥י רְאָיָֽה׃ 1 General Information: Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. If you continue the sentence from [2:43](../02/43.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Giddel, Gahar, Reaiah,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 48 hw0m figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־רְצִ֥ין בְּנֵי־נְקוֹדָ֖א בְּנֵ֥י גַזָּֽם׃ 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. If you continue the sentence from [2:43](../02/43.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Rezin, Nekoda, Gazzam,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 49 csjh figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־עֻזָּ֥א בְנֵי־פָסֵ֖חַ בְּנֵ֥י בֵסָֽי׃ 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. If you continue the sentence from [2:43](../02/43.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Uzza, Paseah, Besai,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -189,11 +189,11 @@ EZR 2 59 an9o figs-metaphor בֵּית־אֲבוֹתָ⁠ם֙ 1 Among the Israe EZR 2 59 yqp3 figs-metaphor וְ⁠זַרְעָ֔⁠ם 1 Here, **seed** is a metaphor meaning "offspring." In the Bible, the term refers most often to a person’s descendants. Here it is describing the ancestors of these people, that is, whose seed they were. Alternate translation: “or who their ancestors were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 60 k7wr בְּנֵי־דְלָיָ֥ה בְנֵי־טוֹבִיָּ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י נְקוֹדָ֑א שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁנָֽיִם׃ 1 652 Alternate translation: “In this group were 652 men from the descendants of Delaiah, Tobiah, and Nekoda” EZR 2 60 v01g figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־דְלָיָ֥ה בְנֵי־טוֹבִיָּ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י נְקוֹדָ֑א 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Either the men named here were not recognized clan heads of Israel, or the 652 people could not prove that they were descendants of these men. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Delaiah, Tobiah, and Nekoda” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 2 60 xr2g translate-names דְלָיָ֥ה…טוֹבִיָּ֖ה…נְקוֹדָ֑א 1 Delaiah…Tobiah…Nekoda These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 2 60 xr2g translate-names דְלָיָ֥ה…טוֹבִיָּ֖ה…נְקוֹדָ֑א 1 Delaiah … Tobiah … Nekoda These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 61 io29 וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵי֙ הַ⁠כֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים 1 Alternate translation: “Some of the men who returned from those towns were descendants of the priests” EZR 2 61 heb8 figs-metaphor וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵי֙ הַ⁠כֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “And descendants of the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 61 mpkp figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י חֳבַיָּ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י הַקּ֑וֹץ בְּנֵ֣י בַרְזִלַּ֗י 1 Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. Alternate translation: “they were from the descendants of Habaiah, Hakkoz, and Barzillai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 2 61 vg3t translate-names חֳבַיָּ֖ה…הַקּ֑וֹץ…בַרְזִלַּ֗י 1 Habaiah…Hakkoz…Barzillai These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 2 61 vg3t translate-names חֳבַיָּ֖ה…הַקּ֑וֹץ…בַרְזִלַּ֗י 1 Habaiah … Hakkoz … Barzillai These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 61 d6en אֲשֶׁ֣ר לָ֠קַח מִ⁠בְּנ֞וֹת בַּרְזִלַּ֤י הַ⁠גִּלְעָדִי֙ אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 You could start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Barzillai married a woman who was one of the descendants of Barzillai the Gileadite” EZR 2 61 bwy5 figs-metaphor מִ⁠בְּנ֞וֹת בַּרְזִלַּ֤י הַ⁠גִּלְעָדִי֙ 1 Here, **daughters** figuratively means female descendants. Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Barzillai the Gileadite” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 61 cxge וַ⁠יִּקָּרֵ֖א עַל־שְׁמָֽ⁠ם 1 Alternate translation: “and he took the name of her clan as his own name” @@ -213,10 +213,10 @@ EZR 2 66 t7kb סוּסֵי⁠הֶ֕ם שְׁבַ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שְׁלֹ EZR 2 67 mho1 גְּמַ֨לֵּי⁠הֶ֔ם אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים וַ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֑ה חֲמֹרִ֕ים שֵׁ֣שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֔ים שְׁבַ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִֽים׃ 1 Alternate translation, concluding the sentence from the previous verse: “435 camels, and 6,720 donkeys” EZR 2 68 aaer writing-newevent וּ⁠מֵ⁠רָאשֵׁי֙ 1 The word **and** introduces a new event in the story. Use the most natural way in your language to introduce this new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) EZR 2 68 r2vx figs-ellipsis וּ⁠מֵ⁠רָאשֵׁי֙ הָֽ⁠אָב֔וֹת 1 Here, **heads of the fathers** is an abbreviated way of saying the heads of father’s houses. The full expression “house of their fathers” was used in [2:59](../02/59.md). See how you translated it there, and review the note there if that would be helpful. Alternate translation: “some of the clan leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -EZR 2 68 cvyh figs-metaphor וּ⁠מֵ⁠רָאשֵׁי֙ 1 Here, **heads** is a figurative way of saying leaders. Alternate translation: “And
… leaders of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 2 68 cvyh figs-metaphor וּ⁠מֵ⁠רָאשֵׁי֙ 1 Here, **heads** is a figurative way of saying leaders. Alternate translation: “And
…leaders of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 68 onqa figs-metaphor לְ⁠בֵ֥ית יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר בִּ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם…לְ⁠בֵ֣ית הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 As in [1:3–4](../01/03.md), the expressions **house of Yahweh** and **house of God** both figuratively refer to the same temple. The book speaks of this temple as if it would be a house in which God lived, since God’s presence would be there. Alternate translation: “the temple of Yahweh in Jerusalem … the temple of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 2 68 fi3w figs-personification לְ⁠הַעֲמִיד֖⁠וֹ עַל־מְכוֹנֽ⁠וֹ 1 This expression indicates figuratively that these gifts were given towards the costs of rebuilding the temple on its former site. The expression envisions the rebuilt temple as like a living thing that would **stand** in that location. Alternate translation: “to rebuild it on its former site” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -EZR 2 69 v744 לְ⁠אוֹצַ֣ר הַ⁠מְּלָאכָה֒ 1 sixty-one thousand…five thousand…one hundred **The work** means the project of rebuilding the temple. The **treasury** was where all of the money would be kept safely until it was needed. Alternate translation: “to the fund for rebuilding the temple” +EZR 2 69 v744 לְ⁠אוֹצַ֣ר הַ⁠מְּלָאכָה֒ 1 sixty-one thousand … five thousand … one hundred **The work** means the project of rebuilding the temple. The **treasury** was where all of the money would be kept safely until it was needed. Alternate translation: “to the fund for rebuilding the temple” EZR 2 69 qh93 translate-bmoney זָהָ֗ב דַּרְכְּמוֹנִים֙ שֵׁשׁ־רִבֹּ֣אות וָ⁠אֶ֔לֶף 1 gold darics In ancient times, **gold darics** each weighed about 8 or 8.5 grams, or about a quarter of an ounce. You could try to express this in terms of modern money values, but if you did, that could cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. Instead, you might say something general like “61,000 gold coins,” or give the equivalent weight, or use the biblical term in the text and give the weight in a note. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) EZR 2 69 ln9c translate-bmoney וְ⁠כֶ֕סֶף מָנִ֖ים חֲמֵ֣שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֑ים 1 minas In ancient times, **silver minas** each weighed about half a kilogram, or about 1.25 pounds. However, as in the case of darics, it would probably be best to say something general like “5,000 silver bars,” or give the equivalent weight, or use the biblical term and give the equivalent weight in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) EZR 2 69 h3zd translate-unknown וְ⁠כָתְנֹ֥ת כֹּהֲנִ֖ים מֵאָֽה 1 tunics **Tunics** were the special garments that priests would wear while performing their duties in the temple. Alternate translation: “100 special garments for the priests to wear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ EZR 3 8 rs79 figs-explicit וּ⁠בַ⁠שָּׁנָ֣ה הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֗ EZR 3 8 y8bn figs-metaphor בֵּ֤ית הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 to the house of God “the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 3 8 ckj4 בַּ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֑י 1 in the second year The book does not say explicitly why the Jewish leaders started the actual construction of the new temple at this time. One possibility is that once they had ordered the necessary materials, as [3:7](../03/07.md) describes, it took seven months for enough materials to be delivered for construction to begin. Another possibility is that the leaders waited until spring because winter would have been a bad time to start building. Yet another possibility is that they wanted to lay the foundation of this new temple in the second month of the year for ceremonial reasons, because that was the month in which King Solomon had laid the foundation of the original temple. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could put these explanations in a footnote. EZR 3 8 wwz8 translate-names זְרֻבָּבֶ֣ל בֶּן־שְׁ֠אַלְתִּיאֵל 1 **Zerubbabel** is the name of a man, and **Shealtiel** is the name of his father. See how you translated these names in [3:2](../03/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 3 8 fa38 translate-names וְ⁠יֵשׁ֨וּעַ בֶּן־יֽוֹצָדָ֜ק 1 Jeshua…Jozadak **Jeshua** is the name of a man, and **Jozadak** is the name of his father. See how you translated these names in [3:2](../03/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 3 8 fa38 translate-names וְ⁠יֵשׁ֨וּעַ בֶּן־יֽוֹצָדָ֜ק 1 Jeshua … Jozadak **Jeshua** is the name of a man, and **Jozadak** is the name of his father. See how you translated these names in [3:2](../03/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 3 8 bzi5 figs-metaphor וּ⁠שְׁאָ֥ר אֲחֵי⁠הֶ֣ם ׀ הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֣ים וְ⁠הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֗ם 1 Here, **brothers** seems to be a figurative way of saying fellow leaders, since the priests and Levites were also leaders in the community like Zerubbabel, the governor, and Jeshua, the high priest. Alternate translation: “and their fellow leaders, the priests and Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 3 8 hy61 figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בָּאִים֙ מֵ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֣י יְרֽוּשָׁלִַ֔ם 1 The abstract noun **captivity** refers to the way the Babylonians had transported many of the Jews away from their homeland when they conquered Jerusalem. (These included many of the parents or grandparents of the people here, but also some of these people themselves, as [3:12](../03/12.md) indicates.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the idea behind this term with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and the rest of the people who had returned to Jerusalem from where their enemies had taken them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZR 3 8 uyam figs-ellipsis הֵחֵ֡לּוּ 1 Here the book leaves out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete because they were understood by the original readers. You can supply them from the context, if that would be clearer for your readers. Alternate translation: “began to build the new temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ EZR 3 8 hf5n figs-idiom אֶת־הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֗ם מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶ EZR 3 8 vyhg figs-ellipsis לְ⁠נַצֵּ֖חַ עַל־מְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־יְהוָֽה 1 In this context, **the work of the house** is an abbreviated way of referring to the project of constructing a temple. Alternate translation: “to supervise the construction of the temple for Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) EZR 3 8 jfho figs-metaphor בֵּית־יְהוָֽה 1 See how you translated this expression in [1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “the temple for Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 3 9 b5al grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יַּעֲמֹ֣ד 1 Here, the word **and** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “So … helped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -EZR 3 9 s6i8 translate-names יֵשׁ֡וּעַ 1 Jeshua…Henadad **Jeshua** is the name of a man, but he is not the high priest mentioned in the previous verse. Rather, he is the Levite clan leader listed in [2:40](../02/40.md) as one of the exiles who returned to Judah. See how you translated his name there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 3 9 s6i8 translate-names יֵשׁ֡וּעַ 1 Jeshua … Henadad **Jeshua** is the name of a man, but he is not the high priest mentioned in the previous verse. Rather, he is the Levite clan leader listed in [2:40](../02/40.md) as one of the exiles who returned to Judah. See how you translated his name there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 3 9 up2g בָּנָ֣י⁠ו וְ֠⁠אֶחָי⁠ו 1 The terms **sons** and **brothers** do not seem to be figurative here. Rather, they would describe the biological sons and brothers of Jeshua as men who worked closely with him in supervising the construction of the new temple. So it would be appropriate to use the usual terms in your language for these close relationships. EZR 3 9 r3rx translate-names קַדְמִיאֵ֨ל 1 Kadmiel **Kadmiel** is is the name of a man. He is another Levite clan leader listed in [2:40](../02/40.md). See how you translated his name there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 3 9 sc2u וּ⁠בָנָ֤י⁠ו 1 Here as well, the term **sons** does not seem to be figurative. Rather, it describes the biological sons of Kadmiel as men who helped supervise the temple construction. @@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ EZR 3 11 hgd5 figs-quotemarks כִּ֣י ט֔וֹב כִּֽי־לְ⁠עוֹל EZR 3 11 ut4a figs-abstractnouns כִּֽי־לְ⁠עוֹלָ֥ם חַסְדּ֖⁠וֹ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 His covenant faithfulness to Israel is forever The abstract noun **faithfulness** describes the quality of a person who will dependably keep his word and fulfill his responsibilities. **Covenant faithfulness** refers specifically to Yahweh keeping all of the promises that he has made to the people of Israel. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the idea behind this word with an expression such as “keep promises.” Alternate translation: “because Yahweh always keeps the promises he made to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZR 3 11 vp0g figs-metonymy עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 His covenant faithfulness to Israel is forever Here, the name **Israel** figuratively stands for the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “to the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 3 11 uqct figs-activepassive עַ֖ל הוּסַ֥ד בֵּית־יְהוָֽה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translations: “because the builders had laid the foundation of Yahweh’s temple” or “because the builders had set the temple floor in stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZR 3 11 fyte figs-explicit עַ֖ל הוּסַ֥ד בֵּית־יְהוָֽה 1 As in [verse 10](../02/10.md), here there are the same two possibilities for the meaning of **the foundation…had been laid**. See how you translated it there. (1) This means that the workers had finished the foundation. Alternate translation: “because the builders had completed the floor of the temple of Yahweh” or (2) It means that they had started to lay the foundation, which was the first step in building the temple. Alternate translation: “because the builders had started to lay the foundation of the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 3 11 fyte figs-explicit עַ֖ל הוּסַ֥ד בֵּית־יְהוָֽה 1 As in [verse 10](../02/10.md), here there are the same two possibilities for the meaning of **the foundation … had been laid**. See how you translated it there. (1) This means that the workers had finished the foundation. Alternate translation: “because the builders had completed the floor of the temple of Yahweh” or (2) It means that they had started to lay the foundation, which was the first step in building the temple. Alternate translation: “because the builders had started to lay the foundation of the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 3 12 h0i1 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠רַבִּ֡ים 1 The word **But** indicates that the sentence it introduces will draw a contrast with what came just before it. That contrast is specifically between the joyful way that most of the Israelites were responding on this occasion and the sorrowful way that some of them responded. You could use a word such as “however” to indicate this contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) EZR 3 12 cq1v figs-ellipsis וְ⁠רָאשֵׁ֨י הָ⁠אָב֜וֹת 1 As in [1:5](../01/05.md), this is an abbreviated way of saying “the heads of the father's houses.” Review the explanatory note to this phrase in [1:5](../01/05.md) if that would be helpful. Alternate translation: “and the clan leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) EZR 3 12 d6gu writing-background הַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר רָא֜וּ אֶת־הַ⁠בַּ֤יִת 1 This phrase provides background information to identify these specific priests, Levites, and clan leaders further. Alternate translation: “who were old enough that they had seen the first temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ EZR 4 intro x878 0 # Ezra 04 General Notes

## Structure and formatting EZR 4 1 v368 writing-background וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁמְע֔וּ 1 General Information: The word **Now** indicates that the sentence it introduces will provide background information that will be needed to understand what the book describes next. You can translate it with the word or phrase in your language that is most similar in meaning and significance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) EZR 4 1 miqb figs-personification יְהוּדָ֖ה וּ⁠בִנְיָמִ֑ן 1 Here the book is referring figuratively to the people who came from the tribe of Judah as if they were a single person, their ancestor Judah. It is referring similarly to the people of the tribe of Benjamin as if they were a single person, their ancestor Benjamin. Alternate translation: “the people of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin” or see the next note for a further possibility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) EZR 4 1 i4dx figs-hendiadys יְהוּדָ֖ה וּ⁠בִנְיָמִ֑ן 1 Here the book may be expressing a single idea figuratively by using two words connected with **and**. Together the two words may be a way of referring to all of the Israelites, since at this point the community consisted essentially of people from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -EZR 4 1 vflf figs-synecdoche וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁמְע֔וּ…כִּֽי־בְנֵ֤י הַ⁠גּוֹלָה֙ בּוֹנִ֣ים הֵיכָ֔ל 1 **Heard** means that these enemies learned by some means that the Jews were doing this. The book is figuratively using hearing, one means of discovering things, to describe the enemies learning this. Alternate translation: “Now…learned that the Jews who had returned from exile were building a temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +EZR 4 1 vflf figs-synecdoche וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁמְע֔וּ…כִּֽי־בְנֵ֤י הַ⁠גּוֹלָה֙ בּוֹנִ֣ים הֵיכָ֔ל 1 **Heard** means that these enemies learned by some means that the Jews were doing this. The book is figuratively using hearing, one means of discovering things, to describe the enemies learning this. Alternate translation: “Now … learned that the Jews who had returned from exile were building a temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZR 4 1 syf6 figs-idiom בְנֵ֤י הַ⁠גּוֹלָה֙ 1 As indicated in [2:1](../02/01.md) and [8:35](../08/35.md), the phrase **the sons of the exile** refers specifically to the group of Jewish people who returned to the land of Judah from Babylon. Babylon was the country where King Nebuchadnezzar had taken many Jews as captives after he conquered Jerusalem. Alternate translations: “the Jews who had returned from exile” or “the Jews who had returned to their homeland” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 4 1 czf3 figs-distinguish לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 This phrase provides further background information about Yahweh and it likely expresses the perspective of the enemies on the situation. Alternate translations: “Yahweh, the God they worshiped” or “Yahweh, the God whom the people of Israel worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) EZR 4 2 dkbu grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יִּגְּשׁ֨וּ 1 The word **So** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result, they went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) @@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ EZR 4 3 ezs2 figs-possession לֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 The Israelites co EZR 4 3 jpin grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּי֩ 1 The word **but** indicates that the clause it introduces draws a contrast between what the men asked and what the Jewish leaders were prepared to allow. To indicate this contrast, you could begin the sentence with a word or phrase such as “no,” “rather,” or “on the contrary.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) EZR 4 3 jkgy figs-exclusive אֲנַ֨חְנוּ יַ֜חַד נִבְנֶ֗ה לַֽ⁠יהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 **We ourselves** here does not include the addressees. If your language marks that distinction, be sure that this is clear in your translation. **Together** does not mean the Jewish people and these foreign peoples together. It means the whole Jewish community together. Alternate translation: “it is all of us Israelites who will build a temple for Yahweh, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) EZR 4 3 vez9 figs-distinguish אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 See the note to [4:1](../04/01.md) about the significance of this phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -EZR 4 3 kqpr figs-explicit כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוָּ֔⁠נוּ הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ כּ֥וֹרֶשׁ מֶֽלֶךְ־פָּרָֽס 1 It is implicit in the story that the Jewish leaders know that they cannot trust these foreign leaders, whom the story describes as their enemies. The Jewish leaders suggest indirectly that they do not accept their claim that they worship Yahweh. They say, “It is not for you … to build a house for our God,” and they describe Yahweh as the God of Israel exclusively. But apparently they cannot contradict the claim directly, perhaps for reasons of etiquette and diplomacy. Instead, it seems that they find convenient grounds to exclude foreigners from the temple project in the literal wording of the proclamation that Cyrus issued: “Whoever among you is from all his people …may he build the house of Yahweh, the God of Israel” ([1:3](../01/03.md)). It may be possible in your translation to translate this phrase in such a way that your readers will implicitly recognize it as the convenient excuse that it apparently is. Alternate translation: “for that is what King Cyrus of Persia commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 4 3 kqpr figs-explicit כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוָּ֔⁠נוּ הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ כּ֥וֹרֶשׁ מֶֽלֶךְ־פָּרָֽס 1 It is implicit in the story that the Jewish leaders know that they cannot trust these foreign leaders, whom the story describes as their enemies. The Jewish leaders suggest indirectly that they do not accept their claim that they worship Yahweh. They say, “It is not for you … to build a house for our God,” and they describe Yahweh as the God of Israel exclusively. But apparently they cannot contradict the claim directly, perhaps for reasons of etiquette and diplomacy. Instead, it seems that they find convenient grounds to exclude foreigners from the temple project in the literal wording of the proclamation that Cyrus issued: “Whoever among you is from all his people … may he build the house of Yahweh, the God of Israel” ([1:3](../01/03.md)). It may be possible in your translation to translate this phrase in such a way that your readers will implicitly recognize it as the convenient excuse that it apparently is. Alternate translation: “for that is what King Cyrus of Persia commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 4 4 j0ej writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִי֙ 1 The phrase **and it happened that** introduces a new series of events in the story. Use a natural way in your language for introducing something new or different. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) EZR 4 4 d9da figs-idiom עַם־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 the people of the land This expression refers to the non-Israelite people groups, listed in [4:9](../04/09.md), whom the Assyrian kings Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal had brought to live in the area just north of Judah in the century before the Jews were taken away into exile themselves. When the Jews returned to their homeland, those foreign groups were still living nearby. Alternate translation: “the foreign people groups living nearby” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 4 4 n1m9 figs-parallelism וַ⁠יְהִי֙…מְרַפִּ֖ים יְדֵ֣י עַם־יְהוּדָ֑ה וּֽמְבַהֲלִ֥ים אוֹתָ֖⁠ם לִ⁠בְנֽוֹת 1 made the hands of the people of Judah weak These two phrases mean similar things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “making the people of Judah so intimidated that they stopped working on the temple” However, there is a slight distinction between the phrases. The first one describes how the people felt inwardly, and the second one explains what effect this had on their outward actions. So you could also translate the phrases separately. Alternate translation: “were intimidating the people of Judah so that they were afraid to keep working on the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ EZR 4 7 w995 grammar-connect-time-sequential וּ⁠בִ⁠ימֵ֣י 1 Here th EZR 4 7 qdrm figs-idiom וּ⁠בִ⁠ימֵ֣י אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֗שְׂתָּא 1 The term **days** is used figuratively here to refer to a particular period of time. In this context, it means during the reign of the next Persian king, Artaxerxes, the son of Ahasuerus (Xerxes). Alternate translation: “during the reign of Artaxerxes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 4 7 r5xb figs-explicit וּ⁠בִ⁠ימֵ֣י אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֗שְׂתָּא 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain that Artaxerxes was the next king of Persia. Alternate translation: “during the reign of the next Persian king, Artaxerxes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 4 7 xw38 translate-names אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֗שְׂתָּא 1 **Artaxerxes** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 4 7 x91s translate-names בִּשְׁלָ֜ם מִתְרְדָ֤ת טָֽבְאֵל֙ 1 Bishlam…Mithredath…Tabeel These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 4 7 x91s translate-names בִּשְׁלָ֜ם מִתְרְדָ֤ת טָֽבְאֵל֙ 1 Bishlam … Mithredath … Tabeel These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 4 7 zjhh וּ⁠שְׁאָ֣ר כנותו 1 The term **companions** here describes people who hold a similar position. Alternate translation: “and his other associates” EZR 4 7 hdnj writing-background וּ⁠כְתָב֙ הַֽ⁠נִּשְׁתְּוָ֔ן כָּת֥וּב אֲרָמִ֖ית וּ⁠מְתֻרְגָּ֥ם אֲרָמִֽית 1 This is background information that helps readers understand how these officials went about writing to the king. Aramaic was the official language for government correspondence within the Persian empire. These officials apparently spoke Samaritan, a language similar to Hebrew. So they had someone express their message for them in the Aramaic language. The term **interpreted** does not necessarily indicate that the officials first wrote out their letter in Samaritan, and then someone translated it into Aramaic for them. Instead, they may have told someone what they wanted to say, and that person composed the letter in Aramaic. Since Aramaic also used differently shaped letters from the ones that Hebrew and Samaritan used, that person wrote the letter using those characters. Alternate translation: “these officials arranged for someone to write their letter for them in the Aramaic script and language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) EZR 4 7 jl52 figs-activepassive וּ⁠כְתָב֙ הַֽ⁠נִּשְׁתְּוָ֔ן כָּת֥וּב אֲרָמִ֖ית וּ⁠מְתֻרְגָּ֥ם אֲרָמִֽית 1 the letter If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “and these officials hired a scribe who wrote the letter in Aramaic” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ EZR 4 8 l343 figs-metonymy אִגְּרָ֥ה חֲדָ֖ה עַל־יְרוּש EZR 4 8 kv6z figs-metonymy כְּנֵֽמָא 1 The phrase **as follows** would ordinarily indicate that a copy of the text of the letter comes next in the book. If that is the case, then [4:9](../04/09.md) and [4:10](../04/10.md) are a preamble to the letter that lists the names of the senders. Alternate translation: “and here is what they wrote to the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 4 9 kt23 אֱדַ֜יִן 1 The term translated as **Then** often introduces a new episode in a story. But the book is not continuing the story here. Instead, the book is quoting a document that begins with a list of names. So it seems that here the term **Then** is introducing the document that follows. Use the term in your language that would customarily introduce a list of the senders of a letter or other document. Alternate translation: “From” EZR 4 9 stkq figs-quotemarks אֱדַ֜יִן 1 The word **then** here appears to be introducing a quotation from a document. If this is not how you would introduce a quotation in your language, then use quotation marks or whatever other punctuation or convention your language commonly uses for that purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) -EZR 4 9 vvp8 translate-names רְח֣וּם בְּעֵל־טְעֵ֗ם 1 Erech…Susa **Rehum** is is the name of a man and **a lord of decree** is his title. See how you translated them in [4:8](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “Rehum, the royal deputy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 4 9 vvp8 translate-names רְח֣וּם בְּעֵל־טְעֵ֗ם 1 Erech … Susa **Rehum** is is the name of a man and **a lord of decree** is his title. See how you translated them in [4:8](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “Rehum, the royal deputy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 4 9 shnl translate-names וְ⁠שִׁמְשַׁי֙ סָֽפְרָ֔⁠א 1 **Shimshai** is is the name of a man and **the scribe** is his title. See how you translated them in [4:8](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “Shimshai the state secretary” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 4 9 d33e figs-idiom וּ⁠שְׁאָ֖ר כְּנָוָתְ⁠ה֑וֹן דִּ֠ינָיֵ⁠א וַ⁠אֲפַרְסַתְכָיֵ֞⁠א טַרְפְּלָיֵ֣⁠א 1 As in [4:7](../04/07.md), the term **companions** here indicates people who hold a similar position. The other three terms describe the various positions that the other people held who joined in sending this letter. Alternate translation: “and their associates, who were judges, rulers, and officials” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 4 9 w9xp figs-123person וּ⁠שְׁאָ֖ר כְּנָוָתְ⁠ה֑וֹן דִּ֠ינָיֵ⁠א וַ⁠אֲפַרְסַתְכָיֵ֞⁠א טַרְפְּלָיֵ֣⁠א 1 Rehum and Shimshai speak of themselves here in the third person by saying **their companions**. This was normal in their culture. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the first person. Alternate translation: “and our colleagues, who are judges, rulers, and officials” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -457,9 +457,9 @@ EZR 4 18 bbxs figs-explicit מְפָרַ֥שׁ קֱרִ֖י קָדָמָֽ⁠י EZR 4 19 bapj grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠מִנִּ⁠י֮ 1 The word **so** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result, from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EZR 4 19 h6w5 figs-activepassive וּ⁠מִנִּ⁠י֮ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵם֒ וּ⁠בַקַּ֣רוּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “So I commanded my officials, and they searched” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 4 19 rx6m figs-explicit וּ⁠מִנִּ⁠י֮ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵם֒ וּ⁠בַקַּ֣רוּ 1 The implication is that the king ordered his officials to search in the royal chronicles to investigate the charges that Rehum, Shimshai, and the others had made against Jerusalem. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I commanded my officials to search in the royal chronicles, and they investigated your claims” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 4 19 kzrh figs-parallelism דִּ֚י קִרְיְתָ֣⁠א דָ֔ךְ…עַל־מַלְכִ֖ין מִֽתְנַשְּׂאָ֑ה וּ⁠מְרַ֥ד וְ⁠אֶשְׁתַּדּ֖וּר מִתְעֲבֶד־בַּֽ⁠הּ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Artaxerxes says the same thing twice, in similar ways, for emphasis. You do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation if that might be confusing for your readers. Instead, if it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem has continually been at the center of revolts against rulers” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase intensifies the first by portraying Jerusalem not just as a city that has rebelled, but as a place where rebellions have repeatedly originated. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem…has rebelled against the emperors that ruled it and, in fact, that city has repeatedly been a base for revolts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -EZR 4 19 eq5y figs-idiom קִרְיְתָ֣⁠א דָ֔ךְ…עַל־מַלְכִ֖ין מִֽתְנַשְּׂאָ֑ה 1 **That city** means Jerusalem. In this context, the expression **risen up against** means to reject an authority and claim authority for oneself. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem…have rebelled against the emperors who ruled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EZR 4 19 wf0o figs-metonymy קִרְיְתָ֣⁠א דָ֔ךְ…עַל־מַלְכִ֖ין מִֽתְנַשְּׂאָ֑ה 1 Here, Artaxerxes speaks figuratively of the people of Jerusalem by reference to something associated with them, the city where they live. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem…have rebelled against the emperors who ruled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 4 19 kzrh figs-parallelism דִּ֚י קִרְיְתָ֣⁠א דָ֔ךְ…עַל־מַלְכִ֖ין מִֽתְנַשְּׂאָ֑ה וּ⁠מְרַ֥ד וְ⁠אֶשְׁתַּדּ֖וּר מִתְעֲבֶד־בַּֽ⁠הּ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Artaxerxes says the same thing twice, in similar ways, for emphasis. You do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation if that might be confusing for your readers. Instead, if it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem has continually been at the center of revolts against rulers” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase intensifies the first by portraying Jerusalem not just as a city that has rebelled, but as a place where rebellions have repeatedly originated. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem … has rebelled against the emperors that ruled it and, in fact, that city has repeatedly been a base for revolts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +EZR 4 19 eq5y figs-idiom קִרְיְתָ֣⁠א דָ֔ךְ…עַל־מַלְכִ֖ין מִֽתְנַשְּׂאָ֑ה 1 **That city** means Jerusalem. In this context, the expression **risen up against** means to reject an authority and claim authority for oneself. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem … have rebelled against the emperors who ruled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZR 4 19 wf0o figs-metonymy קִרְיְתָ֣⁠א דָ֔ךְ…עַל־מַלְכִ֖ין מִֽתְנַשְּׂאָ֑ה 1 Here, Artaxerxes speaks figuratively of the people of Jerusalem by reference to something associated with them, the city where they live. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem … have rebelled against the emperors who ruled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 4 19 y5eu figs-doublet וּ⁠מְרַ֥ד וְ⁠אֶשְׁתַּדּ֖וּר מִתְעֲבֶד־בַּֽ⁠הּ 1 **Rebellion** and **revolt** mean similar things. Artaxerxes uses the two terms together for emphasis, perhaps to acknowledge that the records have indeed confirmed what the officials alleged. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these terms. Alternate translation: “and the city has repeatedly been a base for revolts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EZR 4 19 n9ss figs-activepassive וּ⁠מְרַ֥ד וְ⁠אֶשְׁתַּדּ֖וּר מִתְעֲבֶד־בַּֽ⁠הּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “and the people there have repeatedly rebelled against their rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 4 20 as5z figs-metaphor וּ⁠מַלְכִ֣ין תַּקִּיפִ֗ין הֲווֹ֙ עַל־יְר֣וּשְׁלֶ֔ם 1 These kings are described here in a spatial metaphor as being higher than or above Jerusalem to indicate that this was the place in which and from which they ruled. Alternate translation: “And powerful kings ruled from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -497,13 +497,13 @@ EZR 5 1 zfch figs-explicit וְ⁠הִתְנַבִּ֞י…עַל־יְה֣וּ EZR 5 1 gfey figs-idiom בְּ⁠שֻׁ֛ם אֱלָ֥הּ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Iddo This expression means that Haggai and Zechariah made clear that they were speaking to the Jews on behalf of God, as if God were speaking through them. Alternate translation: “as messengers of the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 5 1 ko7o figs-distinguish אֱלָ֥הּ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Iddo As in [4:1](../04/01.md), this phrase provides further background information about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the God whom the people of Israel worshiped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) EZR 5 1 gw8s figs-metaphor עֲלֵי⁠הֽוֹן 1 Iddo God is described here in a spatial metaphor as being higher than or above the Jews to indicate that they acknowledged his authority and they served and obeyed him. Alternate translation: “whom they obeyed” or “who was their king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 5 2 hkqf grammar-connect-logic-result בֵּ⁠אדַ֡יִן 1 Jeshua…Jozadak Here, **Then** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +EZR 5 2 hkqf grammar-connect-logic-result בֵּ⁠אדַ֡יִן 1 Jeshua … Jozadak Here, **Then** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EZR 5 2 z38k translate-names זְרֻבָּבֶ֤ל בַּר־שְׁאַלְתִּיאֵל֙ 1 Shealtiel **Zerubbabel** is the name of a man, and **Shealtiel** is the name of his father. See how you translated these names in [3:2](../03/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 5 2 u7ce translate-names וְ⁠יֵשׁ֣וּעַ בַּר־יֽוֹצָדָ֔ק 1 Jeshua…Jozadak **Jeshua** is the name of a man, and **Jozadak** is the name of his father. See how you translated these names in [3:2](../03/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 5 2 j3sv figs-idiom קָ֠מוּ 1 Jeshua…Jozadak In this context, the word **arose** means that they took action to get a project under way. It does not indicate that these leaders had been sitting or lying down and that they stood up. Alternate translation: “took action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZR 5 2 u7ce translate-names וְ⁠יֵשׁ֣וּעַ בַּר־יֽוֹצָדָ֔ק 1 Jeshua … Jozadak **Jeshua** is the name of a man, and **Jozadak** is the name of his father. See how you translated these names in [3:2](../03/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 5 2 j3sv figs-idiom קָ֠מוּ 1 Jeshua … Jozadak In this context, the word **arose** means that they took action to get a project under way. It does not indicate that these leaders had been sitting or lying down and that they stood up. Alternate translation: “took action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 5 2 mz7h figs-metaphor וְ⁠שָׁרִ֣יו לְ⁠מִבְנֵ֔א בֵּ֥ית אֱלָהָ֖⁠א 1 to build the house of God Alternate translation: “and resumed work on rebuilding the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 5 3 pmcm grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בֵּ⁠הּ־זִמְנָ⁠א֩ 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai The phrase **at that time** indicates that this event took place at the same time as the event that the story has just related. If it would be clearer in your language, you could show this relationship in this case by using a phrase such as “when they did this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) -EZR 5 3 kl9l translate-names תַּ֠תְּנַי 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai **Tattenai** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 5 3 pmcm grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בֵּ⁠הּ־זִמְנָ⁠א֩ 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai The phrase **at that time** indicates that this event took place at the same time as the event that the story has just related. If it would be clearer in your language, you could show this relationship in this case by using a phrase such as “when they did this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) +EZR 5 3 kl9l translate-names תַּ֠תְּנַי 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai **Tattenai** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 5 3 gs4x translate-names עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֛⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River **Beyond-the-River** is the name of the province of the Persian Empire that included Judah and Jerusalem. See how you translated it in [4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 5 3 xjkh translate-names וּ⁠שְׁתַ֥ר בּוֹזְנַ֖י 1 the Province Beyond the River **Shethar-Bozenai** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 5 3 kq8c figs-idiom וּ⁠כְנָוָתְ⁠ה֑וֹן 1 the Province Beyond the River As often in the book, the term **companions** here indicates people who hold similar positions. Alternate translation: “and their associates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ EZR 5 13 e3wn grammar-connect-logic-contrast בְּרַם֙ 1 King Cyrus issued EZR 5 13 fnbe translate-ordinal בִּ⁠שְׁנַ֣ת חֲדָ֔ה לְ⁠כ֥וֹרֶשׁ 1 King Cyrus issued a command to rebuild the house of God The original text uses a cardinal number here, **one**, but there is not a significant difference in meaning between that and the way it uses an ordinal number, “first,” in similar contexts elsewhere. If your language customarily uses ordinals for the numbers of years, you can do that here in your translation. Alternate translation: “in the first year of Cyrus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 5 13 t6xc translate-names לְ⁠כ֥וֹרֶשׁ 1 King Cyrus issued a command to rebuild the house of God **Cyrus** is the name of a man. See how you translated it in [1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 5 13 g9o0 figs-explicit מַלְכָּ֖⁠א דִּ֣י בָבֶ֑ל 1 King Cyrus issued a command to rebuild the house of God Cyrus was the king of the Persian Empire, but since under his leadership the Persians had conquered the Babylonians, he also had the right to use the title **king of Babylon**. The implication may be that as the heir and successor to the throne of Babylon, Cyrus had the same power over the temple as Nebuchadnezzar, and so he could order it to be rebuilt. Alternate translation: “who conquered Babylon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 5 14 q6am וְ֠⁠אַף מָאנַיָּ֣⁠א דִֽי־בֵית־אֱלָהָ⁠א֮ דִּ֣י דַהֲבָ֣⁠ה וְ⁠כַסְפָּ⁠א֒ דִּ֣י נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֗ר הַנְפֵּק֙ מִן־הֵֽיכְלָ⁠א֙ דִּ֣י בִֽ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֔ם וְ⁠הֵיבֵ֣ל הִמּ֔וֹ לְ⁠הֵיכְלָ֖⁠א דִּ֣י בָבֶ֑ל הַנְפֵּ֨ק הִמּ֜וֹ כּ֣וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ֗⁠א מִן־הֵֽיכְלָ⁠א֙ דִּ֣י בָבֶ֔ל וִ⁠יהִ֨יבוּ֙ לְ⁠שֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֣ר 1 General Information: This sentence may be hard for readers to follow because, in it, the direct object (that is, the thing that receives the action) comes first, and it consists of a very long phrase. If it would be clearer in your language, you could break this sentence into two sentences. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar had taken the gold and silver objects that were used in worship out of the temple in Jerusalem and brought them to the temple in Babylon. King Cyrus took them out of the temple in Babylon and gave them to…Sheshbazzar” See also the UST. +EZR 5 14 q6am וְ֠⁠אַף מָאנַיָּ֣⁠א דִֽי־בֵית־אֱלָהָ⁠א֮ דִּ֣י דַהֲבָ֣⁠ה וְ⁠כַסְפָּ⁠א֒ דִּ֣י נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֗ר הַנְפֵּק֙ מִן־הֵֽיכְלָ⁠א֙ דִּ֣י בִֽ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֔ם וְ⁠הֵיבֵ֣ל הִמּ֔וֹ לְ⁠הֵיכְלָ֖⁠א דִּ֣י בָבֶ֑ל הַנְפֵּ֨ק הִמּ֜וֹ כּ֣וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ֗⁠א מִן־הֵֽיכְלָ⁠א֙ דִּ֣י בָבֶ֔ל וִ⁠יהִ֨יבוּ֙ לְ⁠שֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֣ר 1 General Information: This sentence may be hard for readers to follow because, in it, the direct object (that is, the thing that receives the action) comes first, and it consists of a very long phrase. If it would be clearer in your language, you could break this sentence into two sentences. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar had taken the gold and silver objects that were used in worship out of the temple in Jerusalem and brought them to the temple in Babylon. King Cyrus took them out of the temple in Babylon and gave them to … Sheshbazzar” See also the UST. EZR 5 14 ukn9 translate-unknown מָאנַיָּ֣⁠א דִֽי־בֵית־אֱלָהָ⁠א֮ 1 General Information: This means specifically the bowls, basins, and other objects listed in [1:9–10](../01/09.md). These **vessels** were used during worship in the temple. Alternate translation: “the objects that were used in worship in the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EZR 5 14 6rht figs-go וְ⁠הֵיבֵ֣ל 1 General Information: If it is more natural in your language, rather than **had brought**, you could say “had taken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) EZR 5 14 qsv0 figs-activepassive וִ⁠יהִ֨יבוּ֙ 1 General Information: If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “and Cyrus presented them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -611,11 +611,11 @@ EZR 6 6 f9x5 figs-ellipsis כְּעַ֡ן תַּ֠תְּנַי 1 General Informa EZR 6 6 ks97 figs-quotemarks כְּעַ֡ן 1 General Information: Since the book here begins to quote the letter that King Darius sent in reply to Tattenai and his associates, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) EZR 6 6 wtim grammar-connect-words-phrases כְּעַ֡ן 1 General Information: As in [4:13](../04/13.md), [4:14](../04/14.md), and [4:21](../04/21.md), **now** introduces an important point within a letter. (It is similar to the expression “and now” in [4:10](../04/10.md), [4:11](../04/11.md), [4:17](../04/17.md), and [5:17](../05/17.md).) If your language has a comparable expression that it uses for this same purpose, you can use that in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) EZR 6 6 qpqv figs-123person תַּ֠תְּנַי פַּחַ֨ת עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֜⁠ה שְׁתַ֤ר בּוֹזְנַי֙ וּ⁠כְנָוָ֣תְ⁠ה֔וֹן אֲפַרְסְכָיֵ֔⁠א דִּ֖י בַּ⁠עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑⁠ה רַחִיקִ֥ין הֲו֖וֹ מִן־תַּמָּֽה 1 General Information: Since Darius addresses these men directly at the end of the sentence, instead of
**their companions**, in the third person, we would expect him to say “your companions,” in the second person. So it seems that the book is compressing the letter as it quotes it. Based on the other letters that the book quotes in [4:11–16](../04/11.md), [4:17–22](../04/17.md), and [5:7–17](../05/07.md), the full letter probably said something like “To Tattenai, the governor of Beyond-the-River, Shethar-Bozenai, and their companions, the officials who are in Beyond-the-River. Peace. And now,” followed by an explanation that the court officials had discovered a scroll that recorded the decree of Cyrus. Then would follow instructions to these men, beginning “Be far away from there!” But since the quotation from this letter in the book jumps from the list of the recipients’ names right to these instructions, if it would be clearer in your language, you could use the second person throughout. Alternate translation: “Tattenai, the governor of Beyond-the-River, Shethar-Bozenai, and your associates, you officials who are in Beyond-the-River: Be far away from there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -EZR 6 6 xd9g translate-names תַּ֠תְּנַי…שְׁתַ֤ר בּוֹזְנַי֙ 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai These are the names of two men. See how you translated them in [5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 6 6 xd9g translate-names תַּ֠תְּנַי…שְׁתַ֤ר בּוֹזְנַי֙ 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai These are the names of two men. See how you translated them in [5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 6 6 xk9x וּ⁠כְנָוָ֣תְ⁠ה֔וֹן 1 the Province Beyond the River Alternate translation: “and their associates” or “and your associates” EZR 6 6 akg1 figs-metaphor רַחִיקִ֥ין הֲו֖וֹ מִן־תַּמָּֽה 1 the Province Beyond the River King Darius uses a spatial metaphor to indicate figuratively that he wants Tattenai and his associates not to interfere with what the Jews are doing in Jerusalem. The meaning is not simply that they are to stay away physically from that area, since they could still plot against the Jews from a distance (for example, by bribing officials in the royal court, as [4:5](../04/05.md) describes). Alternate translation: “do not interfere with what is happening in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 6 7 k1ks figs-parallelism שְׁבֻ֕קוּ לַ⁠עֲבִידַ֖ת בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֣⁠א דֵ֑ךְ 1 the Province Beyond the River This sentence means basically the same thing as the last sentence in [6:6](../06/06.md). Darius says essentially the same thing twice for emphasis. If that would be confusing for your readers, you can combine the two sentences and express the emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation for both sentences: “do not interfere with the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem in any way” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase is more specific. It says precisely what Darius wants these Samaritan officials to leave alone. Alternate translation: “Do not interfere with what is happening in Jerusalem. Do not disturb the work on the temple there!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -EZR 6 7 xw40 בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥⁠א דֵ֖ךְ יִבְנ֥וֹן עַל־אַתְרֵֽ⁠הּ 1 the Province Beyond the River As in [5:15](../05/15.md), this expression means “Let…rebuild the temple on its original site.” You could say that as an alternate translation. +EZR 6 7 xw40 בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥⁠א דֵ֖ךְ יִבְנ֥וֹן עַל־אַתְרֵֽ⁠הּ 1 the Province Beyond the River As in [5:15](../05/15.md), this expression means “Let … rebuild the temple on its original site.” You could say that as an alternate translation. EZR 6 8 ci97 figs-activepassive וּ⁠מִנִּ⁠י֮ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵם֒ לְ⁠מָ֣א דִֽי־תַֽעַבְד֗וּן עִם־שָׂבֵ֤י יְהוּדָיֵ⁠א֙ אִלֵּ֔ךְ לְ⁠מִבְנֵ֖א בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֣⁠א דֵ֑ךְ 1 General Information: If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “This is what I am commanding you to do to help the elders of the Jews rebuild that temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 6 8 njb9 figs-activepassive וּ⁠מִ⁠נִּכְסֵ֣י מַלְכָּ֗⁠א דִּ֚י מִדַּת֙ עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֔⁠ה אָסְפַּ֗רְנָא נִפְקְתָ֛⁠א תֶּהֱוֵ֧א מִֽתְיַהֲבָ֛א לְ⁠גֻבְרַיָּ֥⁠א אִלֵּ֖ךְ 1 Let this cost be paid diligently at the expense of the king’s taxes beyond the River If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who would do the action. Alternate translation: “I want you officials to carefully pay the full costs of the rebuilding from the royal treasury from the tribute that you receive in Beyond-the-River province” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 6 8 te7b figs-123person וּ⁠מִ⁠נִּכְסֵ֣י מַלְכָּ֗⁠א 1 at the expense of the king’s taxes beyond the River Darius speaks of himself here in the third person. If that is confusing in your language, you can use the first person. Alternate translation: “And from my royal revenue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -643,28 +643,28 @@ EZR 6 11 a7ih figs-activepassive וּ⁠בַיְתֵ֛⁠הּ נְוָל֥וּ EZR 6 12 18u8 וֵֽ⁠אלָהָ֞⁠א דִּ֣י שַׁכִּ֧ן שְׁמֵ֣⁠הּ תַּמָּ֗ה יְמַגַּ֞ר 1 who extends their hand to change it, or to destroy This is a curse formula. In addition to the threat of severe punishment in the previous verse, here Darius adds a curse from God to anyone who would disobey his order. Use a curse formula that is natural in your language. EZR 6 12 eirc figs-personification וֵֽ⁠אלָהָ֞⁠א דִּ֣י שַׁכִּ֧ן שְׁמֵ֣⁠הּ תַּמָּ֗ה יְמַגַּ֞ר 1 who extends their hand to change it, or to destroy Darius speaks of God’s **name** here as if it were capable of living in a place. The phrase echoes Jewish usage, which Darius may be following deliberately to show his respect for the God whose temple he wants to be rebuilt. The phrase indicates that Jerusalem is the place from which God chose to start making himself known throughout the world. Alternate translation: “And may the God who began to make himself known from Jerusalem destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) EZR 6 12 bajr figs-metonymy וֵֽ⁠אלָהָ֞⁠א דִּ֣י שַׁכִּ֧ן שְׁמֵ֣⁠הּ תַּמָּ֗ה יְמַגַּ֞ר 1 who extends their hand to change it, or to destroy Here, **name** is a figurative way of referring to the fame or reputation of a person. In this figure, a person's fame is described by something associated with it, which is how well known their name is and how people react to hearing it. Alternate translation: “And may the God who began to make himself known from Jerusalem destroy” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZR 6 12 jqt7 figs-idiom יְמַגַּ֞ר 1 who extends their hand to change it, or to destroy This is an idiom that means “destroy.” Alternate translation: “may…destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZR 6 12 jqt7 figs-idiom יְמַגַּ֞ר 1 who extends their hand to change it, or to destroy This is an idiom that means “destroy.” Alternate translation: “may … destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 6 12 e5ta figs-idiom כָּל־מֶ֤לֶךְ וְ⁠עַם֙ דִּ֣י ׀ יִשְׁלַ֣ח יְדֵ֗⁠הּ 1 who extends their hand to change it, or to destroy Here the expression “who stretches out his hand” means to seek to do harm. Alternate translation: “any king or people who, with harmful intent, attempts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 6 12 mn8y figs-ellipsis לְ⁠הַשְׁנָיָ֛ה לְ⁠חַבָּלָ֛ה בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥⁠א דֵ֖ךְ 1 who extends their hand to change it, or to destroy This could mean one of two things. (1) It could mean that no one is to try to **change** the decree of Darius, in the sense of disobeying or defying, as in the previous verse, so that they can **destroy** the temple rather than ensure that it is rebuilt. In that case, this letter would be leaving out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. Alternate translation: “to disobey my decree and destroy that temple” or (2) It could mean that no one is to alter or destroy the temple. Alternate translation: “to alter the design of that temple or destroy it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) EZR 6 12 y3sn figs-distinguish דִּ֣י בִ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם 1 to change it Here Darius repeats some background information in order to be very explicit about what temple this decree applies to. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) EZR 6 12 hjya figs-activepassive אֲנָ֤ה דָרְיָ֨וֶשׁ֙ שָׂ֣מֶת טְעֵ֔ם אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד 1 to change it If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who is to do the action. Alternate translation: “I, King Darius, am issuing this decree. I command you to carry it out exactly and efficiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 6 12 yf8s translate-names דָרְיָ֨וֶשׁ֙ 1 to change it **Darius** is the name of a man. See how you translated it in [4:5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 6 12 a8x8 figs-quotemarks אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד 1 to change it Here the text ends its quotation from the letter that King Darius sent in reply to Tattenai and his associates. If you decided in [6:6](../06/06.md) to mark his words as a quotation, you should indicate that ending here with a closing primary quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) -EZR 6 13 x0id grammar-connect-logic-result אֱ֠דַיִן 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai Here the word **Then** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the result of what the previous sentences described. Alternate translation: “In response,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -EZR 6 13 alm6 translate-names תַּתְּנַ֞י…שְׁתַ֥ר בּוֹזְנַ֖י 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai These are the names of two men. See how you translated them in [5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 6 13 cdp6 וּ⁠כְנָוָתְ⁠ה֑וֹן 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai Alternate translation: “and their colleagues” -EZR 6 13 pg74 figs-explicit לָ⁠קֳבֵ֗ל דִּֽי־שְׁלַ֞ח דָּרְיָ֧וֶשׁ מַלְכָּ֛⁠א כְּנֵ֖מָא אָסְפַּ֥רְנָא עֲבַֽדוּ 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai The implication is that these men received the king’s response to their letter, and once they knew what he had commanded, they carried out his orders. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “received the response of King Darius to their letter and immediately carried out exactly what he had ordered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 6 14 pxrv grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠שָׂבֵ֤י 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai Here the word **And** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the result of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result … the leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -EZR 6 14 iu9r figs-hendiadys וְ⁠שָׂבֵ֤י יְהוּדָיֵ⁠א֙ בָּנַ֣יִן וּ⁠מַצְלְחִ֔ין 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai The phrase **building and prospering** expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **building** tells what the elders prospered or succeeded in. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “And the Jewish leaders were rebuilding the temple successfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -EZR 6 14 mibx figs-explicit בִּ⁠נְבוּאַת֙ חַגַּ֣י נביא⁠ה וּ⁠זְכַרְיָ֖ה בַּר־עִדּ֑וֹא 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai As in [5:1](../05/01.md), the implication is that these two men, as God’s messengers, encouraged the Jewish leaders to persevere in the project of rebuilding the temple. Alternate translation: “thanks to the encouragement that Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo gave them in messages from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 6 14 l5ag translate-names חַגַּ֣י 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai **Haggai** is the name of a man. See how you translated it in [5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 6 14 tetn translate-names וּ⁠זְכַרְיָ֖ה בַּר־עִדּ֑וֹא 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai **Zechariah** is the name of a man, and **Iddo** is the name of his father. See how you translated their names in [5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 6 14 s1jd figs-hendiadys וּ⁠בְנ֣וֹ וְ⁠שַׁכְלִ֗לוּ 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai As in [5:11](../05/11.md), the words **built** and **completed** connected with **and** express a single idea. In this section of the book, when the two words are used together, “completed” is another way of saying “built.” (Review the note about this at [4:12](../04/12.md) if that would be helpful.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning with a single word. Alternate translation: “And they were able to construct the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -EZR 6 14 d77p figs-explicit וּ⁠בְנ֣וֹ וְ⁠שַׁכְלִ֗לוּ 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai The implication is that what the Jewish leaders **built and completed**, that is, constructed, was the temple. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And they were able to construct the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 6 14 mgzk figs-metaphor מִן־טַ֨עַם֙ אֱלָ֣הּ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai Here the book speaks figuratively of the messages that God had sent through the prophets Haggai and Zechariah as a **decree** or command that God had issued to the Jewish leaders to rebuild the temple, much like the decrees that the Persian kings had issued. If it would be clearer in your language, you could describe these messages in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “just as the God of Israel had commanded them to do through the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 6 14 j4jr figs-explicit וּ⁠מִ⁠טְּעֵם֙ כּ֣וֹרֶשׁ וְ⁠דָרְיָ֔וֶשׁ וְ⁠אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֖שְׂתְּא מֶ֥לֶךְ פָּרָֽס 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai Here, the book assumes some knowledge on the part of readers, because by this point in time, only King Cyrus [(1:2–4)](../01/02.md) and King Darius [(6:6–12)](../06/06.md) had issued decrees for the Jerusalem temple to be rebuilt. Artaxerxes was the grandson of Darius, and he would not become king for another 50 years. Moreover, while the book anticipated the reign of Artaxerxes in [4:7–23](../04/07.md), there it recounted how he ordered the temple rebuilding to stop. But the book is assuming that readers will know that Artaxerxes eventually did reverse himself and issue a decree for the maintenance of the Jerusalem temple. The book describes this in [7:12–26](../07/12.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and just as King Cyrus and King Darius of Persia had decreed they should do. King Artaxerxes of Persia also later decreed that they should finish the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 6 14 e83b figs-distinguish כּ֣וֹרֶשׁ וְ⁠דָרְיָ֔וֶשׁ וְ⁠אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֖שְׂתְּא מֶ֥לֶךְ פָּרָֽס 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai Here the book repeats some background information to remind readers who these men were. The phrase **the king of Persia** applies to each of them. Alternate translation: “King Cyrus and King Darius of Persia and King Artaxerxes of Persia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -EZR 6 14 fwlf translate-names כּ֣וֹרֶשׁ וְ⁠דָרְיָ֔וֶשׁ וְ⁠אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֖שְׂתְּא 1 Tattenai…Shethar-Bozenai These are the names of men. See how you translated them in [1:1](../01/01.md), [4:5](../04/05.md), and [4:7](../04/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 6 13 x0id grammar-connect-logic-result אֱ֠דַיִן 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai Here the word **Then** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the result of what the previous sentences described. Alternate translation: “In response,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +EZR 6 13 alm6 translate-names תַּתְּנַ֞י…שְׁתַ֥ר בּוֹזְנַ֖י 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai These are the names of two men. See how you translated them in [5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 6 13 cdp6 וּ⁠כְנָוָתְ⁠ה֑וֹן 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai Alternate translation: “and their colleagues” +EZR 6 13 pg74 figs-explicit לָ⁠קֳבֵ֗ל דִּֽי־שְׁלַ֞ח דָּרְיָ֧וֶשׁ מַלְכָּ֛⁠א כְּנֵ֖מָא אָסְפַּ֥רְנָא עֲבַֽדוּ 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai The implication is that these men received the king’s response to their letter, and once they knew what he had commanded, they carried out his orders. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “received the response of King Darius to their letter and immediately carried out exactly what he had ordered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 6 14 pxrv grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠שָׂבֵ֤י 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai Here the word **And** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the result of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result … the leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +EZR 6 14 iu9r figs-hendiadys וְ⁠שָׂבֵ֤י יְהוּדָיֵ⁠א֙ בָּנַ֣יִן וּ⁠מַצְלְחִ֔ין 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai The phrase **building and prospering** expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **building** tells what the elders prospered or succeeded in. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “And the Jewish leaders were rebuilding the temple successfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +EZR 6 14 mibx figs-explicit בִּ⁠נְבוּאַת֙ חַגַּ֣י נביא⁠ה וּ⁠זְכַרְיָ֖ה בַּר־עִדּ֑וֹא 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai As in [5:1](../05/01.md), the implication is that these two men, as God’s messengers, encouraged the Jewish leaders to persevere in the project of rebuilding the temple. Alternate translation: “thanks to the encouragement that Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo gave them in messages from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 6 14 l5ag translate-names חַגַּ֣י 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai **Haggai** is the name of a man. See how you translated it in [5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 6 14 tetn translate-names וּ⁠זְכַרְיָ֖ה בַּר־עִדּ֑וֹא 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai **Zechariah** is the name of a man, and **Iddo** is the name of his father. See how you translated their names in [5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 6 14 s1jd figs-hendiadys וּ⁠בְנ֣וֹ וְ⁠שַׁכְלִ֗לוּ 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai As in [5:11](../05/11.md), the words **built** and **completed** connected with **and** express a single idea. In this section of the book, when the two words are used together, “completed” is another way of saying “built.” (Review the note about this at [4:12](../04/12.md) if that would be helpful.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning with a single word. Alternate translation: “And they were able to construct the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +EZR 6 14 d77p figs-explicit וּ⁠בְנ֣וֹ וְ⁠שַׁכְלִ֗לוּ 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai The implication is that what the Jewish leaders **built and completed**, that is, constructed, was the temple. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And they were able to construct the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 6 14 mgzk figs-metaphor מִן־טַ֨עַם֙ אֱלָ֣הּ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai Here the book speaks figuratively of the messages that God had sent through the prophets Haggai and Zechariah as a **decree** or command that God had issued to the Jewish leaders to rebuild the temple, much like the decrees that the Persian kings had issued. If it would be clearer in your language, you could describe these messages in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “just as the God of Israel had commanded them to do through the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 6 14 j4jr figs-explicit וּ⁠מִ⁠טְּעֵם֙ כּ֣וֹרֶשׁ וְ⁠דָרְיָ֔וֶשׁ וְ⁠אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֖שְׂתְּא מֶ֥לֶךְ פָּרָֽס 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai Here, the book assumes some knowledge on the part of readers, because by this point in time, only King Cyrus [(1:2–4)](../01/02.md) and King Darius [(6:6–12)](../06/06.md) had issued decrees for the Jerusalem temple to be rebuilt. Artaxerxes was the grandson of Darius, and he would not become king for another 50 years. Moreover, while the book anticipated the reign of Artaxerxes in [4:7–23](../04/07.md), there it recounted how he ordered the temple rebuilding to stop. But the book is assuming that readers will know that Artaxerxes eventually did reverse himself and issue a decree for the maintenance of the Jerusalem temple. The book describes this in [7:12–26](../07/12.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and just as King Cyrus and King Darius of Persia had decreed they should do. King Artaxerxes of Persia also later decreed that they should finish the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 6 14 e83b figs-distinguish כּ֣וֹרֶשׁ וְ⁠דָרְיָ֔וֶשׁ וְ⁠אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֖שְׂתְּא מֶ֥לֶךְ פָּרָֽס 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai Here the book repeats some background information to remind readers who these men were. The phrase **the king of Persia** applies to each of them. Alternate translation: “King Cyrus and King Darius of Persia and King Artaxerxes of Persia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) +EZR 6 14 fwlf translate-names כּ֣וֹרֶשׁ וְ⁠דָרְיָ֔וֶשׁ וְ⁠אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֖שְׂתְּא 1 Tattenai … Shethar-Bozenai These are the names of men. See how you translated them in [1:1](../01/01.md), [4:5](../04/05.md), and [4:7](../04/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 6 15 zqs3 grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠שֵׁיצִיא֙ 1 This house was completed Here the word **And** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result … they finished building” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EZR 6 15 q4v5 figs-activepassive וְ⁠שֵׁיצִיא֙ בַּיְתָ֣⁠ה דְנָ֔ה 1 This house was completed If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “The Jewish leaders finished rebuilding the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 6 15 mz6f figs-metaphor בַּיְתָ֣⁠ה דְנָ֔ה 1 This house was completed As in [5:3](../05/03.md), **house** here is a figurative way of saying temple. Alternate translation: “this temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -677,12 +677,12 @@ EZR 6 16 ajjz figs-metaphor בְנֵֽי־יִ֠שְׂרָאֵל 1 the rest of t EZR 6 16 cq1q figs-idiom וּ⁠שְׁאָ֣ר בְּנֵי־גָלוּתָ֗⁠א 1 the rest of the children of the exile As indicated in [2:1](../02/01.md) and [8:35](../08/35.md), the phrase **the sons of the exile** refers specifically to the group of Jewish people who returned to the land of Judah from Babylon after King Nebuchadnezzar had conquered Jerusalem and had taken many Jews as captives to Babylon. Alternate translation: “and the Jews who had returned from exile” or “and the Jews who had returned to their homeland” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 6 16 z1u1 figs-abstractnouns וַ⁠עֲבַ֣דוּ…חֲנֻכַּ֛ת בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥⁠א דְנָ֖ה בְּ⁠חֶדְוָֽה 1 the rest of the children of the exile The abstract noun **dedication** refers to a special ceremony the Israelites conducted to set the temple apart as a place for the worship of Yahweh. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the idea behind this word with a verb such as “consecrate.” Alternate translation: “joyfully consecrated this temple for the worship of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZR 6 16 i1qx figs-abstractnouns וַ⁠עֲבַ֣דוּ…חֲנֻכַּ֛ת בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥⁠א דְנָ֖ה בְּ⁠חֶדְוָֽה 1 the rest of the children of the exile If your language does not use abstract nouns such as **joy**, you could translate the idea behind it with an adverb such as “joyfully.” Alternate translation: “joyfully dedicated this temple to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZR 6 17 iel9 figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠הַקְרִ֗בוּ לַ⁠חֲנֻכַּת֮ בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֣⁠א דְנָה֒ 1 one hundred bulls…four hundred lambs As in the previous sentence, the abstract noun **dedication** refers to a special ceremony that the Israelites conducted. Once again you could translate the idea behind this word with a verb such as “dedicate” or “consecrate” Alternate translation: “As they dedicated this temple, they offered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZR 6 17 r49v figs-explicit וְ⁠הַקְרִ֗בוּ…תּוֹרִ֣ין מְאָ֔ה דִּכְרִ֣ין מָאתַ֔יִן אִמְּרִ֖ין אַרְבַּ֣ע מְאָ֑ה וּ⁠צְפִירֵ֨י עִזִּ֜ין ל⁠חטיא…תְּרֵֽי־עֲשַׂ֔ר 1 one hundred bulls…four hundred lambs The implication, as [6:9](../06/09.md) indicates explicitly, is that the bulls, rams, and lambs were used for whole burnt offerings. If it would be helpful, review the note to [3:2](../03/02.md) about what whole burnt offerings were and why they were offered. Alternate translation: “they offered 100 bulls, 200 rams, and 400 lambs as whole burnt offerings and 12 male goats as a sin offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 6 17 j5b6 figs-idiom וּ⁠צְפִירֵ֨י עִזִּ֜ין 1 one hundred bulls…four hundred lambs A male goat is called a buck. So this expression, **bucks of goats**, means the same thing as male goats in [8:35](../08/35.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EZR 6 17 quwd figs-explicit וּ⁠צְפִירֵ֨י עִזִּ֜ין…תְּרֵֽי־עֲשַׂ֔ר לְ⁠מִנְיָ֖ן שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 one hundred bulls…four hundred lambs The book assumes that readers will know that there were twelve tribes in Israel, so the twelve goats could symbolically represent the entire nation. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “12 male goats … one for each of the 12 tribes of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 6 17 iel9 figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠הַקְרִ֗בוּ לַ⁠חֲנֻכַּת֮ בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֣⁠א דְנָה֒ 1 one hundred bulls … four hundred lambs As in the previous sentence, the abstract noun **dedication** refers to a special ceremony that the Israelites conducted. Once again you could translate the idea behind this word with a verb such as “dedicate” or “consecrate” Alternate translation: “As they dedicated this temple, they offered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZR 6 17 r49v figs-explicit וְ⁠הַקְרִ֗בוּ…תּוֹרִ֣ין מְאָ֔ה דִּכְרִ֣ין מָאתַ֔יִן אִמְּרִ֖ין אַרְבַּ֣ע מְאָ֑ה וּ⁠צְפִירֵ֨י עִזִּ֜ין ל⁠חטיא…תְּרֵֽי־עֲשַׂ֔ר 1 one hundred bulls … four hundred lambs The implication, as [6:9](../06/09.md) indicates explicitly, is that the bulls, rams, and lambs were used for whole burnt offerings. If it would be helpful, review the note to [3:2](../03/02.md) about what whole burnt offerings were and why they were offered. Alternate translation: “they offered 100 bulls, 200 rams, and 400 lambs as whole burnt offerings and 12 male goats as a sin offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 6 17 j5b6 figs-idiom וּ⁠צְפִירֵ֨י עִזִּ֜ין 1 one hundred bulls … four hundred lambs A male goat is called a buck. So this expression, **bucks of goats**, means the same thing as male goats in [8:35](../08/35.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZR 6 17 quwd figs-explicit וּ⁠צְפִירֵ֨י עִזִּ֜ין…תְּרֵֽי־עֲשַׂ֔ר לְ⁠מִנְיָ֖ן שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 one hundred bulls … four hundred lambs The book assumes that readers will know that there were twelve tribes in Israel, so the twelve goats could symbolically represent the entire nation. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “12 male goats … one for each of the 12 tribes of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 6 18 r0gx grammar-connect-time-sequential וַ⁠הֲקִ֨ימוּ 1 to their divisions Here the word **And** indicates that the event the story will now relate came after the event it has just described. If it would be clearer in your language, you could show this relationship by using a word such as “Then.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) -EZR 6 18 zkjf figs-metaphor וַ⁠הֲקִ֨ימוּ כָהֲנַיָּ֜⁠א…וְ⁠לֵוָיֵ⁠א֙ 1 to their divisions Here, **stand** is a figurative way of saying that a person has assumed the duties of their office. So to cause someone to stand is to appoint them to those duties and install them in that office. Alternate translation: “And they appointed the priests…and the Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 6 18 zkjf figs-metaphor וַ⁠הֲקִ֨ימוּ כָהֲנַיָּ֜⁠א…וְ⁠לֵוָיֵ⁠א֙ 1 to their divisions Here, **stand** is a figurative way of saying that a person has assumed the duties of their office. So to cause someone to stand is to appoint them to those duties and install them in that office. Alternate translation: “And they appointed the priests … and the Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 6 18 3zxp writing-pronouns וַ⁠הֲקִ֨ימוּ כָהֲנַיָּ֜⁠א 1 to their divisions Here, **they** refers to the leaders of the Jews. Alternate translation: “And the leaders of the Jews appointed the priests” or “Then the Jewish elders established the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) EZR 6 18 iix1 figs-explicit כָהֲנַיָּ֜⁠א בִּ⁠פְלֻגָּתְ⁠ה֗וֹן וְ⁠לֵוָיֵ⁠א֙ בְּ⁠מַחְלְקָ֣תְ⁠ה֔וֹן 1 to their divisions The book assumes that readers will know that these **divisions** and **sections** were groups of priests and Levites, respectively, that served in the temple for a week at a time. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “They appointed the priests and the Levites to groups that would serve in the temple for a week at a time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 6 18 ba06 figs-metaphor עַל־עֲבִידַ֥ת אֱלָהָ֖⁠א דִּ֣י בִ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם 1 to their divisions Here the book describes God in a spatial metaphor as if he lived in the city of Jerusalem. This is a figurative reference to the way God’s presence was in the temple in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “to lead the worship of God in the temple in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -722,18 +722,18 @@ EZR 7 1 qol2 translate-names אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֣סְתְּא 1 General In EZR 7 1 u6xs translate-names עֶזְרָא֙ 1 General Information: **Ezra** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 7 1 2ixh writing-participants עֶזְרָא֙ 1 General Information: Here the book introduces a new, important person. Use a natural way in your language to do this. Also, since the sentence that begins here extends through verse 6, it may be clearer to make this first part of verse 1 into a complete sentence and begin another sentence with the list of Ezra's ancestors, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) EZR 7 1 n9di figs-metaphor בֶּן־שְׂרָיָ֔ה בֶּן־עֲזַרְיָ֖ה בֶּן־חִלְקִיָּֽה 1 Seraiah In general, in the list in [7:1–5](../07/01.md), **son** figuratively means descendant. However, in many cases a man actually is the biological son of the next man on the list. So for your translation, you will need to decide whether to use the figurative expression **son**, which can also be literally true in many cases, or the non-figurative expression “descendant,” which is true in every case, or to say “son” for actual sons and “descendant” for descendants who are not actual sons. Choosing that last option would help to show that the men on the list have been selected to make a certain number and arrangement, as explained in the chapter introduction. Alternative translations will illustrate this last option for each verse. Here, Alternate translation: “the descendant of Seraiah, the son of Azariah, the son of Hilkiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 7 1 gcr6 translate-names שְׂרָיָ֔ה…עֲזַרְיָ֖ה…חִלְקִיָּֽה 1 Azariah…Hilkiah These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 7 1 gcr6 translate-names שְׂרָיָ֔ה…עֲזַרְיָ֖ה…חִלְקִיָּֽה 1 Azariah … Hilkiah These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 7 2 iy78 בֶּן־שַׁלּ֥וּם בֶּן־צָד֖וֹק בֶּן־אֲחִיטֽוּב 1 Shallum Alternate translation: “the son of Shallum, the son of Zadok, the descendant of Ahitub” -EZR 7 2 e2ek translate-names שַׁלּ֥וּם…צָד֖וֹק…אֲחִיטֽוּב 1 Zadok…Ahitub These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 7 3 rqiw בֶּן־אֲמַרְיָ֥ה בֶן־עֲזַרְיָ֖ה בֶּן־מְרָיֽוֹת 1 Amariah…Azariah…Meraioth Alternate translation: “the descendant of Amariah, the son of Azariah, the descendant of Meraioth” -EZR 7 3 h5gv translate-names אֲמַרְיָ֥ה…עֲזַרְיָ֖ה…מְרָיֽוֹת 1 Amariah…Azariah…Meraioth These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 7 4 swtv בֶּן־זְרַֽחְיָ֥ה בֶן־עֻזִּ֖י בֶּן־בֻּקִּֽי 1 Zerahiah…Uzzi…Bukki Even if you have decided to use non-figurative terminology, unless you have chosen to use the term “descendant” throughout this list, you can say “son” in each case here because each of these men was the actual father of the man whose name precedes his. Alternate translation: “the son of Zerahiah, the son of Uzzi, the son of Bukki” -EZR 7 4 zd73 translate-names זְרַֽחְיָ֥ה…עֻזִּ֖י…בֻּקִּֽי 1 Zerahiah…Uzzi…Bukki These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 7 5 sj6v בֶּן־אֲבִישׁ֗וּעַ בֶּן־פִּֽינְחָס֙ בֶּן־אֶלְעָזָ֔ר בֶּן־אַהֲרֹ֥ן 1 Abishua…Phinehas…Eleazar Here again, unless you have chosen to use the term “descendant” throughout this list, you can say “son” in each case here because each of these men was the actual father of the man whose name precedes his. Alternate translation: “the son of Abishua, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron” -EZR 7 5 jvt2 translate-names אֲבִישׁ֗וּעַ…פִּֽינְחָס֙…אֶלְעָזָ֔ר…אַהֲרֹ֥ן 1 Abishua…Phinehas…Eleazar These are the names of four men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 7 5 t064 figs-distinguish הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֖ן הָ⁠רֹֽאשׁ 1 Abishua…Phinehas…Eleazar Here the book provides some background information to remind readers of who Aaron was. Alternate translation: “the high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -EZR 7 5 z67m figs-metaphor הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֖ן הָ⁠רֹֽאשׁ 1 Abishua…Phinehas…Eleazar Here, **head** is a figurative way of saying “leader.” Specifically, it means that Aaron was the leader of the priests, or the high priest. Alternate translation: “the high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 7 5 pqgw figs-explicit הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֖ן הָ⁠רֹֽאשׁ 1 Abishua…Phinehas…Eleazar The book assumes that readers will know that Aaron was the first high priest to serve in the tabernacle when God gave the law to Moses, his brother. Alternate translation: “the first high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 7 2 e2ek translate-names שַׁלּ֥וּם…צָד֖וֹק…אֲחִיטֽוּב 1 Zadok … Ahitub These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 7 3 rqiw בֶּן־אֲמַרְיָ֥ה בֶן־עֲזַרְיָ֖ה בֶּן־מְרָיֽוֹת 1 Amariah … Azariah … Meraioth Alternate translation: “the descendant of Amariah, the son of Azariah, the descendant of Meraioth” +EZR 7 3 h5gv translate-names אֲמַרְיָ֥ה…עֲזַרְיָ֖ה…מְרָיֽוֹת 1 Amariah … Azariah … Meraioth These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 7 4 swtv בֶּן־זְרַֽחְיָ֥ה בֶן־עֻזִּ֖י בֶּן־בֻּקִּֽי 1 Zerahiah … Uzzi … Bukki Even if you have decided to use non-figurative terminology, unless you have chosen to use the term “descendant” throughout this list, you can say “son” in each case here because each of these men was the actual father of the man whose name precedes his. Alternate translation: “the son of Zerahiah, the son of Uzzi, the son of Bukki” +EZR 7 4 zd73 translate-names זְרַֽחְיָ֥ה…עֻזִּ֖י…בֻּקִּֽי 1 Zerahiah … Uzzi … Bukki These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 7 5 sj6v בֶּן־אֲבִישׁ֗וּעַ בֶּן־פִּֽינְחָס֙ בֶּן־אֶלְעָזָ֔ר בֶּן־אַהֲרֹ֥ן 1 Abishua … Phinehas … Eleazar Here again, unless you have chosen to use the term “descendant” throughout this list, you can say “son” in each case here because each of these men was the actual father of the man whose name precedes his. Alternate translation: “the son of Abishua, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron” +EZR 7 5 jvt2 translate-names אֲבִישׁ֗וּעַ…פִּֽינְחָס֙…אֶלְעָזָ֔ר…אַהֲרֹ֥ן 1 Abishua … Phinehas … Eleazar These are the names of four men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 7 5 t064 figs-distinguish הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֖ן הָ⁠רֹֽאשׁ 1 Abishua … Phinehas … Eleazar Here the book provides some background information to remind readers of who Aaron was. Alternate translation: “the high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) +EZR 7 5 z67m figs-metaphor הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֖ן הָ⁠רֹֽאשׁ 1 Abishua … Phinehas … Eleazar Here, **head** is a figurative way of saying “leader.” Specifically, it means that Aaron was the leader of the priests, or the high priest. Alternate translation: “the high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 7 5 pqgw figs-explicit הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֖ן הָ⁠רֹֽאשׁ 1 Abishua … Phinehas … Eleazar The book assumes that readers will know that Aaron was the first high priest to serve in the tabernacle when God gave the law to Moses, his brother. Alternate translation: “the first high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 7 6 ol9o figs-idiom ה֤וּא עֶזְרָא֙ עָלָ֣ה מִ⁠בָּבֶ֔ל 1 The king granted to him all his request The book says that Ezra **went up** because he needed to travel from a river valley up into the mountains in order to go from exile in Babylon to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “this Ezra went from Babylon to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 7 6 w3ke figs-go ה֤וּא עֶזְרָא֙ עָלָ֣ה מִ⁠בָּבֶ֔ל 1 The king granted to him all his request If it is more natural in your language, you can say “came” instead of **went**. Alternate translation: “this Ezra came from Babylon to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) EZR 7 6 xd8u writing-background וְ⁠הֽוּא־סֹפֵ֤ר מָהִיר֙ בְּ⁠תוֹרַ֣ת מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 The king granted to him all his request This is background information that helps identify Ezra further. Alternate translation: “and he had carefully studied the law that Yahweh, the God of Israel, had given through Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ EZR 7 12 afcw writing-background לְ⁠עֶזְרָ֣א כָ֠הֲנָ⁠א ס EZR 7 12 gwt9 אֱלָ֧הּ שְׁמַיָּ֛⁠א 1 Artaxerxes, king of kings See how you translated this expression in [5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “the God who rules in heaven” EZR 7 12 al0q גְּמִ֖יר 1 Artaxerxes, king of kings As in [4:17](../04/17.md) and [5:7](../05/07.md), this is a conventional greeting or good wish that senders at this time often included at the beginning of a letter. If your language has a similar expression that it uses for the same purpose, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “Greetings” or “We hope all is well with you” EZR 7 12 bf52 grammar-connect-words-phrases וּ⁠כְעֶֽנֶת 1 Artaxerxes, king of kings **And now** is an Aramaic expression that was used in the letters of this time to introduce the main business of the letter. If it would be helpful, review the note about this expression at [4:10](../04/10.md). If your language has a comparable expression that it uses for this same purpose, you can use that in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
-EZR 7 13 d9b4 figs-activepassive מִנִּ⁠י֮ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵם֒ דִּ֣י 1 I am issuing a decree that all those…who desire to go up to Jerusalem If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “I am issuing a decree that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZR 7 13 d9b4 figs-activepassive מִנִּ⁠י֮ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵם֒ דִּ֣י 1 I am issuing a decree that all those … who desire to go up to Jerusalem If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “I am issuing a decree that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 7 13 wi2u figs-you עִמָּ֖⁠ךְ 1 may go with you The king is addressing Ezra, so **you** is singular and refers to Ezra here, and **you** and **your** similarly refer to him in all of their other occurrences through [7:20](../07/20.md). If your language distinguishes between forms of you, the form for a superior addressing a respected individual would be appropriate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EZR 7 13 g0ml מִן־עַמָּ֨⁠ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל 1 may go with you Here Artaxerxes specifies that **Israel** is the name of Ezra’s people group, perhaps because he does not expect everyone who sees this letter to be familiar with them already. Alternate translation: “from the people known as ‘Israel’” or
“from your people who are called ‘Israel’” EZR 7 14 ahgx grammar-connect-logic-result כָּ⁠ל־קֳבֵ֗ל דִּי֩ מִן־קֳדָ֨ם מַלְכָּ֜⁠א וְ⁠שִׁבְעַ֤ת יָעֲטֹ֨⁠הִי֙ שְׁלִ֔יחַ לְ⁠בַקָּרָ֥א עַל־יְה֖וּד וְ⁠לִֽ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם בְּ⁠דָ֥ת אֱלָהָ֖⁠ךְ דִּ֥י בִ⁠ידָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Connecting Statement: Verses [7:14–17](../07/14.md) are one long sentence in Aramaic. The first part ([7:14–16](../07/14.md)) provides the reasons for the second part (in [7:17](../07/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could break up that sentence into several smaller sentences. To begin with, you could make this verse a sentence of its own. To do that, you can leave off the word **Because** and express the meaning later in verse 17 with a word such as "so" or "therefore." Alternate translation: “The king and his seven counselors are sending you to inquire about Judah and about Jerusalem by the law of your God which is in your hand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) @@ -821,9 +821,9 @@ EZR 7 20 gshw figs-synecdoche תִּנְתֵּ֕ן מִן־בֵּ֖ית גִּנ EZR 7 20 hgu9 figs-123person בֵּ֖ית גִּנְזֵ֥י מַלְכָּֽ⁠א 1 treasury Artaxerxes speaks of himself here in the third person. If it would be clearer in your language, you can use the first person. Alternate translation: “my royal treasury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZR 7 21 wiy2 grammar-connect-logic-result וּ֠⁠מִנִּ⁠י 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Specifically, Artaxerxes has just said that Ezra may pay for additional expenses out of the royal treasury. Consequently, regarding providing funds to Ezra, he will now give instructions to the officials responsible for administering the royal revenue in the province where Jerusalem is located. Alternate translation: “Consequently, from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EZR 7 21 rfxe figs-123person וּ֠⁠מִנִּ⁠י אֲנָ֞ה אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֤סְתְּא מַלְכָּ⁠א֙ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵ֔ם 1 Connecting Statement: Up to this point in the letter, Artaxerxes has been addressing Ezra, and he has spoken of himself mostly in the third person. But now as he turns to address a new audience, the royal treasurers, he speaks of himself in the first person, and he uses the emphatic form **me myself** and repeats his name and title, as in [7:12](../07/12.md). If you have been translating the king’s use of the third person for himself in this letter with the first person in your language, it may be helpful to your readers if you use some emphatic form or extended phrase here to show this transition. Alternate translation: “ And I, King Artaxerxes, am personally commanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -EZR 7 21 h6c8 figs-activepassive וּ֠⁠מִנִּ⁠י אֲנָ֞ה אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֤סְתְּא מַלְכָּ⁠א֙ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵ֔ם לְ⁠כֹל֙…דִּ֣י כָל־דִּ֣י יִ֠שְׁאֲלֶנְ⁠כוֹן עֶזְרָ֨א…אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד 1 that anything that Ezra…asks from you, let it be done diligently If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “And I, King Artaxerxes, am personally commanding all of you who are … to give Ezra … anything that he asks from you, and to do it exactly and promptly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZR 7 21 mlat figs-you יִ֠שְׁאֲלֶנְ⁠כוֹן 1 that anything that Ezra…asks from you, let it be done diligently The king is now addressing the treasurers, so **you** is plural and refers to the treasurers here and in [7:24](../07/24.md). If your language distinguishes between forms of you, the form for a superior addressing a group of people would be appropriate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -EZR 7 21 zz8u translate-unknown גִּזַּֽבְרַיָּ֔⁠א 1 that anything that Ezra…asks from you, let it be done diligently These were royal officials responsible for administering the funds of the empire in their province. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +EZR 7 21 h6c8 figs-activepassive וּ֠⁠מִנִּ⁠י אֲנָ֞ה אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֤סְתְּא מַלְכָּ⁠א֙ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵ֔ם לְ⁠כֹל֙…דִּ֣י כָל־דִּ֣י יִ֠שְׁאֲלֶנְ⁠כוֹן עֶזְרָ֨א…אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד 1 that anything that Ezra … asks from you, let it be done diligently If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “And I, King Artaxerxes, am personally commanding all of you who are … to give Ezra … anything that he asks from you, and to do it exactly and promptly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZR 7 21 mlat figs-you יִ֠שְׁאֲלֶנְ⁠כוֹן 1 that anything that Ezra … asks from you, let it be done diligently The king is now addressing the treasurers, so **you** is plural and refers to the treasurers here and in [7:24](../07/24.md). If your language distinguishes between forms of you, the form for a superior addressing a group of people would be appropriate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +EZR 7 21 zz8u translate-unknown גִּזַּֽבְרַיָּ֔⁠א 1 that anything that Ezra … asks from you, let it be done diligently These were royal officials responsible for administering the funds of the empire in their province. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EZR 7 21 i7dz translate-names בַּ⁠עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River **Beyond-the-River** is the name of one of the provinces of the Persian Empire. See how you translated it in [4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 7 21 euy1 figs-distinguish עֶזְרָ֨א כָהֲנָ֜⁠ה סָפַ֤ר דָּתָ⁠א֙ דִּֽי־אֱלָ֣הּ שְׁמַיָּ֔⁠א 1 let it be done diligently Here, the king provides some background information to remind or inform the treasurers who Ezra was. Alternate translation: “Ezra, who is a priest of the God who rules in heaven, and who has carefully studied his law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) EZR 7 22 zxtg figs-ellipsis עַד־כְּסַף֮ כַּכְּרִ֣ין מְאָה֒ וְ⁠עַד־חִנְטִין֙ כֹּרִ֣ין מְאָ֔ה וְ⁠עַד־חֲמַר֙ בַּתִּ֣ין מְאָ֔ה וְ⁠עַד־בַּתִּ֥ין מְשַׁ֖ח מְאָ֑ה וּ⁠מְלַ֖ח דִּי־לָ֥א כְתָֽב 1 one hundred silver talents Here, the king is speaking in an abbreviated, official way, and the connection to the previous verse may not be entirely clear for all readers. He is describing how much he is authorizing Ezra to ask for from the treasury in money and supplies. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly, and you could also make this verse a sentence of its own. Alternate translation: “I am authorizing Ezra to ask you treasurers for up to 100 kikkars of silver, 100 cors of wheat, 100 baths of wine, 100 baths of oil, and an unlimited amount of salt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -930,25 +930,25 @@ EZR 8 15 cl4j grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וָ⁠אָבִ֤ינָ⁠ה 1 A EZR 8 15 w7og figs-explicit וָ⁠אָבִ֤ינָ⁠ה בָ⁠עָם֙ וּ⁠בַ⁠כֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֥י לֵוִ֖י לֹא־מָצָ֥אתִי שָֽׁם 1 Ahava Here, we learn that one purpose of this preliminary encampment was for Ezra to see whether he had all the temple personnel that he needed. The implication behind this statement is that Ezra looked over the whole group to make sure of this. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. (We learn in [8:25](../08/25.md) that a further purpose of the encampment was to make arrangements for the safe transportation of the money and objects that had been donated for the temple.) Alternate translation: “I looked over the whole group and discovered that it consisted of lay people and priests, but there were no Levites in our group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 8 15 o9vg figs-metaphor וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֥י לֵוִ֖י 1 Ahava Here, **sons** figuratively means “descendants.” The Levites were descendants of Levi. Alternate translation: “Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 8 16 ufp7 grammar-connect-logic-result וָ⁠אֶשְׁלְחָ֡⁠ה 1 Shemaiah Here the word **then** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains what Ezra did as a result of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -EZR 8 16 sw7e translate-names וָ⁠אֶשְׁלְחָ֡⁠ה לֶ⁠אֱלִיעֶ֡זֶר לַ⁠אֲרִיאֵ֡ל לִֽ֠⁠שְׁמַעְיָה וּ⁠לְ⁠אֶלְנָתָ֨ן וּ⁠לְ⁠יָרִ֜יב וּ⁠לְ⁠אֶלְנָתָ֧ן וּ⁠לְ⁠נָתָ֛ן וְ⁠לִ⁠זְכַרְיָ֥ה וְ⁠לִ⁠מְשֻׁלָּ֖ם 1 Elnathan…Elnathan…Elnathan Here, Ezra lists the names of nine men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 16 admv figs-metaphor רָאשִׁ֑ים 1 Elnathan…Elnathan…Elnathan Unlike in [7:28](../07/28.md), here this expression does not mean heads of father’s houses, that is, clan leaders. Rather, **heads** here has a more general meaning and is simply a figurative way of saying “leaders.” None of these nine men, with the possible exception of Zechariah, are among the clan leaders listed in [8:2–14](../08/02.md). (And considering that three of the men whom Ezra summoned were named Elnathan, which shows that several individuals could share the same name, it is quite possible that this is a different Zechariah from either the one named in [8:3](../08/03.md) or the one named in [8:11](../08/11.md).) Alternate translation: “who were all leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 8 16 l322 translate-names וּ⁠לְ⁠יוֹיָרִ֥יב וּ⁠לְ⁠אֶלְנָתָ֖ן 1 Elnathan…Elnathan…Elnathan Here Ezra lists the names of two more men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 16 tf03 figs-explicit מְבִינִֽים 1 Elnathan…Elnathan…Elnathan This phrase suggests that while Joiarib and Elnathan were not community leaders like the other nine men, Ezra sent them anyway to help recruit more temple personnel because they were wise and reasonable and could be persuasive. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because, even though they were not leaders, they were discerning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 8 16 sw7e translate-names וָ⁠אֶשְׁלְחָ֡⁠ה לֶ⁠אֱלִיעֶ֡זֶר לַ⁠אֲרִיאֵ֡ל לִֽ֠⁠שְׁמַעְיָה וּ⁠לְ⁠אֶלְנָתָ֨ן וּ⁠לְ⁠יָרִ֜יב וּ⁠לְ⁠אֶלְנָתָ֧ן וּ⁠לְ⁠נָתָ֛ן וְ⁠לִ⁠זְכַרְיָ֥ה וְ⁠לִ⁠מְשֻׁלָּ֖ם 1 Elnathan … Elnathan … Elnathan Here, Ezra lists the names of nine men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 8 16 admv figs-metaphor רָאשִׁ֑ים 1 Elnathan … Elnathan … Elnathan Unlike in [7:28](../07/28.md), here this expression does not mean heads of father’s houses, that is, clan leaders. Rather, **heads** here has a more general meaning and is simply a figurative way of saying “leaders.” None of these nine men, with the possible exception of Zechariah, are among the clan leaders listed in [8:2–14](../08/02.md). (And considering that three of the men whom Ezra summoned were named Elnathan, which shows that several individuals could share the same name, it is quite possible that this is a different Zechariah from either the one named in [8:3](../08/03.md) or the one named in [8:11](../08/11.md).) Alternate translation: “who were all leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 8 16 l322 translate-names וּ⁠לְ⁠יוֹיָרִ֥יב וּ⁠לְ⁠אֶלְנָתָ֖ן 1 Elnathan … Elnathan … Elnathan Here Ezra lists the names of two more men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 8 16 tf03 figs-explicit מְבִינִֽים 1 Elnathan … Elnathan … Elnathan This phrase suggests that while Joiarib and Elnathan were not community leaders like the other nine men, Ezra sent them anyway to help recruit more temple personnel because they were wise and reasonable and could be persuasive. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because, even though they were not leaders, they were discerning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 8 17 a4dg figs-explicit אוֹתָ⁠ם֙ עַל־אִדּ֣וֹ הָ⁠רֹ֔אשׁ בְּ⁠כָסִפְיָ֖א הַ⁠מָּק֑וֹם 1 Iddo The implication, since Ezra is trying to recruit Levites, is that Iddo was the leader of the Levites in that place. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “them to speak to a man named Iddo, who was the leader of the Levites at a place called Kasiphia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 8 17 akq5 translate-names אִדּ֣וֹ 1 Next I sent them **Iddo** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 17 ggi9 translate-names בְּ⁠כָסִפְיָ֖א 1 Kasiphia **Kasiphia** is the name of a place. Its exact location can no longer be identified. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 17 nq66 figs-metaphor וָ⁠אָשִׂימָ⁠ה֩ בְּ⁠פִי⁠הֶ֨ם דְּבָרִ֜ים לְ֠⁠דַבֵּר אֶל־אִדּ֨וֹ 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo…to send to us servants for the house of our God Putting words in someone’s mouth figuratively means telling them what to say. Alternate translation: “And I told them what to say to Iddo” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 8 17 y2wd figs-metaphor אִדּ֨וֹ אָחִ֤י⁠ו הַנְּתִינִים֙ בְּ⁠כָסִפְיָ֣א הַ⁠מָּק֔וֹם 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo…to send to us servants for the house of our God Here, **brothers** is a figurative way of referring to people who belonged to groups that could serve in the temple, as Iddo did. (It is possible that some of his biological brothers are also included in this term.) In context, Iddo is a Levite leader, while the **brothers** are said to include **temple servants**, so the term indicates both groups. Alternate translation: “Iddo and his fellow Levites and the temple servants who were also living in Kasiphia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 8 17 p5pg figs-quotations לְ⁠הָֽבִיא־לָ֥⁠נוּ מְשָׁרְתִ֖ים לְ⁠בֵ֥ית אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo…to send to us servants for the house of our God This is the purpose for which Ezra sent the messengers to Iddo. You could indicate that in your translation, or, if it would be clearer in your language and helpful to your readers, you could present this as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “so that he would send us more people who could serve in the temple of our God” or, as a direct quotation, “to say, “Please send us some people who can serve in the temple of our God”” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -EZR 8 17 f8xf figs-exclusive לָ֥⁠נוּ 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo…to send to us servants for the house of our God As Ezra tells his story, he uses **us** in the exclusive sense, that is, it excludes the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -EZR 8 18 kbq4 grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יָּבִ֨יאּוּ 1 Sherebiah…Mahli This word indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result … they brought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +EZR 8 17 nq66 figs-metaphor וָ⁠אָשִׂימָ⁠ה֩ בְּ⁠פִי⁠הֶ֨ם דְּבָרִ֜ים לְ֠⁠דַבֵּר אֶל־אִדּ֨וֹ 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo … to send to us servants for the house of our God Putting words in someone’s mouth figuratively means telling them what to say. Alternate translation: “And I told them what to say to Iddo” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 8 17 y2wd figs-metaphor אִדּ֨וֹ אָחִ֤י⁠ו הַנְּתִינִים֙ בְּ⁠כָסִפְיָ֣א הַ⁠מָּק֔וֹם 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo … to send to us servants for the house of our God Here, **brothers** is a figurative way of referring to people who belonged to groups that could serve in the temple, as Iddo did. (It is possible that some of his biological brothers are also included in this term.) In context, Iddo is a Levite leader, while the **brothers** are said to include **temple servants**, so the term indicates both groups. Alternate translation: “Iddo and his fellow Levites and the temple servants who were also living in Kasiphia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 8 17 p5pg figs-quotations לְ⁠הָֽבִיא־לָ֥⁠נוּ מְשָׁרְתִ֖ים לְ⁠בֵ֥ית אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo … to send to us servants for the house of our God This is the purpose for which Ezra sent the messengers to Iddo. You could indicate that in your translation, or, if it would be clearer in your language and helpful to your readers, you could present this as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “so that he would send us more people who could serve in the temple of our God” or, as a direct quotation, “to say, “Please send us some people who can serve in the temple of our God”” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +EZR 8 17 f8xf figs-exclusive לָ֥⁠נוּ 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo … to send to us servants for the house of our God As Ezra tells his story, he uses **us** in the exclusive sense, that is, it excludes the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +EZR 8 18 kbq4 grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יָּבִ֨יאּוּ 1 Sherebiah … Mahli This word indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result … they brought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EZR 8 18 a7cr figs-metaphor כְּ⁠יַד־אֱלֹהֵ֨י⁠נוּ הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֤ה עָלֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ 1 So they sent to us by the good hand of our God a man As in the expression **according to the good hand of his God upon him** in [7:6](../07/06.md), **hand** figuratively represents action, and the expression indicates that God showed Ezra favor and helped him on this occasion. Alternate translation: “because our God was helping us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 8 18 llih figs-exclusive לָ֜⁠נוּ…עָלֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ 1 So they sent to us by the good hand of our God a man As Ezra tells his story, he uses **us** in the exclusive sense, that is, it excludes the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) EZR 8 18 kue1 figs-metaphor אִ֣ישׁ שֶׂ֔כֶל 1 a man of understanding Here, **insight**, that is, the ability to “see into” things, figuratively means to have good judgment. Alternate translation: “a very prudent man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 8 18 o1sr figs-metaphor מִ⁠בְּנֵ֣י מַחְלִ֔י בֶּן־לֵוִ֖י בֶּן־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְ⁠שֵׁרֵֽבְיָ֛ה 1 a man of understanding **Sons** figuratively means “descendants” in reference to Mahli, since he was a distant ancestor of the group that Sherebiah belonged to. The word **son** figuratively means “descendant” when applied to Levi, since Mahli was actually his grandson. But Levi actually was the biological son of Israel. Alternate translation: “named Sherebiah, one of the descendants of Mahli, the grandson of Levi, the son of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 8 18 d8n9 translate-names מַחְלִ֔י…לֵוִ֖י…יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְ⁠שֵׁרֵֽבְיָ֛ה 1 the son of Levi, the son of Israel These are the names of four men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 18 pp9z figs-metaphor וּ⁠בָנָ֥י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶחָ֖י⁠ו שְׁמֹנָ֥ה עָשָֽׂר 1 eighteen Since this was a small group of related people, it is quite possible that it consisted largely, if not entirely, of Sherebiah’s actual sons and brothers. So you could, in your translation, decide to treat the terms as literal. On the other hand, they could also be figurative, with **sons** meaning “descendants” and **brothers** meaning “relatives.” Alternate translation: “along with 18 of his sons and brothers” or “along with 18 of his descendants and relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 8 19 vsm6 figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֶת־חֲשַׁבְיָ֔ה וְ⁠אִתּ֥⁠וֹ יְשַֽׁעְיָ֖ה מִ⁠בְּנֵ֣י מְרָרִ֑י 1 Hashabiah…Merari Here, **sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “and they also sent us Hashabiah and Jeshaiah, from the descendants of Merari” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 8 19 vsm6 figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֶת־חֲשַׁבְיָ֔ה וְ⁠אִתּ֥⁠וֹ יְשַֽׁעְיָ֖ה מִ⁠בְּנֵ֣י מְרָרִ֑י 1 Hashabiah … Merari Here, **sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “and they also sent us Hashabiah and Jeshaiah, from the descendants of Merari” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 8 19 mf7n translate-names חֲשַׁבְיָ֔ה…יְשַֽׁעְיָ֖ה…מְרָרִ֑י 1 Jeshaiah These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 19 bwf7 figs-metaphor אֶחָ֥י⁠ו וּ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 twenty This most likely means the brothers of Jeshaiah and the sons of Jeshaiah and of his brothers. Since, as in [8:18](../08/18.md), this is a small group of related people, you could decide to treat the terms **brothers** and **sons** here as either literal or figurative. Alternate translation: “along with his brothers and their sons” or “along with his relatives and their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 8 20 ahh3 writing-background וּ⁠מִן־הַ⁠נְּתִינִ֗ים שֶׁ⁠נָּתַ֨ן דָּוִ֤יד וְ⁠הַ⁠שָּׂרִים֙ לַ⁠עֲבֹדַ֣ת הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֔ם נְתִינִ֖ים מָאתַ֣יִם וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֑ים 1 officials Here Ezra provides some background information to help identify who these **temple servants** were. Alternate translation: “and they also brought 220 men who were from the families that David and his officials had assigned to help the Levites long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -1025,8 +1025,8 @@ EZR 8 32 ls7w figs-exclusive וַ⁠נָּב֖וֹא…וַ⁠נֵּ֥שֶׁב 1 EZR 8 32 ragy figs-explicit וַ⁠נָּב֖וֹא יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם וַ⁠נֵּ֥שֶׁב שָׁ֖ם יָמִ֥ים שְׁלֹשָֽׁה 1 those lying in ambush Ezra does not say specifically why the group waited for three days before delivering the silver and gold and objects to the temple. But the implication is that this gave them a chance to rest after their journey and arrange for the delivery. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “We reached Jerusalem safely, and after we got there, we rested for three days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 8 33 p3qm figs-activepassive נִשְׁקַ֣ל הַ⁠כֶּסֶף֩ וְ⁠הַ⁠זָּהָ֨ב וְ⁠הַ⁠כֵּלִ֜ים 1 the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “each of the priests and Levites weighed out the silver and gold and objects that they had transported” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 8 33 qz5m figs-exclusive אֱלֹהֵ֗י⁠נוּ 1 the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out In this case, Ezra is using **our** in the inclusive sense, that is, it includes the reader, since he is reporting his trip to fellow believers in God. Alternate translation: “the God to whom we all belong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -EZR 8 33 b9l2 figs-metaphor עַ֠ל יַד 1 the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out…into the hand of Meremoth As in [8:26](../08/26.md), while the priests and Levites likely did place the money and the objects in the hands of the temple leaders, **hand** here figuratively represents control and responsibility. Alternate translation: “into the custody of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 8 33 lte3 translate-names מְרֵמ֤וֹת בֶּן־אֽוּרִיָּה֙ 1 Meremoth…Uriah…Eleazar…Phinehas…Jozabad…Jeshua…Noadiah…Binnui **Meremoth** is the name of a man, and **Uriah** is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 8 33 b9l2 figs-metaphor עַ֠ל יַד 1 the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out … into the hand of Meremoth As in [8:26](../08/26.md), while the priests and Levites likely did place the money and the objects in the hands of the temple leaders, **hand** here figuratively represents control and responsibility. Alternate translation: “into the custody of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 8 33 lte3 translate-names מְרֵמ֤וֹת בֶּן־אֽוּרִיָּה֙ 1 Meremoth … Uriah … Eleazar … Phinehas … Jozabad … Jeshua … Noadiah … Binnui **Meremoth** is the name of a man, and **Uriah** is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 33 jb4h translate-names אֶלְעָזָ֣ר בֶּן־פִּֽינְחָ֑ס 1 Jeshua **Eleazar** is the name of a man, and **Phinehas** is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 33 vg4k translate-names יוֹזָבָ֧ד בֶּן־יֵשׁ֛וּעַ 1 Jeshua **Jozabad** is the name of a man, and **Jeshua** is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 33 jrat translate-names וְ⁠נֽוֹעַדְיָ֥ה בֶן־בִּנּ֖וּי 1 Jeshua **Noadiah** is the name of a man, and **Binnui** is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1035,8 +1035,8 @@ EZR 8 34 nh2n figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּכָּתֵ֥ב כָּֽל־הַ⁠ EZR 8 35 gxu7 figs-parallelism הַ֠⁠בָּאִים מֵֽ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֨י בְנֵֽי־הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֜ה 1 those who had come back from the captivity, the sons of the exiles These two phrases mean the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “The Jews who had returned from exile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) EZR 8 35 qo2t figs-idiom הַ֠⁠בָּאִים מֵֽ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֨י בְנֵֽי־הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֜ה 1 those who had come back from the captivity, the sons of the exiles As indicated in [2:1](../02/01.md) and [8:35](../08/35.md), the phrase **the sons of the exile** refers specifically to the group of Jewish people who returned to the land of Judah from Babylon after King Nebuchadnezzar had conquered Jerusalem and had taken many Jews as captives to Babylon. Alternate translation: “The Jews who had returned from exile” or “The Jews who had returned to their homeland” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 8 35 fbh8 figs-123person הַ֠⁠בָּאִים מֵֽ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֨י בְנֵֽי־הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֜ה 1 those who had come back from the captivity, the sons of the exiles Here the story shifts from Ezra's first-person account to a third-person account. If that is confusing in your language, you can continue the story in first person.
Alternate translation: “We who had gone into exile in Babylonia but had now returned from captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -EZR 8 35 lgl7 figs-explicit הִקְרִ֥יבוּ עֹל֣וֹת ׀ לֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל פָּרִ֨ים שְׁנֵים־עָשָׂ֤ר עַל־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֵילִ֣ים ׀ תִּשְׁעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁשָּׁ֗ה כְּבָשִׂים֙ שִׁבְעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֔ה צְפִירֵ֥י חַטָּ֖את שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂ֑ר הַ⁠כֹּ֖ל עוֹלָ֥ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 twelve…ninety-six…seventy-seven…twelve The book assumes that readers will recognize that there are two types of offerings here. The bulls, rams, and lambs are offerings of the first type. They were offered in order to express a desire to be in good standing with God by creating an aroma, the smell of roasting meat, that was considered to be pleasing to God. These were completely burned up. The goats are the second type of offering. As in [6:17](../06/17.md), the goats were a **sin offering**. These were offered as a request for forgiveness from God. As explained in Leviticus 4:22-26 and 6:24-30, only the fat of these goats was burned up. The meat of these goats was for the priests to eat. The phrase **The whole was a burnt up offering** is a summary that includes the two types of offerings, one that was completely burned up and the other that was partially burned up. Therefore the final sentence means, "All of this was properly subjected to fire on the altar as sacrifices to Yahweh." The book assumes that readers know this. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “offered as burnt offerings to the God of Israel 12 bulls for all Israel, 96 rams, and 77 lambs, and as a sin offering 12 male goats. All of these sacrifices were offered to Yahweh through fire on the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-EZR 8 35 rdop translate-symaction הִקְרִ֥יבוּ עֹל֣וֹת ׀ לֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל פָּרִ֨ים שְׁנֵים־עָשָׂ֤ר עַל־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֵילִ֣ים ׀ תִּשְׁעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁשָּׁ֗ה כְּבָשִׂים֙ שִׁבְעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֔ה צְפִירֵ֥י חַטָּ֖את שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂ֑ר 1 twelve…ninety-six…seventy-seven…twelve The numbers of animals offered are symbolic, as the book explains in the case of the bulls. There were 12 bulls **for all Israel** because there were twelve tribes of Israel. There were 12 goats for the same reason. The same symbolism seems to lie behind the 96 rams, since that number is eight times 12, although the significance of the number eight is no longer apparent. The number 77 is an intensive form of the number seven, which symbolizes completeness. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “offered 12 bulls, one for each of the tribes of Israel, 96 rams, eight for each of the tribes of Israel, and 77 lambs, expressing completeness, as burnt offerings to the God of Israel, and 12 male goats as a sin offering, one for each of the tribes of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +EZR 8 35 lgl7 figs-explicit הִקְרִ֥יבוּ עֹל֣וֹת ׀ לֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל פָּרִ֨ים שְׁנֵים־עָשָׂ֤ר עַל־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֵילִ֣ים ׀ תִּשְׁעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁשָּׁ֗ה כְּבָשִׂים֙ שִׁבְעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֔ה צְפִירֵ֥י חַטָּ֖את שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂ֑ר הַ⁠כֹּ֖ל עוֹלָ֥ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 twelve … ninety-six … seventy-seven … twelve The book assumes that readers will recognize that there are two types of offerings here. The bulls, rams, and lambs are offerings of the first type. They were offered in order to express a desire to be in good standing with God by creating an aroma, the smell of roasting meat, that was considered to be pleasing to God. These were completely burned up. The goats are the second type of offering. As in [6:17](../06/17.md), the goats were a **sin offering**. These were offered as a request for forgiveness from God. As explained in Leviticus 4:22-26 and 6:24-30, only the fat of these goats was burned up. The meat of these goats was for the priests to eat. The phrase **The whole was a burnt up offering** is a summary that includes the two types of offerings, one that was completely burned up and the other that was partially burned up. Therefore the final sentence means, "All of this was properly subjected to fire on the altar as sacrifices to Yahweh." The book assumes that readers know this. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “offered as burnt offerings to the God of Israel 12 bulls for all Israel, 96 rams, and 77 lambs, and as a sin offering 12 male goats. All of these sacrifices were offered to Yahweh through fire on the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+EZR 8 35 rdop translate-symaction הִקְרִ֥יבוּ עֹל֣וֹת ׀ לֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל פָּרִ֨ים שְׁנֵים־עָשָׂ֤ר עַל־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֵילִ֣ים ׀ תִּשְׁעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁשָּׁ֗ה כְּבָשִׂים֙ שִׁבְעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֔ה צְפִירֵ֥י חַטָּ֖את שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂ֑ר 1 twelve … ninety-six … seventy-seven … twelve The numbers of animals offered are symbolic, as the book explains in the case of the bulls. There were 12 bulls **for all Israel** because there were twelve tribes of Israel. There were 12 goats for the same reason. The same symbolism seems to lie behind the 96 rams, since that number is eight times 12, although the significance of the number eight is no longer apparent. The number 77 is an intensive form of the number seven, which symbolizes completeness. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “offered 12 bulls, one for each of the tribes of Israel, 96 rams, eight for each of the tribes of Israel, and 77 lambs, expressing completeness, as burnt offerings to the God of Israel, and 12 male goats as a sin offering, one for each of the tribes of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EZR 8 36 r5gu figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יִּתְּנ֣וּ ׀ אֶת־דָּתֵ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ לַ⁠אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפְּנֵי֙ הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ וּ⁠פַחֲו֖וֹת עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠נָּהָ֑ר 1 the governors in the Province Beyond the River Here, **the laws of the king** seem to mean the decrees that Artaxerxes issued in the letter he gave to Ezra, and specifically the provisions that allowed Ezra to ask for support for the temple, exempted temple personnel from taxation, and allowed Ezra to appoint judges. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Ezra and the Jewish leaders informed the royal officials and governors in Beyond-the-River province of the decrees that Artaxerxes had issued in his letter to Ezra” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 8 36 6zj3 figs-123person וַֽ⁠יִּתְּנ֣וּ 1 the governors in the Province Beyond the River Here the story uses a third-person account rather than Ezra's first-person account. If that is confusing in your language, you can continue the story in first person.
Alternate translation: “We also gave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZR 8 36 7ep8 translate-unknown לַ⁠אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפְּנֵי֙ הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ וּ⁠פַחֲו֖וֹת 1 the governors in the Province Beyond the River The word **satraps** refers to rulers appointed by the king to rule over his provinces, such as the province of Beyond-the-River in which Judah was located. The **governors** were lower officials who worked in the province under the direction of the satrap. Use the words that communicate this best in your language. Alternate translation: “to those who rule over the king's provinces and to the authorities in the province of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -1088,9 +1088,9 @@ EZR 9 7 aqdp figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֵ֗י⁠נוּ 1 the days of our fathers * EZR 9 7 jw4h figs-idiom עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה 1 the days of our fathers In this context, **day** does not refer to one specific day, but rather, to a more general time. Alternate translation: “until this time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 9 7 ur0z figs-metonymy אֲנַ֨חְנוּ֙ בְּ⁠אַשְׁמָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֔ה 1 the days of our fathers Here, Ezra speaks figuratively of the disobedience of the Israelites by reference to something associated with it, the guilt that it has caused. Alternate translation: “we have consistently disobeyed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 9 7 rgen figs-metonymy אֲנַ֨חְנוּ֙ 1 the days of our fathers By **we** here, Ezra is referring to all of the Jewish people. See the UST. -EZR 9 7 wet1 figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠אַשְׁמָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֔ה 1 very guilty…our iniquities If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **guilt** with a verb such as “disobey.” Alternate translation: “consistently disobeyed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZR 9 7 h1bs figs-activepassive נִתַּ֡נּוּ אֲנַחְנוּ֩ מְלָכֵ֨י⁠נוּ כֹהֲנֵ֜י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יַ֣ד ׀ מַלְכֵ֣י הָ⁠אֲרָצ֗וֹת 1 we…have been delivered into the hand of kings If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “you put us, our kings, and our priests into the hands of foreign rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZR 9 7 dr9f figs-metaphor נִתַּ֡נּוּ אֲנַחְנוּ֩ מְלָכֵ֨י⁠נוּ כֹהֲנֵ֜י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יַ֣ד ׀ מַלְכֵ֣י הָ⁠אֲרָצ֗וֹת 1 we…have been delivered into the hand of kings Here, **hand** figuratively represents power and control. Alternate translation: “you allowed foreign rulers to conquer us, our kings, and our priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 9 7 wet1 figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠אַשְׁמָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֔ה 1 very guilty … our iniquities If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **guilt** with a verb such as “disobey.” Alternate translation: “consistently disobeyed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EZR 9 7 h1bs figs-activepassive נִתַּ֡נּוּ אֲנַחְנוּ֩ מְלָכֵ֨י⁠נוּ כֹהֲנֵ֜י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יַ֣ד ׀ מַלְכֵ֣י הָ⁠אֲרָצ֗וֹת 1 we … have been delivered into the hand of kings If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “you put us, our kings, and our priests into the hands of foreign rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZR 9 7 dr9f figs-metaphor נִתַּ֡נּוּ אֲנַחְנוּ֩ מְלָכֵ֨י⁠נוּ כֹהֲנֵ֜י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יַ֣ד ׀ מַלְכֵ֣י הָ⁠אֲרָצ֗וֹת 1 we … have been delivered into the hand of kings Here, **hand** figuratively represents power and control. Alternate translation: “you allowed foreign rulers to conquer us, our kings, and our priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 9 7 v9sd figs-idiom מַלְכֵ֣י הָ⁠אֲרָצ֗וֹת 1 into the hand of kings of the lands The **kings of the lands** would be the rulers of the “people of the lands” whom Ezra mentions in [9:1](../09/01.md) and [9:2](../09/02.md), and of similar foreign people groups. Alternate translation: “foreign rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 9 7 f2hv figs-idiom בַּ⁠חֶ֜רֶב בַּ⁠שְּׁבִ֧י וּ⁠בַ⁠בִּזָּ֛ה וּ⁠בְ⁠בֹ֥שֶׁת פָּנִ֖ים 1 to the sword, to captivity, and to plunder, and to ashamed faces Other than **by sword**, these are not the means by which the foreign rulers conquered the Israelites. Rather, they are primarily things that happened to the Israelites after they were conquered. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “They killed some of us, they took others of us away from our homeland, they stole the things that belonged to us, and all of this has made us greatly ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 9 7 kz7f figs-metonymy בַּ⁠חֶ֜רֶב 1 to the sword, to captivity, and to plunder, and to ashamed faces The sword figuratively represents killing, by reference to one kind of weapon that can kill a person. Alternate translation: “who killed some of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1153,9 +1153,9 @@ EZR 9 13 hd7r figs-idiom חָשַׂ֤כְתָּֽ לְ⁠מַ֨טָּה֙ מֵֽ EZR 9 13 w379 figs-explicit וְ⁠נָתַ֥תָּה לָּ֛⁠נוּ פְּלֵיטָ֖ה כָּ⁠זֹֽאת 1 forever Ezra is referring implicitly to himself and to the other Jews who have returned from exile. Alternate translation: “and you have allowed some of us to return to our homeland” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 9 14 jh1x figs-rquestion הֲ⁠נָשׁוּב֙ לְ⁠הָפֵ֣ר מִצְוֺתֶ֔י⁠ךָ וּ֨⁠לְ⁠הִתְחַתֵּ֔ן בְּ⁠עַמֵּ֥י הַ⁠תֹּעֵב֖וֹת הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה 1 should we again break your commandments and intermarry with the people of these abominations? Ezra is making a statement, not really asking a question. He does not expect God to tell him whether the people should once again disobey. Instead, he is using the question form to emphasize how important it is for them to stop intermarrying with the other people groups. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could translate these words as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “we certainly should not break your commandments again by intermarrying with peoples who do things that you cannot stand!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZR 9 14 pm7m figs-idiom בְּ⁠עַמֵּ֥י הַ⁠תֹּעֵב֖וֹת הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה 1 should we again break your commandments and intermarry with the people of these abominations? As in [9:1](../09/01.md) and [9:11](../09/11.md), the term **abominations** refers to things that God cannot allow to have in his presence. Alternate translation: “with the people groups who do these things that God detests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EZR 9 14 mn62 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא תֶֽאֱנַף־בָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ עַד־כַּלֵּ֔ה לְ⁠אֵ֥ין שְׁאֵרִ֖ית וּ⁠פְלֵיטָֽה 1 Would you not be angry…no remnant or survivor? Once again Ezra is making a statement, not really asking a question. He does not expect God to tell him whether he would be angry with the Jews. Instead, he is using the question form to emphasize how angry God would become. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could translate these words as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “If we did that, you would be totally angry with us, and you would not leave any of us alive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZR 9 14 tlu0 figs-idiom הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא תֶֽאֱנַף־בָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ עַד־כַּלֵּ֔ה 1 Would you not be angry…no remnant or survivor? This is a Hebrew idiom. Alternate translation: “Would you not be totally angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EZR 9 14 ulm6 figs-doublet לְ⁠אֵ֥ין שְׁאֵרִ֖ית וּ⁠פְלֵיטָֽה 1 Would you not be angry…no remnant or survivor? In this specific context, the terms **remnant** and **escape** mean the same thing. Ezra uses the terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these terms. Alternate translation: “you would not leave any of us alive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EZR 9 14 mn62 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא תֶֽאֱנַף־בָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ עַד־כַּלֵּ֔ה לְ⁠אֵ֥ין שְׁאֵרִ֖ית וּ⁠פְלֵיטָֽה 1 Would you not be angry … no remnant or survivor? Once again Ezra is making a statement, not really asking a question. He does not expect God to tell him whether he would be angry with the Jews. Instead, he is using the question form to emphasize how angry God would become. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could translate these words as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “If we did that, you would be totally angry with us, and you would not leave any of us alive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZR 9 14 tlu0 figs-idiom הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא תֶֽאֱנַף־בָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ עַד־כַּלֵּ֔ה 1 Would you not be angry … no remnant or survivor? This is a Hebrew idiom. Alternate translation: “Would you not be totally angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZR 9 14 ulm6 figs-doublet לְ⁠אֵ֥ין שְׁאֵרִ֖ית וּ⁠פְלֵיטָֽה 1 Would you not be angry … no remnant or survivor? In this specific context, the terms **remnant** and **escape** mean the same thing. Ezra uses the terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these terms. Alternate translation: “you would not leave any of us alive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EZR 9 15 qhg9 grammar-connect-logic-result יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ צַדִּ֣יק אַ֔תָּה כִּֽי־נִשְׁאַ֥רְנוּ פְלֵיטָ֖ה כְּ⁠הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה 1 Look If it would be clearer in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases since the second phrase gives the reason for what the first phrase says. Alternate translation: “But you have ensured that a group of us would survive, just as we are right now, so we acknowledge that you, Yahweh, the God of Israel, are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EZR 9 15 nw97 figs-idiom כְּ⁠הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה 1 Look In this context, **day** does not refer to one specific day, but rather to a more general time. Alternate translation: “as we are now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 9 15 a177 figs-parallelism הִנְ⁠נ֤וּ לְ⁠פָנֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠אַשְׁמָתֵ֔י⁠נוּ כִּ֣י אֵ֥ין לַ⁠עֲמ֛וֹד לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ עַל־זֹֽאת 1 We are before you in our guilt These two phrases mean similar things. Ezra uses the repetition for emphasis as he makes this confession of guilt on behalf of the people. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “We have come into your presence to admit that we are guilty.” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase is more intensive. Alternate translation: “We have come into your presence to admit that we are guilty, and none of us have any excuse for what we have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1200,20 +1200,20 @@ EZR 10 5 p6uh figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם עֶזְרָ֡א 1 we are with yo EZR 10 5 zxso figs-metonymy וְ⁠כָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 we are with you Here the book refers to the Israelites by the name of their nation. Alternate translation: “all of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 10 5 9ok9 figs-hyperbole וְ⁠כָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 we are with you Here, **all Israel** is an exaggeration that is meant to express the idea that Ezra made every Israelite who was there swear an oath. If this is not clear in your language, you can state it without the exaggeration. Alternate translation: “and every Israelite who was there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) EZR 10 5 medp figs-explicit לַ⁠עֲשׂ֛וֹת כַּ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה 1 we are with you The implication in context is that **this word** refers to Shekaniah’s recommendation that the Jews send away all the foreign wives and their children. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “to do what Shekaniah had recommended and make the Israelites send away all the foreign wives and their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 10 6 k8jp figs-metaphor מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵי֙ בֵּ֣ית הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib As in [10:1](../10/01.md), **face** here figuratively means the front of a place. Alternate translation: “from in front of the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 10 6 j78q figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּ֕לֶךְ אֶל־לִשְׁכַּ֖ת יְהוֹחָנָ֣ן בֶּן־אֶלְיָשִׁ֑יב 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib As in [8:29](../08/29.md), **chamber** means a room, and in context here it seems to refer similarly to one of the rooms in the temple. Eliashib was the high priest, and so it is probable that one of his family members would have had a room there. The book does not say why Ezra went to one of the rooms in the temple, but the implication is that he did so in order to meet further with the community leaders and make plans for the assembly that the following verses describe. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he went to one of the rooms in the temple, the one that belonged to Jehohanan the grandson of Eliashib, to meet further with the leaders to make plans to call an assembly of all the returned exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 10 6 z4zq figs-metaphor יְהוֹחָנָ֣ן בֶּן־אֶלְיָשִׁ֑יב 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib Jehohanan was actually the grandson of Eliashib, so **son** figuratively means “descendant.” Alternate translation: “Jehohanan, the grandson of Eliashib” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 10 6 j3bg translate-names יְהוֹחָנָ֣ן…אֶלְיָשִׁ֑יב 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 10 6 vkgv figs-ellipsis וַ⁠יֵּ֣לֶךְ שָׁ֗ם לֶ֤חֶם לֹֽא־אָכַל֙ וּ⁠מַ֣יִם לֹֽא־שָׁתָ֔ה 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib Here the book leaves out some of the words that would ordinarily be needed in order to express a complete meaning. Alternate translation: “And when he went there, he did not eat bread or drink water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -EZR 10 6 b5wa grammar-connect-logic-result לֶ֤חֶם לֹֽא־אָכַל֙ וּ⁠מַ֣יִם לֹֽא־שָׁתָ֔ה כִּ֥י מִתְאַבֵּ֖ל עַל־מַ֥עַל הַ⁠גּוֹלָֽה 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib If it would be clearer in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the action that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because he was still grieving over the way the Jews who had returned to their homeland had disobeyed, he did not eat bread or drink water.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -EZR 10 6 fwd9 translate-symaction לֶ֤חֶם לֹֽא־אָכַל֙ וּ⁠מַ֣יִם לֹֽא־שָׁתָ֔ה כִּ֥י מִתְאַבֵּ֖ל עַל־מַ֥עַל הַ⁠גּוֹלָֽה 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib Not eating or drinking was a symbolic action whose purpose was to show that Ezra was grieving over the disobedience of the exiles. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “To show that he was still grieving over the way that the Jews who had returned to their homeland had disobeyed, he did not eat or drink anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -EZR 10 6 cs2r figs-synecdoche לֶ֤חֶם לֹֽא־אָכַל֙ וּ⁠מַ֣יִם לֹֽא־שָׁתָ֔ה 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib The book is using **bread**, one kind of food, to represent all food, and it is using **water**, one kind of drink, to represent all drink. Alternate translation: “He did not eat or drink anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -EZR 10 6 s6oc figs-metaphor מַ֥עַל הַ⁠גּוֹלָֽה 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib Here, **unfaithfulness** figuratively means disobedience. Alternate translation: “the way that the Jews who had returned to their homeland had disobeyed God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 10 6 dt20 figs-abstractnouns מַ֥עַל הַ⁠גּוֹלָֽה 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib The abstract noun **exiles** describes the Jews who had returned to their homeland from Babylon. (The term seems to be equivalent to the longer phrase “the sons of the exile” that is used in several places in the book, including in the next verse.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the idea behind this term with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the way the Jews who had returned to their homeland had disobeyed God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZR 10 7 egfd figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּעֲבִ֨ירוּ ק֜וֹל בִּ⁠יהוּדָ֣ה וִ⁠ירֽוּשָׁלִַ֗ם 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib As in [1:1](../01/01.md), this **sound** is the voice of messengers who speak a message, and it figuratively represents the message that the messengers speak. Refer to whichever is natural in your language: the message, the messenger, or the messenger's voice. Alternate translation: “They sent messengers throughout Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZR 10 7 sni5 figs-idiom בְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֔ה 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib As indicated in [2:1](../02/01.md) and [8:35](../08/35.md), the phrase **the sons of the exile** refers specifically to the group of Jewish people who returned to the land of Judah from Babylon where King Nebuchadnezzar had taken them (or their ancestors) as captives many years earlier when he conquered Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the Jews who had returned from exile” or “the Jews who had returned to their homeland” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EZR 10 7 fkhl figs-abstractnouns בְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֔ה 1 Jehohanan…Eliashib The abstract noun **exile** refers to the way the Babylonians had taken the Jews as captives and transported them away from their homeland. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the idea behind this term with a verb such as “return,” which would describe the present situation of some of these Jews and their descendants. Alternate translation: “the Jews who had returned to their homeland” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZR 10 8 tv2h כַּ⁠עֲצַ֤ת הַ⁠שָּׂרִים֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֔ים 1 Everyone who did not come…all his property would be forfeited, and he would be excluded Alternate translation: “as the leaders and elders had specified that they must” +EZR 10 6 k8jp figs-metaphor מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵי֙ בֵּ֣ית הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib As in [10:1](../10/01.md), **face** here figuratively means the front of a place. Alternate translation: “from in front of the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 10 6 j78q figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּ֕לֶךְ אֶל־לִשְׁכַּ֖ת יְהוֹחָנָ֣ן בֶּן־אֶלְיָשִׁ֑יב 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib As in [8:29](../08/29.md), **chamber** means a room, and in context here it seems to refer similarly to one of the rooms in the temple. Eliashib was the high priest, and so it is probable that one of his family members would have had a room there. The book does not say why Ezra went to one of the rooms in the temple, but the implication is that he did so in order to meet further with the community leaders and make plans for the assembly that the following verses describe. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he went to one of the rooms in the temple, the one that belonged to Jehohanan the grandson of Eliashib, to meet further with the leaders to make plans to call an assembly of all the returned exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 10 6 z4zq figs-metaphor יְהוֹחָנָ֣ן בֶּן־אֶלְיָשִׁ֑יב 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib Jehohanan was actually the grandson of Eliashib, so **son** figuratively means “descendant.” Alternate translation: “Jehohanan, the grandson of Eliashib” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 10 6 j3bg translate-names יְהוֹחָנָ֣ן…אֶלְיָשִׁ֑יב 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 10 6 vkgv figs-ellipsis וַ⁠יֵּ֣לֶךְ שָׁ֗ם לֶ֤חֶם לֹֽא־אָכַל֙ וּ⁠מַ֣יִם לֹֽא־שָׁתָ֔ה 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib Here the book leaves out some of the words that would ordinarily be needed in order to express a complete meaning. Alternate translation: “And when he went there, he did not eat bread or drink water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +EZR 10 6 b5wa grammar-connect-logic-result לֶ֤חֶם לֹֽא־אָכַל֙ וּ⁠מַ֣יִם לֹֽא־שָׁתָ֔ה כִּ֥י מִתְאַבֵּ֖ל עַל־מַ֥עַל הַ⁠גּוֹלָֽה 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib If it would be clearer in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the action that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because he was still grieving over the way the Jews who had returned to their homeland had disobeyed, he did not eat bread or drink water.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +EZR 10 6 fwd9 translate-symaction לֶ֤חֶם לֹֽא־אָכַל֙ וּ⁠מַ֣יִם לֹֽא־שָׁתָ֔ה כִּ֥י מִתְאַבֵּ֖ל עַל־מַ֥עַל הַ⁠גּוֹלָֽה 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib Not eating or drinking was a symbolic action whose purpose was to show that Ezra was grieving over the disobedience of the exiles. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “To show that he was still grieving over the way that the Jews who had returned to their homeland had disobeyed, he did not eat or drink anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +EZR 10 6 cs2r figs-synecdoche לֶ֤חֶם לֹֽא־אָכַל֙ וּ⁠מַ֣יִם לֹֽא־שָׁתָ֔ה 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib The book is using **bread**, one kind of food, to represent all food, and it is using **water**, one kind of drink, to represent all drink. Alternate translation: “He did not eat or drink anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +EZR 10 6 s6oc figs-metaphor מַ֥עַל הַ⁠גּוֹלָֽה 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib Here, **unfaithfulness** figuratively means disobedience. Alternate translation: “the way that the Jews who had returned to their homeland had disobeyed God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 10 6 dt20 figs-abstractnouns מַ֥עַל הַ⁠גּוֹלָֽה 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib The abstract noun **exiles** describes the Jews who had returned to their homeland from Babylon. (The term seems to be equivalent to the longer phrase “the sons of the exile” that is used in several places in the book, including in the next verse.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the idea behind this term with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the way the Jews who had returned to their homeland had disobeyed God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EZR 10 7 egfd figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּעֲבִ֨ירוּ ק֜וֹל בִּ⁠יהוּדָ֣ה וִ⁠ירֽוּשָׁלִַ֗ם 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib As in [1:1](../01/01.md), this **sound** is the voice of messengers who speak a message, and it figuratively represents the message that the messengers speak. Refer to whichever is natural in your language: the message, the messenger, or the messenger's voice. Alternate translation: “They sent messengers throughout Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 10 7 sni5 figs-idiom בְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֔ה 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib As indicated in [2:1](../02/01.md) and [8:35](../08/35.md), the phrase **the sons of the exile** refers specifically to the group of Jewish people who returned to the land of Judah from Babylon where King Nebuchadnezzar had taken them (or their ancestors) as captives many years earlier when he conquered Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the Jews who had returned from exile” or “the Jews who had returned to their homeland” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZR 10 7 fkhl figs-abstractnouns בְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֔ה 1 Jehohanan … Eliashib The abstract noun **exile** refers to the way the Babylonians had taken the Jews as captives and transported them away from their homeland. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the idea behind this term with a verb such as “return,” which would describe the present situation of some of these Jews and their descendants. Alternate translation: “the Jews who had returned to their homeland” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EZR 10 8 tv2h כַּ⁠עֲצַ֤ת הַ⁠שָּׂרִים֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֔ים 1 Everyone who did not come … all his property would be forfeited, and he would be excluded Alternate translation: “as the leaders and elders had specified that they must” EZR 10 8 a5ia figs-idiom יָחֳרַ֖ם כָּל־רְכוּשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 three days **Devoted to the ban** is an idiom that refers to the complete loss of property. While in earlier times this would have meant that the property would be totally destroyed, in this context it likely meant that it would be confiscated and sold and that the proceeds would be put in the temple treasury. Alternate translation: “all of his property would be confiscated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 10 8 gbfg figs-activepassive יָחֳרַ֖ם כָּל־רְכוּשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 three days If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who would do the action. Alternate translation: “the leaders would take away all of his property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 10 8 gf6s figs-idiom וְ⁠ה֥וּא יִבָּדֵ֖ל מִ⁠קְּהַ֥ל הַ⁠גּוֹלָֽה 1 three days **Separated from the assembly** is a Hebrew idiom that means to be expelled from the community and no longer considered a Jew. Alternate translation: “He himself would be expelled from the Jewish community” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1254,10 +1254,10 @@ EZR 10 14 wvv6 figs-idiom וְ⁠עִמָּ⁠הֶ֛ם זִקְנֵי־עִ֥י EZR 10 14 n0xr figs-idiom חֲר֤וֹן אַף־אֱלֹהֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ 1 at the appointed time with the elders and judges of each of their cities The idiom **burning of the nose** refers to being angry. Alternate translation: “our God's anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 10 14 qdri figs-metaphor עַ֠ד לְ⁠הָשִׁ֞יב חֲר֤וֹן אַף־אֱלֹהֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ עַ֖ד לַ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 at the appointed time with the elders and judges of each of their cities When someone’s anger is **turned back**, that means figuratively that the person is no longer angry. Alternate translation: “until our God is no longer angry with us for disobeying in this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 10 14 cs93 figs-quotemarks לַ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 at the appointed time with the elders and judges of each of their cities After this phrase, the book ends its quotation of what the assembly replied to Ezra on this occasion. If you decided in [10:12](../10/12.md) to mark their words as a quotation, you should indicate their ending here with a closing quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) -EZR 10 15 arho grammar-connect-exceptions אַ֣ךְ 1 Jonathan…Asahel…Jahzeiah…Tikvah…Meshullam…Shabbethai The word **only** indicates that the sentence it introduces makes an exception from the larger group that was mentioned before. In [10:12](../10/12.md) it appeared that the whole group was in agreement, but now we find out that there were four men who did not agree. Use a natural way to indicate this contrast that makes it clear that there were two men who opposed the idea, then two more joined them in opposing the idea. Alternate translation: “But a few, namely,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) -EZR 10 15 z2yc figs-explicit יוֹנָתָ֧ן…וְ⁠יַחְזְיָ֥ה…עָמְד֣וּ עַל־זֹ֑את וּ⁠מְשֻׁלָּ֛ם וְ⁠שַׁבְּתַ֥י…עֲזָרֻֽ⁠ם 1 Jonathan…Asahel…Jahzeiah…Tikvah…Meshullam…Shabbethai The implication is that while these four men spoke up in the assembly against investigating who among the Israelites had married foreign wives, their protests were unsuccessful. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jonathan … and Jahzeiah … did not want the community to investigate who had married foreign women. And Meshullam and Shabbethai …supported them, but they were not able to convince the assembly” Alternatively, you could express this idea at the beginning of verse 16. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 10 15 piy5 translate-names יוֹנָתָ֧ן בֶּן־עֲשָׂהאֵ֛ל 1 Jonathan…Asahel…Jahzeiah…Tikvah…Meshullam…Shabbethai **Jonathan** is the name of a man, and **Asahel** is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 10 15 i7li translate-names וְ⁠יַחְזְיָ֥ה בֶן־תִּקְוָ֖ה 1 Jonathan…Asahel…Jahzeiah…Tikvah…Meshullam…Shabbethai **Jahzeiah** is the name of a man, and **Tikvah** is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 10 15 arho grammar-connect-exceptions אַ֣ךְ 1 Jonathan … Asahel … Jahzeiah … Tikvah … Meshullam … Shabbethai The word **only** indicates that the sentence it introduces makes an exception from the larger group that was mentioned before. In [10:12](../10/12.md) it appeared that the whole group was in agreement, but now we find out that there were four men who did not agree. Use a natural way to indicate this contrast that makes it clear that there were two men who opposed the idea, then two more joined them in opposing the idea. Alternate translation: “But a few, namely,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) +EZR 10 15 z2yc figs-explicit יוֹנָתָ֧ן…וְ⁠יַחְזְיָ֥ה…עָמְד֣וּ עַל־זֹ֑את וּ⁠מְשֻׁלָּ֛ם וְ⁠שַׁבְּתַ֥י…עֲזָרֻֽ⁠ם 1 Jonathan … Asahel … Jahzeiah … Tikvah … Meshullam … Shabbethai The implication is that while these four men spoke up in the assembly against investigating who among the Israelites had married foreign wives, their protests were unsuccessful. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jonathan … and Jahzeiah … did not want the community to investigate who had married foreign women. And Meshullam and Shabbethai … supported them, but they were not able to convince the assembly” Alternatively, you could express this idea at the beginning of verse 16. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 10 15 piy5 translate-names יוֹנָתָ֧ן בֶּן־עֲשָׂהאֵ֛ל 1 Jonathan … Asahel … Jahzeiah … Tikvah … Meshullam … Shabbethai **Jonathan** is the name of a man, and **Asahel** is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 10 15 i7li translate-names וְ⁠יַחְזְיָ֥ה בֶן־תִּקְוָ֖ה 1 Jonathan … Asahel … Jahzeiah … Tikvah … Meshullam … Shabbethai **Jahzeiah** is the name of a man, and **Tikvah** is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 10 15 sl99 figs-metaphor עָמְד֣וּ עַל־זֹ֑את 1 Jonathan son of Asahel and Jahzeiah son of Tikvah opposed this Here, **stood against** something means figuratively to have opposed it. Alternate translation: “did not want the community to investigate who had married foreign women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 10 15 uu1e translate-names וּ⁠מְשֻׁלָּ֛ם וְ⁠שַׁבְּתַ֥י 1 Jonathan son of Asahel and Jahzeiah son of Tikvah opposed this These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 10 16 jyy9 figs-abstractnouns וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן֮ בְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠גּוֹלָה֒ 1 did this See how you translated the expression **the sons of the exile** in [10:7](../10/07.md). Alternate translation: “So the Jews who had returned to their homeland did what their assembly had decided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1277,19 +1277,19 @@ EZR 10 17 0ib9 figs-infostructure עַ֛ד י֥וֹם אֶחָ֖ד לַ⁠חֹ֥ EZR 10 18 rqg8 figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּמָּצֵא֙ מִ⁠בְּנֵ֣י 1 Jeshua If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. “The clan leaders identified some men from among” Alternate translation: (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 10 18 vpyw figs-idiom מִ⁠בְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֔ים 1 Jeshua Here, **sons of** is a figurative expression that means “descendants of.” These men are all descendants of men who had been priests in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “among the descendants of the priests” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 10 18 w0rr figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֹשִׁ֖יבוּ נָשִׁ֣ים נָכְרִיּ֑וֹת 1 Jeshua See how you translated this expression in [10:2](../10/02.md). Alternate translation: “who had married foreign women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EZR 10 18 sf5b figs-metaphor מִ⁠בְּנֵ֨י יֵשׁ֤וּעַ בֶּן־יֽוֹצָדָק֙ וְ⁠אֶחָ֔י⁠ו 1 Maaseiah…Gedaliah Here, **the sons of Jeshua** figuratively means “the descendants of Jeshua,” since Jeshua lived many years before this time, but **son of Jozadak** is literal because Jeshua was the biological son of Jozadak. **Brothers** could mean biological brothers, but it is more likely that it refers figuratively to relatives. Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Jeshua the son of Jozadak and his relatives” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 10 18 pp5e translate-names מַֽעֲשֵׂיָה֙ וֶֽ⁠אֱלִיעֶ֔זֶר וְ⁠יָרִ֖יב וּ⁠גְדַלְיָֽה 1 Eliezer…Jarib These are the names of four men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 10 19 xu0s grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֥וּ 1 Eliezer…Jarib Here the word **So** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result, they gave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -EZR 10 19 w25u translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֥וּ יָדָ֖⁠ם 1 Eliezer…Jarib This means that the men shook hands with the clan leaders to signify that they were making a promise. Alternate translation: “So they shook hands in pledge” or “So they grasped hands with their leaders as a sign of promise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -EZR 10 19 v518 figs-idiom לְ⁠הוֹצִ֣יא נְשֵׁי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Eliezer…Jarib As in [10:3](../10/03.md), **to cause to go out** is a Hebrew idiom that means to divorce and send away. Alternate translation: “that they would divorce their wives and send them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EZR 10 19 i4ab figs-ellipsis וַ⁠אֲשֵׁמִ֥ים אֵֽיל־צֹ֖אן עַל־אַשְׁמָתָֽ⁠ם 1 Eliezer…Jarib Here the book leaves out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. Alternate translation: “and that they would sacrifice a ram from their flocks as a guilt offering, since the clan leaders had found them guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -EZR 10 19 ldbc figs-extrainfo אֵֽיל־צֹ֖אן 1 Eliezer…Jarib A **flock** is a group of small animals such as sheep or goats. If it is unnecessary or unnatural to say that the **ram** was from a flock, then you can just say that it was a ram, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) +EZR 10 18 sf5b figs-metaphor מִ⁠בְּנֵ֨י יֵשׁ֤וּעַ בֶּן־יֽוֹצָדָק֙ וְ⁠אֶחָ֔י⁠ו 1 Maaseiah … Gedaliah Here, **the sons of Jeshua** figuratively means “the descendants of Jeshua,” since Jeshua lived many years before this time, but **son of Jozadak** is literal because Jeshua was the biological son of Jozadak. **Brothers** could mean biological brothers, but it is more likely that it refers figuratively to relatives. Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Jeshua the son of Jozadak and his relatives” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 10 18 pp5e translate-names מַֽעֲשֵׂיָה֙ וֶֽ⁠אֱלִיעֶ֔זֶר וְ⁠יָרִ֖יב וּ⁠גְדַלְיָֽה 1 Eliezer … Jarib These are the names of four men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 10 19 xu0s grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֥וּ 1 Eliezer … Jarib Here the word **So** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “As a result, they gave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +EZR 10 19 w25u translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֥וּ יָדָ֖⁠ם 1 Eliezer … Jarib This means that the men shook hands with the clan leaders to signify that they were making a promise. Alternate translation: “So they shook hands in pledge” or “So they grasped hands with their leaders as a sign of promise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +EZR 10 19 v518 figs-idiom לְ⁠הוֹצִ֣יא נְשֵׁי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Eliezer … Jarib As in [10:3](../10/03.md), **to cause to go out** is a Hebrew idiom that means to divorce and send away. Alternate translation: “that they would divorce their wives and send them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZR 10 19 i4ab figs-ellipsis וַ⁠אֲשֵׁמִ֥ים אֵֽיל־צֹ֖אן עַל־אַשְׁמָתָֽ⁠ם 1 Eliezer … Jarib Here the book leaves out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. Alternate translation: “and that they would sacrifice a ram from their flocks as a guilt offering, since the clan leaders had found them guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +EZR 10 19 ldbc figs-extrainfo אֵֽיל־צֹ֖אן 1 Eliezer … Jarib A **flock** is a group of small animals such as sheep or goats. If it is unnecessary or unnatural to say that the **ram** was from a flock, then you can just say that it was a ram, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) EZR 10 20 d98p figs-metaphor וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֣י אִמֵּ֔ר 1 Immer Here, **sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “From the descendants of Immer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 10 20 re8v translate-names חֲנָ֖נִי וּ⁠זְבַדְיָֽה 1 Hanani These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 10 21 hqu7 figs-metaphor וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֖י חָרִ֑ם 1 Harim Here, **sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “And from the descendants of Harim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 10 21 vq5r translate-names מַעֲשֵׂיָ֤ה וְ⁠אֵֽלִיָּה֙ וּֽ⁠שְׁמַֽעְיָ֔ה וִ⁠יחִיאֵ֖ל וְ⁠עֻזִיָּֽה 1 Maaseiah These are the names of five men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 10 22 bs2z figs-metaphor וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֖י פַּשְׁח֑וּר 1 Pashhur Here, **sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “And from the descendants of Pashhur” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 10 22 yf1x translate-names אֶלְיוֹעֵינַ֤י מַֽעֲשֵׂיָה֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣אל נְתַנְאֵ֔ל יוֹזָבָ֖ד וְ⁠אֶלְעָשָֽׂה 1 Elioenai…Maaseiah…Nethanel…Elasah These are the names of six men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 10 22 yf1x translate-names אֶלְיוֹעֵינַ֤י מַֽעֲשֵׂיָה֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣אל נְתַנְאֵ֔ל יוֹזָבָ֖ד וְ⁠אֶלְעָשָֽׂה 1 Elioenai … Maaseiah … Nethanel … Elasah These are the names of six men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 10 23 ef8q translate-names הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֑ם 1 General Information: See how you translated **Levites** in [2:40](../02/40.md). Review the explanation in the note there if that would be helpful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 10 23 y5l2 translate-names יוֹזָבָ֣ד וְ⁠שִׁמְעִ֗י וְ⁠קֵֽלָיָה֙ ה֣וּא קְלִיטָ֔א פְּתַֽחְיָ֥ה יְהוּדָ֖ה וֶ⁠אֱלִיעֶֽזֶר 1 Jozabad These are the names of six men and an alternate name for one of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 10 24 mpru הַ⁠מְשֹׁרְרִ֖ים 1 Eliashib The term **singers** refers to the same occupational group as in [2:41](../02/41.md). Review the explanation in the note there if that would be helpful. diff --git a/en_tn_16-NEH.tsv b/en_tn_16-NEH.tsv index cbc955277..93fd9d093 100644 --- a/en_tn_16-NEH.tsv +++ b/en_tn_16-NEH.tsv @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ NEH 2 3 a43b figs-123person הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ לְ⁠עוֹלָ֣ם יִח NEH 2 3 klj6 figs-rquestion מַדּ֜וּעַ לֹא־יֵרְע֣וּ פָנַ֗⁠י 1 Why should not my face be evil Nehemiah is making a statement, not asking a question. He does not expect the king to give him reasons why he should not be sad. Instead, he is using the question form for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am sorry, but I cannot help being sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NEH 2 3 a45b figs-synecdoche מַדּ֜וּעַ לֹא־יֵרְע֣וּ פָנַ֗⁠י 1 Why should not my face be evil Nehemiah refers to himself by one part of him, his **face**, because the face shows one’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I have very good reasons to be sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) NEH 2 3 a47b figs-idiom מַדּ֜וּעַ לֹא־יֵרְע֣וּ פָנַ֗⁠י 1 Why should not my face be evil Here, **unpleasant** refers to a person looking sad or upset. Alternate translation: “I have very good reasons to be sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -NEH 2 3 a49b figs-explicit הָ⁠עִ֜יר…חֲרֵבָ֔ה 1 the city…is desolate **The city** means Jerusalem. If it would make things clearer in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the city of Jerusalem … lies in ruins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NEH 2 3 a49b figs-explicit הָ⁠עִ֜יר…חֲרֵבָ֔ה 1 the city … is desolate **The city** means Jerusalem. If it would make things clearer in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the city of Jerusalem … lies in ruins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 2 3 ehz3 figs-metaphor בֵּית־קִבְר֤וֹת אֲבֹתַ⁠י֙ 1 the house of the graves of my fathers Here, **house** is a figurative way of referring to a place. Alternate translation: “the place where my ancestors are buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 2 3 a51b figs-metonymy בֵּית־קִבְר֤וֹת אֲבֹתַ⁠י֙ 1 the house of the graves of my fathers Here, **fathers** figuratively means **ancestors.** Alternate translation: “the place where my ancestors are buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NEH 2 3 g7f4 figs-activepassive וּ⁠שְׁעָרֶ֖י⁠הָ אֻכְּל֥וּ בָ⁠אֵֽשׁ 1 its gates have been consumed by fire If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed its gates” or “our enemies have burned its gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ NEH 2 9 ac27 figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח עִמִּ⁠י֙ הַ⁠ NEH 2 9 ac29 figs-events וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח עִמִּ⁠י֙ הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ שָׂ֥רֵי חַ֖יִל וּ⁠פָרָשִֽׁים 1 And the king sent with me officers of the army and horsemen You can put this information first because it happened before Nehemiah showed his letters to the governors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) NEH 2 10 ac31 figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֞ע סַנְבַלַּ֣ט הַ⁠חֹרֹנִ֗י וְ⁠טֽוֹבִיָּה֙ הָ⁠עֶ֣בֶד הָֽ⁠עַמֹּנִ֔י 1 Then Sanballat the Horonite and Tobiah, the servant, the Ammonite, heard Sanballat was the governor of Samaria, the area right next to Judah. So he was one of the people Nehemiah would have shown a letter from the king authorizing his trip. If it would make things clearer for your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This was how Sanballat the Horonite and his deputy Tobiah the Ammonite learned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 2 10 yz8p translate-names סַנְבַלַּ֣ט הַ⁠חֹרֹנִ֗י 1 Sanballat the Horonite Sanballat is the name of a man, and Horonite is the name of his people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 2 10 eh4c translate-names וְ⁠טֽוֹבִיָּה֙…הָֽ⁠עַמֹּנִ֔י 1 and Tobiah…the Ammonite Tobiah is the name of a man, and Ammonite is the name of his people group. Tobiah’s name occurs over a dozen times in the book of Nehemiah. It will be helpful to your readers if you translate it consistently each time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 2 10 eh4c translate-names וְ⁠טֽוֹבִיָּה֙…הָֽ⁠עַמֹּנִ֔י 1 and Tobiah … the Ammonite Tobiah is the name of a man, and Ammonite is the name of his people group. Tobiah’s name occurs over a dozen times in the book of Nehemiah. It will be helpful to your readers if you translate it consistently each time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 2 10 vb3p וְ⁠טֽוֹבִיָּה֙ הָ⁠עֶ֣בֶד 1 and Tobiah, the servant From the role that Tobiah plays in the book, this phrase seems to indicate that he was the official who served directly under Sanballat. Alternate translation: “Tobiah, his deputy” NEH 2 10 ac33 figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּ֥רַע לָ⁠הֶ֖ם רָעָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥א אָדָ֔ם לְ⁠בַקֵּ֥שׁ טוֹבָ֖ה לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 And it was evil to them, a great evil, that someone had come to seek good for the sons of Israel The implication is that Sanballat and Tobiah did not want to see Judah become strong again because that would be a threat to the power and influence of Samaria. If it would make things clearer in your language, you could say this explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 2 10 ac35 figs-idiom וַ⁠יֵּ֥רַע לָ⁠הֶ֖ם רָעָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה 1 And it was evil to them, a great evil Here **evil** means “bad,” so this expression is the opposite of “if it is good to you” in [2:5](../02/05.md) and [2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “They thought it was a bad thing, a very bad thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -219,10 +219,10 @@ NEH 2 18 a15c figs-idiom נָק֣וּם וּ⁠בָנִ֔ינוּ 1 We will rise NEH 2 18 y6ui figs-idiom וַ⁠יְחַזְּק֥וּ יְדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם לַ⁠טּוֹבָֽה 1 And they strengthened their hands for good The phrase “strengthened their hands” means that they encouraged one another. “For good” refers to the rebuilding project, which they recognized would be a great benefit. Alternate translation: “So they prepared themselves to do this good work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NEH 2 18 a14c figs-metaphor יְדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 their hands **Hand** in this context represents a person’s strength or power. Alternate translation: “they prepared themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 2 19 et87 translate-names סַנְבַלַּ֨ט הַ⁠חֹרֹנִ֜י 1 Sanballat the Horonite Sanballat is the name of a man, and Horonite is the name of his people group. See how you translated this in [2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 2 19 a19c translate-names וְ⁠טֹבִיָּ֣ה…הָֽ⁠עַמּוֹנִ֗י 1 and Tobiah…the Ammonite Tobiah is the name of a man, and Ammonite is the name of his people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 2 19 a19c translate-names וְ⁠טֹבִיָּ֣ה…הָֽ⁠עַמּוֹנִ֗י 1 and Tobiah … the Ammonite Tobiah is the name of a man, and Ammonite is the name of his people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 2 19 a21c וְ⁠טֹבִיָּ֣ה ׀ הָ⁠עֶ֣בֶד 1 and Tobiah, the servant See how you translated this in [2:10](../02/10.md). Alternate translation: “Tobiah, his deputy” NEH 2 19 cxe8 translate-names וְ⁠גֶ֨שֶׁם֙ הָֽ⁠עַרְבִ֔י 1 and Geshem the Arabian Geshem is the name of a man, and Arabian is the name of his people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 2 19 a23c figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַע֩ 1 Then…heard The implication is that these men learned that the Jews in Jerusalem had started to rebuild the city walls. If it would make things clearer in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “learned that we had started to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +NEH 2 19 a23c figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַע֩ 1 Then … heard The implication is that these men learned that the Jews in Jerusalem had started to rebuild the city walls. If it would make things clearer in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “learned that we had started to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 2 19 a25c figs-parallelism וַ⁠יַּלְעִ֣גוּ לָ֔⁠נוּ וַ⁠יִּבְז֖וּ עָלֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 and they mocked us, and they despised us These two statements mean similar things. Nehemiah says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize how contemptuous and dismissive these enemies were being. You do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation if that would be confusing for your readers. Alternate translation: “they ridiculed us mercilessly,” otherwise “they made fun of us and ridiculed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NEH 2 19 ww1k figs-rquestion מָֽה־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַתֶּ֣ם עֹשִׂ֔ים הַ⁠עַ֥ל הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ אַתֶּ֥ם מֹרְדִֽים 1 What is this thing that you are doing? Are you rebelling against the king? These enemies are not asking questions that they expect Nehemiah to answer. They are using the question form to mock him. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could translate their words as statements. Alternate translation: “What you are doing is not going to amount to anything! But you should not be rebelling against the king!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NEH 2 19 u8ri figs-explicit מָֽה־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַתֶּ֣ם עֹשִׂ֔ים 1 What is this thing that you are doing? The implication is that this **thing** is really “nothing” at all. If it would make things clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “What you are doing is not going to amount to anything!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ NEH 2 20 a4e6 figs-doublet וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶ֗ם אֵֽין־חֵ֧לֶק וּ NEH 2 20 a35c figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶ֗ם אֵֽין־חֵ֧לֶק וּ⁠צְדָקָ֛ה וְ⁠זִכָּר֖וֹן בִּ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 But you have no share, no right, and no historic claim in Jerusalem Depending on their meaning, the terms “share,” “right,” and “memorial” may be abstract nouns. If so, you could translate the idea behind them with a phrase that expresses their overall meaning. Alternate translation: “But you have absolutely nothing to do with what happens in Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NEH 3 intro dfw6 0 # Nehemiah 03 General Notes

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Priests
The priests worked on rebuilding the city. Normally, the priests were exempt from this type of work. Because they helped, it emphasizes that this is a holy work and something done for Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Cooperation
Everyone worked on this project. Many names are mentioned to emphasize the cooperation between the different families. Each was given a section of the wall to rebuild. NEH 3 1 ald8 figs-explicit וַ⁠יָּ֡קָם אֶלְיָשִׁיב֩ הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֨ן הַ⁠גָּד֜וֹל 1 And Eliashib the high priest rose up This chapter records the names of the people who repaired the wall of Jerusalem, and it describes what parts of the wall they worked on. If it would make things clearer in your language, you could say this explicitly at the start of the chapter. (In this book Nehemiah records everything he did to help the people of Judah, and he prays that God will remember him and bless him for what he did. We see in this chapter that he also wants God to remember and bless everyone else who helped.) Alternate translation: “These are the names of the people who helped to rebuild the wall around Jerusalem. Now Eliashib the high priest rose up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NEH 3 1 a37c figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֡קָם 1 And…rose up As in [2:18](../02/18.md), **rise up** here means to begin something. Alternate translation: “began to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +NEH 3 1 a37c figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֡קָם 1 And … rose up As in [2:18](../02/18.md), **rise up** here means to begin something. Alternate translation: “began to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NEH 3 1 g9az translate-names אֶלְיָשִׁיב֩ 1 Eliashib This is the name of a man. It occurs about a dozen times in the book of Nehemiah. It will be helpful to your readers if you translate it consistently each time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 1 a39c translate-unknown הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֨ן הַ⁠גָּד֜וֹל 1 the high priest This means that Eliashib was the leader of the priests who conducted worship in the temple and performed many other religious and community functions. Alternate translation: “the priest who was in charge in the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) NEH 3 1 a40c figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֶחָ֣י⁠ו הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֗ים 1 with his brothers the priests Here, **brother** could mean Eliashib’s biological brothers, but more likely it figuratively refers to the rest of the priests. Alternate translation: “with his fellow priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ NEH 3 1 a47c translate-symaction הֵ֣מָּה קִדְּשׁ֔וּ⁠הוּ 1 NEH 3 1 a49c figs-explicit הֵ֣מָּה קִדְּשׁ֔וּ⁠הוּ 1 They themselves consecrated it If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say explicitly that by dedicating the Sheep Gate to God, the priests were symbolically dedicating the entire wall to God. Alternate translation: “They dedicated this gate to God as a symbolic way of dedicating the entire wall.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 3 1 a51c וַֽ⁠יַּעֲמִ֖ידוּ דַּלְתֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 and erected its doors **Its** refers to the Sheep Gate. **Erected** means “set up” or “set in place.” This expression occurs several times in this chapter. It would be helpful to your readers to translate it consistently. Alternate translation: “set the doors in place.” NEH 3 1 a7k9 figs-ellipsis וְ⁠עַד־מִגְדַּ֤ל הַ⁠מֵּאָה֙ קִדְּשׁ֔וּ⁠הוּ עַ֖ד מִגְדַּ֥ל חֲנַנְאֵֽל 1 And they consecrated it as far as the tower of the Hundred and as far as the tower of Hananel In this record of people who helped rebuild the wall, Nehemiah is writing more of a list than a narrative, so he often leaves out one or more words that a sentence normally would have in order to be complete. This sentence seems to mean, “They rebuilt the wall as far as the Tower of the Hundred, and beyond that to the Tower of Hananel. Then they dedicated that part of the wall to God as well.” You could say something like that if it would be helpful to your readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -NEH 3 1 e1th translate-names מִגְדַּ֤ל הַ⁠מֵּאָה֙…מִגְדַּ֥ל חֲנַנְאֵֽל 1 the tower of the Hundred…the tower of Hananel These are the names of two of the towers on the Jerusalem wall. Alternate translation: “the Tower of the Hundred … the Tower of Hananel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 3 1 e1th translate-names מִגְדַּ֤ל הַ⁠מֵּאָה֙…מִגְדַּ֥ל חֲנַנְאֵֽל 1 the tower of the Hundred … the tower of Hananel These are the names of two of the towers on the Jerusalem wall. Alternate translation: “the Tower of the Hundred … the Tower of Hananel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 1 r9wn translate-unknown מִגְדַּ֤ל הַ⁠מֵּאָה֙ 1 the tower of the Hundred It is not clear why this tower had this name. The tower could have been 100 cubits high (about 150 feet or about 45 meters), or 100 soldiers may have been stationed there. Since the reason is unknown, it might be best just to call this the “Tower of the Hundred.” However, if it would be confusing to your readers not to explain the meaning of the number, you suggest one of these possibilities. Alternate translation: “The Tower of the Hundred Soldiers” or “The Hundred-Cubit Tower.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -NEH 3 2 xtj9 figs-idiom וְ⁠עַל־יָד֥⁠וֹ בָנ֖וּ 1 And…built at his hand Here, **at his hand** is a figurative way of saying “beside him” or “next to him.” This expression occurs several times in this chapter. It would be helpful to your readers to translate it consistently. Alternate translation: “next to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +NEH 3 2 xtj9 figs-idiom וְ⁠עַל־יָד֥⁠וֹ בָנ֖וּ 1 And … built at his hand Here, **at his hand** is a figurative way of saying “beside him” or “next to him.” This expression occurs several times in this chapter. It would be helpful to your readers to translate it consistently. Alternate translation: “next to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NEH 3 2 qf25 figs-gendernotations אַנְשֵׁ֣י יְרֵח֑וֹ 1 men of Jericho The word **men** here can include women, and it does seem to include them in this context. Elsewhere in this chapter, [3:12](../03/12.md) tells us that “Shallum and his daughters repaired part of the wall.” So we know that both men and women worked on this project. Alternate translation: “people from Jericho” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) NEH 3 2 u2s6 translate-names יְרֵח֑וֹ 1 Jericho Jericho is the name of one of the cities in Judah. We see from this chapter that several cities and towns sent work parties to help rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 2 q84s translate-names זַכּ֖וּר בֶּן־אִמְרִֽי 1 Zaccur, the son of Imri Zaccur is the name of a man, and Imri is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ NEH 3 3 bbm9 translate-names הַ⁠סְּנָאָ֑ה 1 Hassenaah Hassenaah is NEH 3 3 if44 translate-names שַׁ֣עַר הַ⁠דָּגִ֔ים 1 the gate of fish This is the name of one of the gates of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the Fish Gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 3 kxd6 וַֽ⁠יַּעֲמִ֨ידוּ֙ דַּלְתֹתָ֔י⁠ו מַנְעוּלָ֖י⁠ו וּ⁠בְרִיחָֽי⁠ו 1 They themselves laid its beams and erected its doors, its bolts, and its bars This expression occurs several times in this chapter. It would be helpful to your readers to translate it consistently. Alternate translation: “They framed it with wooden beams, they set its doors in place, and they installed bolts and bars” NEH 3 3 kc48 figs-explicit מַנְעוּלָ֖י⁠ו וּ⁠בְרִיחָֽי⁠ו 1 its bolts, and its bars Bolts and bars locked the gates securely. If it would make things clearer in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “bolts and bars for locking the gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NEH 3 4 nn6j figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִ֗יק…הֶחֱזִ֔יק…הֶֽחֱזִ֔יק 1 strengthened…strengthened **Strengthened** means “repaired.” It refers to repairing the wall, although Nehemiah does not specify this. This expression occurs several times in this chapter. It would be helpful to your readers to translate it consistently. Alternate translation: “repaired the next section of of the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +NEH 3 4 nn6j figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִ֗יק…הֶחֱזִ֔יק…הֶֽחֱזִ֔יק 1 strengthened … strengthened **Strengthened** means “repaired.” It refers to repairing the wall, although Nehemiah does not specify this. This expression occurs several times in this chapter. It would be helpful to your readers to translate it consistently. Alternate translation: “repaired the next section of of the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NEH 3 4 c8hi translate-names מְרֵמ֤וֹת בֶּן־אוּרִיָּה֙ בֶּן־הַקּ֔וֹץ 1 Meremoth, the son of Uriah, the son of Hakkoz Meremoth is the name of a man, Uriah is the name of his father, and Hakkoz is the name of his grandfather. Alternate translation: “Meremoth, the son of Uriah and grandson of Hakkoz” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 4 inh2 translate-names מְשֻׁלָּ֥ם בֶּן־בֶּרֶכְיָ֖ה בֶּן־מְשֵׁיזַבְאֵ֑ל 1 Meshullam, the son of Berechiah, the son of Meshezabel Meshullam is the name of a man, Berechiah is the name of his father, and Meshezabel is the name of his grandfather. Alternate translation: “Meshullam, the son of Berekiah and grandson of Meshezabel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 4 xn3i translate-names צָד֖וֹק בֶּֽן־בַּעֲנָֽא 1 Zadok, the son of Baana Zadok is the name of a man, and Baana is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ NEH 3 5 x484 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠אַדִּֽירֵי⁠הֶם NEH 3 5 l7zc figs-explicit לֹא־הֵבִ֣יאוּ צַוָּרָ֔⁠ם בַּ⁠עֲבֹדַ֖ת אֲדֹנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 did not bring their necks to the service of their lords Nehemiah does not state the reason why the nobles did not do the work, but it is implied. Alternate translation: “were too proud to do the work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 3 5 nsg3 figs-metonymy לֹא־הֵבִ֣יאוּ צַוָּרָ֔⁠ם בַּ⁠עֲבֹדַ֖ת אֲדֹנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 did not bring their necks to the service of their lords Here, the **neck** represents the entire person, and specifically the person at work. The neck is likely associated with work because in this agrarian culture, draft animals would put their necks into yokes so that they could pull plows and drag loads. Alternate translation: “were too proud to do the work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NEH 3 5 r94d translate-unknown בַּ⁠עֲבֹדַ֖ת אֲדֹנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 to the service of their lords **Lords** here most likely refers to the leaders of Judah, who had asked all the surrounding cities and towns to send work parties to help rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. Another possibility is that the plural form of the word “lord” actually refers to God. Alternate translation: “the work that the leaders of Judah had asked them to do” or “the service of their Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -NEH 3 5 d3h9 figs-abstractnouns בַּ⁠עֲבֹדַ֖ת 1 to…service of **Service** is an abstract noun that refers to the work of rebuilding the wall. You can translate the idea behind it with a concrete noun such as “work.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +NEH 3 5 d3h9 figs-abstractnouns בַּ⁠עֲבֹדַ֖ת 1 to … service of **Service** is an abstract noun that refers to the work of rebuilding the wall. You can translate the idea behind it with a concrete noun such as “work.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NEH 3 6 ykz8 translate-names שַׁ֨עַר הַיְשָׁנָ֜ה 1 the gate of old This is the name of one of the gates of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the Old Gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 6 i43m translate-names יֽוֹיָדָע֙ בֶּן־פָּסֵ֔חַ 1 Joiada, the son of Paseah Joiada is the name of a man, and Paseah is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 6 n1wi translate-names וּ⁠מְשֻׁלָּ֖ם בֶּן־בְּסֽוֹדְיָ֑ה 1 and Meshullam, the son of Besodeiah Meshullam is the name of a man, and Besodeiah is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ NEH 3 9 m5at וְ⁠עַל־יָדָ֤⁠ם הֶחֱזִיק֙ רְפָיָ֣ה NEH 3 9 avu2 translate-names רְפָיָ֣ה בֶן־ח֔וּר 1 Rephaiah, the son of Hur Rephaiah is the name of a man, and Hur is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 9 rd4i translate-fraction חֲצִ֖י פֶּ֥לֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 half of the district of Jerusalem The city of Jerusalem and the surrounding area seem to have been divided into districts for administration. This is the name of one of those districts. Apparently it was so large and populous that it had been further divided into two parts, each with its own administrator. Alternate translation: “ruled half the district of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) NEH 3 10 k6g1 translate-names יְדָיָ֥ה בֶן־חֲרוּמַ֖ף 1 Jedaiah, the son of Harumaph Jedaiah is the name of a man, and Harumaph is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 3 10 v3be וְ⁠עַל־יָדָ֧⁠ם הֶחֱזִ֛יק…וְ⁠נֶ֣גֶד בֵּית֑⁠וֹ 1 And…at their hand, even in fron of his house Alternate translation: “repaired the next part of the wall, which was in front his house” +NEH 3 10 v3be וְ⁠עַל־יָדָ֧⁠ם הֶחֱזִ֛יק…וְ⁠נֶ֣גֶד בֵּית֑⁠וֹ 1 And … at their hand, even in fron of his house Alternate translation: “repaired the next part of the wall, which was in front his house” NEH 3 10 ek5q translate-names חַטּ֖וּשׁ בֶּן־חֲשַׁבְנְיָֽה 1 And Hattush, the son of Hashabneiah Hattush is the name of a man, and Hashabneiah is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 11 b6fx translate-ordinal מִדָּ֣ה שֵׁנִ֗ית 1 a second section This expression occurs six times in the chapter. Two of those times, someone who has been named earlier is said to have repaired “a second section,” suggesting, “in addition to the one they did previously.” But the other four times, the people have not been named earlier. So in those cases it might mean “a further section of the wall,” beyond the one just described that someone else worked on. Both of these likely meanings could be accommodated by saying something like “another section of the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NEH 3 11 g61e translate-names מַלְכִּיָּ֣ה בֶן־חָרִ֔ם 1 Malkijah, the son of Harim Malkijah is the name of a man, and Malkijah is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ NEH 3 17 str7 translate-names אַחֲרָ֛י⁠ו הֶחֱזִ֥יקוּ הַ NEH 3 17 l6vw translate-names רְח֣וּם בֶּן־בָּנִ֑י 1 Rehum, the son of Bani Rehum is the name of a man, and Bani is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 17 yt87 figs-explicit רְח֣וּם בֶּן־בָּנִ֑י 1 Rehum, the son of Bani It seems clear from the context that Rehum was a Levite. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “One of them was Rehum the son of Bani.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 3 17 a88s translate-names חֲשַׁבְיָ֛ה 1 Hashabiah Hashabiah is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 3 17 yh3z עַל־יָד֣⁠וֹ הֶחֱזִ֗יק חֲשַׁבְיָ֛ה…לְ⁠פִלְכּֽ⁠וֹ 1 at his hand, Hashabiah…strengthened for his district This does not mean that Hashabiah repaired this part of the wall for the benefit of his district, but rather that he did it leading a work party from his district. Alternate translation: “led a work party from his district that repaired the next section of the wall” +NEH 3 17 yh3z עַל־יָד֣⁠וֹ הֶחֱזִ֗יק חֲשַׁבְיָ֛ה…לְ⁠פִלְכּֽ⁠וֹ 1 at his hand, Hashabiah … strengthened for his district This does not mean that Hashabiah repaired this part of the wall for the benefit of his district, but rather that he did it leading a work party from his district. Alternate translation: “led a work party from his district that repaired the next section of the wall” NEH 3 17 y3tu translate-names חֲצִי־פֶ֥לֶךְ קְעִילָ֖ה 1 half the district of Keilah This is the name of one of the districts into which the city and the surrounding area were divided. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 18 h5qz figs-metaphor הֶחֱזִ֣יקוּ אֲחֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 their brothers repaired As in [3:1](../03/01.md), **brother** could mean the biological brothers of the Levites mentioned in [3:17](../03/17.md). However, more likely it figuratively means other Levites. Alternate translation: “some other Levites repaired more of the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 3 18 b6sj figs-ellipsis בַּוַּ֖י בֶּן־חֵנָדָ֑ד שַׂ֕ר חֲצִ֖י פֶּ֥לֶךְ קְעִילָֽה 1 Binnui, the son of Henadad, the administrator for half the district of Keilah Here Nehemiah does not say “at their hand” (next to them) or “strengthened” (repaired another section of the wall). Once again he is leaving out some of what a complete sentence would be expected to contain. You can fill in this information. Alternate translation: “Next to them, Binnui the son of Henadad, who ruled the other half of the district of Keilah, repaired more of the wall.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ NEH 3 18 gc2h translate-names בַּוַּ֖י בֶּן־חֵנָדָ֑ד 1 Binn NEH 3 18 ca6t translate-names שַׂ֕ר חֲצִ֖י פֶּ֥לֶךְ קְעִילָֽה 1 the administrator for half the district of Keilah This is the name of one of the districts into which the city and the surrounding area were divided. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 19 f6if translate-names עֵ֧זֶר בֶּן־יֵשׁ֛וּעַ 1 Ezer, the son of Jeshua Ezer is the name of a man, and Jeshua is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 19 g2y6 translate-names שַׂ֥ר הַ⁠מִּצְפָּ֖ה 1 the administrator for Mizpah Since the district of Mizpah is mentioned in [3:15](../03/15.md), this probably means the city of Mizpah. Alternate translation: “Ezer ruled the city of Mizpah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 3 19 gcc6 translate-ordinal וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֨ק…מִדָּ֣ה שֵׁנִ֑ית 1 And…was strengthening a second section Alternate translation: “repaired another section” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +NEH 3 19 gcc6 translate-ordinal וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֨ק…מִדָּ֣ה שֵׁנִ֑ית 1 And … was strengthening a second section Alternate translation: “repaired another section” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NEH 3 19 c8s5 מִ⁠נֶּ֕גֶד עֲלֹ֥ת הַ⁠נֶּ֖שֶׁק הַ⁠מִּקְצֹֽעַ 1 opposite the ascent to the armory at the angle Alternate translation: “He started from the place in front of the steps that went up to the armory, and he finished at the place where the wall bends slightly.” NEH 3 20 r638 translate-names בָּר֥וּךְ בֶּן־זבי 1 Baruch, the son of Zabbai Baruch is the name of a man, and Zabbai is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 3 20 i7kj figs-metaphor הֶחֱרָ֧ה 1 burned Here, **burned** is probably a figurative way of saying that Baruch worked with great enthusiasm. You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ NEH 4 7 a89c translate-names וְ⁠הָ⁠עַרְבִ֨ים וְ⁠הָ⁠עַ NEH 4 7 a91c figs-personification עָלְתָ֤ה אֲרוּכָה֙ לְ⁠חֹמ֣וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֔ם 1 the health of the walls of Jerusalem was going up Here Nehemiah is speaking of the wall around Jerusalem as if it were a living thing that was sick because it was broken down. Nehemiah speaks of the repairs to the wall as if the wall is becoming healthy again. Alternate translation: “we were continuing to repair the walls of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) NEH 4 7 a93c עָלְתָ֤ה 1 was going up Alternate translation: “was increasing” NEH 4 7 a95c figs-activepassive כִּי־הֵחֵ֥לּוּ הַ⁠פְּרֻצִ֖ים לְ⁠הִסָּתֵ֑ם 1 and the breaks were beginning to be closed You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “we were continuing to … fill in the gaps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NEH 4 7 gsb7 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּ֥חַר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם מְאֹֽד 1 that…it burned them exceedingly Here Nehemiah says that the anger of these enemies was a fire that burned inside of them. Alternate translation: “they became very angry” or “they became enraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +NEH 4 7 gsb7 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּ֥חַר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם מְאֹֽד 1 that … it burned them exceedingly Here Nehemiah says that the anger of these enemies was a fire that burned inside of them. Alternate translation: “they became very angry” or “they became enraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 4 8 b6im figs-metonymy לְ⁠הִלָּחֵ֣ם בִּ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 to fight against Jerusalem Here, **Jerusalem** refers to the people who live there. These enemies were not coming to fight against the walls and buildings. Nehemiah is describing the people of Jerusalem figuratively by reference to something associated with them, the city where they live. Alternate translation: “to fight against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NEH 4 8 a97c figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠לַ⁠עֲשׂ֥וֹת ל֖⁠וֹ תּוֹעָֽה 1 and to make confusion for it The abstract noun **confusion** refers to the way these enemies hoped that their attack would make the people of Jerusalem not know what to do. The people might disagree among themselves about whether they should keep working on the wall or whether they should discontinue the work to appease the attackers. They might also disagree about how to defend themselves. You can translate the idea behind the term “confusion” with adjectives such as “confused” and “divided.” Alternate translation: “They wanted to make the people inside the city confused and divided.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NEH 4 9 vz1d וַ⁠נַּעֲמִ֨יד מִשְׁמָ֧ר עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֛ם 1 and we set up a guard on account of them “and we put men around the wall to guard the city” @@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ NEH 4 9 a99c figs-merism יוֹמָ֥ם וָ⁠לַ֖יְלָה 1 by day and by NEH 4 9 ad11 figs-metaphor מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 from their faces This term could mean two different things: (1) Here, probably **Their faces** figuratively means the front of a group. This likely means that the lookouts would see the front ranks of the army as they approached. Alternate translation: “to spot them as they approached” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]). (2) Here, “their faces” could also be a figurative way of referring to the enemies and their hostile intentions toward the people doing the work. Alternate translations: “against them” NEH 4 10 ad13 figs-metonymy וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָ֗ה 1 And Judah said Nehemiah is describing the people of Judah figuratively by reference to something associated with them, the name of their province. Alternate translation: “Then the people of Judah started saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NEH 4 10 ad15 כָּשַׁל֙ כֹּ֣חַ הַ⁠סַּבָּ֔ל 1 the strength of the burden-bearers is failing Alternate translation: “The people who are carrying the stones are getting worn out” -NEH 4 10 vc8h וְ⁠הֶ⁠עָפָ֖ר 1 and…rubble Alternate translation: “and … burned stone” or “and … broken rock” or “and … unusable stone” +NEH 4 10 vc8h וְ⁠הֶ⁠עָפָ֖ר 1 and … rubble Alternate translation: “and … burned stone” or “and … broken rock” or “and … unusable stone” NEH 4 10 ad17 וַ⁠אֲנַ֨חְנוּ֙ לֹ֣א נוּכַ֔ל לִ⁠בְנ֖וֹת בַּ⁠חוֹמָֽה 1 And as for us, we are not able to build the wall. Alternate translation: “We are not going to be able to finish rebuilding the wall” NEH 4 11 yuc9 figs-parallelism לֹ֤א יֵדְעוּ֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִרְא֔וּ עַ֛ד אֲשֶׁר־נָב֥וֹא אֶל־תּוֹכָ֖⁠ם 1 They will not know, and they will not see until when we come into their midst These two phrases mean similar things. The enemies use the repetition to emphasize how confident they are of launching a surprise attack. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “They will not be expecting an attack until we are right there,” otherwise “before they see us and know we are coming, we will rush down on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NEH 4 11 ad19 figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִרְא֔וּ 1 and they will not see While the enemies could be referring to the Jews literally not seeing them approach, “seeing” could also be a figuratively way of describing knowledge, notice, or attention. In that case this expression would mean the same thing as “they will not know.” Alternate translation: “they will not be expecting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ NEH 6 13 c1j3 grammar-connect-logic-goal וְ⁠אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־כֵּ֖ן NEH 6 13 b27k figs-explicit וְ⁠אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־כֵּ֖ן וְ⁠חָטָ֑אתִי 1 It is not entirely clear why Nehemiah says it would have been a sin for him to hide in the temple since it was a time-honored tradition in Israel to allow people to seek sanctuary there. Perhaps the explanation is that Nehemiah knew God had sent him to Judah on a special mission to help and protect the Jewish community there. And so, if he had abandoned that mission to save his life, he would have been disobeying God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say something like that explicitly. Alternate translation: “They were hoping they could make me sin by abandoning my responsibilities and hiding in the temple.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 6 13 ji1g figs-metonymy וְ⁠הָיָ֤ה לָ⁠הֶם֙ לְ⁠שֵׁ֣ם רָ֔ע לְמַ֖עַן יְחָֽרְפֽוּ⁠נִי 1 Here, **name** is a figurative way of referring to the fame or reputation of a person. If he hid in the temple to save his own life, Nehemiah would get a bad reputation as a coward who was concerned only for himself. Alternate translation: “this would give me a bad reputation, and they could say bad things about me to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NEH 6 13 c1j5 grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֖עַן 1 This term expresses that the clause that comes after is the goal for the clause that comes before. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) -NEH 6 14 c1j7 אֱלֹהַ֛⁠י 1 As in [4:4](../04/04.md) and [6:9](../06/09.md), Nehemiah records here what he prayed at the time of the events he is describing. You can indicate this by introducing these words as a prayer and presenting the prayer as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “So I prayed, ‘My God …’” +NEH 6 14 c1j7 אֱלֹהַ֛⁠י 1 As in [4:4](../04/04.md) and [6:9](../06/09.md), Nehemiah records here what he prayed at the time of the events he is describing. You can indicate this by introducing these words as a prayer and presenting the prayer as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “So I prayed, ‘My God…’” NEH 6 14 nau4 figs-idiom זָכְרָ֧⁠ה…לְ⁠טוֹבִיָּ֥ה וּ⁠לְ⁠סַנְבַלַּ֖ט כְּ⁠מַעֲשָׂ֣י⁠ו אֵ֑לֶּה 1 **His** refers to both Sanballat and Tobiah. In this context, “remember” means to think about someone and consider what action you should take in their regard. Nehemiah is not suggesting that God has forgotten about Tobiah and Sanballat. Alternate translation: “treat Tobiah and Sanballat the way they deserve for what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NEH 6 14 c1j9 וְ⁠גַ֨ם לְ⁠נוֹעַדְיָ֤ה הַ⁠נְּבִיאָה֙ וּ⁠לְ⁠יֶ֣תֶר הַ⁠נְּבִיאִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָי֖וּ מְיָֽרְאִ֥ים אוֹתִֽ⁠י 1 Alternate translation: “Do the same for the female prophet Noadiah and all the other prophets who are trying to make me afraid” NEH 6 14 g3ch translate-names לְ⁠נוֹעַדְיָ֤ה 1 This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ NEH 7 6 hb7v figs-abstractnouns מִ⁠שְּׁבִ֣י הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֔ה NEH 7 6 d1c1 figs-doublet מִ⁠שְּׁבִ֣י הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֔ה 1 **Captivity** and **exile** mean basically the same thing. You do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation if that would be confusing for your readers. Alternate translation: “after being taken away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) NEH 7 6 d1c3 אִ֥ישׁ לְ⁠עִירֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a man** means “each one” or “each person” Alternate translation: “They went to live in the same towns where their families had lived before.” NEH 7 7 d1c5 הַ⁠בָּאִ֣ים עִם 1 This phrase introduces a list of the men who led this group back to Judah. Alternate translation: “The leaders of this group were” -NEH 7 7 mu5h translate-names זְרֻבָּבֶ֗ל יֵשׁ֡וּעַ נְחֶמְיָ֡ה עֲ֠זַרְיָה רַֽעַמְיָ֨ה נַחֲמָ֜נִי מָרְדֳּכַ֥י בִּלְשָׁ֛ן מִסְפֶּ֥רֶת בִּגְוַ֖י נְח֣וּם בַּעֲנָ֑ה 1 Zerubbabel…Jeshua…Nehemiah…Azariah…Raamiah…Nahamani…Mordecai…Bilshan…Mispereth…Bigvai…Nehum…Baanah These are the names of twelve men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 7 7 mu5h translate-names זְרֻבָּבֶ֗ל יֵשׁ֡וּעַ נְחֶמְיָ֡ה עֲ֠זַרְיָה רַֽעַמְיָ֨ה נַחֲמָ֜נִי מָרְדֳּכַ֥י בִּלְשָׁ֛ן מִסְפֶּ֥רֶת בִּגְוַ֖י נְח֣וּם בַּעֲנָ֑ה 1 Zerubbabel … Jeshua … Nehemiah … Azariah … Raamiah … Nahamani … Mordecai … Bilshan … Mispereth … Bigvai … Nehum … Baanah These are the names of twelve men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 7 fz51 מִסְפַּ֕ר אַנְשֵׁ֖י עַ֥ם יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 In keeping with the practices of the time, the totals in the list that follows likely include just the men and not also the women and children. While all of these people were from Judah, they were from the Israelite people group. Alternate translation: “This is how many men came back from each Israelite clan and town” NEH 7 8 r3xa בְּנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔שׁ אַלְפַּ֕יִם מֵאָ֖ה וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁנָֽיִם 1 This means, “From the descendants of Parosh, 2,172 returned.” To help make this clear for your readers, you could say something like “returned” throughout verses 8–45, after the name of each group and the number that is given. NEH 7 8 d1c7 figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔שׁ 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants” Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Parosh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ NEH 7 9 gy8k translate-names שְׁפַטְיָ֔ה 1 Shephatiah Shephatiah is t NEH 7 10 d1c9 figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י אָרַ֔ח 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Arah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 7 10 nq9e translate-names אָרַ֔ח 1 Arah Arah is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 11 my8s figs-metaphor בְּנֵֽי־פַחַ֥ת מוֹאָ֛ב לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יֵשׁ֖וּעַ וְ⁠יוֹאָ֑ב 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Pahath-Moab who were descendants of Jeshua and Joab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NEH 7 11 v6jn translate-names פַחַ֥ת מוֹאָ֛ב…יֵשׁ֖וּעַ וְ⁠יוֹאָ֑ב 1 Pahath-Moab…Jeshua…Joab Pahath-Moab is the name of a man, and Jeshua and Joab are the names of two of his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 7 11 v6jn translate-names פַחַ֥ת מוֹאָ֛ב…יֵשׁ֖וּעַ וְ⁠יוֹאָ֑ב 1 Pahath-Moab … Jeshua … Joab Pahath-Moab is the name of a man, and Jeshua and Joab are the names of two of his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 12 d1d1 figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י עֵילָ֔ם 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Elam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 7 12 d7wf translate-names עֵילָ֔ם 1 Elam Elam is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 13 d1d3 figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י זַתּ֔וּא 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Zattu” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -843,11 +843,11 @@ NEH 7 44 d1g7 figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י אָסָ֔ף 1 **Sons** figuratively NEH 7 44 ht7l translate-names אָסָ֔ף 1 Asaph Asaph is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 45 b7ne הַ⁠שֹּֽׁעֲרִ֗ים 1 See how you translated this term in [7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “Some of the descendants of the gatekeepers also returned” NEH 7 45 h78b figs-metaphor בְּנֵֽי־שַׁלּ֤וּם בְּנֵֽי־אָטֵר֙ בְּנֵֽי־טַלְמֹ֣ן בְּנֵֽי־עַקּ֔וּב בְּנֵ֥י חֲטִיטָ֖א בְּנֵ֣י שֹׁבָ֑י 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Shallum, Ater, Talmon, Akkub, Hatita, and Shobai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NEH 7 45 wy4p translate-names שַׁלּ֤וּם…אָטֵר֙…טַלְמֹ֣ן…עַקּ֔וּב…חֲטִיטָ֖א…שֹׁבָ֑י 1 Shallum…Ater…Talmon…Akkub…Hatita…Shobai These are the names of six men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 7 45 wy4p translate-names שַׁלּ֤וּם…אָטֵר֙…טַלְמֹ֣ן…עַקּ֔וּב…חֲטִיטָ֖א…שֹׁבָ֑י 1 Shallum … Ater … Talmon … Akkub … Hatita … Shobai These are the names of six men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 46 t2j5 translate-unknown הַ⁠נְּתִינִ֑ים 1 As in [3:26](../03/26.md), the term “Nethinim” describes servants who worked in the temple. Alternate translation: “the temple servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) NEH 7 46 cd4k הַ⁠נְּתִינִ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “Some of the descendants of the temple servants also returned” NEH 7 46 d6np figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־צִחָ֥א בְנֵי־חֲשֻׂפָ֖א בְּנֵ֥י טַבָּעֽוֹת 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Shallum, Ater, Talmon, Akkub, Hatita, and Shobai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NEH 7 46 st75 translate-names צִחָ֥א…חֲשֻׂפָ֖א…טַבָּעֽוֹת 1 Ziha…Hasupha…Tabbaoth These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 7 46 st75 translate-names צִחָ֥א…חֲשֻׂפָ֖א…טַבָּעֽוֹת 1 Ziha … Hasupha … Tabbaoth These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 47 mn22 figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־קֵירֹ֥ס בְּנֵי־סִיעָ֖א בְּנֵ֥י פָדֽוֹן 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” If you continue the sentence from [7:46](../07/46.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Keros, Sia, Padon,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 7 48 ln8l figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־לְבָנָ֥ה בְנֵי־חֲגָבָ֖ה בְּנֵ֥י שַׁלְמָֽי 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” If you continue the sentence from [7:46](../07/46.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Lebana, Hagaba, Shalmai,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 7 49 zpn7 figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־חָנָ֥ן בְּנֵי־גִדֵּ֖ל בְּנֵי־גָֽחַר 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” If you continue the sentence from [7:46](../07/46.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Hanan, Giddel, Gahar,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ NEH 7 56 i1b4 figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י נְצִ֖יחַ בְּנֵ֥י חֲ NEH 7 57 w9sx translate-unknown בְּנֵ֖י עַבְדֵ֣י שְׁלֹמֹ֑ה 1 By **servants of Solomon**, this document does not mean officials who served in Solomon’s court. Rather, this phrase refers to people whom Solomon first conscripted as laborers. They were descendants of the groups that were living in the land of Canaan before the Israelites occupied it. They and their descendants remained conscripted laborers under later kings. You could call these people “the laborers that King Solomon first conscripted.” Alternate translation: “laborers who had worked for the kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) NEH 7 57 ei9x figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֖י עַבְדֵ֣י שְׁלֹמֹ֑ה 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “Some of the descendants of the laborers who had worked for the kingdom also returned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 7 57 xb5j figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־סוֹטַ֥י בְּנֵי־סוֹפֶ֖רֶת בְּנֵ֥י פְרִידָֽא 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “They were from the descendants of Sotai, Sophereth, Perida” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NEH 7 57 ma7v translate-names סוֹטַ֥י…סוֹפֶ֖רֶת…פְרִידָֽא 1 Sotai…Sophereth…Perida These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 7 57 ma7v translate-names סוֹטַ֥י…סוֹפֶ֖רֶת…פְרִידָֽא 1 Sotai … Sophereth … Perida These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 58 y1jl figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־יַעְלָ֥א בְנֵי־דַרְק֖וֹן בְּנֵ֥י גִדֵּֽל 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” If you continue the sentence from [7:57](../07/57.md), you can just list the names of these three men. Alternate translation: “Jaala, Darkon, Giddel,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 7 59 vwg5 figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֧י שְׁפַטְיָ֣ה בְנֵֽי־חַטִּ֗יל בְּנֵ֛י פֹּכֶ֥רֶת הַצְּבָיִ֖ים בְּנֵ֥י אָמֽוֹן 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” If you continue the sentence from [7:57](../07/57.md), you can just list the names of these four men and end the series in this verse. Alternate translation: “Shephatiah, Hattil, Pochereth Hazzebaim, and Amon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 7 60 a15h כָּל־הַ֨⁠נְּתִינִ֔ים וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י עַבְדֵ֣י שְׁלֹמֹ֑ה שְׁלֹ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת תִּשְׁעִ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁנָֽיִם 1 Alternate translation: “Altogether 392 men returned who were descendants of temple servants or of laborers who had worked for the kingdom” @@ -874,10 +874,10 @@ NEH 7 61 d1h5 figs-metaphor בֵּית־אֲבוֹתָ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠זַרְע NEH 7 61 d1h7 figs-metaphor וְ⁠זַרְעָ֔⁠ם 1 Here, **seed** is a metaphor meaning “offspring.” It is a comparison: Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. In the Bible, the term refers most often to a person’s descendants. But here it is describing the ancestors of these people, that is, “whose seed they were.” Alternate translation: “who their ancestors were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 7 62 d1h9 בְּנֵי־דְלָיָ֥ה בְנֵֽי־טוֹבִיָּ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י נְקוֹדָ֑א שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁנָֽיִם 1 Alternate translation: “Altogether 642 men returned who were from the descendants of Delaiah, Tobiah, and Nekoda” NEH 7 62 d1i1 figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־דְלָיָ֥ה בְנֵֽי־טוֹבִיָּ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י נְקוֹדָ֑א 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “They were from the descendants of Delaiah, Tobiah, and Nekoda” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NEH 7 62 np4h translate-names דְלָיָ֥ה…טוֹבִיָּ֖ה…נְקוֹדָ֑א 1 Delaiah…Tobiah…Nekoda These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 7 62 np4h translate-names דְלָיָ֥ה…טוֹבִיָּ֖ה…נְקוֹדָ֑א 1 Delaiah … Tobiah … Nekoda These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 63 d1i3 וּ⁠מִן־הַ⁠כֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים 1 Alternate translation: “Some of the men who returned from those towns were descendants of the priests” NEH 7 63 d1i5 figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י חֳבַיָּ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י הַקּ֑וֹץ בְּנֵ֣י בַרְזִלַּ֗י 1 **Sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “They were from the descendants of Habaiah, Hakkoz, and Barzillai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NEH 7 63 i59a translate-names חֳבַיָּ֖ה…הַקּ֑וֹץ…בַרְזִלַּ֗י 1 Habaiah…Hakkoz…Barzillai These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 7 63 i59a translate-names חֳבַיָּ֖ה…הַקּ֑וֹץ…בַרְזִלַּ֗י 1 Habaiah … Hakkoz … Barzillai These are the names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 63 d1i7 translate-names בַּרְזִלַּ֤י הַ⁠גִּלְעָדִי֙ 1 Barzillai is the name of a man, and Gileadite means that he was from the region of Gilead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 7 63 d1i9 אֲשֶׁ֣ר לָ֠קַח מִ⁠בְּנ֞וֹת בַּרְזִלַּ֤י הַ⁠גִּלְעָדִי֙ אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “Barzillai married a woman who was one of the descendants of Barzillai the Gileadite” NEH 7 63 iyy1 figs-metaphor מִ⁠בְּנ֞וֹת בַּרְזִלַּ֤י הַ⁠גִּלְעָדִי֙ 1 **Daughters** figuratively means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “the descendants of Barzillai the Gileadite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ NEH 8 10 e1i9 figs-doublet אִכְל֨וּ מַשְׁמַנִּ֜ים וּ⁠ש NEH 8 10 e1j1 figs-activepassive וְ⁠שִׁלְח֤וּ מָנוֹת֙ לְ⁠אֵ֣ין נָכ֣וֹן ל֔⁠וֹ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “Share some of your meal with those who have not prepared anything for themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NEH 8 10 e1j3 figs-explicit וְ⁠שִׁלְח֤וּ מָנוֹת֙ לְ⁠אֵ֣ין נָכ֣וֹן ל֔⁠וֹ 1 This may actually refer to the poor and indicate that they would not be able to afford rich food and drink. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “share some of your meal with the poor, who cannot afford rich food and drink.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 8 10 e1j5 figs-doublet כִּֽי־קָד֥וֹשׁ הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם לַ⁠אֲדֹנֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. As in [8:9](../08/09.md), together they mean, “This is a special day for worshiping our Lord.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these phrases like that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -NEH 8 10 e1j7 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי־קָד֥וֹשׁ הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם לַ⁠אֲדֹנֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could move this phrase to the beginning of the quotation because it gives the reason for the resulting actions that are described in the rest of the quotation. You could also connect this phrase to the ones that would then follow with a word like “so,” to show the connection. Alternate translation: “Today is a holy day set apart to worship our Lord. So …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +NEH 8 10 e1j7 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי־קָד֥וֹשׁ הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם לַ⁠אֲדֹנֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could move this phrase to the beginning of the quotation because it gives the reason for the resulting actions that are described in the rest of the quotation. You could also connect this phrase to the ones that would then follow with a word like “so,” to show the connection. Alternate translation: “Today is a holy day set apart to worship our Lord. So…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) NEH 8 10 ach1 figs-activepassive וְ⁠אַל־תֵּ֣עָצֵ֔בוּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this same idea with an active form, and you can say what is causing the action. Alternate translation: “You have recognized that you have not obeyed the Law of Moses, but do not let that make you sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NEH 8 10 e1j9 figs-explicit כִּֽי־חֶדְוַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה הִ֥יא מָֽעֻזְּ⁠כֶֽם 1 The implication is that if a person is truly sorry for disobeying, Yahweh does not want that person to fear punishment or to grieve for the way they have offended. Instead, Yahweh wants them to be encouraged that they can live in a new way and to be happy about that. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh wants you to be happy and encouraged about living in a new way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 8 10 sni7 figs-abstractnouns חֶדְוַ֥ת…מָֽעֻזְּ⁠כֶֽם 1 for the joy of Yahweh is your strength If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the ideas behind the abstract nouns **joy** and **strength** with adjectives. Alternate translation: “happy … encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -992,14 +992,14 @@ NEH 8 12 e1l1 figs-explicit לֶ⁠אֱכֹ֤ל וְ⁠לִ⁠שְׁתּוֹת֙ NEH 8 12 e1l3 figs-explicit וּ⁠לְ⁠שַׁלַּ֣ח מָנ֔וֹת 1 The implication is that they sent these portions to the poor, who would not have been able to afford rich food and drink, as described in [8:10](../08/10.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “sharing with the poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 8 12 z1gc figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠לַ⁠עֲשׂ֖וֹת שִׂמְחָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֑ה 1 The abstract noun **rejoicing** can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “and to rejoice greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NEH 8 12 e1l5 figs-explicit כִּ֤י הֵבִ֨ינוּ֙ בַּ⁠דְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹדִ֖יעוּ לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 The implication is that the leaders helped the people recognize that being able to understand Yahweh’s law should be a source of joy and encouragement to them. They should not be sad or discouraged because they had disobeyed in the past, because now they would know how to obey. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because now that they were able to understand God’s law, they would be able to obey it in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NEH 8 12 e1l7 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י הֵבִ֨ינוּ֙ בַּ⁠דְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹדִ֖יעוּ לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could put this phrase at the beginning of the verse since it gives the reason for the rest of the actions that the verse describes. You could show the connection by using a word like “so” after this phrase. Alternate translation: “the people realized that they would be able to obey God’s law in the future because now they were able to understand it. So …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +NEH 8 12 e1l7 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י הֵבִ֨ינוּ֙ בַּ⁠דְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹדִ֖יעוּ לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could put this phrase at the beginning of the verse since it gives the reason for the rest of the actions that the verse describes. You could show the connection by using a word like “so” after this phrase. Alternate translation: “the people realized that they would be able to obey God’s law in the future because now they were able to understand it. So…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) NEH 8 12 e1l9 figs-activepassive הֵבִ֨ינוּ֙ בַּ⁠דְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹדִ֖יעוּ לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “they understood God’s law when Ezra and the Levites explained it to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NEH 8 13 uj5j translate-ordinal וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֡י 1 On the second day Alternate translations: “On day 2” or “On the next day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NEH 8 13 e1m1 figs-activepassive נֶאֶסְפוּ֩…אֶל 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “gathered to meet with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NEH 8 13 e1m3 figs-ellipsis רָאשֵׁ֨י הָ⁠אָב֜וֹת לְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֗ם 1 As in [7:70](../07/70.md), this seems to be an abbreviated way of saying “the heads of father’s houses.” The full expression “father’s house” or “house of the father” is used in [7:61](../07/61.md). See how you translated it there, and review the note there if that would be helpful. Alternate translation: “some clan leaders from throughout Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NEH 8 13 e1m5 figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֨י 1 **Head** here is a figurative way of saying “leader.” Alternate translation: “leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 8 13 e1m7 figs-distinguish עֶזְרָ֖א הַ⁠סֹּפֵ֑ר 1 Here the book repeats some background information to remind readers who Ezra was. Alternate translation: “Ezra, who was a scribe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -NEH 8 13 e1m9 grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠לְ⁠הַשְׂכִּ֖יל אֶל־דִּבְרֵ֥י הַ⁠תּוֹרָֽה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could put this phrase at the beginning of the verse, since it gives the reason for the rest of the actions that the verse describes. You could show the connection by using a word like “so” after this phrase. Alternate translation: “the people realized that they needed to understand God’s law much better. So …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +NEH 8 13 e1m9 grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠לְ⁠הַשְׂכִּ֖יל אֶל־דִּבְרֵ֥י הַ⁠תּוֹרָֽה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could put this phrase at the beginning of the verse, since it gives the reason for the rest of the actions that the verse describes. You could show the connection by using a word like “so” after this phrase. Alternate translation: “the people realized that they needed to understand God’s law much better. So…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) NEH 8 13 e1n1 figs-explicit וּ⁠לְ⁠הַשְׂכִּ֖יל אֶל־דִּבְרֵ֥י הַ⁠תּוֹרָֽה 1 The implication is that while the people realized this, they also realized it would not be practical for large crowds to gather in Jerusalem every day so that all the people could receive Ezra’s teaching at once. Instead, they asked the family and religious leaders in Judah to meet with Ezra and learn from him so that they could then pass the teachings along. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The people realized that they needed to understand God’s law much better, so they asked their family and religious leaders to meet with Ezra and learn more things from him that they could then pass along.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 8 14 e1n3 figs-idiom וַֽ⁠יִּמְצְא֖וּ כָּת֣וּב בַּ⁠תּוֹרָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 **Found** does not mean that these leaders were looking for something, but that they learned this as they were studying with Ezra. Alternate translation: “they learned that in the Law, Yahweh had commanded through Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NEH 8 14 e1n5 figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יִּמְצְא֖וּ כָּת֣וּב בַּ⁠תּוֹרָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 Because it was already the seventh month, it seems likely that Ezra showed this passage to the leaders intentionally because it was something they could and should obey immediately. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Ezra showed them something that Yahweh had commanded through Moses that they could do right away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1523,11 +1523,11 @@ NEH 12 1 i1a3 translate-names עִם־זְרֻבָּבֶ֥ל בֶּן־שְׁא NEH 12 1 myj6 figs-explicit וְ⁠יֵשׁ֑וּעַ 1 Jeshua This was the other leader of the first group of Jews who returned to the province of Judah. While Zerubbabel was the governor and civil authority, Joshua was the high priest and religious authority. Alternate translation: “and under the leadership of Joshua the high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 12 1 b8ry figs-explicit שְׂרָיָ֥ה יִרְמְיָ֖ה עֶזְרָֽא 1 The list now names the priests who returned to Judah in this first group. Alternate translation: “The priests were:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 12 1 cd2t translate-names שְׂרָיָ֥ה יִרְמְיָ֖ה עֶזְרָֽא 1 These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 12 2 p4ml translate-names אֲמַרְיָ֥ה מַלּ֖וּךְ חַטּֽוּשׁ 1 Amariah…Malluk…Hattush These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 12 3 gwk1 translate-names שְׁכַנְיָ֥ה רְחֻ֖ם מְרֵמֹֽת 1 Shecaniah…Rehum…Meremoth These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 12 4 qt5n translate-names עִדּ֥וֹא גִנְּת֖וֹי אֲבִיָּֽה 1 Iddo…Ginnethon…Abijah These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 12 5 x3ri translate-names מִיָּמִ֥ין מַֽעַדְיָ֖ה בִּלְגָּֽה 1 Mijamin…Moadiah…Bilgah These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 12 6 udm2 translate-names שְׁמַֽעְיָ֥ה וְ⁠יוֹיָרִ֖יב יְדַֽעְיָֽה 1 Shemaiah…Joiarib…Jedaiah These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 12 2 p4ml translate-names אֲמַרְיָ֥ה מַלּ֖וּךְ חַטּֽוּשׁ 1 Amariah … Malluk … Hattush These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 12 3 gwk1 translate-names שְׁכַנְיָ֥ה רְחֻ֖ם מְרֵמֹֽת 1 Shecaniah … Rehum … Meremoth These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 12 4 qt5n translate-names עִדּ֥וֹא גִנְּת֖וֹי אֲבִיָּֽה 1 Iddo … Ginnethon … Abijah These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 12 5 x3ri translate-names מִיָּמִ֥ין מַֽעַדְיָ֖ה בִּלְגָּֽה 1 Mijamin … Moadiah … Bilgah These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +NEH 12 6 udm2 translate-names שְׁמַֽעְיָ֥ה וְ⁠יוֹיָרִ֖יב יְדַֽעְיָֽה 1 Shemaiah … Joiarib … Jedaiah These are names of three men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 12 7 g43p translate-names סַלּ֣וּ עָמ֔וֹק חִלְקִיָּ֖ה יְדַֽעְיָ֑ה 1 These are names of four men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 12 7 i1a5 figs-distinguish אֵ֣לֶּה רָאשֵׁ֧י הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֛ים וַ⁠אֲחֵי⁠הֶ֖ם בִּ⁠ימֵ֥י יֵשֽׁוּעַ 1 This is a summary statement about the 22 men who have just been named. Alternate translation: “These men were the leaders of the priests in their own divisions while Joshua was the high priest.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) NEH 12 7 i1a7 figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֧י הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֛ים וַ⁠אֲחֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 **Head** here is a figurative way of saying “leader.” Alternate translation: “the leaders of the priests in their own divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1587,7 +1587,7 @@ NEH 12 23 i1e7 figs-idiom עַל־סֵ֖פֶר דִּבְרֵ֣י הַ⁠יָּ NEH 12 23 d2rp figs-idiom וְ⁠עַד־יְמֵ֖י יֽוֹחָנָ֥ן 1 The term **days** is used figuratively here to refer to a particular period of time. Alternate translation: “through the time when Johanan was the high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NEH 12 23 i1e9 translate-names יֽוֹחָנָ֥ן 1 **Johanan** is the name of a man. The context indicates that he was a Jewish high priest, and so he seems to be the same man who is called “Jonathan” in verse 11. If you think it would make things clearer for your readers, you could use the same name both here and in verse 11, either “Johanan” or “Jonathan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 12 23 i1f1 figs-metaphor בֶּן־אֶלְיָשִֽׁיב 1 **Eliashib** is the name of a man. Verse [12:10](../12/10.md) shows that Johanan/Jonathan was not actually his son, but his grandson. So **son** here figuratively means “descendant.” Alternate translation: “the grandson of Eliashib” or “the descendant of Eliashib” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NEH 12 24 kx4z figs-ellipsis וְ⁠רָאשֵׁ֣י הַ֠⁠לְוִיִּם…לְ⁠הַלֵּ֣ל לְ⁠הוֹד֔וֹת 1 Here the book leaves out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. This sentence seems to mean “The Levite leaders who directed the choir that sang songs of praise and thanksgiving were …” You could say something like that as an alternate translation if it would be helpful to your readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +NEH 12 24 kx4z figs-ellipsis וְ⁠רָאשֵׁ֣י הַ֠⁠לְוִיִּם…לְ⁠הַלֵּ֣ל לְ⁠הוֹד֔וֹת 1 Here the book leaves out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. This sentence seems to mean “The Levite leaders who directed the choir that sang songs of praise and thanksgiving were…” You could say something like that as an alternate translation if it would be helpful to your readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NEH 12 24 d373 figs-metaphor וְ⁠רָאשֵׁ֣י הַ֠⁠לְוִיִּם 1 **Head** here is a figurative way of saying “leader.” Alternate translation: “the leaders of the Levites” or “the Levite leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 12 24 i1f3 translate-names חֲשַׁבְיָ֨ה שֵֽׁרֵבְיָ֜ה 1 These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 12 24 e1ls translate-names וְ⁠יֵשׁ֤וּעַ בֶּן־קַדְמִיאֵל֙ 1 Jeshua is the name of a man, and Kadmiel is the name of his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1620,7 +1620,7 @@ NEH 12 28 j1d5 figs-explicit וּ⁠מִן־חַצְרֵ֖י נְטֹפָתִֽ NEH 12 29 lnm1 figs-explicit וּ⁠מִ⁠בֵּית֙ הַגִּלְגָּ֔ל וּ⁠מִ⁠שְּׂד֥וֹת גֶּ֖בַע וְ⁠עַזְמָ֑וֶת 1 The places listed in this verse are northeast of Jerusalem. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “they also came from three places northeast of Jerusalem, the town of Beth-Gilgal and the rural areas around the towns of Geba and Azmaveth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 12 29 j1d7 translate-names וּ⁠מִ⁠בֵּית֙ הַגִּלְגָּ֔ל 1 This is the name of a town. Alternate translation: “from the town of Beth-Gilgal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NEH 12 29 j1d9 translate-names וּ⁠מִ⁠שְּׂד֥וֹת גֶּ֖בַע וְ⁠עַזְמָ֑וֶת 1 Geba and Azmaveth are the names of towns. Alternate translation: “from the rural areas around the towns of Geba and Azmaveth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NEH 12 29 j1e1 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י חֲצֵרִ֗ים בָּנ֤וּ לָ⁠הֶם֙ הַ⁠מְשֹׁ֣רֲרִ֔ים סְבִיב֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could put this sentence at the start of [12:28](../12/28.md), since it gives the reason for the results that are described in the rest of [12:28](../12/28.md) and [12:29](../12/29.md). You could show the connection by using a word like “so” after this phrase. Alternate translation: “The singers were living in towns they had built all around Jerusalem. So …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +NEH 12 29 j1e1 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י חֲצֵרִ֗ים בָּנ֤וּ לָ⁠הֶם֙ הַ⁠מְשֹׁ֣רֲרִ֔ים סְבִיב֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could put this sentence at the start of [12:28](../12/28.md), since it gives the reason for the results that are described in the rest of [12:28](../12/28.md) and [12:29](../12/29.md). You could show the connection by using a word like “so” after this phrase. Alternate translation: “The singers were living in towns they had built all around Jerusalem. So…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) NEH 12 30 j1e3 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠יִּֽטַּהֲר֔וּ הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֖ים וְ⁠הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֑ם וַֽ⁠יְטַהֲרוּ֙ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠שְּׁעָרִ֖ים וְ⁠אֶֽת־הַ⁠חוֹמָֽה 1 This sentence draws a contrast between the joyful celebration that is about to begin in this part of the story and the solemn ceremony that the priests and Levites performed beforehand. You could begin the sentence with a phrase such as “but first” to indicate this contrast. Alternate translation: “But first the priests and Levites performed a ceremony to make themselves clean, and they did the same thing for the people, the gates, and the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) NEH 12 30 j1e5 figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּֽטַּהֲר֔וּ 1 Nehemiah expects his readers to know specifically how the priests and Levites did this, but the details are no longer certain. They may have sprinkled themselves, the people, the gates, and the walls with water or with blood, or they may have offered sacrifices. But while the details are uncertain, the purpose of the ceremony is clear. It was to show that the Israelites wanted this place and everyone in it to be acceptable to God. So while it might be best not to suggest how the priests and Levites performed this ceremony, since that is unknown, you could say explicitly what the purpose was if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And they performed a ceremony to show that they wanted to be clean and acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 12 31 j1e7 grammar-connect-time-sequential וָ⁠אַעֲלֶה֙ 1 In this context, the conjunction **and** indicates that the events the story will now describe came after the event it has just described. If it would be clearer in your language, you could show this relationship by using a word such as **then.** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) @@ -1677,7 +1677,7 @@ NEH 12 44 fsb6 figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּפָּקְד֣וּ…אֲנָשִׁ֜ NEH 12 44 bnw2 figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּפָּקְד֣וּ…אֲנָשִׁ֜ים 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. In the context of this episode, saying “we” would indicate Nehemiah and his fellow leaders. (“We” would not include the addressee, if your language makes that distinction.) Alternate translation: “we appointed six Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NEH 12 44 j1l9 figs-explicit לַ⁠תְּרוּמוֹת֮ לָ⁠רֵאשִׁ֣ית וְ⁠לַ⁠מַּֽעַשְׂרוֹת֒ לִ⁠כְנ֨וֹס בָּ⁠הֶ֜ם לִ⁠שְׂדֵ֤י הֶ⁠עָרִים֙ 1 In their covenant, these were the things the people promised to provide in order to support the priests and the Levites. (See [10:36–39](../10/36.md).) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that they could collect the offerings, firstfruits, and tithes that the Israelites would bring in from the fields around their cities, as they had promised to do in their covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NEH 12 44 j1m1 figs-abstractnouns מְנָא֣וֹת הַ⁠תּוֹרָ֔ה לַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֖ים וְ⁠לַ⁠לְוִיִּ֑ם 1 The abstract noun **portion** refers to the part of each crop that the law commanded the Israelites to give to the temple to support the priests and Levites. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the idea behind this word with a different phrase. Alternate translation: “these were the things that the law commanded the Israelites to give from their harvests to support the priests and Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -NEH 12 44 g347 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י שִׂמְחַ֣ת יְהוּדָ֔ה עַל־הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֖ם הָ⁠עֹמְדִֽים 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could place this sentence first in the verse since it gives the reason for the results that are described in the rest of the verse. You could also show the connection by using a word like “so” after this phrase. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah were very happy that the priests and the Levites were once again serving in the roles that the law had assigned to them. So …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +NEH 12 44 g347 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י שִׂמְחַ֣ת יְהוּדָ֔ה עַל־הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֖ם הָ⁠עֹמְדִֽים 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could place this sentence first in the verse since it gives the reason for the results that are described in the rest of the verse. You could also show the connection by using a word like “so” after this phrase. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah were very happy that the priests and the Levites were once again serving in the roles that the law had assigned to them. So…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) NEH 12 44 j1m3 figs-metaphor שִׂמְחַ֣ת…עַל־הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֖ם 1 In this context, **over** is a spatial metaphor that figuratively indicates **for** or **because of.** Alternate translation: “were very happy that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 12 44 g9pg figs-metaphor הָ⁠עֹמְדִֽים 1 **Standing** means figuratively that the priests and the Levites were serving in the roles that the law had assigned to them. This meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “serving in the roles that the law had assigned to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NEH 12 45 lm4j grammar-connect-logic-result וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁמְר֞וּ 1 In this context, the conjunction **And** indicates that the sentence it introduces explains the results of what the previous verse described. Specifically, the temple personnel were able to perform their duties regularly because the people had organized regular support for them. Alternate translation: “and so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) diff --git a/en_tn_17-EST.tsv b/en_tn_17-EST.tsv index c4761ca84..bf957c823 100644 --- a/en_tn_17-EST.tsv +++ b/en_tn_17-EST.tsv @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ EST 1 3 jdr3 figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנָֽי⁠ו 1 before his face **Face** f EST 1 4 qwr9 figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠הַרְאֹת֗⁠וֹ אֶת־עֹ֨שֶׁר֙ כְּב֣וֹד מַלְכוּת֔⁠וֹ 1 when he displayed the wealth of the glory of his kingdom You can translate the abstract noun with an emphasized adjective. Alternate translation: “Ahasuerus … wanted to demonstrate … the great wealth of his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EST 1 4 qet1 figs-explicit בְּ⁠הַרְאֹת֗⁠וֹ 1 when he displayed **He** refers to the king. The implication is that he held this banquet to show all of his officials how wealthy and powerful he was. The invited officials would then go back to all the different parts of the empire and tell everyone this. Alternate translation: “Ahasuerus wanted to demonstrate to his guests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 1 4 m8xa figs-doublet עֹ֨שֶׁר֙ כְּב֣וֹד מַלְכוּת֔⁠וֹ 1 the wealth of the glory of his kingdom The words **wealth** and **glory** have similar meanings and they are used together to emphasize how great his kingdom was. Alternate translation: “the great wealth of his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -EST 1 4 qet3 figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠הַרְאֹת֗⁠וֹ…וְ⁠אֶ֨ת־יְקָ֔ר תִּפְאֶ֖רֶת גְּדוּלָּת֑⁠וֹ 1 when he displayed…the splendor of the beauty of his greatness You can translate the abstract nouns **splendor**, **beauty**, and **greatness** as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Ahasuerus … wanted to demonstrate … that he was a very powerful king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EST 1 4 qet3 figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠הַרְאֹת֗⁠וֹ…וְ⁠אֶ֨ת־יְקָ֔ר תִּפְאֶ֖רֶת גְּדוּלָּת֑⁠וֹ 1 when he displayed … the splendor of the beauty of his greatness You can translate the abstract nouns **splendor**, **beauty**, and **greatness** as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Ahasuerus … wanted to demonstrate … that he was a very powerful king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EST 1 4 lun5 figs-doublet יְקָ֔ר תִּפְאֶ֖רֶת גְּדוּלָּת֑⁠וֹ 1 the splendor of the beauty of his greatness The words **splendor** and **beauty** have similar meaning and emphasize how great he was. Alternate translation: “the splendor of his greatness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EST 1 4 qet5 figs-explicit יָמִ֣ים רַבִּ֔ים שְׁמוֹנִ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת יֽוֹם 1 for many days, for 180 days This was a very long time for a royal feast to last. The earlier part of the verse provides the reason for this. To make the connection explicit, you could add some explanatory words to the verse like this: “Ahasuerus entertained his guests fabulously because he wanted to demonstrate that his empire was extremely wealthy and that he was a very powerful king. He did so many things for them that the festivities lasted for six months.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 1 4 x1v6 translate-numbers שְׁמוֹנִ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת יֽוֹם 1 for 180 days Six months is about **180 days** or about half a year. You can use whatever expression will best express this time period in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ EST 1 9 qti5 figs-abstractnouns בֵּ֚ית הַ⁠מַּלְכ֔וּת 1 house EST 1 10 jv7z translate-ordinal בַּ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 On the seventh day Alternate translation: “after six days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EST 1 10 le6l figs-idiom כְּ⁠ט֥וֹב לֵב־הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ בַּ⁠יָּ֑יִן 1 when the heart of the king was pleased by the wine Here, **heart** figuratively means the action of thinking or feeling. Alternate translation: “when King Ahasuerus was in a good mood from drinking wine” or “when the king was drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 1 10 dcb2 translate-names לִ֠⁠מְהוּמָן בִּזְּתָ֨א חַרְבוֹנָ֜א בִּגְתָ֤א וַ⁠אֲבַגְתָא֙ זֵתַ֣ר וְ⁠כַרְכַּ֔ס 1 Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha and Abagtha, Zethar and Karkas These are names of seven men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EST 1 10 ens5 translate-unknown הַ⁠סָּ֣רִיסִ֔ים 1 the…eunuchs This term occurs a dozen times in the story. It describes male royal officials who served as guardians for the women who lived in the palace. They were both guardians of the door, to keep unwanted people out of the women’s quarters, and guardians of the women inside, to take care of them and look after their needs. (As we learn in 2:21, some of these officials also protected the king’s private quarters.) As we see here, and as will also be seen in 2:14 and 2:16, their duties included escorting women from place to place. The term likely indicates that, in keeping with the practices of the time, these men were castrated because their work brought them into such close contact with the king’s wives and concubines. If your language has a term for such an official and you think your readers would recognize it, you can use it. Otherwise, you can use a term that describes the role that these officials played in the royal court. Alternate translation: “guardians” or “officials” or “castrated servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +EST 1 10 ens5 translate-unknown הַ⁠סָּ֣רִיסִ֔ים 1 the … eunuchs This term occurs a dozen times in the story. It describes male royal officials who served as guardians for the women who lived in the palace. They were both guardians of the door, to keep unwanted people out of the women’s quarters, and guardians of the women inside, to take care of them and look after their needs. (As we learn in 2:21, some of these officials also protected the king’s private quarters.) As we see here, and as will also be seen in 2:14 and 2:16, their duties included escorting women from place to place. The term likely indicates that, in keeping with the practices of the time, these men were castrated because their work brought them into such close contact with the king’s wives and concubines. If your language has a term for such an official and you think your readers would recognize it, you can use it. Otherwise, you can use a term that describes the role that these officials played in the royal court. Alternate translation: “guardians” or “officials” or “castrated servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EST 1 10 qti7 writing-background הַ⁠מְשָׁ֣רְתִ֔ים אֶת־פְּנֵ֖י הַ⁠מֶּ֥לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרֽוֹשׁ 1 who served before the face of King Ahasuerus This is background information to explain who these men were. Alternate translation: “who attended him personally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) EST 1 10 jdr7 figs-metonymy אֶת־פְּנֵ֖י הַ⁠מֶּ֥לֶךְ 1 the face of King Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. The phrase means that these seven men served King Ahasuerus personally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 1 11 qti9 figs-explicit לְ֠⁠הָבִיא 1 to bring This is the beginning of the instructions that King Ahasuerus gave to the seven eunuchs he summoned in verse 10. You can make this explicit by saying, “He told them to bring.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ EST 1 14 cc44 translate-names כַּרְשְׁנָ֤א שֵׁתָר֙ אַדְמ EST 1 14 jd13 figs-idiom רֹאֵי֙ פְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 seers of the face of the king **To see the face of** is an idiom that means to be in the presence of a person. The phrase means that King Ahasuerus would regularly and personally consult with these seven advisors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 1 14 adf7 figs-metaphor הַ⁠יֹּשְׁבִ֥ים רִאשֹׁנָ֖ה בַּ⁠מַּלְכֽוּת 1 the ones who sat first in the kingdom Here, **sitting** represents ruling or judging. The expression here means that these were the most powerful officials in the empire. (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 1 15 j6sh figs-explicit כְּ⁠דָת֙ מַֽה־לַּ⁠עֲשׂ֔וֹת בַּ⁠מַּלְכָּ֖ה וַשְׁתִּ֑י עַ֣ל ׀ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹֽא־עָשְׂתָ֗ה אֶֽת־מַאֲמַר֙ הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵר֔וֹשׁ בְּ⁠יַ֖ד הַ⁠סָּרִיסִֽים 1 According to law, what is to be done with the queen Vashti on account of that she did not perform the command of King Ahasuerus by the hand of the eunuchs? This verse presents the question that the king asked the wise men. It may be helpful to indicate this by saying something like “The king asked them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EST 1 15 ics9 כְּ⁠דָת֙…עַ֣ל ׀ אֲשֶׁ֣ר 1 According to law…on account of that Alternate translation: “What does the law say we should do … because …?” +EST 1 15 ics9 כְּ⁠דָת֙…עַ֣ל ׀ אֲשֶׁ֣ר 1 According to law … on account of that Alternate translation: “What does the law say we should do … because…?” EST 1 15 adf9 figs-events בְּ⁠יַ֖ד הַ⁠סָּרִיסִֽים 1 by the hand of the eunuchs To present the events in chronological order, you can begin with the information that these men brought the command. Alternate translation: “Queen Vashti did not do what I told my servants to command her to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) EST 1 15 jd15 figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַ֖ד הַ⁠סָּרִיסִֽים 1 by the hand of the eunuchs Here, **hand** figuratively represents the action of doing or giving. The phrase means that the eunuchs were the ones who told Queen Vashti what King Ahasuerus had commanded her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 1 15 adg1 translate-unknown הַ⁠סָּרִיסִֽים 1 eunuchs See how you translated this term in [1:10](../01/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ EST 1 19 mh1a וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַעֲב֑וֹר 1 which do not pass away Alter EST 1 19 jd27 figs-123person תָב֜וֹא…לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ 1 come before the face of the king Memukan speaks to the king in third person as a form of respect. Alternate translation: “never come into your presence again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EST 1 19 jd29 figs-metonymy תָב֜וֹא…לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ 1 come before the face of the king Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. The phrase means that Queen Vashti will never again come into the king’s presence. Alternate translation: “never again come before King Ahasuerus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 1 19 jd31 figs-123person וּ⁠מַלְכוּתָ⁠הּ֙ יִתֵּ֣ן הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ לִ⁠רְעוּתָ֖⁠הּ הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֥ה מִמֶּֽ⁠נָּה 1 and let the king give her royalty to her female neighbor Memukan speaks to the king in third person as a form of respect. You can show the same meaning with a verb that addresses a singular “you” and indicates that Memukan is offering advice, not giving a command when he say, “choose another woman to be queen.” Alternate translation: “the king can give her position as queen to some other woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -EST 1 19 afh9 figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠מַלְכוּתָ⁠הּ֙ 1 and…her royalty You can translate the abstract noun **royalty** with an expression such as “her royal position” or “her position as queen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EST 1 19 afh9 figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠מַלְכוּתָ⁠הּ֙ 1 and … her royalty You can translate the abstract noun **royalty** with an expression such as “her royal position” or “her position as queen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EST 1 19 afj1 figs-explicit הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֥ה מִמֶּֽ⁠נָּה 1 the woman who is better than she Memukan means that the next queen should be “better than” Vashti by obeying all of the king’s commands. You could say this explicitly, as UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 1 20 v9l3 figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִשְׁמַע֩ פִּתְגָ֨ם הַ⁠מֶּ֤לֶךְ 1 Then the decree of the king will be heard You can say this with an active form, and you can say who will do the action. Alternate translation: “when everyone … hears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 1 20 des3 figs-123person פִּתְגָ֨ם הַ⁠מֶּ֤לֶךְ 1 the decree of the king Memukan speaks to the king in third person as a form of respect. You could express the same meaning in the second person: “When they hear what you have commanded.” Alternate translation: “when they hear the king’s decree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -191,13 +191,13 @@ EST 2 8 zcv1 grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בְּ⁠הִשָּׁמַ֤ע ד EST 2 8 zcv3 figs-activepassive בְּ⁠הִשָּׁמַ֤ע דְּבַר־הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ וְ⁠דָת֔⁠וֹ וּֽ⁠בְ⁠הִקָּבֵ֞ץ נְעָר֥וֹת רַבּ֛וֹת 1 when the decree of the king and his law were heard You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. For example, you can say, “when the messengers proclaimed the king’s decree and the scribes published the king’s law.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 2 8 c52i דְּבַר־הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 the decree of the king This refers to King Ahasuerus banishing Queen Vashti from his presence. EST 2 8 zcv5 וְ⁠דָת֔⁠וֹ 1 and his law This refers to King Ahasuerus commanding that men would have complete authority over their wives. -EST 2 8 zcv7 figs-explicit בְּ⁠הִשָּׁמַ֤ע 1 when…were heard You could also say where they did this action. Alternate translation: “Messengers went throughout the empire and proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 2 8 zcv7 figs-explicit בְּ⁠הִשָּׁמַ֤ע 1 when … were heard You could also say where they did this action. Alternate translation: “Messengers went throughout the empire and proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 2 8 m3ld figs-activepassive וּֽ⁠בְ⁠הִקָּבֵ֞ץ נְעָר֥וֹת רַבּ֛וֹת 1 and when many young women were gathered You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 2 8 jd65 translate-unknown שׁוּשַׁ֥ן הַ⁠בִּירָ֖ה 1 Susa the citadel Here again, this likely means “the capital city of Susa.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EST 2 8 mbk1 figs-metaphor אֶל־יַ֣ד הֵגָ֑י 1 into the hand of Hegai Here, **hand** is a metaphor meaning power, control, or authority. As the overseer of the women, Hegai was responsible for the women in the harem for virgins. You could say that the officers “put them under the custody of Hegai” or that “Hegai began to take care of them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EST 2 8 zcv9 grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠הִשָּׁמַ֤ע…וּֽ⁠בְ⁠הִקָּבֵ֞ץ…וַ⁠תִּלָּקַ֤ח 1 So it happened that, when…were heard, and when…were gathered…Esther was taken This means that Esther was brought to the harem of King Ahaserus at the same time as other young women were also being brought to the harem. You can say, “they brought Esther at the same time” or “they also brought Esther.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) -EST 2 8 n3zc figs-activepassive וַ⁠תִּלָּקַ֤ח 1 that…Esther was taken You can say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “they brought Esther” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EST 2 8 zcb1 figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּלָּקַ֤ח 1 that…Esther was taken You can explain why this happened. For example, you can say, “Because Esther was exceptionally attractive, the officers also brought her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 2 8 zcv9 grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠הִשָּׁמַ֤ע…וּֽ⁠בְ⁠הִקָּבֵ֞ץ…וַ⁠תִּלָּקַ֤ח 1 So it happened that, when … were heard, and when … were gathered … Esther was taken This means that Esther was brought to the harem of King Ahaserus at the same time as other young women were also being brought to the harem. You can say, “they brought Esther at the same time” or “they also brought Esther.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) +EST 2 8 n3zc figs-activepassive וַ⁠תִּלָּקַ֤ח 1 that … Esther was taken You can say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “they brought Esther” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EST 2 8 zcb1 figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּלָּקַ֤ח 1 that … Esther was taken You can explain why this happened. For example, you can say, “Because Esther was exceptionally attractive, the officers also brought her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 2 8 zcb3 בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 the house of the king Alternate translation: “the king’s palace” EST 2 8 jd71 figs-metaphor אֶל־יַ֥ד הֵגַ֖י שֹׁמֵ֥ר הַ⁠נָּשִֽׁים 1 into the hand of Hegai As earlier in this verse, this means under the custody of Hegai or that Hegai also began to take care of her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 2 8 zcb5 writing-background שֹׁמֵ֥ר הַ⁠נָּשִֽׁים 1 who was overseer of the women This means that Hegai took care of the young women who lived in the harem for virgins. If it would be clearer in your language, you could move this information to earlier in the verse when Hegai is first mentioned because it explains why the young women were brought to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -222,9 +222,9 @@ EST 2 11 abd2 בֵּית־הַ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 the house of women Altern EST 2 11 abd3 grammar-connect-logic-result לָ⁠דַ֨עַת֙ אֶת־שְׁל֣וֹם אֶסְתֵּ֔ר וּ⁠מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה בָּֽ⁠הּ 1 in order to know the welfare of Esther and what was being done with her This is background information that explains why Mordecai would walk around in front of the courtyard. It was so that he could ask people who were going into or coming out of the courtyard how Esther was doing. You can place this first in the verse because it explains the rest of what is said, if that would be clearer in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EST 2 11 nz1p שְׁל֣וֹם אֶסְתֵּ֔ר 1 the welfare of Esther Alternate translation: “how Esther was doing” or “about Esther’s well-being” EST 2 11 abd4 figs-parallelism שְׁל֣וֹם אֶסְתֵּ֔ר וּ⁠מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה בָּֽ⁠הּ 1 the welfare of Esther and what was being done with her These two phrases mean similar things. The story is using the repetition to emphasize how concerned Mordecai was for Esther. You could combine them and say, “how Esther was doing” or “if Esther was all right.”
(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -EST 2 12 jcj8 writing-background וּ⁠בְ⁠הַגִּ֡יעַ 1 Now when…came Verses 12 to 14 are background information about how the virgins who were gathered for the king became his concubines. These verses are not specifically about Esther, but about the women in general. Use your language’s way of letting your readers know that this is background information by using a connecting word or a phrase such as, “This is how virgins became concubines for the king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +EST 2 12 jcj8 writing-background וּ⁠בְ⁠הַגִּ֡יעַ 1 Now when … came Verses 12 to 14 are background information about how the virgins who were gathered for the king became his concubines. These verses are not specifically about Esther, but about the women in general. Use your language’s way of letting your readers know that this is background information by using a connecting word or a phrase such as, “This is how virgins became concubines for the king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) EST 2 12 jd85 figs-idiom נַעֲרָ֨ה וְ⁠נַעֲרָ֜ה 1 young woman by young woman Alternate translation: “each one of the young women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EST 2 12 abd5 figs-explicit וּ⁠בְ⁠הַגִּ֡יעַ תֹּר֩…לָ⁠ב֣וֹא ׀ אֶל־הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵר֗וֹשׁ 1 when the turn came…to go to the king Ahasuerus Each of these young women was going to have sexual relations with the king and, as a result, legally become one of his concubines, that is, one of his secondary wives. As the story has already explained, he would then choose one of them to become his queen and primary wife. But the king would still provide for each of the concubines for the rest of her life; they would not be free to marry anyone else. This is something that the story’s original audience would have understood implicitly. You can say it explicitly if your readers need this information to understand the story: “Each young woman in the harem, one at a time, was going to have sexual relations with King Ahasuerus and become one of his concubines” or “one of his secondary wives.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 2 12 abd5 figs-explicit וּ⁠בְ⁠הַגִּ֡יעַ תֹּר֩…לָ⁠ב֣וֹא ׀ אֶל־הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵר֗וֹשׁ 1 when the turn came … to go to the king Ahasuerus Each of these young women was going to have sexual relations with the king and, as a result, legally become one of his concubines, that is, one of his secondary wives. As the story has already explained, he would then choose one of them to become his queen and primary wife. But the king would still provide for each of the concubines for the rest of her life; they would not be free to marry anyone else. This is something that the story’s original audience would have understood implicitly. You can say it explicitly if your readers need this information to understand the story: “Each young woman in the harem, one at a time, was going to have sexual relations with King Ahasuerus and become one of his concubines” or “one of his secondary wives.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 2 12 p7i5 translate-unknown כְּ⁠דָ֤ת הַ⁠נָּשִׁים֙ 1 according to the law of women Here, **law** probably does not mean a legal decree, but rather a standard regimen that had been developed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EST 2 12 abd7 writing-background כִּ֛י כֵּ֥ן יִמְלְא֖וּ יְמֵ֣י מְרוּקֵי⁠הֶ֑ן 1 For thus the days of their beautification would be fulfilled This phrase indicates that the story is now going to provide background information on how these treatments were done. It means, “This is how these women would spend the time preparing to go to the king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) EST 2 12 abd8 figs-explicit שִׁשָּׁ֤ה חֳדָשִׁים֙ בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣מֶן הַ⁠מֹּ֔ר 1 six months by oil of myrrh This means that a woman’s attendants would rub her body with olive oil mixed with myrrh every day for six months. You can explain this in more detail if your readers need this information to understand the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -247,12 +247,12 @@ EST 2 14 abe7 figs-explicit הַ⁠פִּֽילַגְשִׁ֑ים 1 the concubin EST 2 14 abe8 לֹא־תָב֥וֹא עוֹד֙ אֶל־הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 She would not go to the king again Alternate translation: “She would not go and see the king again.” In verse 12, the Note mentioned that “go to the king” meant “have sexual relations with the king.” But for this occurrence of the expression, it is appropriate to use a more general phrase such as “visit the king” because there could be other, more social reasons for a further visit. The woman would now be a secondary wife, and the king would only send for her if he decided that he enjoyed being with her. EST 2 14 abe9 חָפֵ֥ץ בָּ֛⁠הּ 1 had delighted in her This means that he “had enjoyed being with her” or that she “had pleased the king very much.” EST 2 14 abf0 figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִקְרְאָ֥ה בְ⁠שֵֽׁם 1 and she was called by name You can say this with an active form. For example, you can say, “and the king asked for her by name” or “and called for her by name.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EST 2 15 fiy8 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וּ⁠בְ⁠הַגִּ֣יעַ תֹּר־אֶסְתֵּ֣ר…לָ⁠ב֣וֹא אֶל־הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ 1 Now when the turn of Esther…came to go to the king The story resumes here after the background information that was provided in verses 12-14 about what the women in the harem did when they became concubines of the king. A contrast is being drawn. A young woman could take any clothing and jewelry she wanted from the harem. But Esther only asked for what Hegai recommended. So it would be good to introduce this episode with a word such as “but,” which draws a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) +EST 2 15 fiy8 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וּ⁠בְ⁠הַגִּ֣יעַ תֹּר־אֶסְתֵּ֣ר…לָ⁠ב֣וֹא אֶל־הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ 1 Now when the turn of Esther … came to go to the king The story resumes here after the background information that was provided in verses 12-14 about what the women in the harem did when they became concubines of the king. A contrast is being drawn. A young woman could take any clothing and jewelry she wanted from the harem. But Esther only asked for what Hegai recommended. So it would be good to introduce this episode with a word such as “but,” which draws a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) EST 2 15 jk51 figs-distinguish בַּת־אֲבִיחַ֣יִל דֹּ֣ד מָרְדֳּכַ֡י אֲשֶׁר֩ לָקַֽח־ל֨⁠וֹ לְ⁠בַ֜ת 1 the daughter of Abihail, the uncle of Mordecai, who had taken her for him as a daughter This background information reminds the reader who Esther was by describing her relationship to Mordecai. You could make this a separate sentence and move it later in the verse to keep from breaking up the flow of the first sentence about what Esther did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) EST 2 15 mg8y translate-names אֲבִיחַ֣יִל 1 Abihail This man was Esther’s father and Mordecai’s uncle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EST 2 15 qx3u figs-doublenegatives לֹ֤א בִקְשָׁה֙ דָּבָ֔ר כִּ֠י אִ֣ם אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֹאמַ֛ר הֵגַ֥י 1 she did not ask for anything except what Hegai…said You can state this in a positive form by saying, “she asked only for.” Alternate translation: “she did not ask for anything else to wear except” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -EST 2 15 vw9r אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֹאמַ֛ר הֵגַ֥י 1 what Hegai…said Alternate translation: “what Hegai recommended” or “what Hegai suggested” -EST 2 15 abf1 figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֹאמַ֛ר הֵגַ֥י 1 what Hegai…said As the king’s personal servant, **Hegai** would have known what kind of clothing and jewelry Ahasuerus found attractive on a woman. By following his advice, Esther showed that she trusted Hegai. This is implicit information that you can make explicit if it would help the reader to understand the story. You might say, for example, “Hegai knew the king’s preferences because he was his personal servant. Esther had come to trust Hegai and so she followed his advice.” This could go at the end of the verse or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 2 15 qx3u figs-doublenegatives לֹ֤א בִקְשָׁה֙ דָּבָ֔ר כִּ֠י אִ֣ם אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֹאמַ֛ר הֵגַ֥י 1 she did not ask for anything except what Hegai … said You can state this in a positive form by saying, “she asked only for.” Alternate translation: “she did not ask for anything else to wear except” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +EST 2 15 vw9r אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֹאמַ֛ר הֵגַ֥י 1 what Hegai … said Alternate translation: “what Hegai recommended” or “what Hegai suggested” +EST 2 15 abf1 figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֹאמַ֛ר הֵגַ֥י 1 what Hegai … said As the king’s personal servant, **Hegai** would have known what kind of clothing and jewelry Ahasuerus found attractive on a woman. By following his advice, Esther showed that she trusted Hegai. This is implicit information that you can make explicit if it would help the reader to understand the story. You might say, for example, “Hegai knew the king’s preferences because he was his personal servant. Esther had come to trust Hegai and so she followed his advice.” This could go at the end of the verse or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 2 15 abf2 figs-distinguish סְרִיס־הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ שֹׁמֵ֣ר הַ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 the eunuch of the king who was overseer of the women This is saying that Hegai was the royal official responsible for the women in the harem for virgins. This is background information that reminds the reader who Hegai was by describing his responsibilities. You could also move this to the end of the verse and put it in parentheses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) EST 2 15 abf3 translate-unknown סְרִיס־הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ 1 the eunuch of the king See how you decided to translate the term **eunuch** in [1:10](../01/10.md). You could say “royal” for “of the king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EST 2 15 z519 figs-idiom נֹשֵׂ֣את חֵ֔ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֖י כָּל־רֹאֶֽי⁠הָ 1 a lifter of favor in the eyes of every man who saw her This is a rare expression in Hebrew, and the exact meaning is uncertain. In this context, the expression probably means that everyone who saw Esther dressed in the clothes she would wear for her visit to the king was very impressed with the way she looked. Alternate translation: “pleased all who saw her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ EST 2 18 jd95 figs-metonymy כְּ⁠יַ֥ד הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 accordin EST 2 19 g38f grammar-connect-time-sequential וּ⁠בְ⁠הִקָּבֵ֥ץ בְּתוּל֖וֹת שֵׁנִ֑ית 1 Now when virgins were being gathered a second time Since this happened some time after Esther’s Feast, you can show this by using a connecting phrase such as “some time later.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) EST 2 19 p842 figs-explicit וּ⁠בְ⁠הִקָּבֵ֥ץ בְּתוּל֖וֹת שֵׁנִ֑ית 1 Now when virgins were being gathered a second time The most likely explanation for this is that Ahasuerus decided he would like to have more concubines. You can say this explicitly if it will help the readers to understand the story. He probably believed that having a large number of concubines was another thing that would show he was a great king. To do so, you could add: “because Ahasuerus decided that he would like to have more concubines.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 2 19 abg2 figs-activepassive וּ⁠בְ⁠הִקָּבֵ֥ץ בְּתוּל֖וֹת שֵׁנִ֑ית 1 Now when virgins were being gathered a second time You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. For example, you can say, “at the time when the king’s officers were gathering virgins for a second time.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EST 2 19 ang3 grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וּ⁠בְ⁠הִקָּבֵ֥ץ בְּתוּל֖וֹת שֵׁנִ֑ית וּ⁠מָרְדֳּכַ֖י 1 Now when…were being gathered…Mordecai…then This indicates that the information about Mordecai explains what he was doing at this same time. You can use a phrase such as “during this time” to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) +EST 2 19 ang3 grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וּ⁠בְ⁠הִקָּבֵ֥ץ בְּתוּל֖וֹת שֵׁנִ֑ית וּ⁠מָרְדֳּכַ֖י 1 Now when … were being gathered … Mordecai … then This indicates that the information about Mordecai explains what he was doing at this same time. You can use a phrase such as “during this time” to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) EST 2 19 a23f figs-idiom וּ⁠מָרְדֳּכַ֖י יֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּ⁠שַֽׁעַר־הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 Mordecai was then sitting at the gate of the king Possible meanings are: (1) **Sitting at the king’s gate** is an idiom meaning that Mordecai worked for the king in some capacity and was stationed at the gate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) (2) Mordecai sat there so he could hear about how Esther was doing from the many people who passed through the gate. EST 2 19 i8in בְּ⁠שַֽׁעַר־הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 at the gate of the king Alternate translation: “the gate to the king’s house” or “the gate to the king’s palace” EST 2 20 abg5 figs-doublet מֽוֹלַדְתָּ⁠הּ֙ וְ⁠אֶת־עַמָּ֔⁠הּ 1 her ancestry (that is, her people) These two short phrases mean almost the same thing. They are used together to emphasize that Esther followed Mordecai’s instructions exactly. You could combine them, as UST does. Alternate translation: “who her relatives were or that she was a Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -307,14 +307,14 @@ EST 3 1 mm4c writing-newevent אַחַ֣ר ׀ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ EST 3 1 abh7 grammar-connect-time-sequential אַחַ֣ר ׀ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה 1 After these things This event happened some time after Esther became queen, and you can show this by using a connecting phrase such as “some time later.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) EST 3 1 ir5v translate-names הָמָ֧ן 1 Haman This is a man’s name. It occurs many times in the story. Be sure to translate it consistently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EST 3 1 abh8 translate-names בֶּֽן־הַמְּדָ֛תָא הָ⁠אֲגָגִ֖י 1 the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite These are the names of Haman’s father and Haman’s people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EST 3 1 abh9 figs-explicit גִּדַּל֩…אֲחַשְׁוֵר֜וֹשׁ אֶת־הָמָ֧ן 1 Ahasuerus made Haman…great This means that Ahasuerus **promoted** Haman. It’s implied in the story that Haman was already one of Ahasuerus’s officials, but that he was now being promoted to a higher position. You could say that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 3 1 abh9 figs-explicit גִּדַּל֩…אֲחַשְׁוֵר֜וֹשׁ אֶת־הָמָ֧ן 1 Ahasuerus made Haman … great This means that Ahasuerus **promoted** Haman. It’s implied in the story that Haman was already one of Ahasuerus’s officials, but that he was now being promoted to a higher position. You could say that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 3 1 abi0 figs-doublet וַֽ⁠יְנַשְּׂאֵ֑⁠הוּ וַ⁠יָּ֨שֶׂם֙ אֶת־כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ מֵ⁠עַ֕ל כָּל־הַ⁠שָּׂרִ֖ים 1 He lifted him up and placed his seat of authority from over all the officials These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used together to emphasize that the king was making Haman very powerful. You could combine them and say something like, “the king gave Haman a very high position that was over all of his other officials.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EST 3 1 pl9i figs-metaphor וַֽ⁠יְנַשְּׂאֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 He lifted him up Here, **lifting** is a metaphor meaning to advance or promote a person to a higher, more important position than they held previously. Alternate translation: “he gave him a more important position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 3 1 ptm4 figs-idiom כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ 1 his seat of authority Here, **seat of authority** means Haman’s position or status in the Persian government. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 3 1 abi1 figs-abstractnouns כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ 1 his seat of authority You can translate the abstract noun “authority” by using a concrete noun for this whole phrase. For example, you can say, “his position.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EST 3 1 abi2 מֵ⁠עַ֕ל כָּל־הַ⁠שָּׂרִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 from over all the officials who were with him **Him** in this phrase may refer to the king. You could say that “the king promoted him above his other officials” or “gave him more authority than all of his other officials” or that “Haman became more important than all of his other officials.” EST 3 2 abi3 figs-metonymy וְ⁠כָל־עַבְדֵ֨י הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ אֲשֶׁר־בְּ⁠שַׁ֣עַר הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ 1 Then all the servants of the king who were at the gate of the king Here, the **gate of the king**, probably the entrance to the citadel, may figuratively represent the citadel itself, the place where these people served the king. The citadel, in turn, would represent everyone who served the king. So you could say just “all the king’s other servants.” However, this may also be a reference to the specific group of officials who were stationed at the gate, the way Mordecai was. Alternate translation: “the royal officials who were stationed at the palace gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EST 3 2 abi4 figs-explicit וְ⁠כָל־עַבְדֵ֨י הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ…כֹּרְעִ֤ים וּ⁠מִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִים֙ לְ⁠הָמָ֔ן 1 all the servants of the king…were bowing down and prostrating themselves to Haman The servants were required to do this as a way of honoring him whenever Haman walked by. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 3 2 abi4 figs-explicit וְ⁠כָל־עַבְדֵ֨י הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ…כֹּרְעִ֤ים וּ⁠מִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִים֙ לְ⁠הָמָ֔ן 1 all the servants of the king … were bowing down and prostrating themselves to Haman The servants were required to do this as a way of honoring him whenever Haman walked by. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 3 2 e25k translate-symaction כֹּרְעִ֤ים וּ⁠מִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִים֙ 1 were bowing down and prostrating themselves This means that the other officials humbled themselves and lay flat on the ground before Haman. These actions represented recognition and respect for the very high position that the king had given him in the Persian government. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EST 3 2 abi5 figs-doublet כֹּרְעִ֤ים וּ⁠מִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִים֙ 1 were bowing down and prostrating themselves These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that the officials knew how important it was to obey the king’s command and honor Haman in this way. You could combine them as UST does and say something like “bow down all the way to the ground.” Alternate translation: “bowing and lying down on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EST 3 2 fg8v וּ⁠מִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִים֙ 1 and prostrating themselves to Haman This means bowing down all the way to the ground. @@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ EST 3 3 abj0 figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמְר֜וּ…לְ⁠מָרְדֳּ EST 3 3 abj1 מַדּ֨וּעַ֙ אַתָּ֣ה עוֹבֵ֔ר אֵ֖ת מִצְוַ֥ת הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 Why are you trespassing the command of the king? Alternative translation: “why are you disobeying the king’s command” or “why are you not obeying what the king commanded” EST 3 4 jd3r figs-explicit ב⁠אמר⁠ם אֵלָי⁠ו֙ 1 when they spoke to him This means that they spoke to him about not bowing down. Specifically, they warned him that he would be severely punished if he kept disobeying the king and not honoring his highest official. You can say that explicitly if it would be clearer in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 3 4 jd1r figs-idiom י֣וֹם וָ⁠י֔וֹם 1 day by day This expression means “every day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EST 3 4 abj2 figs-idiom וַ⁠יְהִ֗י ב⁠אמר⁠ם אֵלָי⁠ו֙…וְ⁠לֹ֥א שָׁמַ֖ע אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Now it happened that, when they spoke…he did not listen to them. Here, **he did not listen** means he did not heed their warning or he did not do what they said. Mordecai heard them, but he did not do what they advised him to do. This means that even though the other officials questioned him and probably warned him, he still refused to bow down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EST 3 4 abj2 figs-idiom וַ⁠יְהִ֗י ב⁠אמר⁠ם אֵלָי⁠ו֙…וְ⁠לֹ֥א שָׁמַ֖ע אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Now it happened that, when they spoke … he did not listen to them. Here, **he did not listen** means he did not heed their warning or he did not do what they said. Mordecai heard them, but he did not do what they advised him to do. This means that even though the other officials questioned him and probably warned him, he still refused to bow down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 3 4 uek4 figs-idiom וַ⁠יַּגִּ֣ידוּ לְ⁠הָמָ֗ן לִ⁠רְאוֹת֙ הֲ⁠יַֽעַמְדוּ֙ דִּבְרֵ֣י מָרְדֳּכַ֔י 1 So they told Haman to see if the words of Mordecai would stand In this context, **standing** figuratively means to survive a challenge, and **words** means the reasons that Mordecai gave for his actions. This phrase means that the other officials told Haman about it to see if he would tolerate it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 3 4 abj3 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי־הִגִּ֥יד לָ⁠הֶ֖ם אֲשֶׁר־ה֥וּא יְהוּדִֽי 1 for he had told them that he was a Jew This is the answer that Mordecai gave the other officials when they asked him why he refused to bow down to Haman. If that would be clearer in your language, you can put it first in the verse because it explains everything that happens afterwards. Alternate translation: “Mordecai told them that he was a Jew, and that Jews would bow down only to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EST 3 4 abj4 figs-explicit כִּֽי־הִגִּ֥יד לָ⁠הֶ֖ם אֲשֶׁר־ה֥וּא יְהוּדִֽי 1 for he had told them that he was a Jew Mordecai’s explanation would have included the fact that Jews would only worship Yahweh. You could say that explicitly if that would be clearer in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -350,8 +350,8 @@ EST 3 7 abk2 translate-unknown חֹ֣דֶשׁ נִיסָ֔ן 1 the month of Nisa EST 3 7 tw99 translate-ordinal בִּ⁠שְׁנַת֙ שְׁתֵּ֣ים עֶשְׂרֵ֔ה לַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵר֑וֹשׁ 1 in the twelfth year of the king Ahasuerus Alternate translations: “during the twelfth year of the reign of Ahasuerus as king of Persia” or “when King Ahasuerus had reigned for about twelve years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EST 3 7 g4lt translate-names הִפִּ֣יל פּוּר֩ ה֨וּא הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֜ל 1 a Pur (which is “the lot”) The storyteller is giving both the Persian and the Hebrew name because this is the story behind the Festival of Purim, which takes its name from “Pur.” So this is not repetition for emphasis. You can put in the Persian name and the word for “lot” in your own language to show that the storyteller is doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EST 3 7 abk3 translate-unknown הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֜ל 1 the lot A **lot** was an object with different markings on various sides that was used, most likely by dropping it on the ground, to select a specific time for doing something. The belief was that God or the gods would control which way the object fell, thus guiding the selection process and granting favor to the action if it were done on the date chosen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -EST 3 7 abk4 figs-activepassive הִפִּ֣יל פּוּר֩ 1 a Pur…was cast You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. You can say, for example, “Haman had his servants cast a Pur.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EST 3 7 abk5 grammar-connect-logic-result הִפִּ֣יל פּוּר֩ 1 a Pur…was cast If that would be clearer in your language, you can put this information first because it explains the rest of what happens in this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +EST 3 7 abk4 figs-activepassive הִפִּ֣יל פּוּר֩ 1 a Pur … was cast You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. You can say, for example, “Haman had his servants cast a Pur.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EST 3 7 abk5 grammar-connect-logic-result הִפִּ֣יל פּוּר֩ 1 a Pur … was cast If that would be clearer in your language, you can put this information first because it explains the rest of what happens in this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EST 3 7 j13r figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הָמָ֗ן 1 before the face of Haman Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. In this context, the phrase means that Haman was physically present when the lot was cast. Alternate translation: “as Haman watched” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 3 7 j15r מִ⁠יּ֧וֹם ׀ לְ⁠י֛וֹם וּ⁠מֵ⁠חֹ֛דֶשׁ לְ⁠חֹ֥דֶשׁ 1 from day to day and from month to month This expression means that the lot was cast to select a particular day of the month and a particular month of the year. EST 3 7 j17r figs-explicit מִ⁠יּ֧וֹם ׀ לְ⁠י֛וֹם וּ⁠מֵ⁠חֹ֛דֶשׁ לְ⁠חֹ֥דֶשׁ 1 from day to day and from month to month Haman was casting the lot to determine the best day and the best month to kill the Jews. You can say that explicitly if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to determine the best day and the best month to kill the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ EST 3 9 abl1 figs-123person אִם־עַל־הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ ט֔וֹב 1 EST 3 9 abl2 figs-idiom אִם־עַל־הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ ט֔וֹב 1 If it is good to the king See how you decided to translate this idiom in [1:19](../01/19.md). Alternate translation: “if it seems like a good idea to you, O king” or “if the king thinks this is a good idea” or “if this advice is pleasing to the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 3 9 abl3 figs-activepassive יִכָּתֵ֖ב 1 let it be written You can say this with an active form, and you can say who would do the action. For example, you can say, “the king could write a decree” or “you could write a decree.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 3 9 abl4 לְ⁠אַבְּדָ֑⁠ם 1 to destroy them This means that the decree would say that all the Jews should be killed. -EST 3 9 eh3w figs-idiom אֶשְׁקוֹל֙ עַל־יְדֵי֙ עֹשֵׂ֣י הַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֔ה 1 I will weigh out…into the hands of the doers of the work This could mean either of two possibilities: (1) Haman could mean that the king’s men will be able to collect a huge amount of money from the plunder that they would get from the Jews. Referring to the weight would be a way of saying, “I guarantee that it will be at least that much.” This reasoning agrees with 3:13, where the king’s letter specifies that those who kill the Jews can take their plunder. Alternate translation: “we will get so much plunder that the officers you send will be able to bring back” (Also see UST) (2) “**Weigh out into the hands**” could be an idiom that means Haman himself will pay the officers who will put the plan into effect. Haman will not do this personally, but it means that he will take responsibility for paying them from his own resources. Alternate translation: “From my own resources I will pay … to the men who do the work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EST 3 9 eh3w figs-idiom אֶשְׁקוֹל֙ עַל־יְדֵי֙ עֹשֵׂ֣י הַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֔ה 1 I will weigh out … into the hands of the doers of the work This could mean either of two possibilities: (1) Haman could mean that the king’s men will be able to collect a huge amount of money from the plunder that they would get from the Jews. Referring to the weight would be a way of saying, “I guarantee that it will be at least that much.” This reasoning agrees with 3:13, where the king’s letter specifies that those who kill the Jews can take their plunder. Alternate translation: “we will get so much plunder that the officers you send will be able to bring back” (Also see UST) (2) “**Weigh out into the hands**” could be an idiom that means Haman himself will pay the officers who will put the plan into effect. Haman will not do this personally, but it means that he will take responsibility for paying them from his own resources. Alternate translation: “From my own resources I will pay … to the men who do the work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 3 9 lhv5 translate-bmoney וַ⁠עֲשֶׂ֨רֶת אֲלָפִ֜ים כִּכַּר־כֶּ֗סֶף 1 10,000 talents of silver This would be worth over $300 million at current prices in 2020. But since prices vary over time, if you expressed the value in modern measurements, that could cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate. Instead you could express the amount using the ancient measurement, the talent, and explain in a note that a talent was equivalent to about 30 kilograms. Alternatively, you could specify the weight of the silver in the text, as UST does in metric tons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) EST 3 9 vm59 figs-hyperbole וַ⁠עֲשֶׂ֨רֶת אֲלָפִ֜ים כִּכַּר־כֶּ֗סֶף 1 The **talent** was the largest unit of money and **10,000** was the largest number in the counting system of the time. It is possible that Haman used these terms to represent a very large, but not precise, amount. Alternate translation: “a huge amount of silver” or “enormous amounts of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) EST 3 9 abl5 עֹשֵׂ֣י הַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֔ה 1 the doers of the work This could mean: (1) those who work for the king in general (administrators) or (2) more specifically the officers whom Ahasuerus would send around the empire to organize the killing of the Jews. @@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ EST 3 13 i5ur translate-hebrewmonths הוּא־חֹ֣דֶשׁ אֲדָ֑ר 1 whi EST 3 13 pbp1 וּ⁠שְׁלָלָ֖⁠ם לָ⁠בֽוֹז 1 and to plunder their spoils This means that the letters also said that those who killed the Jews could take everything that belonged to them. EST 3 14 tj7n figs-activepassive הַ⁠כְּתָ֗ב לְ⁠הִנָּ֤תֵֽן דָּת֙ בְּ⁠כָל־מְדִינָ֣ה וּ⁠מְדִינָ֔ה 1 the writing, to be given as a law in every province by province You can say this with an active form. For example, you can say, “The officials in every province presented a copy of the letter as the law.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 3 14 vga2 figs-idiom בְּ⁠כָל־מְדִינָ֣ה וּ⁠מְדִינָ֔ה 1 In every province by province This expression means each and every province. See how you translated the term “province” in 1:1. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EST 3 14 l9w7 figs-activepassive הַ⁠כְּתָ֗ב…גָּל֖וּי לְ⁠כָל־הָֽ⁠עַמִּ֑ים 1 the writing…was uncovered for all the peoples You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “the letter told the officials to post copies where everyone could see them” or “the king commanded the officials to display copies of these letters where all the people could see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EST 3 14 l9w7 figs-activepassive הַ⁠כְּתָ֗ב…גָּל֖וּי לְ⁠כָל־הָֽ⁠עַמִּ֑ים 1 the writing … was uncovered for all the peoples You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “the letter told the officials to post copies where everyone could see them” or “the king commanded the officials to display copies of these letters where all the people could see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 3 14 f6dc לִ⁠הְי֥וֹת עֲתִדִ֖ים לַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 to be ready for this day Alternate translations: “so that people would be ready to do on that day what the king had written in the letter” or “so that they would get ready to do what the letter said to do when the day came” EST 3 15 abn4 הָֽ⁠רָצִ֞ים יָצְא֤וּ דְחוּפִים֙ בִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 The runners went out hurrying by decree of the king This means that the king had commanded the couriers to deliver the letters as quickly as possible. EST 3 15 abn5 figs-explicit הָֽ⁠רָצִ֞ים יָצְא֤וּ דְחוּפִים֙ בִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 The runners went out hurrying by decree of the king You can state explicitly where the couriers brought the letters. Alternate translation: “as the king had commanded, couriers rushed the letters to every province in the empire” or “then, according to what the king commanded, men riding horses took these letters quickly to every province in the empire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ EST 4 8 abq0 לְ⁠הַשְׁמִידָ⁠ם֙ 1 to annihilate them Alternativ EST 4 8 abq1 figs-parallelism לְ⁠הַרְא֥וֹת אֶת־אֶסְתֵּ֖ר וּ⁠לְ⁠הַגִּ֣יד לָ֑⁠הּ 1 in order to show Esther, and to inform her These two phrases mean similar things. They are repeated to emphasize how important Mordecai knew it was for Esther to understand just what Haman was planning. “so that Esther could see exactly what it said.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) EST 4 8 abq2 וּ⁠לְ⁠צַוּ֣וֹת עָלֶ֗י⁠הָ 1 and to lay a charge upon her Alternate translation: “and to urge her” EST 4 8 gds6 figs-doublet לְ⁠הִֽתְחַנֶּן־ל֛⁠וֹ וּ⁠לְ⁠בַקֵּ֥שׁ 1 to implore his favor and to seek These two phrases mean similar things. They are repeated to emphasize the force of the action that Mordecai felt was needed. Alternate translation: “to plead with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -EST 4 8 j47r figs-metonymy מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנָ֖י⁠ו 1 to go to the king…from before his face Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. In this context, the phrase means that Esther should go into the presence of the king to ask personally for the king’s intervention. Alternate translation: “to go to the king personally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EST 4 8 j47r figs-metonymy מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנָ֖י⁠ו 1 to go to the king … from before his face Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. In this context, the phrase means that Esther should go into the presence of the king to ask personally for the king’s intervention. Alternate translation: “to go to the king personally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 4 8 abq3 עַל־עַמָּֽ⁠הּ 1 concerning her people Alternate translation: “to act mercifully toward her people” EST 4 10 abq5 וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר אֶסְתֵּר֙ לַ⁠הֲתָ֔ךְ וַ⁠תְּצַוֵּ֖⁠הוּ אֶֽל־מָרְדֳּכָֽי 1 Then Esther spoke to Hathak and commanded him to say to Mordecai: Alternate translation: “then Esther told Hathak to go back to Mordecai and tell him this” EST 4 11 abq6 figs-merism כָּל־עַבְדֵ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֡לֶךְ וְ⁠עַם־מְדִינ֨וֹת הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ יֽוֹדְעִ֗ים 1 All the servants of the king and the people of the provinces of the king are knowing **All the servants of the king** refers to the royal officials in the palace. **The people of the provinces** refers to those living out in the empire. So this phrase means something like “those both near and far.” Esther is using a figure of speech to refer to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it in order to include everything in between those parts. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these phrases and say something like, “everyone in the whole empire knows.” Alternate translation: “all the king’s officials and all the people in the empire know this law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) @@ -506,14 +506,14 @@ EST 5 1 uk7p נֹ֖כַח בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠מֶּ֑לֶךְ 1 opposite to th EST 5 1 abt0 figs-abstractnouns וְ֠⁠הַ⁠מֶּלֶךְ יוֹשֵׁ֞ב עַל־כִּסֵּ֤א מַלְכוּת⁠וֹ֙ בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הַ⁠מַּלְכ֔וּת 1 sitting on the throne of his royalty in the palace of royalty **Royalty** is an abstract noun that refers to those things that belonged only to the king. You can translate this idea with a verb, “the throne he ruled from” and “the palace where he reigned,” or with an adjective, “his royal throne” and “his royal palace.” Alternate translation: “in the throne room of the palace, sitting on the king’s throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EST 5 1 j55r נֹ֖כַח פֶּ֥תַח הַ⁠בָּֽיִת 1 opposite to the entrance of the palace Alternate translation: “facing the entrance of the room” EST 5 2 abt1 grammar-connect-time-sequential וַ⁠יְהִי֩ 1 Then it happened that This expression introduces what happened next. Alternate translation: “Now” or “and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) -EST 5 2 abt2 כִ⁠רְא֨וֹת 1 as soon as…saw Alternate translation: “when … noticed” +EST 5 2 abt2 כִ⁠רְא֨וֹת 1 as soon as … saw Alternate translation: “when … noticed” EST 5 2 j57r figs-idiom נָשְׂאָ֥ה חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 she lifted favor in his eyes See how you translated similar expressions in 2:9, 2:15, and 2:17. Review the explanations there if that would be helpful. In this context, it probably means that King Ahasuerus **thought Esther looked very attractive** as she stood in the court. It could also mean that King Ahasuerus was very pleased to see her. It could mean both. Alternate translation: “he was very pleased to see her” or “he approved of her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 5 2 pw4x figs-metaphor נָשְׂאָ֥ה חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 she lifted favor in his eyes Here, **eyes** figuratively represent seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. This phrase means that King Ahasuerus decided not to kill Esther for coming into the inner court without being summoned. Alternate translation: “he was very pleased to see her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 5 2 uu8s translate-symaction וַ⁠יּ֨וֹשֶׁט הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ לְ⁠אֶסְתֵּ֗ר אֶת־שַׁרְבִ֤יט הַ⁠זָּהָב֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ⁠יָד֔⁠וֹ 1 And the king held out to her the golden scepter that was in his hand King Ahasuerus did this to show that he would not enforce the law that said that Esther should be executed for coming into the king’s inner court without being summoned. See how you translated this in 4:11. Alternate translation: “he extended the gold scepter toward her.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EST 5 2 abt3 figs-explicit וַ⁠יּ֨וֹשֶׁט הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ לְ⁠אֶסְתֵּ֗ר אֶת־שַׁרְבִ֤יט הַ⁠זָּהָב֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ⁠יָד֔⁠וֹ 1 And the king held out to her the golden scepter that was in his hand King Ahasuerus did this to show that he would not enforce the law that said Esther should be executed. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he extended the gold scepter toward her to signal that he would be glad to talk to her.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EST 5 2 abt4 וַ⁠תִּקְרַ֣ב 1 so…approached Alternate translation; “so … came close” or “so … came up to the throne” +EST 5 2 abt4 וַ⁠תִּקְרַ֣ב 1 so … approached Alternate translation; “so … came close” or “so … came up to the throne” EST 5 2 z4mn translate-symaction וַ⁠תִּגַּ֖ע בְּ⁠רֹ֥אשׁ הַ⁠שַּׁרְבִֽיט 1 and touched the head of the scepter This action was probably customary for a king’s subjects in a Persian court, when the king extended the royal scepter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -EST 5 2 abt5 figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּגַּ֖ע בְּ⁠רֹ֥אשׁ הַ⁠שַּׁרְבִֽיט 1 and touched the head of the scepter This action demonstrated that Esther respected the authority of King Ahasuerus and was thankful for his kindness to her. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could include that information here, such as: “… to show that she respected his authority.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 5 2 abt5 figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּגַּ֖ע בְּ⁠רֹ֥אשׁ הַ⁠שַּׁרְבִֽיט 1 and touched the head of the scepter This action demonstrated that Esther respected the authority of King Ahasuerus and was thankful for his kindness to her. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could include that information here, such as: “…to show that she respected his authority.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 5 2 j59r figs-metonymy בְּ⁠רֹ֥אשׁ הַ⁠שַּׁרְבִֽיט 1 the head of the scepter Here, **head** is a metonym meaning the top (or uppermost part) of an object or location. This phrase means that Esther touched the top of the king’s scepter on the end that was extended toward her. Alternate translation: “the top of the scepter” or “the tip of the scepter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 5 3 abt6 מַה־לָּ֖⁠ךְ אֶסְתֵּ֣ר הַ⁠מַּלְכָּ֑ה 1 What is to you, Esther the queen? Alternate translation: “What do you want, Queen Esther?” EST 5 3 abt7 figs-parallelism מַה־לָּ֖⁠ךְ אֶסְתֵּ֣ר הַ⁠מַּלְכָּ֑ה וּ⁠מַה־בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֛⁠ךְ 1 What is to you, Esther the queen? And what is your request? These two phrases mean almost the same thing. Ahasuerus says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to show that he is very interested in hearing why Esther has come to see him. You do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation if it would be more natural in your language to combine them into one. Alternate translation: “What do you want, Queen Esther?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -529,10 +529,10 @@ EST 5 5 abu2 מַהֲרוּ֙ אֶת־הָמָ֔ן לַ⁠עֲשׂ֖וֹת אֶ EST 5 5 abu3 עָשְׂתָ֥ה 1 had made Alternate translation: “had prepared for them” EST 5 6 d5wr figs-parallelism מַה־שְּׁאֵלָתֵ֖⁠ךְ וְ⁠יִנָּ֣תֵֽן לָ֑⁠ךְ וּ⁠מַה־בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֛⁠ךְ עַד־חֲצִ֥י הַ⁠מַּלְכ֖וּת וְ⁠תֵעָֽשׂ 1 What is your petition? And let it be given to you. And what is your request? As much as half of the kingdom, and let it be done. These two question-and-statement pairs mean almost the same thing. Ahasuerus says the same thing twice in slightly different ways to show that he is truly disposed to give Esther whatever she wants. If this is confusing, you do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation. You could combine them into one or replace the repetition with a statement of what the repetition means, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “now please tell me what you really want. I will do it for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) EST 5 6 pj3p figs-explicit מַה־שְּׁאֵלָתֵ֖⁠ךְ וְ⁠יִנָּ֣תֵֽן לָ֑⁠ךְ וּ⁠מַה־בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֛⁠ךְ עַד־חֲצִ֥י הַ⁠מַּלְכ֖וּת וְ⁠תֵעָֽשׂ 1 What is your petition? When Ahasuerus asked Esther in the throne room what she wanted, she said that she wanted him and Haman to come to a banquet she had prepared. But since the king asks her once again at the banquet what she wants, it is clear that he knew this was not her real request. Instead, he knew that she wanted to show him hospitality first, as a gesture of respect for him and their relationship. You can indicate this by translating, “Now please tell me what you really want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EST 5 6 q5nt figs-abstractnouns שְּׁאֵלָתֵ֖⁠ךְ…בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֛⁠ךְ 1 your petition…your request The two abstract nouns **petition** and **request** can be expressed with a single phrase using the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “what you really want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EST 5 6 e2v2 figs-activepassive וְ⁠יִנָּ֣תֵֽן…וְ⁠תֵעָֽשׂ 1 And let it be given to you…let it be done You can capture these parallel passive statements with one statement using an active form. Alternate translation: “I will give you anything you ask for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EST 5 6 q5nt figs-abstractnouns שְּׁאֵלָתֵ֖⁠ךְ…בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֛⁠ךְ 1 your petition … your request The two abstract nouns **petition** and **request** can be expressed with a single phrase using the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “what you really want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EST 5 6 e2v2 figs-activepassive וְ⁠יִנָּ֣תֵֽן…וְ⁠תֵעָֽשׂ 1 And let it be given to you … let it be done You can capture these parallel passive statements with one statement using an active form. Alternate translation: “I will give you anything you ask for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 5 6 j65r עַד־חֲצִ֥י הַ⁠מַּלְכ֖וּת 1 As much as half of the kingdom See how you translated this expression in [5:3](../05/03.md). Review the explanation there if that would be helpful. Alternate translation: “I will give you anything you ask for, no matter how great it is” -EST 5 7 abu5 figs-hendiadys וַ⁠תַּ֥עַן…וַ⁠תֹּאמַ֑ר 1 Then…answered and said Here a single idea is being expressed by using two words connected with “and.” Together the two words mean that Esther responded to the question that the king asked her. Alternate translation: “answered” or “replied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) +EST 5 7 abu5 figs-hendiadys וַ⁠תַּ֥עַן…וַ⁠תֹּאמַ֑ר 1 Then … answered and said Here a single idea is being expressed by using two words connected with “and.” Together the two words mean that Esther responded to the question that the king asked her. Alternate translation: “answered” or “replied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) EST 5 7 r4aw figs-doublet שְׁאֵלָתִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בַקָּשָׁתִֽ⁠י 1 My petition and my request The words **petition** and **request** mean the same thing. Esther probably used these words together as a way of speaking very formally and respectfully to the king. Alternate translation: “this is what I want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EST 5 7 abu6 figs-abstractnouns שְׁאֵלָתִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בַקָּשָׁתִֽ⁠י 1 My petition and my request The two abstract nouns **petition** and **request** can be expressed with a single phrase using the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “this is what I want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EST 5 8 c2br figs-idiom אִם־מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֜ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ 1 if I have found favor in the eyes of the king The expression **find favor** means to gain the approval or acceptance of another person. Alternate translation: “if you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ EST 5 8 x8hf figs-123person יָב֧וֹא הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ וְ⁠הָמ EST 5 8 j71r figs-youdual יָב֧וֹא הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ וְ⁠הָמָ֗ן אֶל־הַ⁠מִּשְׁתֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֣ה לָ⁠הֶ֔ם 1 let the king come with Haman to the banquet that I will make for them If you decide to translate this as “the banquet that I have prepared for you,” then the word “you” should be dual if your language uses that form, since it refers to the king and Haman, otherwise it should be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]]) EST 5 8 abu9 וּ⁠מָחָ֥ר אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֖ה כִּ⁠דְבַ֥ר הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 and tomorrow I will do according to the word of the king The **word of the king** means his request for Esther to tell him what she wants. Alternate translation: “I will answer your question then” EST 5 8 gf9b figs-123person כִּ⁠דְבַ֥ר הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 according to the word of the king Esther speaks to the king in the third person as a sign of respect. Alternate translation: “according to your word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -EST 5 9 abv1 וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א 1 And…went out Alternate translation: “and … left the banquet” +EST 5 9 abv1 וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א 1 And … went out Alternate translation: “and … left the banquet” EST 5 9 j73r figs-doublet שָׂמֵ֖חַ וְ⁠ט֣וֹב לֵ֑ב 1 joyful and good of heart The word **joyful** and the phrase **good of heart** mean the same thing. These terms are used together to show that Haman was very happy after attending Esther’s banquet with King Ahasuerus. Alternate translation: “feeling very good” [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] EST 5 9 j75r figs-metaphor וְ⁠ט֣וֹב לֵ֑ב 1 and good of heart Here, **heart** figuratively represents the action of thinking or feeling. The phrase means that Haman felt happy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 5 9 dkg6 figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹא־קָם֙ 1 that he neither rose up Under other circumstances, officials were expected to bow low to the ground to show respect for Haman. See [3:2](../03/02.md). But since Mordecai was already sitting on the ground as a sign of mourning, he would have been expected to stand up to show respect. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Mordecai did not stand up to show respect for Haman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ EST 5 9 j77r translate-symaction וְ⁠לֹא־זָ֣ע מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ EST 5 9 s47u figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּמָּלֵ֥א הָמָ֛ן עַֽל־מָרְדֳּכַ֖י חֵמָֽה 1 then Haman was filled with rage on account of Mordecai Here, **Haman’s rage** is described as something that could fill him up. See how you translated this expression in [3:5](../03/05.md). Alternate translation: “Haman became very angry because of Mordecai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 5 10 v5nl grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠יִּתְאַפַּ֣ק הָמָ֔ן 1 But Haman restrained himself There is a contrast between this sentence and the previous one. Haman felt very much like doing one thing, but he decided it would be better to do something else. The contrast can be indicated with a phrase such as “but even though.” Alternate translation: “but even though Haman was so angry, he kept himself from losing his temper” or “Haman refused to show how angry he was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) EST 5 10 bcn1 translate-names זֶ֥רֶשׁ 1 Zeresh This is a woman’s name. It occurs several times in this chapter and the next. Be sure to translate it consistently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EST 5 11 abv4 וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֨ר לָ⁠הֶ֥ם 1 Then…recounted Alternate translation: “then … made a long speech to them about” +EST 5 11 abv4 וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֨ר לָ⁠הֶ֥ם 1 Then … recounted Alternate translation: “then … made a long speech to them about” EST 5 11 mvm5 figs-abstractnouns כְּב֥וֹד עָשְׁר֖⁠וֹ 1 the glory of his wealth **Glory** and **wealth** are both abstract nouns. Alternate translation: “Haman told them about how great his wealth was” or “Haman told them about the many great things he owned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EST 5 11 j79r translate-symaction וְ⁠רֹ֣ב בָּנָ֑י⁠ו 1 and the multitude of his sons Having many sons was probably seen as a mark of honor and status in Persian culture. This phrase probably means that Haman was boasting about the status he enjoyed in Persian society because he had many sons. Alternate translation: “how many sons he had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EST 5 11 abv5 figs-gendernotations בָּנָ֑י⁠ו 1 his sons This word can sometimes be used in Hebrew to mean both male and female children. However, here it clearly refers to male children, so you should translate it that way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) @@ -561,22 +561,22 @@ EST 5 11 b7c5 figs-metaphor נִשְּׂא֔⁠וֹ עַל 1 he had lifted him o EST 5 11 abv6 figs-explicit הַ⁠שָּׂרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַבְדֵ֥י הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 the officials and administrators of the king This means all of the others, as [3:1](../03/01.md) makes clear. Alternate translation: “all of his other officials and administrators” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 5 11 xwvh figs-doublet הַ⁠שָּׂרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַבְדֵ֥י הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 The words **officials** and **administrators** mean similar things. If your language uses one word for these, you can combine them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EST 5 12 abv7 figs-exclamations אַ֣ף 1 In addition Alternate translation: “and that is not all” You can translate it as an exclamation because Haman believes he has saved the best for last and is now introducing what he considers to be his most recent significant honor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -EST 5 12 w1bm figs-doublenegatives לֹא־הֵבִיאָה֩ אֶסְתֵּ֨ר הַ⁠מַּלְכָּ֧ה עִם־הַ⁠מֶּ֛לֶךְ…כִּ֣י אִם־אוֹתִ֑⁠י 1 Esther the queen did not bring anyone with the king…except me This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I was the only one Queen Esther invited besides the king” or “Queen Esther invited just two of us, the king and me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +EST 5 12 w1bm figs-doublenegatives לֹא־הֵבִיאָה֩ אֶסְתֵּ֨ר הַ⁠מַּלְכָּ֧ה עִם־הַ⁠מֶּ֛לֶךְ…כִּ֣י אִם־אוֹתִ֑⁠י 1 Esther the queen did not bring anyone with the king … except me This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I was the only one Queen Esther invited besides the king” or “Queen Esther invited just two of us, the king and me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) EST 5 12 abv8 עָשָׂ֖תָה 1 she had made Alternate translation: “she had prepared” EST 5 12 abv9 figs-activepassive וְ⁠גַם־לְ⁠מָחָ֛ר אֲנִ֥י קָֽרוּא־לָ֖⁠הּ עִם־הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 And also for tomorrow, I am called by her with the king You can say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “and she has invited me to attend another banquet with the king again tomorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EST 5 13 abw0 figs-metaphor וְ⁠כָל־זֶ֕ה אֵינֶ֥⁠נּוּ שֹׁוֶ֖ה לִ֑⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־עֵ֗ת אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲנִ֤י רֹאֶה֙ 1 But all of this is not equal for me to every time that I see This is a figurative way of speaking. It is as if Haman is weighing his happiness on one side of a scale and his unhappiness on the other side. Haman is saying that his happiness over all the honors he has received is still not greater than his unhappiness over seeing Mordecai fail to honor him, so on balance, he is unhappy. Alternate translation: “I still cannot be happy as long as I keep seeing” or “all of this does not make me happy” or “… does not satisfy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EST 5 13 abw0 figs-metaphor וְ⁠כָל־זֶ֕ה אֵינֶ֥⁠נּוּ שֹׁוֶ֖ה לִ֑⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־עֵ֗ת אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲנִ֤י רֹאֶה֙ 1 But all of this is not equal for me to every time that I see This is a figurative way of speaking. It is as if Haman is weighing his happiness on one side of a scale and his unhappiness on the other side. Haman is saying that his happiness over all the honors he has received is still not greater than his unhappiness over seeing Mordecai fail to honor him, so on balance, he is unhappy. Alternate translation: “I still cannot be happy as long as I keep seeing” or “all of this does not make me happy” or “…does not satisfy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 5 13 wu84 וְ⁠כָל־זֶ֕ה 1 But all of this Haman is continuing to speak here. You can show this by beginning with “Then Haman said.” EST 5 13 abw1 figs-distinguish הַ⁠יְּהוּדִ֔י 1 the Jew This phrase gives clarifying information about Mordecai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) EST 5 13 abw2 figs-explicit יוֹשֵׁ֖ב בְּ⁠שַׁ֥עַר הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 sitting at the gate of the king Haman could be referring to the way Mordecai has been refusing to stand up to honor him, or he could be referring generally to the way Mordecai has never honored him (by either bowing or standing up) ever since he was appointed to a position in the king’s service and stationed at the gate. Either way, being reminded of this dishonor is the reason why Haman continues to be unhappy. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “sitting at the citadel gate and refusing to honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 5 13 abw3 בְּ⁠שַׁ֥עַר הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 the gate of the king Alternate translation: “the citadel gate” -EST 5 14 abw4 figs-explicit וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר ל⁠וֹ֩ זֶ֨רֶשׁ אִשְׁתּ֜⁠וֹ וְ⁠כָל־אֹֽהֲבָ֗י⁠ו 1 Then…said to him The verb is feminine, so it is Zeresh who is speaking here. By mentioning the friends, it is implied that they are in agreement with what she says. If it would be clearer, you could say, “Then Haman’s wife Zeresh suggested, and his friends agreed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 5 14 abw4 figs-explicit וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר ל⁠וֹ֩ זֶ֨רֶשׁ אִשְׁתּ֜⁠וֹ וְ⁠כָל־אֹֽהֲבָ֗י⁠ו 1 Then … said to him The verb is feminine, so it is Zeresh who is speaking here. By mentioning the friends, it is implied that they are in agreement with what she says. If it would be clearer, you could say, “Then Haman’s wife Zeresh suggested, and his friends agreed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 5 14 j81r וְ⁠כָל־אֹֽהֲבָ֗י⁠ו 1 with all his friends This means the friends whom Haman had invited to his home that day. Alternate translation: “his friends who were there” EST 5 14 abw5 figs-explicit יַֽעֲשׂוּ 1 Let them make You can say who would do the action. Alternate translation: “have your servants set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 5 14 i2f3 translate-unknown עֵץ֮ 1 a tree See how you translated this in [2:23](../02/23.md). Review the note there if that would be helpful. Be sure your translation is consistent in the chapters that follow.
(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EST 5 14 k8zd translate-bdistance גָּבֹ֣הַּ חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים אַמָּה֒ 1 50 cubits high You can convert this to a modern measure if that is the style of translation that you are using. Alternate translation: “seventy-five feet high” or “twenty-five meters high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EST 5 14 hiui figs-explicit אֱמֹ֣ר לַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ וְ⁠יִתְל֤וּ אֶֽת־מָרְדֳּכַי֙ עָלָ֔י⁠ו 1 If it is clearer in your language, you can make explicit what Haman would say to the king. Alternate translation: “speak to the king and tell him that you would like to hang Mordecai on it” or “tell the king that you intend to hang Mordecai on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 5 14 abw7 figs-explicit וְ⁠יִתְל֤וּ אֶֽת־מָרְדֳּכַי֙ עָלָ֔י⁠ו 1 say to the king, and let them hang Mordecai on it If it is clearer in your language, you can make explicit who does the action. Probably, Haman’s servants would carry out the action. But since it would happen under Haman’s orders and perhaps under his supervision, you could also describe him as the one who does the action if that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and have your servants hang Mordecai on it” or “and hang Mordecai on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EST 5 14 abw8 grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠בֹֽא…אֶל הַ⁠מִּשְׁתֶּ֖ה שָׂמֵ֑חַ 1 Then go…to the banquet joyful **Then** indicates more than a time sequence here. Zeresh and the friends are saying what the result would be. Alternate translation: “after he is dead, you will be able to go to the banquet … in a good mood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +EST 5 14 abw8 grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠בֹֽא…אֶל הַ⁠מִּשְׁתֶּ֖ה שָׂמֵ֑חַ 1 Then go … to the banquet joyful **Then** indicates more than a time sequence here. Zeresh and the friends are saying what the result would be. Alternate translation: “after he is dead, you will be able to go to the banquet … in a good mood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EST 5 14 bbs9 figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּיטַ֧ב הַ⁠דָּבָ֛ר לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָמָ֖ן 1 And the word was good before the face of Haman The **word** was the suggestion that Zeresh and the friends made. Here, **face** figuratively represents Haman himself by something associated with him, his face, which showed what he was thinking and feeling. Alternate translation: “Haman decided that he liked this idea” or “that suggestion pleased Haman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 5 14 i8is וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ הָ⁠עֵֽץ 1 and he made the tree Haman most likely did not do this personally. He ordered it to be done. Alternate translation: “he gave his servants orders to set up the pole” or “he told his servants to construct the gallows” EST 5 14 j83r translate-unknown הָ⁠עֵֽץ 1 the tree See how you translated this in [2:23](../02/23.md). Review the note there if that would be helpful. Be sure your translation is consistent in the chapters that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -643,12 +643,12 @@ EST 6 11 abz9 וַ⁠יַּרְכִּיבֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ בִּ⁠רְח֣וֹ EST 6 11 j2d5 figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א לְ⁠פָנָ֔י⁠ו 1 called out before his face Here, **face** figuratively represents the front of a person. The phrase means that Haman shouted out to the people in front of Mordecai, that is, the people who were in the path of his horse as it approached. Alternate translation: “called out to all of the people in front of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 6 11 j2d7 figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֥ר הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ חָפֵ֥ץ בִּ⁠יקָרֽ⁠וֹ 1 Thus shall it be done for the man in whose honor the king is delighted **To delight** in doing something means to be glad to do something or to want to do something. Alternate translation: “the king is doing this because he really wants to honor this man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 6 12 uri5 translate-symaction אָבֵ֖ל וַ⁠חֲפ֥וּי רֹֽאשׁ 1 mourning with a covering of head People often covered their heads to show that they were either extremely sad or ashamed. Alternate translation: “covering his head because he felt completely disgraced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -EST 6 13 j3d1 figs-explicit וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֨ר הָמָ֜ן 1 Then Haman recounted The implication is that, just as Haman gathered his friends together in [5:10](../05/10.md) to boast of his status, now he gathered them together once again to talk about what had just happened. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Haman brought all his friends together again. He told …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 6 13 j3d1 figs-explicit וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֨ר הָמָ֜ן 1 Then Haman recounted The implication is that, just as Haman gathered his friends together in [5:10](../05/10.md) to boast of his status, now he gathered them together once again to talk about what had just happened. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Haman brought all his friends together again. He told…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 6 13 aca1 figs-explicit כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָרָ֑⁠הוּ 1 everything that had happened to him The implication is that he told about the things that had happened to him “that day.” If that would be clearer in your language, you can say that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 6 13 aca2 figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֩אמְרוּ֩ ל֨⁠וֹ חֲכָמָ֜י⁠ו וְ⁠זֶ֣רֶשׁ 1 Then his wise men and Zeresh said to him The implication is that, just as King Ahasuerus had royal advisors, Haman had advisors of his own. They would have been included among the “friends” he gathered for this occasion. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “some of his friends were also his advisors, and they and his wife Zeresh told him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 6 13 aca3 חֲכָמָ֜י⁠ו 1 his wise men See how you translated this expression in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “his advisors” -EST 6 13 fd5k figs-metaphor אִ֣ם…מָרְדֳּכַ֞י אֲשֶׁר֩ הַחִלּ֨וֹתָ לִ⁠נְפֹּ֤ל לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ 1 If Mordecai, before whose face you have begun to fall This could mean either of two possibilities: (1) The action of falling could refer to bowing down and it could be a metaphor meaning to be dishonored and defeated. Haman wanted Mordecai to bow down in front of him. But instead, the story would be saying that Haman is starting to bow down (in a metaphorical sense) in front of Mordecai. Alternate translation: “Mordecai has begun to humiliate you. If he …” (2) “Fall” could be a figurative way of saying “be killed in battle.” In that case, Zeresh would be comparing Haman and Mordecai to two soldiers who are fighting. She is saying that Haman has already “begun to fall,” that is, he is losing the battle, and he is likely to be killed. Alternate translation: “Mordecai has begun to defeat you. Since he …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EST 6 13 j3d3 figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ 1 before…face Here, **face** figuratively represents the front of a person. The phrase either means (1) that Haman has already begun to fall down (bow down) in front of Mordecai figuratively, or (2) that Haman and Mordecai are facing one another figuratively in hand-to-hand combat. Alternate translation: “before whom” or “in whose presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EST 6 13 fd5k figs-metaphor אִ֣ם…מָרְדֳּכַ֞י אֲשֶׁר֩ הַחִלּ֨וֹתָ לִ⁠נְפֹּ֤ל לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ 1 If Mordecai, before whose face you have begun to fall This could mean either of two possibilities: (1) The action of falling could refer to bowing down and it could be a metaphor meaning to be dishonored and defeated. Haman wanted Mordecai to bow down in front of him. But instead, the story would be saying that Haman is starting to bow down (in a metaphorical sense) in front of Mordecai. Alternate translation: “Mordecai has begun to humiliate you. If he…” (2) “Fall” could be a figurative way of saying “be killed in battle.” In that case, Zeresh would be comparing Haman and Mordecai to two soldiers who are fighting. She is saying that Haman has already “begun to fall,” that is, he is losing the battle, and he is likely to be killed. Alternate translation: “Mordecai has begun to defeat you. Since he…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EST 6 13 j3d3 figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ 1 before … face Here, **face** figuratively represents the front of a person. The phrase either means (1) that Haman has already begun to fall down (bow down) in front of Mordecai figuratively, or (2) that Haman and Mordecai are facing one another figuratively in hand-to-hand combat. Alternate translation: “before whom” or “in whose presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 6 13 p5t2 figs-metaphor מִ⁠זֶּ֣רַע הַ⁠יְּהוּדִ֡ים 1 from the seed of the Jews Here, **seed** is a metaphor meaning “offspring.” It is a comparison: Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. Alternate translation: “one of the Jewish people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 6 13 nan5 figs-metaphor לֹא־תוּכַ֣ל ל֔⁠וֹ 1 you will not prevail against him Here Haman’s wife and friends are again speaking figuratively as if Haman is in a battle with Mordecai. Alternate translation: “you will not win against him” or “you will not have greater honor than he has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 6 13 j3d5 grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּֽי 1 but This conjunction indicates a contrast between the actions of prevailing (in the previous clause) and falling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) @@ -662,12 +662,12 @@ EST 7 intro x4w3 0 # Esther 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EST 7 8 j6d5 figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֡לֶךְ שָׁב֩…וְ⁠הָמָן֙ נֹפֵ֔ל 1 Now when the king returned … Haman was fallen The implication is that when the king returned to the room, he saw what this verse describes next. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “when the king returned…, he saw that Haman had fallen…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 7 8 h4c7 figs-explicit וְ⁠הָמָן֙ נֹפֵ֔ל עַל־הַ⁠מִּטָּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶסְתֵּ֣ר עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 Now … Haman was fallen on the couch on which Esther was The implication is that Haman was doing this as he pleaded for his life. If it would be clearer in your language, you can add that information to the end of this phrase: “…as he was begging Esther to spare his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 7 8 acb8 figs-events וְ⁠הָמָן֙ נֹפֵ֔ל עַל־הַ⁠מִּטָּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶסְתֵּ֣ר עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 Now … Haman was fallen on the couch on which Esther was If you prefer to present the events in chronological order, you can put this information first in the verse. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) +EST 7 8 acb9 figs-idiom וְ⁠הָמָן֙ נֹפֵ֔ל עַל־הַ⁠מִּטָּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶסְתֵּ֣ר עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 Now … Haman was fallen on the couch on which Esther was The expression **was fallen** means that as Haman was begging for his life, he was not standing up; he had suddenly come down very close to Esther as she was reclining on a couch. (From the impression that the king got when he returned, it is possible that Haman was even grabbing her arms or shoulders as he pleaded with Esther.) Alternate translation: “Haman had come down very close to Esther as she was reclining on a banqueting couch” or “Haman had thrown himself down on the couch where Esther was reclining”
(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 7 8 acc0 הַ⁠מִּטָּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶסְתֵּ֣ר עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 the couch on which Esther was In this culture, especially at a banquet like this one, wealthy people would recline on couches as they ate and drank. Alternate translation: “Esther’s banqueting couch” EST 7 8 thq6 figs-rquestion הֲ֠⁠גַם לִ⁠כְבּ֧וֹשׁ אֶת־הַ⁠מַּלְכָּ֛ה עִמִּ֖⁠י בַּ⁠בָּ֑יִת 1 Is it also to subdue the queen, with me, in the house? The king phrases this as a question to show his shock and anger at what he thinks Haman is doing. If it is clearer in your language, you can phrase it as
a statement. Alternate translation: “he is even trying to rape the queen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EST 7 8 l4ce figs-euphemism לִ⁠כְבּ֧וֹשׁ אֶת־הַ⁠מַּלְכָּ֛ה 1 to subdue the queen The story is using a mild expression to refer to something that is disturbing. In this context, “subdue” means “rape.” The king thought that Haman was trying to rape Esther, and he likely said just that. You can show this in your translation if you want to make this clear. Alternate translation: “trying to rape the queen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) EST 7 8 acc1 figs-parallelism עִמִּ֖⁠י בַּ⁠בָּ֑יִת 1 with me, in the house These two phrases mean similar things. The repetition is used to emphasize the idea that they are expressing. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine the phrases. However, each one does indicate something slightly different about what a serious offense it would be if Haman actually were trying to rape Esther. It would be a violation of the king’s personal trust and a violation of the trust implicit in hospitality. So you can also include both phrases. Alternate translation: “in my presence and in my own house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) EST 7 8 adq6 figs-idiom הַ⁠דָּבָ֗ר יָצָא֙ מִ⁠פִּ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 The word was going out from the mouth of the king This expression describes the action of speaking. Alternate translation: “as soon as the king said this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EST 7 8 acc2 grammar-connect-time-background הַ⁠דָּבָ֗ר…וּ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָמָ֖ן חָפֽוּ 1 The word was going out…when they covered the face of Haman The king spoke, and then the servants covered Haman’s face. One action followed upon another. However, this happened so quickly that almost no time seemed to pass in between. You can indicate this with a phrase like “as soon as.” Alternate translation: “when the king said this, immediately they covered Haman’s face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]]) +EST 7 8 acc2 grammar-connect-time-background הַ⁠דָּבָ֗ר…וּ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָמָ֖ן חָפֽוּ 1 The word was going out … when they covered the face of Haman The king spoke, and then the servants covered Haman’s face. One action followed upon another. However, this happened so quickly that almost no time seemed to pass in between. You can indicate this with a phrase like “as soon as.” Alternate translation: “when the king said this, immediately they covered Haman’s face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]]) EST 7 8 j6d9 figs-explicit וּ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָמָ֖ן חָפֽוּ 1 when they covered the face of Haman The implication is that some the king’s servants who were present did this, and they did it because they understood that the king wanted Haman to be executed. Alternate translation: “some of his servants covered Haman’s face because he was going to be executed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 7 8 acc3 translate-symaction וּ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָמָ֖ן חָפֽוּ 1 when they covered the face of Haman **Covering the face** in this culture, as in many others, was a sign that a person had been condemned to death. Alternate translation: “some of his servants covered Haman’s face to show that he would be executed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EST 7 9 a7ic translate-names חַ֠רְבוֹנָה 1 Harbona This is a man’s name. See how you translated it in [1:10](../01/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EST 7 9 j7d1 figs-metonymy אֶחָ֨ד מִן־הַ⁠סָּרִיסִ֜ים לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ 1 one from the eunuchs before the face of the king Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. This phrase means that Harbona was one of the eunuchs who served King Ahasuerus personally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 7 9 acc4 translate-unknown הַ⁠סָּרִיסִ֜ים לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ 1 the eunuchs before the face of the king See how you translated this term and this phrase in [1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: “the guardians who served the king personally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EST 7 9 j7d3 הִנֵּה 1 behold **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, it can be omitted from your translation. But consider using an expression that is natural in your language for someone to address the king directly to get his attention. For example, you could say, “O king!” -EST 7 9 acc5 גַּ֣ם…הָ⁠עֵ֣ץ אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֪ה הָמָ֟ן לְֽ⁠מָרְדֳּכַ֞י…עֹמֵד֙ בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הָמָ֔ן 1 Also…the tree that Haman made for Mordecai…is standing at the house of Haman Alternate translation:“Haman has also set up a pole [or gallows] at his house because he wants to impale [or hang] Mordecai on it” +EST 7 9 acc5 גַּ֣ם…הָ⁠עֵ֣ץ אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֪ה הָמָ֟ן לְֽ⁠מָרְדֳּכַ֞י…עֹמֵד֙ בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הָמָ֔ן 1 Also … the tree that Haman made for Mordecai … is standing at the house of Haman Alternate translation:“Haman has also set up a pole [or gallows] at his house because he wants to impale [or hang] Mordecai on it” EST 7 9 j7d5 translate-unknown הָ⁠עֵ֣ץ 1 the tree See how you translated this in [2:23](../02/23.md). Review the note there if that would be helpful. Be sure your translation is consistent in the chapters that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EST 7 9 j7d7 figs-idiom לְֽ⁠מָרְדֳּכַ֞י אֲשֶׁ֧ר דִּבֶּר־ט֣וֹב עַל־הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ 1 for Mordecai, who spoke good for the king This expression means that Mordecai said something that benefitted the king. Specifically, Mordecai reported an assassination plot and saved the king’s life. Alternate translation: “Mordecai, who saved the king’s life.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 7 9 j7d9 figs-123person דִּבֶּר־ט֣וֹב עַל־הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ 1 spoke good for the king Harbona addresses the king in the third person as a way of showing respect. Alternate translation: “saved your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ EST 8 1 acc9 figs-explicit וּ⁠מָרְדֳּכַ֗י בָּ֚א לִ⁠פְ EST 8 1 j8d9 figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 before the face of the king Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. This phrase indicates that Mordecai was allowed to come into the king’s presence. Alternate translation: “into his presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 8 1 acd0 figs-events הִגִּ֥ידָה אֶסְתֵּ֖ר מַ֥ה הוּא־לָֽ⁠הּ 1 Esther told what he was to her Alternate translation: “Esther told the king how Mordecai was related to her” You can say this before saying that the king summoned Mordecai, since it happened first. See the UST.
(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) EST 8 1 j9d1 figs-explicit הִגִּ֥ידָה אֶסְתֵּ֖ר מַ֥ה הוּא־לָֽ⁠הּ 1 Esther told what he was to her Esther told this to the king. She would likely have explained not just how she and Mordecai were related, but that he had raised her after her parents died. You can say this if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Esther told the king that Mordecai was her cousin and that he had been like a father to her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EST 8 2 m5hz translate-symaction וַ⁠יָּ֨סַר הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ אֶת־טַבַּעְתּ֗⁠וֹ…וַֽ⁠יִּתְּנָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠מָרְדֳּכָ֑י 1 the king removed his signet ring…and he gave it to Mordecai Giving the ring to Mordecai showed that Mordecai could now act on the king’s own authority, and it enabled him to do that. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king now gave this ring to Mordecai to show that Mordecai had the power to act on the authority of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +EST 8 2 m5hz translate-symaction וַ⁠יָּ֨סַר הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ אֶת־טַבַּעְתּ֗⁠וֹ…וַֽ⁠יִּתְּנָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠מָרְדֳּכָ֑י 1 the king removed his signet ring … and he gave it to Mordecai Giving the ring to Mordecai showed that Mordecai could now act on the king’s own authority, and it enabled him to do that. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king now gave this ring to Mordecai to show that Mordecai had the power to act on the authority of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EST 8 2 acd1 translate-unknown טַבַּעְתּ֗⁠וֹ 1 signet ring See how you translated this in [3:10](../03/10.md). Review the explanation there if that would be helpful. Alternate translation: “the ring that had his official seal on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EST 8 2 j9d3 figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֶֽעֱבִיר֙ מֵֽ⁠הָמָ֔ן 1 that he had caused to pass from Haman This means that the king had taken back his signet ring from Haman. He would have done this when he sentenced Haman to death. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king had given Haman the ring that had his official seal on it, but he had taken it back from Haman when he sentenced Haman to death, and the king was wearing it again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 8 2 acd2 figs-events אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֶֽעֱבִיר֙ מֵֽ⁠הָמָ֔ן 1 that he had caused to pass from Haman If it is clearer in your language, you can put this information first in the verse because it happened before everything else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) @@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ EST 8 5 r2yy figs-parallelism וְ⁠אִם־מָצָ֧אתִי חֵ֣ן לְ⁠ EST 8 5 acd9 figs-123person אִם־עַל־הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ ט֜וֹב וְ⁠אִם־מָצָ֧אתִי חֵ֣ן לְ⁠פָנָ֗י⁠ו 1 If it is good to the king, and if I have found favor before his face, and the word is proper before the face of the king, and I am good in his eyes Here Esther addresses the king throughout in the third person as a way of showing respect. You could express the same meaning in the second person, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EST 8 5 ace0 figs-idiom אִם־עַל־הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ ט֜וֹב 1 If it is good to the king This is an idiom that also appears in [1:19](../01/19.md), [3:9](../03/09.md), [5:4](../05/04.md), and [5:8](../05/08.md). A suggested translation in those cases was, “If it seems like a good idea to you, O king.” That was suitable for the deferential tone the speakers were using. But in another place, [7:3](../07/03.md), when Esther was pleading urgently for the survival of her whole people, the suggested alternate translation was, “I hope you will be willing to do what I ask” Here, Esther is also pleading, so you could use that phrase here in your translation as well. Alternate translation: “if what I ask for seems right in the king’s evaluation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 8 5 ftc7 figs-idiom וְ⁠אִם־מָצָ֧אתִי חֵ֣ן 1 if I have found favor This expression also appears many times in the story. It means to gain the approval or acceptance of another person. Alternate translation: “if you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EST 8 5 j1r7 figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנָ֗י⁠ו…לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 before his face…before the face of the king Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. These phrases could mean “as I stand here before you.” But “face” could also be referring figuratively to the king himself by naming one part of him. What he thought and felt about Esther’s request would become evident in his face first, so it would be an appropriate part of him to use to represent all of him. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EST 8 5 j1r7 figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנָ֗י⁠ו…לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 before his face … before the face of the king Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. These phrases could mean “as I stand here before you.” But “face” could also be referring figuratively to the king himself by naming one part of him. What he thought and felt about Esther’s request would become evident in his face first, so it would be an appropriate part of him to use to represent all of him. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 8 5 xci7 figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 in his eyes Here, **eyes** figuratively represent the action of seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “if you evaluate me and I please you” or “if you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 8 5 j1r9 figs-idiom יִכָּתֵ֞ב לְ⁠הָשִׁ֣יב אֶת־הַ⁠סְּפָרִ֗ים 1 let it be written to take back the letters The first letters that told of the plan to destroy the Jews would not be brought back to Susa physically. Rather, **bring back** is an idiom that means “cancel” or “revoke.” Alternate translation: “make a new law to cancel what Haman decreed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 8 5 nbk3 figs-activepassive יִכָּתֵ֞ב לְ⁠הָשִׁ֣יב אֶת־הַ⁠סְּפָרִ֗ים 1 let it be written You can say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “write a new letter” or “make a new law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ EST 8 8 j3r5 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 For Here, King Ahasuerus EST 8 8 acf4 אֵ֥ין לְ⁠הָשִֽׁיב 1 there is none to take back a writing As in verse 5, this expression means “revoke.” Alternate translation: “no one can revoke” or “no one can nullify” EST 8 8 acf5 כְתָ֞ב…אֵ֥ין לְ⁠הָשִֽׁיב 1 there is none to take back a writing If it would be clearer in your language, you can put this first in the verse because it explains why Ahasuerus answers Esther and Mordecai in the way that he does. See the UST. EST 8 8 acf6 figs-explicit כְתָ֞ב אֲשֶׁר־נִכְתָּ֣ב בְּ⁠שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ וְ⁠נַחְתּ֛וֹם בְּ⁠טַבַּ֥עַת הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ 1 a writing that has been written in the name of the king and has been sealed with the signet ring of the king The king is describing a general situation, but he has Haman’s letter specifically in mind. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Haman wrote his letter with my authority, and he sealed it with the ring that has my official seal on it. No one can revoke a letter like that” (The story explained in [1:19](../01/19.md) that the king’s laws could not be changed once they had been made and proclaimed.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EST 8 9 acf7 grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יִּקָּרְא֣וּ סֹפְרֵֽי־הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ 1 So…were called This indicates that what is described in this verse was done because of what the king said in the previous verse. Use a connecting word or phrase to show this in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +EST 8 9 acf7 grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יִּקָּרְא֣וּ סֹפְרֵֽי־הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ 1 So … were called This indicates that what is described in this verse was done because of what the king said in the previous verse. Use a connecting word or phrase to show this in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EST 8 9 s4ue figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּקָּרְא֣וּ סֹפְרֵֽי־הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ 1 So the scribes of the king were called You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “the king called his scribes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 8 9 acf8 וַ⁠יִּקָּרְא֣וּ סֹפְרֵֽי־הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ 1 So the scribes of the king were called If you use an expression such as “called,” make sure your readers will understand that the king likely sent an official to go and bring the scribes back with him. The king did not call out in a loud voice to get them to come. EST 8 9 j4r1 translate-ordinal בַּ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֜י 1 in the third month Alternate translation: “in month three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) @@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ EST 8 9 bj5s כִּ⁠כְתָבָ֔⁠הּ 1 according to its writing Alternat EST 8 9 j4r7 figs-idiom וְ⁠עַ֥ם וָ⁠עָ֖ם 1 and people by people This expression means “every people group.” Alternate translation: “and to each ethnic group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 8 9 j4r9 figs-metonymy כִּ⁠לְשֹׁנ֑⁠וֹ 1 according to its tongue Here, **tongue** figuratively means the language spoken by a person or a group of people. Alternate translation: “in its own language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 8 9 j5r1 וְ⁠אֶ֨ל־הַ⁠יְּהוּדִ֔ים כִּ⁠כְתָבָ֖⁠ם וְ⁠כִ⁠לְשׁוֹנָֽ⁠ם 1 and to the Jews according to their writing and according to their tongue The Jews would have been included among all the people groups in the empire in the phrase “people by people.” So this seems to be saying, “and especially to the Jews.” Verse 11 explains that it was particularly important for the Jews to read the letter because it gave them the right to defend themselves. Alternate translation: “they wrote especially to the Jews in their own script and in their own language” -EST 8 10 acg5 וַ⁠יִּכְתֹּ֗ב…וַ⁠יַּחְתֹּ֖ם 1 And he wrote…and he sealed **He** refers to Mordecai. You can use his name here if that would be clearer in your language. +EST 8 10 acg5 וַ⁠יִּכְתֹּ֗ב…וַ⁠יַּחְתֹּ֖ם 1 And he wrote … and he sealed **He** refers to Mordecai. You can use his name here if that would be clearer in your language. EST 8 10 ijp2 figs-metaphor בְּ⁠שֵׁם֙ הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרֹ֔שׁ 1 in the name of King Ahasuerus Here, **name** is a metaphor meaning authority. Alternate translation: “Mordecai wrote with the authority of King Ahasuerus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 8 10 jf31 figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּחְתֹּ֖ם בְּ⁠טַבַּ֣עַת הַ⁠מֶּ֑לֶךְ 1 and he sealed with the signet ring of the king This means that Mordecai sealed the letters with this ring. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he sealed the letters with the ring that had the king’s official seal on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 8 10 yt4j figs-metaphor בְּ⁠יַד֩ הָ⁠רָצִ֨ים בַּ⁠סּוּסִ֜ים 1 by the hand of runners on horses As in [3:13](../03/13.md), **hand** could mean two different things. (1) It could literally mean “hand,” meaning that the runners carried the letters in their hands. (2) It could also be a metaphor for power, control, or authority, meaning that runners were the ones who delivered the letters to all the provinces throughout the empire. Alternate translation: “couriers on horseback delivered the letters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -891,16 +891,16 @@ EST 9 5 ack5 figs-idiom בְ⁠שֹׂנְאֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 those who hated the EST 9 6 b5ft וּ⁠בְ⁠שׁוּשַׁ֣ן הַ⁠בִּירָ֗ה 1 And in Susa the citadel Alternate translation: “just in Susa, the capital city” EST 9 6 j17d figs-doublet הָרְג֤וּ…וְ⁠אַבֵּ֔ד 1 slaughtered and destroyed These two words have the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EST 9 6 ha18 translate-numbers חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת אִֽישׁ 1 500 men Alternate translation: “five hundred men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -EST 9 7 ack6 figs-explicit פַּרְשַׁנְדָּ֛תָא…דַּֽלְפ֖וֹן…אַסְפָּֽתָא 1 Parshandatha, Dalphon, Aspatha The story lists the names of Haman’s sons before explaining that they were his sons and that the Jews killed them. To be clear who these people are, you can add this information from verse 10 explicitly here. Alternate translation, add: “rhe Jews killed the ten sons of their enemy Haman son of Hammedatha. The names of his sons were …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 9 7 ack6 figs-explicit פַּרְשַׁנְדָּ֛תָא…דַּֽלְפ֖וֹן…אַסְפָּֽתָא 1 Parshandatha, Dalphon, Aspatha The story lists the names of Haman’s sons before explaining that they were his sons and that the Jews killed them. To be clear who these people are, you can add this information from verse 10 explicitly here. Alternate translation, add: “rhe Jews killed the ten sons of their enemy Haman son of Hammedatha. The names of his sons were…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 9 7 s6x2 translate-names פַּרְשַׁנְדָּ֛תָא…דַּֽלְפ֖וֹן…אַסְפָּֽתָא 1 Parshandatha, Dalphon, Aspatha These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EST 9 8 g6zx translate-names פּוֹרָ֛תָא…אֲדַלְיָ֖א…אֲרִידָֽתָא 1 Poratha, Adalia, Aridatha These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EST 9 9 gj4p translate-names פַּרְמַ֨שְׁתָּא֙…אֲרִיסַ֔י…אֲרִדַ֖י…וַיְזָֽתָא 1 Parmashta, Arisai, Aridai, Vaizatha These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EST 9 10 fsa2 translate-numbers עֲ֠שֶׂרֶת בְּנֵ֨י 1 ten sons Alternate translation: “the 10 sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EST 9 10 xt5b figs-distinguish צֹרֵ֥ר הַ⁠יְּהוּדִ֖ים 1 the adversary of the Jews This phrase gives clarifying information about Haman. Alternate translation: “the enemy of the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) EST 9 10 j19d figs-idiom לֹ֥א שָׁלְח֖וּ אֶת־יָדָֽ⁠ם 1 they did not stretch out their hand Here the expression **to stretch out a hand** means to take something from another person. Alternate translation: “they did not take” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EST 9 10 ack7 וּ⁠בַ֨⁠בִּזָּ֔ה 1 But…to the plunder Alternate translation: “But … their possessions” +EST 9 10 ack7 וּ⁠בַ֨⁠בִּזָּ֔ה 1 But … to the plunder Alternate translation: “But … their possessions” EST 9 11 ack8 בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠ה֗וּא 1 On that day Alternate translation: “at the end of that day” -EST 9 11 j21d figs-personification בָּ֣א מִסְפַּ֧ר…לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 the report of the number…came to the face of the king Here the story speaks about the report as if it were a living thing that could come into the the king’s presence. Alternate translation: “one of the king’s servants told the king the number of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +EST 9 11 j21d figs-personification בָּ֣א מִסְפַּ֧ר…לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 the report of the number … came to the face of the king Here the story speaks about the report as if it were a living thing that could come into the the king’s presence. Alternate translation: “one of the king’s servants told the king the number of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) EST 9 11 acl0 figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 to the face of the king Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. This phrase likely means that someone came into the king’s presence in order to deliver this report. Alternate translation: “someone came in and reported to the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EST 9 11 j22d figs-activepassive מִסְפַּ֧ר הַֽ⁠הֲרוּגִ֛ים 1 the number of those who were killed You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “how many people the Jews had killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 9 12 j33d figs-doublet הָרְגוּ֩…וְ⁠אַבֵּ֜ד 1 have slaughtered and destroyed These terms mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -909,8 +909,8 @@ EST 9 12 acl1 וְ⁠אֵת֙ 1 with Alternate translation: “including” EST 9 12 j5p9 translate-numbers עֲשֶׂ֣רֶת בְּנֵֽי 1 ten sons Alternate translation: “10 sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EST 9 12 vh5l figs-rquestion בִּ⁠שְׁאָ֛ר מְדִינ֥וֹת הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ מֶ֣ה עָשׂ֑וּ 1 In the rest of the provinces of the king, what have they done? The king is making a statement, but he uses a question form to show that he is very convinced that the Jews must have also killed many people in the other provinces. Alternate translation: “what they must have done in the rest of the king’s provinces” or “they must have killed many more in the rest of the king’s provinces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EST 9 12 s3sr figs-parallelism וּ⁠מַה־שְּׁאֵֽלָתֵ⁠ךְ֙ וְ⁠יִנָּ֣תֵֽן לָ֔⁠ךְ וּ⁠מַה־בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֥⁠ךְ ע֖וֹד וְ⁠תֵעָֽשׂ 1 Now what is your petition? And it will be given to you. And what is your request? Again, and it will be done. These two statements mean basically the same thing. Ahasuerus says the same thing twice to show that he is truly disposed to give Esther what she wants. If it would be confusing, you do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation. Alternate translation: “is there anything more that you want? Tell me, and I will do it for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -EST 9 12 n3ua figs-activepassive וְ⁠יִנָּ֣תֵֽן לָ֔⁠ךְ…וְ⁠תֵעָֽשׂ 1 And it will be given to you…and it will be done You can capture these parallel passive statements with one statement using an active form. You can also say who will do the action. Alternate translation: “I will do it for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EST 9 12 ly4g figs-abstractnouns שְּׁאֵֽלָתֵ⁠ךְ֙…בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֥⁠ךְ 1 your petition…your request The two abstract nouns **petition** and **request** can be expressed with a single phrase using the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “anything more that you want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EST 9 12 n3ua figs-activepassive וְ⁠יִנָּ֣תֵֽן לָ֔⁠ךְ…וְ⁠תֵעָֽשׂ 1 And it will be given to you … and it will be done You can capture these parallel passive statements with one statement using an active form. You can also say who will do the action. Alternate translation: “I will do it for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EST 9 12 ly4g figs-abstractnouns שְּׁאֵֽלָתֵ⁠ךְ֙…בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֥⁠ךְ 1 your petition … your request The two abstract nouns **petition** and **request** can be expressed with a single phrase using the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “anything more that you want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EST 9 13 acl2 figs-idiom אִם־עַל־הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ ט֔וֹב 1 If it is good to the king This is an idiom that has been used many times in the story. Alternate translation: “if it seems like a good idea to you, O king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 9 13 acl3 figs-activepassive יִנָּתֵ֣ן 1 let it be given You can say this with an active form, and you can indicate that Esther is asking the king to do it. Alternate translation: “please allow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 9 13 nz41 גַּם־מָחָ֗ר לַ⁠יְּהוּדִים֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ⁠שׁוּשָׁ֔ן לַ⁠עֲשׂ֖וֹת כְּ⁠דָ֣ת הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 also tomorrow to the Jews who are in Susa to do according to the law of today Alternate translation: “all the Jews who live in Susa to obey today’s decree tomorrow also” or “to do tomorrow also what was decreed that they should do today” @@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ EST 9 14 j49d בְּ⁠שׁוּשָׁ֑ן 1 in Susa Alternate translation: “i EST 9 14 acl9 figs-explicit תָּלֽוּ 1 they hanged This was Esther’s second request. You can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “he ordered his servants to hang [or impale] the bodies of Haman’s ten sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 9 14 j51d translate-numbers עֲשֶׂ֥רֶת בְּנֵֽי 1 ten sons Alternate translation: “10 sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EST 9 15 j55d בְּ⁠שׁוּשָׁ֗ן 1 who were in Susa Alternate translation: “who lived in the capital city of Susa” -EST 9 15 acm0 וַ⁠יִּֽקָּהֲל֞וּ 1 So…assembled themselves Alternate translation: “joined together” +EST 9 15 acm0 וַ⁠יִּֽקָּהֲל֞וּ 1 So … assembled themselves Alternate translation: “joined together” EST 9 15 p9gc translate-ordinal בְּ⁠י֣וֹם אַרְבָּעָ֤ה עָשָׂר֙ 1 on the fourteenth day Alternate translation: “on day 14” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EST 9 15 j57d translate-hebrewmonths לְ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ אֲדָ֔ר 1 of the month of Adar **Adar** is the name of the twelfth and last month of the Hebrew calendar. See how you translated this in [3:7](../03/07.md), [3:13](../03/13.md), [8:12](../08/12.md), and [9:1](../09/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) EST 9 15 j59d בְ⁠שׁוּשָׁ֔ן 1 in Susa Alternate translation: “in the capital city of Susa” @@ -955,15 +955,15 @@ EST 9 18 j77d translate-ordinal בַּ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֤ה עָשָׂר֙ ב EST 9 18 j79d figs-hendiadys מִשְׁתֶּ֥ה וְ⁠שִׂמְחָֽה 1 feasting and rejoicing This phrase means the same thing as in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “for feasting joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) EST 9 19 j81d grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֞ן 1 Therefore This term introduces the result of the events that were described in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “for that reason” or “that is why” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EST 9 19 acn0 figs-parallelism הַ⁠יְּהוּדִ֣ים הַפְּרָזִ֗ים הַ⁠יֹּשְׁבִים֮ בְּ⁠עָרֵ֣י הַ⁠פְּרָזוֹת֒ 1 the Jews, the ones of the open country, the ones who dwell in the cities of the open areas These two phrases mean similar things. They are used together to make the identification of this group clear. The first phrase means that they lived in rural areas. The second phrase means they lived in settlements that did not have walls around them, that is, in villages. You can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “the Jews who live in villages in the countryside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -EST 9 19 acn1 figs-explicit עֹשִׂ֗ים אֵ֠ת י֣וֹם אַרְבָּעָ֤ה עָשָׂר֙…וְ⁠י֣וֹם ט֑וֹב 1 make the fourteenth day…and a good day The implication is that this explanation is being offered for the benefit of city-dwelling Jews who might wonder why rural Jews celebrate this holiday on a different day. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation, add: “rather than on the fifteenth day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EST 9 19 acn2 עֹשִׂ֗ים אֵ֠ת י֣וֹם אַרְבָּעָ֤ה עָשָׂר֙…וְ⁠י֣וֹם ט֑וֹב 1 make the fourteenth day…and a good day Alternate translation: “observe this holiday on the fourteenth day” +EST 9 19 acn1 figs-explicit עֹשִׂ֗ים אֵ֠ת י֣וֹם אַרְבָּעָ֤ה עָשָׂר֙…וְ⁠י֣וֹם ט֑וֹב 1 make the fourteenth day … and a good day The implication is that this explanation is being offered for the benefit of city-dwelling Jews who might wonder why rural Jews celebrate this holiday on a different day. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation, add: “rather than on the fifteenth day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 9 19 acn2 עֹשִׂ֗ים אֵ֠ת י֣וֹם אַרְבָּעָ֤ה עָשָׂר֙…וְ⁠י֣וֹם ט֑וֹב 1 make the fourteenth day … and a good day Alternate translation: “observe this holiday on the fourteenth day” EST 9 19 j83d translate-ordinal י֣וֹם אַרְבָּעָ֤ה עָשָׂר֙ 1 the fourteenth day Alternate translation: “the fourteenth day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EST 9 19 j85d translate-hebrewmonths לְ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ אֲדָ֔ר 1 of the month of Adar **Adar** is the name of the twelfth and last month of the Hebrew calendar.
See how you translated this in [3:7](../03/07.md), [3:13](../03/13.md), [8:12](../08/12.md), [9:1](../09/01.md), [9:15](../09/15.md) and [9:17](../09/17.md).
(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) EST 9 19 j87d figs-hendiadys שִׂמְחָ֥ה וּ⁠מִשְׁתֶּ֖ה 1 for rejoicing and for feasting As in verses 17 and 18, this means “by celebrating joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) EST 9 19 j89d figs-idiom וְ⁠י֣וֹם ט֑וֹב 1 and a good day This expression generally means a day of happiness or celebration. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 9 19 acn3 translate-symaction וּ⁠מִשְׁל֥וֹחַ מָנ֖וֹת אִ֥ישׁ לְ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 and for the sending of gifts, a man to his friend Giving gifts, in this culture as in many cultures, was a way of acknowledging a special occasion. Alternate translation: “and by giving gifts to one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EST 9 19 j91d figs-idiom אִ֥ישׁ לְ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 a man to his friend Here, **a man** means “a person.” The term **friend** would include family members and neighbors as well as social friends. Alternate translation: “to one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EST 9 20 acn4 וַ⁠יִּכְתֹּ֣ב…הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה 1 And…wrote these things Alternate translation: “wrote an account of all of these events” +EST 9 20 acn4 וַ⁠יִּכְתֹּ֣ב…הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה 1 And … wrote these things Alternate translation: “wrote an account of all of these events” EST 9 20 acn5 כָּל־הַ⁠יְּהוּדִ֗ים אֲשֶׁר֙ בְּ⁠כָל־מְדִינוֹת֙ הַ⁠מֶּ֣לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵר֔וֹשׁ 1 all the Jews who were in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus Alternate translation: “all the Jews everywhere in the kingdom” EST 9 20 j95d figs-merism הַ⁠קְּרוֹבִ֖ים וְ⁠הָ⁠רְחוֹקִֽים 1 the near ones and the far ones This is a figurative way of referring to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it in order to include everything in between. This expression means the Jews who lived in or near Susa, those who lived far away, and all Jews in between. Alternate translation: “everywhere they lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) EST 9 21 acn6 figs-idiom לְ⁠קַיֵּם֮ עֲלֵי⁠הֶם֒ לִ⁠הְי֣וֹת עֹשִׂ֗ים 1 to set up for them to be making Here, **to set up** means to establish, and to **make** a day means to observe it as a holiday. Alternate translation: “to establish … as a holiday” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -984,8 +984,8 @@ EST 9 22 aco5 וּ⁠מִשְׁל֤וֹחַ מָנוֹת֙ אִ֣ישׁ לְ⁠ EST 9 22 j117 figs-idiom אִ֣ישׁ לְ⁠רֵעֵ֔⁠הוּ 1 a man to his friend Here, **a man** means “a person.” The term **friend** would include family members and neighbors as well as social friends. Alternate translation: “to one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 9 22 aco6 translate-symaction וּ⁠מַתָּנ֖וֹת לָֽ⁠אֶבְיוֹנִֽים 1 and gifts to the needy In this culture as in many others, helping the poor was also a way of acknowledging a special occasion. The idea was that no one should miss out on the benefits of the wonderful thing that God had done. Alternate translation: “Mordecai also told them that they should help the poor on those days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EST 9 22 z1vl figs-explicit וּ⁠מַתָּנ֖וֹת לָֽ⁠אֶבְיוֹנִֽים 1 This is also something that Mordecai is telling the Jews to do in his letters. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say that here. Alternate translation: “Mordecai also told them that they should give gifts to the poor on those days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EST 9 23 aco7 figs-explicit וְ⁠קִבֵּל֙…אֲשֶׁר־כָּתַ֥ב מָרְדֳּכַ֖י אֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 And…accepted…what Mordecai had written to them The implication seems to be that the Jews were glad to do what Mordecai had instructed, because they had already been doing it. You can add a word such as “readily” to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EST 9 23 aco8 וְ⁠קִבֵּל֙ 1 And…accepted Alternate translation: “agreed” +EST 9 23 aco7 figs-explicit וְ⁠קִבֵּל֙…אֲשֶׁר־כָּתַ֥ב מָרְדֳּכַ֖י אֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 And … accepted … what Mordecai had written to them The implication seems to be that the Jews were glad to do what Mordecai had instructed, because they had already been doing it. You can add a word such as “readily” to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EST 9 23 aco8 וְ⁠קִבֵּל֙ 1 And … accepted Alternate translation: “agreed” EST 9 23 ib25 figs-events אֲשֶׁר־הֵחֵ֖לּוּ לַ⁠עֲשׂ֑וֹת 1 what they had begun to do Alternate translation: “the Jews were already celebrating those days that way.” You can put this information first, to present the events in logical and chronological order. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) EST 9 24 j119 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּי֩ 1 For This introduces the reason for the events previously described. The story will now summarize everything that happened previously. The Jews were to celebrate because they were able to fight back when Haman plotted to destroy all of them. Alternate translation: “they would celebrate these days to remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) EST 9 24 kqf6 figs-explicit כִּי֩ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you can say here what this reason is explaining. Alternate translation: “they would establish those days as a holiday in order to remember how” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ EST 9 26 acp5 figs-parallelism וּ⁠מָֽה־רָא֣וּ עַל־כָּ֔כ EST 9 26 acp6 figs-explicit וּ⁠מָֽה־רָא֣וּ עַל־כָּ֔כָה וּ⁠מָ֥ה הִגִּ֖יעַ אֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 and what they had seen concerning this and what had come upon them These phrases say generally “this” and “what,” but they are referring to the specific events the story has related. If it would be clearer in your language, you can describe these things specifically. Alternate translation: “because the Jews had been able to destroy the enemies who had wanted to destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 9 26 acp7 figs-events וּ⁠מָֽה־רָא֣וּ עַל־כָּ֔כָה וּ⁠מָ֥ה הִגִּ֖יעַ אֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 and what they had seen concerning this and what had come upon them You can put this first, before the information about Mordecai’s letter, because it happened first. You can say “then” when you tell about the letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) EST 9 26 j135 figs-idiom וּ⁠מָ֥ה הִגִּ֖יעַ אֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 and what had come upon them This expression means “what had happened to them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EST 9 27 acp8 קִיְּמ֣וּ וְקִבְּל֣וּ הַ⁠יְּהוּדִים֩ ׀ עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֨ם ׀ וְ⁠עַל־זַרְעָ֜⁠ם וְ⁠עַ֨ל כָּל־הַ⁠נִּלְוִ֤ים עֲלֵי⁠הֶם֙…לִ⁠הְי֣וֹת עֹשִׂ֗ים אֵ֣ת שְׁנֵ֤י הַ⁠יָּמִים֙ הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 The Jews set up and accepted for themselves, and for their seed, and for all those who unite themselves to them…to be making these two days Alternate translation: “the Jews said that they would tell their descendants and those people who became Jews to be certain to celebrate this festival” +EST 9 27 acp8 קִיְּמ֣וּ וְקִבְּל֣וּ הַ⁠יְּהוּדִים֩ ׀ עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֨ם ׀ וְ⁠עַל־זַרְעָ֜⁠ם וְ⁠עַ֨ל כָּל־הַ⁠נִּלְוִ֤ים עֲלֵי⁠הֶם֙…לִ⁠הְי֣וֹת עֹשִׂ֗ים אֵ֣ת שְׁנֵ֤י הַ⁠יָּמִים֙ הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 The Jews set up and accepted for themselves, and for their seed, and for all those who unite themselves to them … to be making these two days Alternate translation: “the Jews said that they would tell their descendants and those people who became Jews to be certain to celebrate this festival” EST 9 27 acp9 figs-doublet קִיְּמ֣וּ וְקִבְּל֣וּ הַ⁠יְּהוּדִים֩ 1 The Jews set up and accepted “Set up” and “accepted” mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that the Jews definitely agreed to do this. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these words. Alternate translation: “agreed to establish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EST 9 27 j137 figs-metaphor וְ⁠עַל־זַרְעָ֜⁠ם 1 and for their seed As in [6:13](../06/13.md), **seed** is a metaphor meaning “offspring.” Alternate translation: “and for their descendants” or “and for their offspring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EST 9 27 j141 figs-idiom וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַעֲב֔וֹר 1 and it will not pass away This expression means that the Jews would never stop celebrating the feast of Purim every year. You can put this last since it applies to the whole verse. Alternate translation: “always” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ EST 9 31 rl2s figs-metaphor וְ⁠עַל־זַרְעָ֑⁠ם 1 and concerning EST 9 32 acr7 figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִכְתָּ֖ב בַּ⁠סֵּֽפֶר 1 and it was written in the book You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “and the royal scribes made an official record of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 10 intro h4m4 0 # Esther 10 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Mordecai’s new position

Through the power of Yahweh, Mordecai was given a new position in the Persian Empire. Mordecai was now the second in command in the kingdom of Persia and he used his position to help other Jews. EST 10 1 j157 writing-newevent וַ⁠יָּשֶׂם֩ הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵר֧וֹשׁ 1 Then the king Ahasuerus set This introduces a new event in the story. Use a natural way to introduce a new event in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -EST 10 1 b5ht וַ⁠יָּשֶׂם֩…מַ֛ס 1 Then…set a tribute Alternate translation: “Then … levied a tax” +EST 10 1 b5ht וַ⁠יָּשֶׂם֩…מַ֛ס 1 Then … set a tribute Alternate translation: “Then … levied a tax” EST 10 1 acr8 figs-merism עַל־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ וְ⁠אִיֵּ֥י הַ⁠יָּֽם 1 on the land and the islands of the sea The purpose of this chapter is to describe the greatness of Mordecai. It does that by showing that he was second in command to a very powerful emperor. Referring to both the land and the sea is a way to include everything that lives in a very large area of the earth. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the general meaning by saying something like “everyone throughout his empire.” Alternate translation: “on all the people in the empire … even the people who lived on the islands in the Mediterranean Sea” or “on everyone throughout the land and even the far-away islands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) EST 10 1 twn8 figs-explicit וְ⁠אִיֵּ֥י הַ⁠יָּֽם 1 The phrase **the islands of the sea** likely refers to the fact that the Persian kings had conquered territories reaching all the way to the Mediterranean Sea. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “which reached all the way to the Mediterranean Sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EST 10 1 acr9 figs-metonymy עַל־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ וְ⁠אִיֵּ֥י הַ⁠יָּֽם 1 on the land and the islands of the sea These geographic features were not expected to pay the tax. The land and coastlands represent the people living there. The story is describing those people figuratively by reference to something associated with them, the places where they live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ EST 10 2 k7tc וּ⁠פָרָשַׁת֙ 1 with the full account of “They also EST 10 2 acs2 גְּדֻלַּ֣ת מָרְדֳּכַ֔י 1 the greatness of Mordecai to which the king had made him great Alternate translation: “of how important Mordecai was” or “of how the king had honored Mordecai for the great things he had done” EST 10 2 acs3 גִּדְּל֖⁠וֹ 1 made him great See how you translated this phrase in 3:1 and 5:11. Alternate translation: “had promoted him” EST 10 2 acs4 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לוֹא־הֵ֣ם כְּתוּבִ֗ים עַל־סֵ֨פֶר֙ דִּבְרֵ֣י הַ⁠יָּמִ֔ים לְ⁠מַלְכֵ֖י מָדַ֥י וּ⁠פָרָֽס 1 are they not written in the book of the events of days of the kings of Persia and Media? This is actually a statement. The question form is used to emphasize the certainty of the statement. If questions are not used this way in your language, then use a statement instead, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EST 10 2 acs5 figs-activepassive הֲ⁠לוֹא־הֵ֣ם כְּתוּבִ֗ים 1 are they not written…? You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “The king’s scribes made a record …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EST 10 2 acs5 figs-activepassive הֲ⁠לוֹא־הֵ֣ם כְּתוּבִ֗ים 1 are they not written…? You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “The king’s scribes made a record…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EST 10 2 acs6 הֲ⁠לוֹא־הֵ֣ם כְּתוּבִ֗ים 1 are they not written…? Because it comes first logically, you can put this first in the verse if that would be clearer in your language. EST 10 2 acs7 figs-idiom סֵ֨פֶר֙ דִּבְרֵ֣י הַ⁠יָּמִ֔ים לְ⁠מַלְכֵ֖י מָדַ֥י וּ⁠פָרָֽס 1 the book of the events of days for the kings of Media and Persia See how you translated this in [2:23](../02/23.md). Alternate translation: “the royal record books of Media and Persia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EST 10 3 j159 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 For This word indicates that this verse will give the reason why the scribes made a record about Mordecai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) diff --git a/en_tn_18-JOB.tsv b/en_tn_18-JOB.tsv index 2e19988a3..9701176a5 100644 --- a/en_tn_18-JOB.tsv +++ b/en_tn_18-JOB.tsv @@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ JOB 1 3 l5f2 translate-numbers 0 five hundred pairs of oxen “500 pairs of oxe JOB 1 3 x4bu 0 the greatest “the richest” JOB 1 3 csw9 figs-explicit 0 all the people of the East The refers to places that were east of Canaan. Alternate translation: “all the people who live in lands that were east of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 1 4 i4lf 0 On each son’s assigned day, he would give The word “day” perhaps refers to the day when they celebrated the son’s birth. But it at least refers to the idea that the sons each took a turn in holding a feast. Alternate translation: “On each son’s birthday, the son would give” or “Each son in turn would give” -JOB 1 4 ey91 0 he would give…They would send and call for “he habitually gave…They habitually sent and called for “ +JOB 1 4 ey91 0 he would give … They would send and call for “he habitually gave … They habitually sent and called for “ JOB 1 4 x3v2 0 with them The word “them” refers to the seven sons and the three daughters but does not include Job. -JOB 1 5 ik8z 0 Job would send…he would consecrate…He would rise early in the morning and offer…he would say “he habitually gave…They habitually sent and called for…Job habitually sent…he habitually consecrated…He habitually rose early in the morning and offered…he habitually said” +JOB 1 5 ik8z 0 Job would send … he would consecrate … He would rise early in the morning and offer … he would say “he habitually gave … They habitually sent and called for … Job habitually sent … he habitually consecrated … He habitually rose early in the morning and offered … he habitually said” JOB 1 5 s2c6 0 When the days of the feast were over “When the feast was over” or “After the feast” JOB 1 5 w9xc 0 Job would send for them “Job habitually sent someone to call them to come to him” JOB 1 5 k14m 0 he would consecrate them Here “consecrate” means to ask God to take away any ritual impurities that Job’s children might have brought upon themselves as they happily feasted together. Job did this by making sacrifices to God for them. @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ JOB 3 3 zca2 figs-ellipsis 0 the night that said, ‘A boy has been conceived. JOB 3 3 q9nj figs-personification 0 the night that said Here the night is spoken of as if it were a person who could speak. The translator may choose, however, to translate it in a less metaphorical way. Alternate translation: “the night about which people said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 3 3 ka1k 0 A boy has been conceived This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “his mother has conceived a male child” JOB 3 4 l7yy 0 General Information: The expressions in these verses are all wishes that the day of Job’s birth would no longer exist. This may imply that the day, although in the past, still existed somehow. The UST translates them as expressions of sadness about what that day was like. -JOB 3 4 hr5h figs-parallelism 0 May that day be dark…neither may the sun shine on it These two clauses describe the darkness of the day of Job’s birth, thus repeating Job’s regret that he had been born. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 3 4 hr5h figs-parallelism 0 May that day be dark … neither may the sun shine on it These two clauses describe the darkness of the day of Job’s birth, thus repeating Job’s regret that he had been born. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 3 4 n4h1 figs-metaphor 0 May that day be dark This is a wish for that day to not exist any longer. Alternate translation: “may that day disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 3 5 xpc5 figs-personification 0 May darkness and the shadow of death claim it for their own Here darkness and the shadow of death are spoken of as if they were people who could claim something as their own possession. The word “it” refers to the day of Job’s birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 3 5 lz4e figs-metaphor 0 the shadow of death Here a shadow represents death itself. Alternate translation: “death like a shadow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ JOB 3 20 a8g2 figs-parallelism 0 Why is light given to him who is in misery? Wh JOB 3 20 zq45 figs-rquestion 0 Why is light given to him who is in misery? Here Job is wondering why people must stay alive and suffer. Alternate translation: “I do not understand why God gives life to a person who is suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 3 20 naz6 figs-metaphor 0 light Here light represents life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 3 20 q28e figs-rquestion 0 Why is life given to the one who is bitter in soul “why does God give life to a miserable person?” Alternate translation: “I do not understand why God gives life to a person who is very unhappy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 3 21 hbh3 0 to one who longs…for hidden treasure This is the end of the question that Job begins asking with the words “Why is life given…bitter in soul” (verse 20). +JOB 3 21 hbh3 0 to one who longs … for hidden treasure This is the end of the question that Job begins asking with the words “Why is life given … bitter in soul” (verse 20). JOB 3 21 mg33 figs-metaphor 0 to one who longs for death without it coming Here death is spoken of as if it were an object coming toward someone. Alternate translation: “to a person who no longer wants to be alive, but is still alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 3 21 lgj7 figs-metaphor 0 to one who digs for death more than for hidden treasure A person hoping to die is spoken of as if he were digging for buried treasure. Alternate translation: “to a person who wants to stop living more than he wants to look for hidden riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 3 22 p5zy figs-rquestion 0 Why is light given to one who rejoices very much and is glad when he finds the grave Here Job uses a question to make a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not understand why God allows a person to keep living when the person would be very happy to be buried in the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -195,19 +195,19 @@ JOB 4 6 nh5w figs-metaphor 0 your ways Here “your ways” represents “your JOB 4 7 ctx8 figs-rquestion 0 Who has ever perished when innocent? Eliphaz uses this question to prompt Job to search his life for sin (and God’s righteous judgment) as the cause of his loss. Alternate translation: “No one has ever perished when innocent.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 4 7 ci3b figs-rquestion 0 when were the upright people ever cut off This question also means to make a statement, and may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “No one has ever cut off an upright person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 4 7 mq2s figs-metaphor 0 cut off Here being cut off represents being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 4 8 yw7b figs-metaphor 0 plow iniquity…sow trouble…reap Here the actions of plowing and sowing represent causing trouble for other people. The action of reaping represents suffering the trouble that one has himself caused. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 4 8 yw7b figs-metaphor 0 plow iniquity … sow trouble … reap Here the actions of plowing and sowing represent causing trouble for other people. The action of reaping represents suffering the trouble that one has himself caused. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 4 9 a93h figs-parallelism 0 By the breath of God they perish; by the blast of his anger they are consumed The writer explains a single idea using two different statements. This is a form of Hebrew poetry used for emphasis, clarity, teaching, or all three. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 4 9 g9mp figs-metaphor 0 the breath of God This may represent the action of God giving a command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 4 9 my29 figs-metaphor 0 the blast of his anger This expression suggests the heavy breathing that a person sometimes does through his nose when he is very angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 4 9 sm4n figs-metaphor 0 breath…blast The second builds on the first. They make the same point by using meanings that increase the result. “By the puff of God’s mouth they die; the rushing wind of his anger devastates them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 4 9 l8s1 figs-activepassive 0 perish…are consumed The second phrase builds on the first. They make the same point. “By the puff of God’s breath they die, the rushing wind of his anger devastates them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JOB 4 9 sm4n figs-metaphor 0 breath … blast The second builds on the first. They make the same point by using meanings that increase the result. “By the puff of God’s mouth they die; the rushing wind of his anger devastates them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 4 9 l8s1 figs-activepassive 0 perish … are consumed The second phrase builds on the first. They make the same point. “By the puff of God’s breath they die, the rushing wind of his anger devastates them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 4 9 trx3 figs-metaphor 0 they are consumed Here being consumed or eaten represents being killed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 4 10 vnp3 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The writer uses parallelism in these verses, conveying a single idea using different statements to emphasize God’s destruction of wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 4 10 mw99 figs-metaphor 0 The roaring of the lion, the voice of the fierce lion, the teeth of the young lions—they are broken. Here a lion’s roar, his voice, and his teeth being broken are used as pictures of the wicked being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 4 10 l75n figs-activepassive 0 they are broken This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “something breaks them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 4 11 uru1 0 The old lion perishes for lack of victims; the cubs of the lioness are scattered everywhere Eliphaz uses the picture of an old lion dying of hunger and of a lion’s family being scattered as metaphors for the wicked being destroyed. JOB 4 11 n8m2 figs-activepassive 0 the cubs of the lioness are scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “something scatters the cubs of the lioness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOB 4 12 n1td figs-parallelism 0 Now a certain matter was secretly brought to me…my ear received a whisper about it These phrases express the same idea in a different way. They convey the idea that Eliphaz heard a message whispered to him. This repetition is a form of Hebrew poetry used frequently for emphasis, teaching, or clarity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 4 12 n1td figs-parallelism 0 Now a certain matter was secretly brought to me … my ear received a whisper about it These phrases express the same idea in a different way. They convey the idea that Eliphaz heard a message whispered to him. This repetition is a form of Hebrew poetry used frequently for emphasis, teaching, or clarity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 4 13 h37a 0 visions in the night “dreams” JOB 4 13 er9t 0 when deep sleep falls on people “when people sleep very deeply” JOB 4 14 p54m figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The writer uses parallelism in these verses, conveying a single idea using different statements to emphasize Eliphaz’s fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ JOB 5 14 vnt6 0 noonday the middle of the day, when the sun is highest and bri JOB 5 15 i885 figs-metaphor 0 But he saves the poor person from the sword in their mouths Here the insulting and threatening things that people say are spoken of as if they were a sword in their mouths. Alternate translation: “But he saves the poor person from the threats of the mighty” or “But he saves the poor person when the mighty threaten or insult them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 5 16 exr5 figs-personification 0 injustice shuts her own mouth People who say unjust things are spoken of as if they were the injustice itself, who must stop speaking. Alternate translation: “It is as though injustice shut her own mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 5 17 sq3f figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The writer continues to use parallelism in verses 18 and 19, conveying a single idea using two different statements to emphasize God’s acts of chastening and healing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JOB 5 17 izq1 0 God corrects…chastening of the Almighty God is pictured as a parent correcting or instructing a child. +JOB 5 17 izq1 0 God corrects … chastening of the Almighty God is pictured as a parent correcting or instructing a child. JOB 5 17 jr16 0 blessed is the man whom God corrects “God really favors the man whom he corrects” JOB 5 17 g1br 0 do not despise “do not reject” or “do not consider worthless” JOB 5 17 c4un 0 chastening “instruction” or “correction” or “discipline” @@ -312,21 +312,21 @@ JOB 6 10 ji9n 0 that I have not denied the words of the Holy One “that I hav JOB 6 11 b1ue figs-rquestion 0 What is my strength, that I should try to wait? What is my end, that I should prolong my life? Job poses these questions to emphasize that he has no reason to continue living. These questions have the same meaning. They may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “I do not have enough strength to go on living; I have no reason to prolong my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 6 12 vp49 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The writer uses parallel rhetorical questions in each of these verses to emphasize Job’s lack of strength to endure suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 6 12 n69y figs-rquestion 0 Is my strength the strength of stones? Or is my flesh made of bronze? Job describes the weakness of his body by saying that he is not as strong as rocks and bronze to emphasize his lack of strength. These rhetorical questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “I am not as strong as the rocks. My flesh is not as strong as metal.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 6 13 lg48 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not true that I have no help in myself…me? Job uses this rhetorical question to emphasize his lack of wisdom and his weakness. This question can be written as a statement. Also, the phrase “no help in myself” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “It is true that I have no strength left…me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JOB 6 13 lg48 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not true that I have no help in myself … me? Job uses this rhetorical question to emphasize his lack of wisdom and his weakness. This question can be written as a statement. Also, the phrase “no help in myself” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “It is true that I have no strength left … me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 6 13 h5wf figs-activepassive 0 wisdom has been driven out of me “my success has been taken from me.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my wisdom is gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 6 14 e6e6 figs-activepassive 0 To the person who is about to faint, faithfulness should be shown by his friend This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A friend should be faithful to the person who feels he is about to faint” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 6 14 s4yi figs-metaphor 0 who is about to faint This speaks of a person who feels hopeless and is overwhelmed by his troubles as if he were about to physically faint. Alternate translation: “who feels hopeless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 6 14 naj8 0 even to him who forsakes the fear of the Almighty “even if he stops fearing Almighty God.” This could mean: (1) the faint person does not fear God or (2) his friend does not fear God. JOB 6 15 p13y figs-simile 0 But my brothers have been as faithful to me as a desert streambed Job speaks of his friends being unfaithful to him as being like a “wadi” which is a stream that can suddenly dry up. Also, Job refers to his friends ironically here as his “brothers.” Alternate translation: “But my friends are unfaithful to me. They are like a desert streambed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JOB 6 15 l6xj figs-simile 0 as channels of water that pass away to nothing “like streams of water that dry up.” Job continues speaking of his friends being unfaithful as if they were streams that dry up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JOB 6 16 pnp2 figs-parallelism 0 which are darkened because of ice over them…and because of the snow that hides itself in them These two phrases have the same meaning. They describe how the streambed is full of ice and snow in the winter. Alternate translation: “which look dark in the winter because they are covered with ice and are full of melted snow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JOB 6 16 pnp2 figs-parallelism 0 which are darkened because of ice over them … and because of the snow that hides itself in them These two phrases have the same meaning. They describe how the streambed is full of ice and snow in the winter. Alternate translation: “which look dark in the winter because they are covered with ice and are full of melted snow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 6 16 cq2i figs-personification 0 because of the snow that hides itself in them This speaks of the snow melting and the water going into the streambed as if the snow were hiding in the streambed. Alternate translation: “because the snow melts and goes into them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JOB 6 17 z6dh figs-parallelism 0 When they thaw out, they vanish…when it is hot, they melt out of their place These two phrases have the same meaning. They describe how the streambed dries up in the hot season. Alternate translation: “When it is hot, the ice melts and the streambeds dry up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JOB 6 17 z6dh figs-parallelism 0 When they thaw out, they vanish … when it is hot, they melt out of their place These two phrases have the same meaning. They describe how the streambed dries up in the hot season. Alternate translation: “When it is hot, the ice melts and the streambeds dry up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 6 18 t8lv figs-metaphor 0 Job is continuing his description of his friends being as unreliable as streams that dry up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 6 18 vke1 0 The caravans that travel by their way turn aside for water “The caravans turn aside from the routes to find water” or “The caravans change course looking for water” JOB 6 18 dm5v 0 The caravans A caravan is a large group of travelers riding camels across the desert. JOB 6 18 n26d 0 barren land “wasteland” or “empty land” -JOB 6 19 m9l7 translate-names 0 Tema…Sheba These are the names of places. The people of these places used caravans to trade things with people from other lands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOB 6 19 m9l7 translate-names 0 Tema … Sheba These are the names of places. The people of these places used caravans to trade things with people from other lands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOB 6 19 ua63 0 while companies of Sheba “while caravans from Sheba” JOB 6 19 n6an 0 hoped in them “hoped for them” or “put their hope in them” JOB 6 20 mue3 figs-activepassive 0 but they were deceived This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but they were disappointed” or “but they were not satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -334,10 +334,10 @@ JOB 6 21 km28 figs-rquestion 0 General Information: In these verses, Job poses JOB 6 21 gk7t 0 For now Job uses this phrase to introduce the main part of what he is saying. JOB 6 21 wa4z 0 you friends are nothing to me “you friends have not helped me at all” JOB 6 21 zr7k figs-explicit 0 are afraid This means that they see the trouble Job has and are afraid of being in the same situation. Alternate translation: “you are afraid that God might do similar things to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOB 6 23 vq26 figs-rquestion 0 or, ‘Save me from my adversary’s hand’ or, ‘Ransom me from the hand of my oppressors’? These words are the last of a series of rhetorical questions that begins in verse 22. Job uses these questions to emphasize that he has not asked his friends to give him anything or to help him. “I never said to you, ‘Give…me’ or, ‘Offer…wealth’ or, ‘Save…hand’ or, ‘Ransom…oppressors’.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 6 23 x1gs figs-metonymy 0 my adversary’s hand…the hand of my oppressors The word “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “having my adversary control me…having my oppressors control me” or “my adversary’s power…my oppressors’ power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JOB 6 23 vq26 figs-rquestion 0 or, ‘Save me from my adversary’s hand’ or, ‘Ransom me from the hand of my oppressors’? These words are the last of a series of rhetorical questions that begins in verse 22. Job uses these questions to emphasize that he has not asked his friends to give him anything or to help him. “I never said to you, ‘Give … me’ or, ‘Offer … wealth’ or, ‘Save … hand’ or, ‘Ransom … oppressors’.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 6 23 x1gs figs-metonymy 0 my adversary’s hand … the hand of my oppressors The word “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “having my adversary control me … having my oppressors control me” or “my adversary’s power … my oppressors’ power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 6 23 z65f 0 Ransom me “Rescue me” -JOB 6 24 t8mf figs-you 0 Teach me…make me These verbs “teach” and “make” are second person plural and are spoken to his friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JOB 6 24 t8mf figs-you 0 Teach me … make me These verbs “teach” and “make” are second person plural and are spoken to his friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JOB 6 24 jg8f figs-idiom 0 I will hold my peace This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I will be silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 6 25 ukw2 0 How painful are truthful words! But your arguments, how do they actually rebuke me? The exact meaning of the original language is uncertain. Some Bibles translate “How painful” as “How pleasant.” Alternate translation: “When a person speaks the truth, it harms no one. But your arguments are not true, so how do they actually rebuke me?” JOB 6 25 bt6s figs-rquestion 0 But your arguments, how do they actually rebuke me? Job is using this question to rebuke his friends and to emphasize that what they are saying does not apply to him. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your reasons for rebuking me do not apply to me even though you sternly correct me.” or “But your arguments against me are not true, so they do not actually rebuke me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ JOB 6 25 rrn5 0 your arguments “your reasons” or “your claims” JOB 6 26 l7bp figs-rquestion 0 Do you plan to ignore my words, treating the words of a desperate man like the wind? Job uses this rhetorical question to scold his friends. He compares his words to the wind to explain that his friends act like his words are empty and useless. Alternate translation: “You ignore my words! I am a desperate man, and you treat my words as if they are as useless as the wind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 6 26 zm1w figs-you 0 Do you “You” is in second person plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JOB 6 27 w62r 0 you cast lots for a fatherless child “you would even gamble to win an orphan” -JOB 6 27 jib8 figs-you 0 you cast lots…haggle over your friend Here “you” and “your” are in second person plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JOB 6 27 jib8 figs-you 0 you cast lots … haggle over your friend Here “you” and “your” are in second person plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JOB 6 27 q6lj figs-simile 0 haggle over your friend like merchandise This compares how the man would sell his friend to how a person sells merchandise or wares. Alternate translation: “bargain to sell your friend for money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 6 28 eq8v 0 Now This word is used by Job to introduce new information. JOB 6 28 m2bq figs-you 0 please look The verb “to look” is in second person plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ JOB 7 1 nz5u figs-rquestion 0 Does not man have hard labor on earth? Job poses JOB 7 1 a1c6 figs-hyperbole 0 on earth This is a generalization that means for the time people are living on the earth. Alternate translation: “while he lives on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JOB 7 1 m3yt figs-rquestion 0 Are not his days like the days of a hired man? Job poses this negative question to emphasize his awareness that all people struggle in life. Alternate translation: “And their days are like the days of a hired man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 7 1 n56j 0 a hired man “a day laborer.” This is a man who worked jobs one day at a time and was paid at the end of every day. -JOB 7 2 g9ji figs-simile 0 Like a slave…like a hired man Job compares his misery and trouble to that of the slave and hired man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JOB 7 2 g9ji figs-simile 0 Like a slave … like a hired man Job compares his misery and trouble to that of the slave and hired man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 7 2 f1pu figs-explicit 0 the shadows of evening “cool shade.” The implied information is that the shadows of evening provide coolness and shade from the sun (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 7 2 d651 0 looks for his wages “waits for his pay” JOB 7 3 fpt6 figs-activepassive 0 I have been made to endure months of misery; I have been given trouble-filled nights This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “so I endure months of misery; I get trouble-filled nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ JOB 7 7 ee27 figs-metaphor 0 my life is only a breath Job compares the shortnes JOB 7 7 bw35 figs-synecdoche 0 my eye will no more see good Here “my eye” represents Job’s whole person and his ability to see or experience things. Alternate translation: “I will never again experience good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 7 8 sj61 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The writer continues to use parallelism in each of these verses, conveying a single idea using two different statements to emphasize Job’s thought that, after death, neither God nor the people he knew will see him again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 7 8 f5vc figs-explicit 0 The eye of God, who sees me, will see me no more Many versions of the Bible translate this as “The eye which sees me will see me no more.” The words “of God” were added to this phrase because they are implied by the context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOB 7 8 p6u5 figs-synecdoche 0 The eye of God, who sees me…God’s eyes will be on me Here God is represented by his “eye” to emphasize what he looks at. Alternate translation: “God who watches me…God will look for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JOB 7 8 p6u5 figs-synecdoche 0 The eye of God, who sees me … God’s eyes will be on me Here God is represented by his “eye” to emphasize what he looks at. Alternate translation: “God who watches me … God will look for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 7 9 q76u figs-simile 0 As a cloud is consumed and vanishes away, so he who goes down to Sheol will come up no more Job is describing death as being like the clouds that disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 7 9 m6z6 figs-activepassive 0 As a cloud is consumed This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “As a cloud fades” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 7 9 g4h1 0 he who goes down to Sheol will come up no more “he who dies will not return” @@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ JOB 7 11 ti81 figs-metaphor 0 in the bitterness of my soul Here sorrow is spoke JOB 7 12 qy6r figs-rquestion 0 Am I the sea or a sea monster that you place a guard over me? Job poses this question to express his anger at God. In comparing himself to the sea or a sea monster, Job suggests that God regards him as a hideous creature. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am not the sea or a sea monster that needs a guard to watch it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 7 13 kme8 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The writer continues to use parallelism in the first two verses, conveying a single idea using two different statements to emphasize Job’s intense suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 7 13 v7e8 figs-metonymy 0 My bed will comfort me, and my couch will ease my complaint Here “bed” and “couch” are metonyms for “sleep.” In lying down to sleep, Job would hope to be comforted. The metonyms also have human attributes; they have the ability to comfort and ease a person. Alternate translation: “My bed, my couch, will be like someone who can comfort me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JOB 7 13 d3uy 0 My bed…my couch These phrases refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “My bed…my bed” +JOB 7 13 d3uy 0 My bed … my couch These phrases refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “My bed … my bed” JOB 7 14 pf6s 0 you scare me “you” here refers to God JOB 7 15 et7t 0 strangling killing a person by squeezing the throat and stopping the breathing JOB 7 15 nee4 figs-synecdoche 0 these bones of mine Here Job uses the word “bones” to refer to his body. Alternate translation: “This body of mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -406,11 +406,11 @@ JOB 7 16 eu9h 0 to always be alive “to live forever” JOB 7 16 yp5g 0 my days are useless “my days are pointless” or “the days of my life are empty” JOB 7 17 awx9 figs-rquestion 0 Job asks a rhetorical question to say that he does not understand why God should pay attention to people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 7 17 w1ri figs-metonymy 0 set your mind on him Here the mind represents thoughts and attention. To “set your mind on” means to give attention to. Alternate translation: “direct your attention to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 7 18 s64b figs-rquestion 0 that you should observe…every moment? This is the end of the rhetorical question that Job begins asking with the words “What is man that” in verse 17. The question can be translated as a statement. “Tell me what man is that…mind on him, that you should observe…every moment.” or “I do not understand what man is that…mind on him, that you should observe…every moment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 7 18 s64b figs-rquestion 0 that you should observe … every moment? This is the end of the rhetorical question that Job begins asking with the words “What is man that” in verse 17. The question can be translated as a statement. “Tell me what man is that … mind on him, that you should observe … every moment.” or “I do not understand what man is that … mind on him, that you should observe … every moment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 7 18 cdq5 0 observe him “carefully examine him” -JOB 7 19 eb8v figs-parallelism 0 How long will it be…swallow down my own saliva? Here Job conveys a single idea using two different rhetorical questions to emphasize his wish that God would stop watching him. Alternate translation: “Look away from me! Leave me alone long enough for me to swallow my own saliva!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 7 19 eb8v figs-parallelism 0 How long will it be … swallow down my own saliva? Here Job conveys a single idea using two different rhetorical questions to emphasize his wish that God would stop watching him. Alternate translation: “Look away from me! Leave me alone long enough for me to swallow my own saliva!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 7 19 ts1s 0 saliva liquid produced in people’s mouths that keeps the mouth moist and helps to swallow food -JOB 7 20 wwv1 figs-rquestion 0 Even if I have sinned…burden for you? Job poses these questions to argue against God treating him unfairly. Alternate translation: “Even if I have sinned, that would do nothing to you, as you watch over people. Tell me why you have made me your target, so that I am a burden for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 7 20 wwv1 figs-rquestion 0 Even if I have sinned … burden for you? Job poses these questions to argue against God treating him unfairly. Alternate translation: “Even if I have sinned, that would do nothing to you, as you watch over people. Tell me why you have made me your target, so that I am a burden for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 7 21 gzz5 figs-parallelism 0 Why do you not pardon my transgression and take away my iniquity? Here Job uses two similar clauses within a rhetorical question to emphasize his point. Possible meanings are: (1) Job is asking why God does not forgive him. Alternate translation: “Tell me why you do not pardon my transgression and take away my iniquity.” or (2) Job is asking God why he cannot just overlook his supposed wrongdoings. Alternate translation: “Tell me why you do not just bear with my transgression and iniquity.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 7 21 ek8a 0 take away “remove” JOB 7 21 yf7g figs-metonymy 0 now will I lie down in the dust The phrase “lie down in the dust” is a metonym that represents dying. Alternate translation: “now I will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ JOB 8 3 x959 figs-rquestion 0 Does God pervert justice? Does the Almighty perve JOB 8 3 p2fp 0 pervert justice?…pervert righteousness? “approve of and do what is not just?…approve of and do what is not righteous?” JOB 8 4 icy5 figs-metonymy 0 for he gave them into the hand of their sins Here “hand” represents the power or results of sin. Bildad implies that God killed Job’s children because of their sin. Alternate translation: “for God caused the consequences of your children’s sins to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 8 5 lpy9 figs-hypo 0 But suppose you diligently sought God and presented your request to the Almighty Bildad is saying what would have happened if Job had correctly spoken to God, but Bildad does not believe that Job really did this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JOB 8 5 q7cd figs-doublet 0 diligently sought God…presented your request to the Almighty These two phrases both refer to Job asking God for help or pleading with God for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JOB 8 5 q7cd figs-doublet 0 diligently sought God … presented your request to the Almighty These two phrases both refer to Job asking God for help or pleading with God for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JOB 8 5 c9ii 0 diligently sought God “earnestly asked God for help” JOB 8 6 u412 figs-hypo 0 General Information: Bildad says that God would treat Job well if he was pure, but Bildad does not believe that Job is pure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOB 8 6 a4ua 0 If you are pure and upright “If only you were pure and righteous” or “If only you would obey God and do what is right” @@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ JOB 8 13 vn8n 0 General Information: It is unclear if this verse is the teachi JOB 8 13 y6pd figs-metonymy 0 So also are the paths of all who forget God Here “the paths” represents a person’s future and the events that will happen to them. Alternate translation: “The same thing will happen to everyone who forgets God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 8 13 fc76 0 the hope of the godless will perish “the things the godless person desires will not happen” JOB 8 14 m1bj figs-genericnoun 0 General Information: It is unclear if this verse is the teaching of Bildad, or if Bildad is quoting the sayings of the ancestors of [Job 8:8-10](./08.md). In this verse the pronoun “his” refers to the godless person, who represents godless people in general. It may be helpful to readers to use the plural pronouns “they” and “their.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -JOB 8 14 yg2t figs-parallelism 0 His confidence will break apart…his trust is as weak as a spider’s web These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the godless person is trusting in something that cannot save him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 8 14 yg2t figs-parallelism 0 His confidence will break apart … his trust is as weak as a spider’s web These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the godless person is trusting in something that cannot save him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 8 14 e61x figs-simile 0 his trust is as weak as a spider’s web Here Bildad compares the trust of the godless person to a spider’s web; the slightest force will break both. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 8 15 h15h figs-genericnoun 0 General Information: In this verse the pronouns “he” and “him” refer to the godless person, who represents godless people in general. It may be helpful to readers to use the plural pronouns “they” and “their.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) JOB 8 15 g7al figs-metaphor 0 He leans on his house, but it will not support him; he takes hold of it, but it does not stand This statement probably refers to a man relying on his property and wealth for security. If so, then “house” here represents the owner’s property and wealth. Alternate translation: “He thinks he will be safe because he is wealthy, but he will not be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ JOB 8 16 zn7y figs-genericnoun 0 General Information: Here pronouns “he” an JOB 8 16 x5ph figs-metaphor 0 Under the sun he is green, and his shoots go out over his entire garden Here Bildad compares the godless person to a plant that is healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 8 16 d31w 0 Under the sun he is green The meaning of the Hebrew text is unclear. This could mean: (1) he is healthy during the day or (2) he is watered before the sun rises. JOB 8 17 i19y figs-genericnoun 0 General Information: In this verse the pronoun “his” refers to the godless person, who represents godless people in general. It may be helpful to readers to use the plural pronouns “they” and “their.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -JOB 8 17 cty7 figs-parallelism 0 His roots are wrapped about the heaps of stone…they look for good places among the rocks These two phrases have similar meaning, but the meaning is unclear. This could mean: (1) he appears to be well-rooted in the rocks, taking advantage of every opening or (2) his roots cannot find fertile ground and must try to find nutrients among the rocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 8 17 cty7 figs-parallelism 0 His roots are wrapped about the heaps of stone … they look for good places among the rocks These two phrases have similar meaning, but the meaning is unclear. This could mean: (1) he appears to be well-rooted in the rocks, taking advantage of every opening or (2) his roots cannot find fertile ground and must try to find nutrients among the rocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 8 18 qe8b figs-genericnoun 0 General Information: In this verse the pronouns “his” and “him” refer to the godless person, who represents godless people in general. It may be helpful to readers to use the plural pronouns “they” and “their.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) JOB 8 18 ib86 figs-activepassive 0 if this person is destroyed out of his place This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone pulls him out of his place” or “if a gardener tears him out of the garden” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 8 18 tq8v 0 his place “the rocky ground” or “the garden” @@ -571,13 +571,13 @@ JOB 10 3 vw7h figs-synecdoche 0 the work of your hands Here God is represented JOB 10 3 q8wf figs-idiom 0 smile on the plans of the wicked Here the idiom “smiling on” represents God’s approval. Alternate translation: “approve the plans of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 10 4 d65r figs-parallelism 0 Do you have eyes of flesh? Do you see like a man sees? These two questions have nearly the same meaning. These questions expect a negative answer to emphasize that God does not see or understand things the same way a man does. They can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “You do not have eyes of flesh, and you do not see like a man sees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 10 5 e9t6 figs-rquestion 0 Job begins to ask a rhetorical question. He is saying that God lives forever but people live only for a short time, so God should not worry about Job’s sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 10 5 awt6 figs-parallelism 0 your days like the days of mankind…your years like the years of people These two phrases have nearly the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 10 5 awt6 figs-parallelism 0 your days like the days of mankind … your years like the years of people These two phrases have nearly the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 10 5 st4n 0 your days “the number of your days” JOB 10 5 tjp4 0 your years “the number of your years” JOB 10 6 qf3d 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues the rhetorical question he began in verse 5. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion) JOB 10 6 zdk3 0 inquire after my iniquity “look to see if I have committed iniquity” JOB 10 7 eu61 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Are your days” in verse 5. -JOB 10 7 s3k7 figs-rquestion 0 although you know…from your hand? This is the end of the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Are your days” in verse 5. The whole question can be translated as a statement. “Your days are not like the days of mankind, and your years are not like the years of people, so you should not inquire after my iniquity and search after my sin, because you know I am not guilty and there is no one who can rescue me from your hand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 10 7 s3k7 figs-rquestion 0 although you know … from your hand? This is the end of the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Are your days” in verse 5. The whole question can be translated as a statement. “Your days are not like the days of mankind, and your years are not like the years of people, so you should not inquire after my iniquity and search after my sin, because you know I am not guilty and there is no one who can rescue me from your hand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 10 7 vzd3 figs-synecdoche 0 from your hand Here “your hand” represents God’s power. Alternate translation: “from your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 10 8 tx92 figs-synecdoche 0 Your hands Here “hands” represent God and his creative action. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 10 8 x1dy figs-metaphor 0 Your hands have framed and fashioned me together round about Job is using a metaphor of a potter forming clay to describe how God carefully created him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -629,17 +629,17 @@ JOB 11 3 kgu1 figs-rquestion 0 Should your boasting make others remain silent? JOB 11 3 s3am figs-rquestion 0 When you mock, will no one make you feel ashamed? Zophar uses this question to rebuke Job. You may need to make explicit what it is that Job is mocking. Alternate translation: “You have mocked us for what we have said. Now we will make you feel ashamed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 11 4 k2le 0 My beliefs are pure “My understanding is correct” JOB 11 4 e56u figs-metaphor 0 I am blameless in your eyes The eyes represent sight, which is a metaphor for God’s evaluation of Job. This could mean: (1) that Job is saying that God judges him as blameless. Alternate translation: “You say that I am blameless” or (2) that Job believes he has been blameless and that God should judge him as blameless. Alternate translation: “You should recognize that I am blameless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 11 5 ii56 figs-metonymy 0 that God would speak…open his lips against you The words “open his lips” are a metonym that means speak. These two phrases mean the same thing and are used together to emphasize Zophar’s desire that God would speak harshly against Job. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JOB 11 6 ca7p figs-explicit 0 that he would show…secrets of wisdom What the “secrets of wisdom” are can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “that he would show you that you are suffering because of your sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JOB 11 5 ii56 figs-metonymy 0 that God would speak … open his lips against you The words “open his lips” are a metonym that means speak. These two phrases mean the same thing and are used together to emphasize Zophar’s desire that God would speak harshly against Job. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 11 6 ca7p figs-explicit 0 that he would show … secrets of wisdom What the “secrets of wisdom” are can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “that he would show you that you are suffering because of your sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 11 6 qjk2 figs-metaphor 0 God demands from you less than your iniquity deserves Demanding from Job represents punishing Job. Alternate translation: “God is punishing you less than you deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 11 7 tvp2 figs-parallelism 0 Can you understand God by searching for him? Can you comprehend the Almighty perfectly? These two parallel questions are asking the same thing. The writer uses the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “You cannot understand God by searching for him, and you will never completely understand the Almighty!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 11 8 n8yi figs-explicit 0 The matter This refers to understanding God. Alternate translation: “To understand God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOB 11 8 jhq3 figs-parallelism 0 is as high as heaven…deeper than Sheol The impossibility of understanding God is spoken of as if it were impossible to go to these extremely far away places. Alternate translation: “is as inaccessible as the highest places in heaven…is more inaccessible than the deepest places in Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JOB 11 8 jhq3 figs-parallelism 0 is as high as heaven … deeper than Sheol The impossibility of understanding God is spoken of as if it were impossible to go to these extremely far away places. Alternate translation: “is as inaccessible as the highest places in heaven … is more inaccessible than the deepest places in Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 11 8 y9sp figs-rquestion 0 what can you do? Zophar uses this question to show that a person cannot do anything to understand God fully. Alternate translation: “you cannot do anything.” or “you cannot understand him fully.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 11 8 hb95 figs-rquestion 0 what can you know? Zophar uses this question to show that a person cannot do anything to know God fully. Alternate translation: “you cannot know God fully.” or “you cannot know all there is to know.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 11 9 i9xz 0 Its measure Possible meanings are that this refers to (1) God’s greatness or (2) the greatness of God’s wisdom. -JOB 11 9 z6cv figs-metaphor 0 is longer than the earth…wider than the sea God’s greatness or wisdom is spoken of as if it could be measured in distance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 11 10 y4fx 0 If he…shuts anyone up “If God…shuts anyone up in prison” +JOB 11 9 z6cv figs-metaphor 0 is longer than the earth … wider than the sea God’s greatness or wisdom is spoken of as if it could be measured in distance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 11 10 y4fx 0 If he … shuts anyone up “If God … shuts anyone up in prison” JOB 11 10 d1jn figs-abstractnouns 0 if he calls anyone to judgment The abstract noun “judgment” can be translated with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “if God calls anyone to go to him so that God might judge him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 11 10 f915 figs-rquestion 0 who can stop him? This question emphasizes that no one can stop God. Alternate translation: “no one can stop him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 11 11 gdx6 figs-rquestion 0 does he not notice it? This emphasizes that God does notice sin. Alternate translation: “he surely notices it!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -652,13 +652,13 @@ JOB 11 14 nt8d figs-metaphor 0 but that then you put it far away from you Putti JOB 11 14 u5ya figs-personification 0 did not let unrighteousness live in your tents Unrighteousness living represents people doing unrighteous things. Alternate translation: “and you did not allow the members of your household to do unrighteous things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 11 15 db84 figs-metonymy 0 lift up your face without a sign of shame “Lifting up your face” represents the attitude of a person who is confident and brave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 11 16 x6vt figs-simile 0 you would remember it only like waters that have flowed away Zophar is comparing misery with water that flows downstream and it is gone. Alternate translation: “You would remember it, but the misery will be gone, like waters that have flowed away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JOB 11 17 fqt4 figs-parallelism 0 Your life would…like the morning. Zophar repeats the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 11 17 fqt4 figs-parallelism 0 Your life would … like the morning. Zophar repeats the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 11 17 dkt7 figs-metaphor 0 Your life would be brighter than the noonday Brightness represents being prosperous and happy. Alternate translation: “Your life would be prosperous and happy like the noonday” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 11 17 dua9 figs-hypo 0 though there were darkness Darkness represents troubles and sadness. Alternate translation: “Though there were dark troubles and sadness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOB 11 17 s8z7 figs-metaphor 0 it would become like the morning The morning represents light, which represents prosperity and happiness. Alternate translation: “it would be prosperous and happy like the morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 11 18 iqu3 figs-parallelism 0 You would be secure…take your rest in safety Zophar repeats the same idea for emphasis and describes the possibility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JOB 11 18 iqu3 figs-parallelism 0 You would be secure … take your rest in safety Zophar repeats the same idea for emphasis and describes the possibility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOB 11 18 f1be figs-idiom 0 would take your rest in safety “Take your rest” here is an idiom for “rest.” The phrase “in safety” can be expressed with the word “safely.” Alternate translation: “would rest safely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JOB 11 19 fm2w figs-parallelism 0 Also you would lie down in rest…your favor. Zophar repeats the same idea for emphasis and describes the possibility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JOB 11 19 fm2w figs-parallelism 0 Also you would lie down in rest … your favor. Zophar repeats the same idea for emphasis and describes the possibility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOB 11 19 hc18 figs-abstractnouns 0 you would lie down in rest The abstract noun “rest” can be expressed with the verb “rest.” Alternate translation: “you would lie down and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 11 20 s359 figs-metaphor 0 the eyes of wicked people will fail Their eyes represent their understanding. Alternate translation: “the understanding of the wicked people will fail” or “the wicked people will not be able to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 12 intro u4jn 0 # Job 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Zophar.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Job’s righteousness
Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. His friends, on the other hand, judge Job’s case, which Job recognizes to be Yahweh’s authority. These three friends therefore try to take God’s place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He is also upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

### Rhetorical questions
Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job’s response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -674,16 +674,16 @@ JOB 12 5 j6ph figs-metaphor 0 brings more misfortune Bringing misfortune repres JOB 12 5 z8za figs-metaphor 0 to those whose foot is slipping The foot slipping represents being in danger or trouble. Alternate translation: “to those who are already in trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 12 6 rn8l figs-metonymy 0 The tents of robbers prosper Their tents prospering represents the robbers prospering in their tents. Alternate translation: “Robbers live in prosperity in their own tents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 12 6 j8fd figs-metonymy 0 their own hands are their gods Here “their own hands” is a metonym for strength, and “their gods” is a metaphor for their pride. Alternate translation: “they are extremely proud of their own abilities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 12 7 c1y7 figs-irony 0 But now ask the beasts…the birds…they will tell you Job is saying that the beasts and the birds understand God better than Job’s friends do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +JOB 12 7 c1y7 figs-irony 0 But now ask the beasts … the birds … they will tell you Job is saying that the beasts and the birds understand God better than Job’s friends do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JOB 12 7 t82w figs-you 0 you All occurrences of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JOB 12 7 de2x figs-imperative 0 But now ask the beasts, and they will teach you The command in the first part of the sentence functions as a hypothetical condition. Alternate translation: “But if you were to ask the beasts, they would teach you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOB 12 7 ee93 figs-imperative 0 ask the birds of the heavens, and they will tell you The command in the first part of the sentence functions as a hypothetical condition. Alternate translation: if you were to ask the birds of the heavens, they would tell you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JOB 12 8 g5xs figs-irony 0 speak to the earth…will declare to you Job is saying that the beasts, the birds, the earth, and the fish understand God better than Job’s friends do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +JOB 12 8 g5xs figs-irony 0 speak to the earth … will declare to you Job is saying that the beasts, the birds, the earth, and the fish understand God better than Job’s friends do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JOB 12 8 k4ca figs-imperative 0 Or speak to the earth, and it will teach you The command in the first part of the sentence functions as a hypothetical condition. Alternate translation: “Or if you were to speak to the earth, it would teach you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOB 12 8 bjf6 figs-ellipsis 0 the fish of the sea will declare to you The command “Ask the fish of the sea” is understood from the previous sentences. It functions as a hypothetical condition. Alternate translation: “and if you were to ask the fish of the sea, they would declare to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JOB 12 9 hu2y figs-rquestion 0 Which animal among all these does not know…this? This question emphasizes the point that all the animals know that Yahweh has done this. This question can be worded as a statement. Alternate translation: “Every animal among all these knows…this.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 12 9 hu2y figs-rquestion 0 Which animal among all these does not know … this? This question emphasizes the point that all the animals know that Yahweh has done this. This question can be worded as a statement. Alternate translation: “Every animal among all these knows … this.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 12 9 tht3 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Yahweh has done this Yahweh’s hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has done this by his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOB 12 10 tx1w figs-metonymy 0 In his hand is the life…and the breath of all mankind Yahweh’s hand represents his control or power. Alternate translation: “God controls the life of every living thing and gives breath to all mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JOB 12 10 tx1w figs-metonymy 0 In his hand is the life … and the breath of all mankind Yahweh’s hand represents his control or power. Alternate translation: “God controls the life of every living thing and gives breath to all mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 12 10 s1sr figs-metonymy 0 the breath of all mankind Here “breath” represents life or the ability to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 12 11 d5vn figs-rquestion 0 Does not the ear test words just as the palate tastes its food? Job uses this question to emphasize that people listen to what others say and judge whether it is good or not. The ear and palate are metonyms for hearing and tasting. Alternate translation: “We hear what people say and test it just as we taste food and test it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 12 12 v4ft figs-abstractnouns 0 With aged men is wisdom “Aged men have wisdom.” The abstract noun “wisdom” can be expressed with “wise.” The word “men” refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “Old people are wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) @@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ JOB 13 5 gp7i figs-idiom 0 hold your peace This expression means “be quiet” JOB 13 5 t33j figs-abstractnouns 0 That would be your wisdom They thought that they were saying wise things, but Job was saying that they would be wiser if they would stop talking. The abstract noun “wisdom” can be expressed with the word “wise.” Alternate translation: “If you were to do that, you would be wise” or “If you were to stop talking, you would appear wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 13 6 ezt5 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues to speak to his friends. JOB 13 6 v78i figs-synecdoche 0 listen to the pleading of my own lips Here “lips” represent the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen to what I myself plead for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JOB 13 7 scy3 figs-rquestion 0 Will you speak unrighteously…deceitfully for him? Job uses these two questions to rebuke his friends for speaking unrighteously. Alternate translation: “You think that you are speaking for God, but you are speaking unrighteously. You are speaking deceitfully.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +JOB 13 7 scy3 figs-rquestion 0 Will you speak unrighteously … deceitfully for him? Job uses these two questions to rebuke his friends for speaking unrighteously. Alternate translation: “You think that you are speaking for God, but you are speaking unrighteously. You are speaking deceitfully.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JOB 13 7 gc76 0 talk deceitfully “lie” or “tell lies” JOB 13 8 x6cv figs-rquestion 0 Will you show him partiality? Will you argue the case for God? Showing kindness to God represents helping God or defending God against Job’s complaints. Job uses these questions to rebuke his friends for thinking that they can defend God. Alternate translation: “You think that God need you to defend him? You think that you can argue for God like attorneys in court.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JOB 13 9 i61h 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues to speak to his friends. @@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ JOB 13 13 ygn9 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues to speak to his friends. JOB 13 13 i6h6 figs-idiom 0 Hold your peace This is an idiom meaning “Be quiet” or “Stop talking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 13 13 wau3 figs-idiom 0 let me alone This is an idiom that means “stop bothering me” or “stop hindering me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 13 13 vp1h figs-metaphor 0 let come what may on me Things coming on a person represents things happening to a person. This expression starting with “let” means that he does not care what might happen to him. Alternate translation: “let whatever may happen to me happen” or “I do not care what may happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 13 14 wk5u figs-metonymy 0 I will take my own flesh…in my hands “Flesh” here is a metonym for life. “Teeth” and “hands” are metonyms for his own control. These two phrases together emphasize that Job is willing to risk his life by arguing his case with God. Alternate translation: “I am ready to risk my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 13 14 wk5u figs-metonymy 0 I will take my own flesh … in my hands “Flesh” here is a metonym for life. “Teeth” and “hands” are metonyms for his own control. These two phrases together emphasize that Job is willing to risk his life by arguing his case with God. Alternate translation: “I am ready to risk my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 13 16 t8zh 0 Connecting Statement: Job finishes speaking to his friends and begins to address God directly. JOB 13 16 e8gk figs-abstractnouns 0 This will be the reason for my deliverance The abstract noun “deliverance” can be expressed with the verb “deliver.” Alternate translation: “This is the reason that God will deliver me” or “This is why God will save me from my troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 13 17 ppd9 0 God, listen carefully Job begins directing his speech directly to God. @@ -769,9 +769,9 @@ JOB 13 20 yzd3 figs-synecdoche 0 from your face “Face” represents the perso JOB 13 21 l5nn figs-metonymy 0 withdraw your oppressive hand An oppressive hand is a metonym for doing things that oppress someone. Withdrawing the hand is a metaphor for stopping doing those things. Alternate translation: “stop oppressing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 13 21 w19t figs-metonymy 0 do not let your terrors make me afraid The phrase “your terrors” refers to what causes people to be terrified of God. Alternate translation: “do not terrify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 13 23 adu2 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to God. -JOB 13 24 vm5j figs-rquestion 0 Why do you hide…like your enemy? Job asks this question to complain about how God is treating him. He probably hopes for an answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 13 24 vm5j figs-rquestion 0 Why do you hide … like your enemy? Job asks this question to complain about how God is treating him. He probably hopes for an answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 13 24 i7qi figs-metaphor 0 you hide your face from me Hiding one’s face from someone represents refusing to look at him or ignoring him. Alternate translation: “you refuse to look at me” or “you ignore me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 13 25 xm7f figs-rquestion 0 Will you persecute…pursue dry stubble? Job uses these questions to tell God that since Job is so insignificant and weak, it is useless to persecute him. “Leaf” and “stubble” are metaphors describing Job’s weakness, insignificance and frailty. Alternate translation: “You persecute me, but I am weak like a leaf blown by the wind and insignificant like dry stubble.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 13 25 xm7f figs-rquestion 0 Will you persecute … pursue dry stubble? Job uses these questions to tell God that since Job is so insignificant and weak, it is useless to persecute him. “Leaf” and “stubble” are metaphors describing Job’s weakness, insignificance and frailty. Alternate translation: “You persecute me, but I am weak like a leaf blown by the wind and insignificant like dry stubble.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 13 26 ta4y 0 Connecting Statement: Job finishes presenting his case to God. JOB 13 26 h6dc figs-metaphor 0 For you write down bitter things against me “Bitter things” represents accusations. Alternate translation: “For you write down accusations against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 13 26 bc79 figs-metaphor 0 you make me inherit the iniquities of my youth Inheriting the iniquities of his youth is a metaphor. Possible meanings are it represents (1) being guilty for the sins of his youth. Alternate translation: “you say that I am still guilty for the sins of my youth” or (2) being punished for the sins of his youth. Alternate translation: “you punish me for the sins of my youth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ JOB 14 9 dav4 0 it will bud “it will start growing” JOB 14 9 bx2i figs-personification 0 send out branches like a plant The tree sending out branches represents branches growing on the tree. Alternate translation: “branches will start growing on it like a plant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 14 10 wz2a figs-rquestion 0 then where is he? Job uses this question to emphasize that when a person dies, he is not present. Alternate translation: “no one knows where he is.” or “he is gone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 14 11 jp78 0 Connecting Statement: Job begins to use word pictures to describe how it is that “man dies; he becomes weak” (verse 10). -JOB 14 11 dug9 figs-simile 0 As water disappears from a lake…dries up Water that has dried up from a lake or a river cannot return, and once a person dies or grows old, he cannot become young again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JOB 14 11 dug9 figs-simile 0 As water disappears from a lake … dries up Water that has dried up from a lake or a river cannot return, and once a person dies or grows old, he cannot become young again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 14 12 f32z 0 Connecting Statement: Job finishes comparing growing old and dying with water drying up (verse 11). JOB 14 12 a5nl figs-metaphor 0 so people lie down Lying down represents dying. Alternate translation: “so people die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 14 12 h4i1 figs-metaphor 0 do not rise again Rising again represents living again. Alternate translation: “do not live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -828,13 +828,13 @@ JOB 14 15 j3fp figs-metonymy 0 for the work of your hands Here God’s hands re JOB 14 16 k7q4 figs-hendiadys 0 number and care for These two verbs together express a single action. Alternate translation: “attentively care for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) JOB 14 16 q9vm figs-metonymy 0 my footsteps Footsteps represent his life or what he does. Alternate translation: “my life” or “the things I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 14 16 bay1 figs-metaphor 0 you would not keep track of my sin Keeping track of Job’s sin represents thinking about his sin. Alternate translation: “you would not look at my sin” or “you would not think about my sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 14 17 zvn3 figs-parallelism 0 My transgression would be…you would cover up These three lines express the same thought and are used together to emphasize his confidence that God would forgive him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 14 17 zvn3 figs-parallelism 0 My transgression would be … you would cover up These three lines express the same thought and are used together to emphasize his confidence that God would forgive him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 14 17 cby4 figs-metaphor 0 My transgression would be sealed up in a bag Sealing transgression in a bag represents hiding it and refusing to think about it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You would refuse to think about my transgression like someone who hides something in a bag” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 14 17 qe5i figs-metaphor 0 you would cover up my iniquity Covering up someone’s iniquity so that it cannot be seen represents refusing to think about it. Alternate translation: “you would hide my iniquity” or “you would ignore my iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 14 18 n4gl 0 General Information: Job continues speaking to God. JOB 14 18 hga3 figs-doublet 0 mountains fall and come to nothing “Come to nothing” here is an idiom meaning be completely destroyed. This phrase expands on the word “fall” and emphasizes complete destruction. Alternate translation: “mountains completely fall apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JOB 14 18 h2q3 figs-activepassive 0 rocks are moved out of their place This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “rocks tumble down from their place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOB 14 19 nc2a figs-simile 0 Like this, you destroy the hope of man If it is easier in your language, you can put this phrase at the beginning of verse 18 and adjust the text accordingly. Alternate translation: “You destroy the hope of man, just like…dust of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JOB 14 19 nc2a figs-simile 0 Like this, you destroy the hope of man If it is easier in your language, you can put this phrase at the beginning of verse 18 and adjust the text accordingly. Alternate translation: “You destroy the hope of man, just like … dust of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 14 19 dj8q figs-metaphor 0 you destroy the hope of man Destroying hope represents causing the things people hope for not to happen. Alternate translation: “You prevent the hope of man from happening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 14 19 usl5 figs-abstractnouns 0 the hope of man The abstract noun “hopes” can be expressed with the verb “hope.” Alternate translation: “the things that man hopes for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 14 20 lnf7 0 General Information: Job continues speaking to God. @@ -869,13 +869,13 @@ JOB 15 8 z3rg figs-rquestion 0 Do you limit wisdom to yourself? This rhetorical JOB 15 9 afn9 figs-rquestion 0 What do you know that we do not know? The implicit answer here is “nothing.” This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing that you know that we do not know.” or “Everything you know, we also know.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 15 9 dt5n figs-rquestion 0 What do you understand that is not also in us? This speaks of the men having understanding as if it were something “inside” them. Alternate translation: “Everything you understand, we also understand.” or “We understand everything that you understand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 15 10 e1wm figs-metaphor 0 With us are both the gray-headed and the very aged men Eliphaz speaks of him and the other men having learned wisdom from older men and wisdom that had been passed down from men of previous generations as if these older men were physically present with them. Alternate translation: “We acquired wisdom from old gray-haired people, from people who were born before your father was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 15 11 w8rr 0 Are the consolations of God…gentle toward you? This rhetorical question is an accusation, with the implicit answer to the question being “yes.” This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You must think that the consolations of God are too small for you, the words that are gentle toward you” +JOB 15 11 w8rr 0 Are the consolations of God … gentle toward you? This rhetorical question is an accusation, with the implicit answer to the question being “yes.” This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You must think that the consolations of God are too small for you, the words that are gentle toward you” JOB 15 11 lg22 0 consolations “comforts” or “sympathies” JOB 15 12 bbd3 figs-metonymy 0 Why does your heart carry you away? Here the “heart” represents a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “Why do your emotions take you away?” or “Why do you allow your emotions to guide your decisions?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 15 12 c87r figs-explicit 0 Why do your eyes flash This probably refers to Job appearing angry, specifically the appearance of his eyes. Alternate translation: “Why do your eyes look angry” or “Why are you angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 15 13 q3sz figs-synecdoche 0 turn your spirit Here the “spirit” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “turn yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 15 13 v2f5 figs-explicit 0 bring out such words from your mouth This describes him speaking. Alternate translation: “so you say harsh things against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOB 15 14 ha68 figs-parallelism 0 What is man…What is he who is born These two questions are basically the same and are used together to emphasize that a man cannot be perfect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 15 14 ha68 figs-parallelism 0 What is man … What is he who is born These two questions are basically the same and are used together to emphasize that a man cannot be perfect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 15 14 n6c7 figs-rquestion 0 What is man that he should be clean? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that a man cannot be completely “clean.” This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “A man, he cannot be completely clean.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 15 14 u6tx figs-metaphor 0 clean A person who God considers spiritually acceptable is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 15 14 z1zl figs-rquestion 0 What is he who is born of a woman that he should be righteous? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that a man cannot be completely “righteous.” This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “A man who is born from a woman cannot be completely righteous.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -917,7 +917,7 @@ JOB 15 30 a9ha figs-metonymy 0 the breath of God’s mouth Here God’s “brea JOB 15 30 rxv1 figs-euphemism 0 he will go away This refers to him dying. Alternate translation: “he will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JOB 15 31 lr37 figs-ellipsis 0 for uselessness will be his reward This is implied that this is what will happen if he trusts in useless things. Alternate translation: “for if he trusts in them, uselessness will be his reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JOB 15 32 s26k figs-metaphor 0 his branch will not be green This speaks of the man looking pale and dead as if he were a dried out stalk or tree branch. Alternate translation: “he will look dead, just like the branch of a dead tree does not look green” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 15 33 nci7 figs-parallelism 0 He will drop his…he will cast off his These two lines give a similar image, which is repeated to emphasize that this will surely happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 15 33 nci7 figs-parallelism 0 He will drop his … he will cast off his These two lines give a similar image, which is repeated to emphasize that this will surely happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 15 33 beb8 figs-metaphor 0 He will drop his unripe grapes like a grapevine This speaks of the wicked man growing weak and dying as if he were a grapevine dropping unripe grapes. Alternate translation: “Just like a grapevine drops its unripe grapes, so the wicked man will drop his strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 15 33 g676 figs-metaphor 0 he will cast off his flowers like the olive tree This speaks of the wicked man growing weak and dying as if he were an olive tree dropping its flowers. Alternate translation: “just like an olive tree loses its flowers, so the wicked man will lose his strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 15 34 rr5n 0 the company of godless people “the group of godless people” @@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ JOB 16 8 z1f4 figs-explicit 0 You have made me dry up This means that Job’s b JOB 16 8 pz4y figs-personification 0 which itself is a witness against me Job describes the shriveling of his body as if it were an accuser against him. Alternate translation: “and people think that shows me to be a sinner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 16 8 t163 figs-personification 0 the leanness of my body rises up against me, and it testifies against Job describes the thinness of his body as if it were accuser against him. Alternate translation: “They see how thin my body is, and they think that proves that I am guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 16 8 wiw6 figs-synecdoche 0 against my face Here Job is referred to by his “face.” Alternate translation: “against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JOB 16 9 a6fe figs-metaphor 0 God has torn me in his wrath and persecuted me…as he tears me apart This speaks of God causing Job pain as if God were a wild animal and Job were his prey that he was killing. Alternate translation: “Because God is very angry with me, it is as though he were a wild animal that tore my body apart with his teeth because he was my enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 16 9 a6fe figs-metaphor 0 God has torn me in his wrath and persecuted me … as he tears me apart This speaks of God causing Job pain as if God were a wild animal and Job were his prey that he was killing. Alternate translation: “Because God is very angry with me, it is as though he were a wild animal that tore my body apart with his teeth because he was my enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 16 9 crc6 0 my enemy Job refers to God as his “enemy” as he describes how he has caused him great pain. JOB 16 9 c555 figs-idiom 0 fastens his eyes on me This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “glares at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 16 10 i21w 0 People have gaped with open mouth To “gape” means to stare in amazement with open mouth. @@ -1011,18 +1011,18 @@ JOB 17 12 m4j6 figs-doublet 0 These people, these mockers These two phrases ref JOB 17 12 m8i8 figs-metaphor 0 change the night into day This speaks of the people claiming that night is day as if they actually changed night into day. Alternate translation: “claim it is daytime when it is night” or “say the opposite of what is true, just as night is the opposite of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 17 12 fif1 figs-explicit 0 light is near to darkness It is implied that the mockers claim that it is light when it is close to dark. Alternate translation: “they claim that light is near to darkness” or “they claim that when it is becoming dark, that it is getting light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 17 13 iy1d 0 General Information: Job continues to speak. -JOB 17 13 pj8i figs-hypo 0 If the only home…and if I have spread The instances of “if” here have the meaning of “since”; Job is speaking as if all these things were true. “Since the only home…and since I have spread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JOB 17 13 pj8i figs-hypo 0 If the only home … and if I have spread The instances of “if” here have the meaning of “since”; Job is speaking as if all these things were true. “Since the only home … and since I have spread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOB 17 13 h88c figs-metaphor 0 have spread my couch in the darkness Here Job speaks of being prepared to die as having laid his bed in the darkness. Alternate translation: “have prepared myself to go and sleep among the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 17 13 kx3d 0 have spread my couch “have made my bed” JOB 17 14 m7hf figs-hypo 0 if I have said The word “if” here has the meaning of “since”; Job is speaking as if this were true. “since I have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JOB 17 14 ud6f figs-parallelism 0 I have said to the pit…and to the worm These two lines are a variation to each other and are used together to emphasize how desperate Job is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 17 14 ud6f figs-parallelism 0 I have said to the pit … and to the worm These two lines are a variation to each other and are used together to emphasize how desperate Job is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 17 14 z4yk 0 the pit “the grave” JOB 17 14 uwb3 figs-metaphor 0 You are my father Job speaks of the closeness he will soon have with his grave by comparing it to the closeness a man has with his father. Alternate translation: “You are as close to me as my father” or “When I am buried, you will be as close to me as a father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 17 14 nrr3 0 the worm “the maggot.” Worms are the small creatures that eat dead bodies. JOB 17 14 e6lb figs-metaphor 0 You are my mother or my sister Job speaks of the closeness he will soon have with the worms in his grave by comparing it to the closeness a man has with his mother and sisters. Alternate translation: “You are as close to me as my mother or my sister” or “You will be as close to me as a mother or sister” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 17 15 zb7d figs-rquestion 0 where then is my hope? The implicit answer is “nowhere,” because he has no hope. This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have no hope.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 17 15 g6bv figs-rquestion 0 As for my hope, who can see any? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that no one expects him to have any hope. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can see any hope for me.” or “No one expects me to have any more hope.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 17 16 h77p figs-rquestion 0 Will hope go down with me…dust? The implicit answer is “no.” This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Hope will not go down with me…dust.” or “I will no longer hope when I go down…dust.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 17 16 h77p figs-rquestion 0 Will hope go down with me … dust? The implicit answer is “no.” This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Hope will not go down with me … dust.” or “I will no longer hope when I go down … dust.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 17 16 yx83 figs-metaphor 0 gates of Sheol Sheol does not really have gates, but it is a metaphor for Job entering Sheol. Alternate translation: “when I go into Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 17 16 ajw5 0 when we “when I and the things that I hope for” or “when I and my hopes.” The word “we” refers to Job and his hope. JOB 17 16 z16e figs-idiom 0 descend to the dust This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “die and are buried” or “go to the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1052,10 +1052,10 @@ JOB 18 8 t3iw figs-metaphor 0 For he will be thrown into a net by his own feet; JOB 18 8 fl11 0 a net cords or ropes that people weave together to create a mesh. People used nets to catch animals. JOB 18 8 wa1n 0 a pitfall a pit that has branches and leaves over it so that an animal will walk onto the branches and leaves and fall into the pit JOB 18 9 p9gz figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Bildad continues to speak and uses three parallel images to describe how suddenly the wicked person will experience disaster. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JOB 18 9 t6fv figs-metaphor 0 A trap will take him…a snare will These four phrases speak of the wicked man experiencing disaster as if he were caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “It will be as though a trap will take him…a snare will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 18 9 t6fv figs-metaphor 0 A trap will take him … a snare will These four phrases speak of the wicked man experiencing disaster as if he were caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “It will be as though a trap will take him … a snare will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 18 9 jr8g 0 A trap People used this kind of trap to catch birds. The trap snapped shut and held on to the foot of the bird. JOB 18 9 dnn6 figs-synecdoche 0 will take him by the heel Here the “heel” refers to the whole foot. Alternate translation: “will take hold of his foot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JOB 18 10 u5yk figs-metaphor 0 A noose is…and a trap for him in the way These four phrases speak of the wicked man experiencing disaster as if he were caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “It will be as though a noose is…and a trap for him in the way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 18 10 u5yk figs-metaphor 0 A noose is … and a trap for him in the way These four phrases speak of the wicked man experiencing disaster as if he were caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “It will be as though a noose is … and a trap for him in the way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 18 10 q4wx figs-activepassive 0 A noose is hidden for him on the ground This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has hidden a noose on the ground in order to catch him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 18 10 xp42 0 A noose a rope with a loop that grabs hold of an animal’s leg when the animal steps in the middle of the loop JOB 18 10 f193 figs-ellipsis 0 a trap for him The understood verbal phrase “is hidden” may be supplied. Alternate translation: “a trap is hidden on the path to catch him” or “someone will hide a trap to catch him in the way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -1073,21 +1073,21 @@ JOB 18 14 atl1 figs-explicit 0 the king of terrors This is a reference to “Ki JOB 18 15 n4sy 0 People not his own “People who are not his family” JOB 18 15 fpm9 figs-activepassive 0 after they see that sulfur is scattered within his home People used sulfur to get rid of any diseases from a dying person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “after they spread sulfur all over his home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 18 16 qa6m 0 General Information: Bildad continues to describe the wicked person. -JOB 18 16 uul5 figs-metaphor 0 His roots will be dried up…branch be cut off This speaks of the wicked man dying and having no descendants as if he were a tree whose roots dried up and branches withered, producing no fruit. Alternate translation: “He will die and leave no descendants, he will be like a tree whose roots have dried up and whose branches have all withered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 18 16 uul5 figs-metaphor 0 His roots will be dried up … branch be cut off This speaks of the wicked man dying and having no descendants as if he were a tree whose roots dried up and branches withered, producing no fruit. Alternate translation: “He will die and leave no descendants, he will be like a tree whose roots have dried up and whose branches have all withered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 18 16 u1by figs-activepassive 0 will his branch be cut off This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “his branches will wither” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 18 17 y9j9 figs-parallelism 0 His memory will perish from the earth; he will have no name in the street These phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize the fact that nobody will remember him after he dies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 18 17 m6xw figs-metaphor 0 His memory will perish from the earth This speaks of the “memory” of the wicked man as if it were a person who died. Alternate translation: “No one on the earth will remember him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 18 17 fs6r figs-idiom 0 he will have no name in the street This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “no one walking along the street will even remember his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 18 18 arw9 0 General Information: Bildad continues to describe the wicked person. -JOB 18 18 k7ju figs-parallelism 0 He will be driven from light into darkness…and be chased out of this world These phrases together emphasize the fact that the wicked person will be sent to Sheol, the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 18 18 k7ju figs-parallelism 0 He will be driven from light into darkness … and be chased out of this world These phrases together emphasize the fact that the wicked person will be sent to Sheol, the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 18 18 er2m figs-activepassive 0 He will be driven from light into darkness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will drive the wicked person from light into darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 18 18 w8ix figs-metonymy 0 from light into darkness The word “light” refers to life, and the word “darkness” refers to death. Alternate translation: “from the light of life to the darkness of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 18 18 pgz1 figs-metaphor 0 be chased out of this world This speaks of God making him leave earth and go where dead people go as if he were chasing him. Alternate translation: “God will make him leave this world” or “God will send him to the place where dead people go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 18 18 dr9v figs-activepassive 0 be chased out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will chase him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOB 18 19 u2ga figs-parallelism 0 He will have no son…nor any remaining kinfolk where he had stayed Together these two phrases emphasize that he will have no family or descendants left. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 18 19 u2ga figs-parallelism 0 He will have no son … nor any remaining kinfolk where he had stayed Together these two phrases emphasize that he will have no family or descendants left. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 18 19 chi9 0 son’s son “grandson” or “grandchild” JOB 18 19 asp3 0 kinfolk “relatives” -JOB 18 20 wn9y figs-merism 0 Those who live in the west…those who live in the east will be frightened by it The phrases “in the west” and “in the east” are together a merism that refers to all people living everywhere. This is an exaggeration as not everyone on the earth will hear about what happened to a specific wicked person. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the whole world will be horrified and frightened when they see what happens to the wicked person” or “Many people who live in the east and in the west will be horrified and frightened when they see what happens to the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JOB 18 20 wn9y figs-merism 0 Those who live in the west … those who live in the east will be frightened by it The phrases “in the west” and “in the east” are together a merism that refers to all people living everywhere. This is an exaggeration as not everyone on the earth will hear about what happened to a specific wicked person. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the whole world will be horrified and frightened when they see what happens to the wicked person” or “Many people who live in the east and in the west will be horrified and frightened when they see what happens to the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JOB 18 20 r4pt 0 one day “someday” JOB 18 21 w31s 0 General Information: Bildad continues to describe the wicked person. JOB 18 21 da3s figs-parallelism 0 the homes of unrighteous people, the places of those who do not know God These two phrases have the same meaning and refer to the same people. Here these people are referred to by the places where they live. Alternate translation: “unrighteous people, those who do not know God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1113,9 +1113,9 @@ JOB 19 7 bp47 0 See, I cry out “Pay attention, because what I am about to sa JOB 19 7 zyg9 figs-explicit 0 Violence! This is a cry for help. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Violence! Help!” or “Help! I am being attacked!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 19 7 i3lc 0 I call out for help “I shout for help” or “I cry for help” JOB 19 7 i4w8 figs-abstractnouns 0 but there is no justice The abstract noun “justice” can be translated with a phrase that makes the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “but no one protects me from those who do me wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOB 19 8 dpr7 figs-metaphor 0 He has walled up…darkness in my path Job uses these images to describe how God has made him feel helpless and hopeless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 19 8 dpr7 figs-metaphor 0 He has walled up … darkness in my path Job uses these images to describe how God has made him feel helpless and hopeless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 19 8 ly9g 0 He has walled up my way so that I cannot pass “God has put a wall on the road that I am walking on” or “He has blocked the way so I cannot keep going” -JOB 19 9 wfj7 figs-metaphor 0 He has stripped…the crown from my head Job uses these images to say that God has taken his good reputation, wealth, and dignity away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 19 9 wfj7 figs-metaphor 0 He has stripped … the crown from my head Job uses these images to say that God has taken his good reputation, wealth, and dignity away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 19 9 hjr9 figs-metaphor 0 He has stripped me of my glory Job speaks of his glory as if it were a robe that God has taken away. Alternate translation: “He has taken away my glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 19 9 rf7s figs-metaphor 0 he has taken the crown from my head The crown refers to Job’s dignity or honor. Alternate translation: “he has taken away my dignity and honor” or “it is as though he has taken my crown off my head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 19 10 qh54 0 General Information: Job continues to speak to his three friends. @@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ JOB 19 20 lt45 0 My bones cling to my skin and to my flesh “I am just skin a JOB 19 20 ud4z figs-idiom 0 I survive only by the skin of my teeth This idiom means that he is barely surviving, that he almost does not survive. Alternate translation: “I am barely alive” or “I hardly survive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 19 21 ux63 0 Have pity upon me “Have compassion on me” JOB 19 21 tbg5 figs-metonymy 0 for the hand of God has touched me Here “touched me” is a metonym for “hit me.” And, “hand” represents God’s power. Causing Job to suffer is spoken of as if Yahweh were physically hitting him with his hand. Alternate translation: “because God has afflicted me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 19 22 g28h figs-rquestion 0 Why do you pursue me…God does? Job uses this question to complain about how his friends are treating him. Alternate translation: “Do not persecute me…God does!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 19 22 g28h figs-rquestion 0 Why do you pursue me … God does? Job uses this question to complain about how his friends are treating him. Alternate translation: “Do not persecute me … God does!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 19 22 c296 figs-rquestion 0 Will you ever be satisfied with my flesh? Job uses this question to complain about how his friends are treating him. Alternate translation: “You have consumed my flesh enough!” or “Stop consuming my flesh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 19 22 y17f figs-metaphor 0 Will you ever be satisfied with my flesh? Job speaks of his friends speaking so cruelly to him as if they were wild beasts eating up another animal. Alternate translation: “Stop violently slandering me.” or “Stop attacking me with your words.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 19 23 gs1m 0 General Information: Job continues to speak to his three friends. @@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@ JOB 19 24 nd22 0 lead Lead is a soft metal. We do not know how people used lea JOB 19 25 b73i 0 General Information: Job continues to speak to his three friends. JOB 19 25 q57z 0 my Redeemer “My Defender.” Here “Redeemer” refers to a person who will rescue Job by proving Job’s innocence, restoring his honor, and giving him justice. JOB 19 25 yy3q figs-metonymy 0 at last he will stand on the earth This refers to standing to speak in court. This could mean: (1) the Redeemer will be the last one to speak in the court. Alternate translation: “he will judge whether or not I am guilty” or (2) the Redeemer will stand in this final court to defend Job. Alternate translation: “at last he will defend me in court” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOB 19 26 t5gt 0 after my skin…is destroyed Possible meanings are that this refers to (1) his body being destroyed by disease or (2) his body decaying after he has died. +JOB 19 26 t5gt 0 after my skin … is destroyed Possible meanings are that this refers to (1) his body being destroyed by disease or (2) his body decaying after he has died. JOB 19 26 p2pl figs-metonymy 0 in my flesh I will see God His flesh represents his body, and “in my flesh” represents being alive. Alternate translation: “while I live in my body, I will see God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 19 27 m1wt figs-synecdoche 0 my own eyes—I, and not someone else The synecdoche “my own eyes” represents Job. The phrases “my eyes” and “and not someone else” emphasize that Job himself will actually see God. It is not that someone else will see God and tell Job about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 19 27 c3pc figs-metaphor 0 My heart fails within me People thought of the heart as being where the emotions are. So the heart failing represents him having very many emotions. Alternate translation: “I am very emotional about it” or “My emotions overwhelm me as I think about that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1189,9 +1189,9 @@ JOB 20 3 pk2s figs-personification 0 a spirit from my understanding answers me JOB 20 3 dt4l figs-explicit 0 a spirit from my understanding answers me The content of the answer can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “a thought from my understanding answers me about how I can reply to you” or “I have a thought from my understanding, and now I know how I can reply to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 20 3 dha7 figs-abstractnouns 0 a spirit from my understanding answers me The abstract nouns “spirit” and “understanding” can be expressed with the verbs “think” and “understand.” Alternate translation: “because I understand things, I have thought, and now I know how I can reply to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 20 4 sb6w 0 General Information: Zophar continues speaking with Job. -JOB 20 4 um5p 0 Do you not know this fact from ancient times…man on earth Zophar begins a rhetorical question to cause Job to think deeply about what he will now say. +JOB 20 4 um5p 0 Do you not know this fact from ancient times … man on earth Zophar begins a rhetorical question to cause Job to think deeply about what he will now say. JOB 20 5 cr4t 0 Connecting Statement: Zophar finishes the rhetorical question he began in verse 4. -JOB 20 5 nhc5 figs-rquestion 0 the triumph…for a moment? Zophar uses a rhetorical question to cause Job to think deeply about what he will now say. This can be translated as a statement. “Surely you know…man on earth; the triumph…for a moment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 20 5 nhc5 figs-rquestion 0 the triumph … for a moment? Zophar uses a rhetorical question to cause Job to think deeply about what he will now say. This can be translated as a statement. “Surely you know … man on earth; the triumph … for a moment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 20 5 ubq8 figs-abstractnouns 0 the triumph of a wicked man is short The abstract noun “triumph” can be expressed with the verbs “triumph” or “celebrate.” Alternate translation: “the wicked man triumphs only a short time” or “the wicked person celebrates for only a little while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 20 5 u62f figs-abstractnouns 0 the joy of a godless man lasts only for a moment The abstract noun “joy” can be expressed with the verb “rejoice” or the adjective “happy.” The word “moment” is an exaggeration to emphasize that the time is very short. Alternate translation: “a godless man rejoices for only a moment” or “the godless man is happy for only a very short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JOB 20 6 tc5t 0 General Information: Zophar continues speaking to Job. @@ -1202,7 +1202,7 @@ JOB 20 7 b9xv figs-simile 0 will perish permanently like his own feces Feces mi JOB 20 7 x122 figs-simile 0 will perish permanently like his own feces If people are embarrassed about the word feces, translators may refer to something else that disappears completely. Alternate translation: “will disappear permanently like dust that the wind blows away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 20 8 vvz8 0 General Information: Zophar continues speaking to Job. JOB 20 8 sfs4 0 He will “The wicked person will” -JOB 20 8 rep3 figs-parallelism 0 He will fly away like a dream…he will be chased away like a vision of the night Here “fly away” and “be chased away” represent disappearing. They may also imply being forgotten, since dreams and visions disappear when people forget them. Alternate translation: “He will disappear like a dream…he will be forgotten like a vision of the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JOB 20 8 rep3 figs-parallelism 0 He will fly away like a dream … he will be chased away like a vision of the night Here “fly away” and “be chased away” represent disappearing. They may also imply being forgotten, since dreams and visions disappear when people forget them. Alternate translation: “He will disappear like a dream … he will be forgotten like a vision of the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 20 8 byk9 figs-activepassive 0 will not be found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will find him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 20 9 xu8t figs-synecdoche 0 The eye that saw him The eye represents a person. Alternate translation: “Anyone who saw him” or “The people who saw him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 20 9 x7cu figs-metonymy 0 his place The phrase “his place” represents those who live in his place. Alternate translation: “the people who live in his place” or “his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@ JOB 20 10 g9wj 0 General Information: Zophar continues speaking to Job. JOB 20 10 v5ee 0 His children “The wicked person’s children” JOB 20 10 lji7 figs-metonymy 0 his hands will have to give back his wealth Here the word “hands” refers to the wicked man’s children. When he dies, his children will have to return everything that he took from others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 20 11 re6y figs-synecdoche 0 His bones are full of youthful strength The word “bones” represents his body. Being “full of youthful strength” represents being strong like a young person. Alternate translation: “His body is strong like a young person’s body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 20 11 je7r figs-metonymy 0 but it will lie down with him in the dust The word “it” refers to his youthful strength. The metonym “lie down…in the dust” represents dying. The strength dying is a metaphor for disappearing. Alternate translation: “but his youthful strength will die with him” or “but his youthful strength will disappear when he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 20 11 je7r figs-metonymy 0 but it will lie down with him in the dust The word “it” refers to his youthful strength. The metonym “lie down … in the dust” represents dying. The strength dying is a metaphor for disappearing. Alternate translation: “but his youthful strength will die with him” or “but his youthful strength will disappear when he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 20 12 tar1 0 General Information: Zophar continues speaking to Job. JOB 20 12 w36z figs-metaphor 0 Although wickedness is sweet in his mouth Here “wickedness is sweet” represents a person enjoying doing wicked things. Alternate translation: “Although doing wicked things is pleasurable like tasting sweet food in the mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 20 12 nj4p figs-metaphor 0 although he hides it under his tongue Zophar speaks of wickedness as if it were sweet food that a person puts under his tongue so it will stay in his mouth and he can taste it for a long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1219,7 +1219,7 @@ JOB 20 14 n7jw figs-metaphor 0 the food in his intestines turns bitter When foo JOB 20 14 zrn4 figs-metaphor 0 it becomes the poison of asps inside him This image is even worse than sour food in the stomach. This is a metaphor for a person experiencing the terrible consequences of doing wicked things. Alternate translation: “the consequences of doing those wicked things are painful like the poison of asps inside him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 20 14 lnj1 0 asps poisonous snakes JOB 20 15 zpd6 0 General Information: Zophar continues speaking to Job. -JOB 20 15 hs62 figs-metaphor 0 He swallows down riches…cast them out of his stomach Zophar speaks of gaining and losing wealth as if it were food that a person eats and vomits. Alternate translation: “The wicked person becomes very wealthy, but he loses his wealth like a person who vomits up his food. God causes him to lose it all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 20 15 hs62 figs-metaphor 0 He swallows down riches … cast them out of his stomach Zophar speaks of gaining and losing wealth as if it were food that a person eats and vomits. Alternate translation: “The wicked person becomes very wealthy, but he loses his wealth like a person who vomits up his food. God causes him to lose it all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 20 15 r51k figs-metaphor 0 He swallows down riches Possible meanings are that “swallows down riches” represents (1) accumulating riches and storing them selfishly. Alternate translation: “The wicked man gains much wealth and keeps it all for himself” or (2) accumulating riches in wicked ways. Alternate translation: “The wicked man steals many riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 20 15 t47g figs-metonymy 0 God will cast them out of his stomach Here “cast them out of his stomach” is a metonym for causing the man to vomit them. This is a metaphor for causing the man to lose his riches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 20 15 iu2m 0 cast throw @@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ JOB 20 18 w9e5 figs-metaphor 0 will not be able to eat it Here “to eat” the JOB 20 21 e2vt figs-doublenegatives 0 There is nothing left that he did not devour This can be reworded with only one of the negatives. Alternate translation: “He devoured everything, and there is nothing left” or “There is nothing left because he devoured everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) JOB 20 21 zi35 figs-metaphor 0 There is nothing left that he did not devour Here “devour” represents taking things for himself. Alternate translation: “There is nothing left that he did not take for himself” or “He took everything for himself, and there is nothing left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 20 22 k3n2 0 he will fall into trouble “he will suddenly experience trouble” -JOB 20 22 tq3y figs-metonymy 0 the hand of everyone who is in poverty will come against him Here “hand” represents power, and “hand…will come against him” represents people attacking him. The abstract noun “poverty” can be expressed with the adjective “poor.” Alternate translation: “everyone who is in poverty will attack him” or “everyone who is poor will attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JOB 20 22 tq3y figs-metonymy 0 the hand of everyone who is in poverty will come against him Here “hand” represents power, and “hand … will come against him” represents people attacking him. The abstract noun “poverty” can be expressed with the adjective “poor.” Alternate translation: “everyone who is in poverty will attack him” or “everyone who is poor will attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 20 23 d3ga 0 General Information: Zophar continues speaking to Job. JOB 20 23 d4yy figs-metonymy 0 to fill his stomach Here “fill his stomach” is a metonym meaning eat a lot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 20 23 kha9 figs-metaphor 0 God will throw the fierceness of his wrath on him The “fierceness of his wrath” represents God’s anger and punishment. Throwing the punishment on him represents punishing him severely. Alternate translation: “God will be angry and throw down his punishment on him” or “God will be angry and punish him severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ JOB 20 26 w5yg figs-metaphor 0 Complete darkness is reserved for his treasures JOB 20 26 syj5 figs-metaphor 0 a fire not fanned will devour him Here “devour” is a metaphor meaning destroy. Alternate translation: “a fire that is not fanned will destroy him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 20 26 w47r figs-explicit 0 a fire not fanned will devour him The phrase “not fanned” implies that no human will start the fire. Rather, God will cause the fire. Alternate translation: “a fire that is not started by humans will destroy him” or “God will cause a fire to destroy him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 20 26 qsw9 figs-metaphor 0 it will consume Here “consume” is a metaphor meaning destroy. Alternate translation: “the fire will destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 20 27 v1vg figs-metonymy 0 The heavens…the earth Possible meanings are: (1) those who live in the heavens and the earth or (2) Zophar is describing the heavens and the earth as if they are humans who will testify in court against the wicked person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JOB 20 27 v1vg figs-metonymy 0 The heavens … the earth Possible meanings are: (1) those who live in the heavens and the earth or (2) Zophar is describing the heavens and the earth as if they are humans who will testify in court against the wicked person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 20 28 pfc3 0 General Information: This concludes Zophar’s speech to Job. JOB 20 28 u2v7 0 vanish disappear JOB 20 28 r6s5 figs-metaphor 0 his goods will flow away on Here “flow away” represents being taken away from him. Alternate translation: “his goods will be taken away from him, like goods that float away in a flood, on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1265,8 +1265,8 @@ JOB 21 5 lu7q translate-symaction 0 lay your hand upon your mouth “cover your JOB 21 6 f8uu 0 trembling seizes my body “fear causes my body to tremble” or “I shake with fear” JOB 21 7 suz1 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to his friends. JOB 21 7 i446 figs-rquestion 0 Why do wicked people continue to live, become old, and grow mighty in power? Job uses this question to show that his friends are wrong to think evil men always suffer. Alternate translation: “Wicked people indeed continue to live, become old, and become wealthier.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 21 8 w7je figs-parallelism 0 Their descendants are established with them in their sight…their offspring are established before their eyes This two clauses mean the same thing and emphasize that this is true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JOB 21 8 n4np figs-parallelism 0 in their sight…before their eyes These phrases mean the same thing because “eyes” refers to sight. Wicked people get to watch their descendants grow strong and wealthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JOB 21 8 w7je figs-parallelism 0 Their descendants are established with them in their sight … their offspring are established before their eyes This two clauses mean the same thing and emphasize that this is true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 21 8 n4np figs-parallelism 0 in their sight … before their eyes These phrases mean the same thing because “eyes” refers to sight. Wicked people get to watch their descendants grow strong and wealthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 21 9 e8z5 figs-metonymy 0 Their houses Here “houses” refers to the family members that lives in them. Alternate translation: “Their families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 21 9 u9sb figs-metonymy 0 rod of God This refers to God’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 21 10 v7y4 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to his friends. @@ -1280,11 +1280,11 @@ JOB 21 14 fm9x 0 your ways This refers to how God wants people to behave. JOB 21 15 k5g5 figs-rquestion 0 What is the Almighty, that we should worship him? What advantage would we get if we prayed to him? The wicked people use these questions to mock God. Alternate translation: “We do not believe that this Almighty God is worthy of our worship. He can do nothing for us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 21 16 ke4m 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to his friends. JOB 21 16 t984 figs-metonymy 0 See, is not their prosperity in their own hands? Here “hands” refers to their power or control. Job uses this question to challenge his friends. Alternate translation: “Look, these wicked people claim that they make themselves prosper!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 21 17 d4mw figs-rquestion 0 How often is it…their calamity comes upon them? Job uses this question to emphasize that it seems to him that God does not punish the wicked very often. Alternate translation: “It is not often…their calamity comes upon them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 21 17 d4mw figs-rquestion 0 How often is it … their calamity comes upon them? Job uses this question to emphasize that it seems to him that God does not punish the wicked very often. Alternate translation: “It is not often … their calamity comes upon them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 21 17 c9nn figs-metaphor 0 the lamp of wicked people is put out Job compares extinguishing the lamp to a person dying. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that God causes them to die suddenly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 21 17 g7cl figs-metaphor 0 the lamp of wicked people Job compares the life of the wicked to a lamp that is burning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 21 17 bmg2 figs-rquestion 0 How often does it happen…in his anger? Job uses this second question to emphasize that it seems to him that God does not punish the wicked very often. Alternate translation: “It is not often…in his anger.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 21 18 lhr9 figs-rquestion 0 How often is it…the storm carries away? Job uses this third question to emphasize that it seems to him that God does not punish the wicked very often. Alternate translation: “It is not often…the storm carries away.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 21 17 bmg2 figs-rquestion 0 How often does it happen … in his anger? Job uses this second question to emphasize that it seems to him that God does not punish the wicked very often. Alternate translation: “It is not often … in his anger.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 21 18 lhr9 figs-rquestion 0 How often is it … the storm carries away? Job uses this third question to emphasize that it seems to him that God does not punish the wicked very often. Alternate translation: “It is not often … the storm carries away.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 21 18 a6g9 figs-simile 0 they become like stubble before the wind or like chaff that the storm carries away The death of the wicked is spoken of as if they were worthless less chaff and stubble that blows away. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God takes them away like the wind blows away the chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 21 19 sac1 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to his friends. JOB 21 19 gwj5 0 You say These words are added by most versions in order to make it clear that the Job is quoting his friends in the next statement. @@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@ JOB 21 22 yte9 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to his friends. JOB 21 22 ail2 figs-rquestion 0 Can anyone teach God knowledge since he judges even those who are high? Job asks this question to emphasize that God knows everything. Alternate translation: “Obviously, no one can teach anything to God since he even judges those in heaven.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 21 22 x9p8 0 those who are high This could mean: (1) “those who are in heaven” or (2) “powerful people.” JOB 21 23 krv3 figs-explicit 0 One man dies in his full strength Job contrasts this man who dies in health and peace to the man who dies in sorrow and pain in [Job 21:25](../21/25.md). You can make this explicit. Alternate translation: “If there are two men, one may die in his full strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOB 21 24 mli3 figs-parallelism 0 His body is full of milk…the marrow of his bones is moist Both of these phrases mean that the person is very healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 21 24 mli3 figs-parallelism 0 His body is full of milk … the marrow of his bones is moist Both of these phrases mean that the person is very healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 21 24 sa7q figs-idiom 0 His body is full of milk The word for “milk” may mean “fat.” Either rendering means he is well-fed. Alternate translation: “His body if full of fat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 21 24 uug7 figs-idiom 0 the marrow of his bones is moist This idiom means his body is youthful and healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 21 25 k7cw 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to his friends. @@ -1314,8 +1314,8 @@ JOB 21 28 n1y2 figs-rquestion 0 Where now is the house of the prince? Where is JOB 21 29 czd4 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to his friends. JOB 21 29 asa9 figs-rquestion 0 Have you never asked traveling people? Job uses these questions to rebuke his friends for not learning from people who travel. Alternate translation: “You should listen to those who have traveled to distant places.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 21 30 q7hn 0 Connecting Statement: Job finishes asking a rhetorical question that begins with the words “Do you not know” in verse 29. -JOB 21 30 x25q figs-rquestion 0 the wicked man is kept…from the day of wrath? Job uses these questions to rebuke his friends for not learning from people who travel. “Those who have traveled to distant places will tell you…from the day of wrath.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 21 30 wy2e figs-activepassive 0 the wicked man is kept from the day of calamity…he is led away from the day of wrath This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God keeps the wicked man from the day of calamity…God leads him away from the day of wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JOB 21 30 x25q figs-rquestion 0 the wicked man is kept … from the day of wrath? Job uses these questions to rebuke his friends for not learning from people who travel. “Those who have traveled to distant places will tell you … from the day of wrath.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 21 30 wy2e figs-activepassive 0 the wicked man is kept from the day of calamity … he is led away from the day of wrath This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God keeps the wicked man from the day of calamity … God leads him away from the day of wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 21 31 ri98 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to his friends. JOB 21 31 b6yh figs-rquestion 0 Who will condemn the wicked man’s way to his face? Job uses this question to contradict his friends’ belief that the wicked are always judged. Alternate translation: “No one condemns the wicked man to his face.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 21 31 wlf1 figs-idiom 0 to his face This means no one will go directly to the wicked person and condemn him personally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1336,14 +1336,14 @@ JOB 22 6 z1dn 0 Connecting Statement: Eliphaz continues speaking to Job. JOB 22 6 hip2 0 you have demanded guarantee of a loan This refers to a lender taking something from the borrower to ensure that the borrower pays him back. JOB 22 6 qq5g 0 you have stripped away clothing from the naked Eliphaz is accusing Job of taking clothes as security from poor people who borrowed from him. JOB 22 7 q9nb figs-synecdoche 0 withheld bread Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “withheld food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JOB 22 8 dj3n figs-parallelism 0 possessed the earth…lived in it Eliphaz is accusing Job of taking land from poor people and not allowing them to live on it. He is emphasizing this point by restating it twice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 22 8 dj3n figs-parallelism 0 possessed the earth … lived in it Eliphaz is accusing Job of taking land from poor people and not allowing them to live on it. He is emphasizing this point by restating it twice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 22 8 gry9 figs-hyperbole 0 possessed the earth Eliphaz is exaggerating the amount of land that Job owned in order to portray Job as greedy. Alternate translation: “possessed a great amount of land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JOB 22 9 ti2j 0 Connecting Statement: Eliphaz continues speaking to Job. JOB 22 9 u5gg 0 You have sent widows away empty “You made widows go away with nothing” JOB 22 9 kyr7 0 widows women whose husbands have died JOB 22 9 pdd7 figs-metonymy 0 the arms of the fatherless have been broken Here “arms” refer to power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you even oppressed orphans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOB 22 10 wdg6 figs-metaphor 0 snares are all around you…sudden fear troubles you These are metaphors for trouble and danger. Alternate translation: “you are always in danger…you become afraid for no reason” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 22 11 kz5f figs-metaphor 0 There is darkness…an abundance of waters covers you Each of these metaphors means troubles and dangers are all around Job because of his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 22 10 wdg6 figs-metaphor 0 snares are all around you … sudden fear troubles you These are metaphors for trouble and danger. Alternate translation: “you are always in danger … you become afraid for no reason” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 22 11 kz5f figs-metaphor 0 There is darkness … an abundance of waters covers you Each of these metaphors means troubles and dangers are all around Job because of his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 22 11 a6pa 0 an abundance of waters “a flood” JOB 22 12 n1zi 0 Connecting Statement: Eliphaz continues speaking to Job. JOB 22 12 st8p figs-rquestion 0 Is not God in the heights of heaven? Eliphaz uses this question to say that God sees Job’s sin and will judge him. Alternate translation: “God is in the heights of heaven and sees everything that happens on earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1384,20 +1384,20 @@ JOB 22 30 wrz4 0 He will rescue even the man who is not innocent; who will be JOB 23 intro fb42 0 # Job 23 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Eliphaz.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Court
This chapter uses an extended metaphor of a court case to describe Job’s “case,” which he seeks to bring to Yahweh, who is a judge. Cultures without a legal system will have difficulty translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 23 2 fi9s 0 Even today my complaint is bitter Here “Even today” emphasizes that his friends arguments have not changed Job’s situation at all. Alternate translation: “In spite of what you have said, my complaint is still bitter” JOB 23 2 ke1p figs-idiom 0 my complaint is bitter Job speaks of his unanswered complaint against God as if it was a bitter taste in his mouth. Alternate translation: “my unanswered complaint is as bad as bitter food in my mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JOB 23 2 cm2j figs-metonymy 0 my hand…heavy because of my groaning This could mean: (1) “I can barely lift my hand because of my groaning” or (2) “God’s hand continues to make me suffer in spite of my groaning” where “hand” refers to God’s power to punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JOB 23 2 cm2j figs-metonymy 0 my hand … heavy because of my groaning This could mean: (1) “I can barely lift my hand because of my groaning” or (2) “God’s hand continues to make me suffer in spite of my groaning” where “hand” refers to God’s power to punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 23 3 k3e2 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking. -JOB 23 3 pn2b figs-parallelism 0 Oh, that I knew where…Oh, that I might come These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize Job’s desire to meet with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 23 3 pn2b figs-parallelism 0 Oh, that I knew where … Oh, that I might come These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize Job’s desire to meet with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 23 3 rpr9 0 I might find him “I might find God” -JOB 23 4 u14t figs-parallelism 0 lay my case…fill my mouth These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize Job’s desire to explain his situation to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 23 4 u14t figs-parallelism 0 lay my case … fill my mouth These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize Job’s desire to explain his situation to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 23 4 vtm3 figs-metonymy 0 fill my mouth with arguments Here “fill my mouth” refers to speaking. Alternate translation: “I would speak all of my arguments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOB 23 5 jln8 figs-parallelism 0 I would learn the words…would understand These two lines mean basically the same thing and emphasize Job’s desire to hear God’s answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 23 5 jln8 figs-parallelism 0 I would learn the words … would understand These two lines mean basically the same thing and emphasize Job’s desire to hear God’s answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 23 5 s5td 0 the words with which he would answer me “the answer that he would give me” JOB 23 6 p72s 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking. JOB 23 6 tw6n 0 Would he “Would God” JOB 23 7 lx63 0 There This refers to the place where God is. JOB 23 7 aw1l figs-activepassive 0 I would be acquitted forever by my judge This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my judge would acquit me forever” or “God, who is my judge, would say that I am innocent once and for all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 23 8 tfb8 figs-merism 0 Job continues speaking. He begins using a merism to say that he has looked everywhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JOB 23 9 ja9l figs-merism 0 north…south This is the end of the merism that begins with the words “eastward…westward” in verse 8. By mentioning these four directions, Job emphasizes that he has looked everywhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +JOB 23 9 ja9l figs-merism 0 north … south This is the end of the merism that begins with the words “eastward … westward” in verse 8. By mentioning these four directions, Job emphasizes that he has looked everywhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JOB 23 9 br9j 0 where he hides himself Job speaks of God as if he is a person who hides. JOB 23 10 x7cb 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking. JOB 23 10 lq4v figs-metaphor 0 he knows the way that I take Job’s actions are spoken of as if he is walking on a path. Alternate translation: “God knows what I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1436,8 +1436,8 @@ JOB 24 4 r5d2 figs-hyperbole 0 poor people of the earth all hide themselves The JOB 24 5 d79k 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking. JOB 24 5 m813 figs-simile 0 these poor people go out to their work like wild donkeys in the wilderness, looking carefully for food These poor people are spoken of as if they are wild donkeys who do not know where they will find food. Alternate translation: “these poor people go out to search for food as if they were wild donkeys in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 24 5 yaj6 0 wild donkeys “donkeys that no one owns or cares for” -JOB 24 6 j8dx figs-parallelism 0 Poor people reap in the night…they glean grapes These two lines describe the same thing and are used together to emphasize that these people are so hungry that they are forced to steal food at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JOB 24 7 u7w8 figs-parallelism 0 They lie naked…they have no covering These two lines describe the same thing and are used together to emphasize that these people do not have enough clothing to keep warm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 24 6 j8dx figs-parallelism 0 Poor people reap in the night … they glean grapes These two lines describe the same thing and are used together to emphasize that these people are so hungry that they are forced to steal food at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 24 7 u7w8 figs-parallelism 0 They lie naked … they have no covering These two lines describe the same thing and are used together to emphasize that these people do not have enough clothing to keep warm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 24 8 a2gx 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking. JOB 24 8 j5eb 0 They are wet with the showers of the mountains “They become wet when it rains in the mountains” JOB 24 9 t1ki figs-synecdoche 0 orphans from their mothers’ breast Here “breast” refers to the mother. This implies that these orphans are still very young. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “young orphans out of their mothers’ arms” or “fatherless infants from their mothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1468,7 +1468,7 @@ JOB 24 17 y5ib 0 the terrors of thick darkness “the scary things that happen JOB 24 18 ay3v 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking. JOB 24 18 f772 figs-simile 0 like foam on the surface of the waters Foam lasts only a short time. This emphasizes how quickly God will cause the wicked to disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 24 18 lat6 figs-activepassive 0 their portion of the land is cursed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God curses the part of the land that they own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOB 24 19 b8g4 figs-simile 0 As drought and heat melt away…those who have sinned Job says that sinners will disappear in Sheol in the same way as snow melts and disappears when it becomes warm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JOB 24 19 b8g4 figs-simile 0 As drought and heat melt away … those who have sinned Job says that sinners will disappear in Sheol in the same way as snow melts and disappears when it becomes warm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 24 19 u6db figs-hendiadys 0 drought and heat These two words describe essentially the same weather and are used together to describe it fully. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) JOB 24 20 hnl6 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking. JOB 24 20 dg9v figs-synecdoche 0 The womb This refers to the mother. Alternate translation: “The mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1496,21 +1496,21 @@ JOB 25 2 t8t1 0 he makes order in his high places of heaven “he makes peace JOB 25 3 agz7 figs-rquestion 0 Is there any end to the number of his armies? Bildad uses this question to emphasize how great God is. The implicit answer is “no.” This refers to the armies of God’s angels. Alternate translation: “There is no end to the number of angels in his army.” or “His armies are so big that no one can count them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 25 3 tb5c figs-rquestion 0 Upon whom does his light not shine? Bildad uses this question to emphasize that God gives light to every person. Alternate translation: “There is no one upon whom his light does not shine.” or “God makes his light shine over everyone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 25 4 gq9p 0 Connecting Statement: Bildad continues speaking. -JOB 25 4 w2pf figs-parallelism 0 How then can man…God? How can he who is born…him? These two questions are used together to emphasize that it is impossible for a man to be good enough before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 25 4 w2pf figs-parallelism 0 How then can man … God? How can he who is born … him? These two questions are used together to emphasize that it is impossible for a man to be good enough before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 25 4 v4y8 figs-rquestion 0 How then can man be righteous with God? The implicit reaction is that he cannot. Alternate translation: “A man can never be righteous before God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 25 4 z1j1 figs-rquestion 0 How can he who is born…acceptable to him? The implicit reaction is that he cannot. Alternate translation: “He who is born of a woman cannot be clean or acceptable to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 25 4 z1j1 figs-rquestion 0 How can he who is born … acceptable to him? The implicit reaction is that he cannot. Alternate translation: “He who is born of a woman cannot be clean or acceptable to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 25 4 kx6l figs-idiom 0 he who is born of a woman This idiom includes everyone. Alternate translation: “any person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 25 5 f8pe 0 See The word “See” here adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Indeed” JOB 25 5 un12 figs-abstractnouns 0 the moon has no brightness to him The abstract noun “brightness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the moon is not bright enough for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 25 5 kt4v 0 the stars are not pure in his sight Here “pure” means “perfect.” Alternate translation: “he does not think even the stars are perfect” -JOB 25 6 c7kh figs-parallelism 0 How much less man…a son of man, who is a worm These two lines say the same thing and are used together to emphasize that man is not perfect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 25 6 c7kh figs-parallelism 0 How much less man … a son of man, who is a worm These two lines say the same thing and are used together to emphasize that man is not perfect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 25 6 h6x7 figs-metaphor 0 who is a worm Bildad states that human beings are as worthless as worms. Alternate translation: “who is as worthless as a worm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 25 6 l7b7 figs-metonymy 0 a son of man This is another way of referring to a person. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 26 intro f665 0 # Job 26 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Bildad.

This chapter begins a section continuing through chapter 31.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s power
While Bildad describes Yahweh’s power as being so much greater than Job’s, Job understands the true extent of Yahweh’s power. It is not just over Job’s life, but over all of creation.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Sarcasm
Job uses sarcasm in this chapter. This is the use of irony to insult Bildad. (See: [Job 1-4](./01.md) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JOB 26 2 lud4 figs-irony 0 How you have helped one…the arm that has no strength In these statements, Job is accusing Bildad. The word “one” refers to Job. And, the word “arm” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am powerless and have no strength, but you act like you have helped me; but really, you have not helped me at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JOB 26 2 lud4 figs-irony 0 How you have helped one … the arm that has no strength In these statements, Job is accusing Bildad. The word “one” refers to Job. And, the word “arm” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am powerless and have no strength, but you act like you have helped me; but really, you have not helped me at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 26 3 s1r5 figs-irony 0 How you have advised one who has no wisdom and announced to him sound knowledge Job is saying that Bildad has not provided him with good advice and knowledge. Alternate translation: “You act like I have no wisdom and that you have advised me, that you have given me good advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JOB 26 3 y2kk 0 announced to him sound knowledge “given him good advice” -JOB 26 4 n9vj figs-rquestion 0 With whose help have you spoken these words? Whose spirit was it…you? In these questions Job continues to mock Bildad. They are both rhetorical questions and have basically the same meaning. They are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “You must have had help speaking these words. Perhaps some spirit helped you speak them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 26 4 n9vj figs-rquestion 0 With whose help have you spoken these words? Whose spirit was it … you? In these questions Job continues to mock Bildad. They are both rhetorical questions and have basically the same meaning. They are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “You must have had help speaking these words. Perhaps some spirit helped you speak them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 26 5 c81a figs-nominaladj 0 The dead This refers to dead people. Alternate translation: “Those who are dead” or “The spirits of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) JOB 26 5 xqx7 figs-explicit 0 tremble They tremble because they are afraid of God. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tremble in fear” or “tremble in fear of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 26 5 hs8h 0 those who are beneath the waters This refers to the dead people who tremble. @@ -1537,21 +1537,21 @@ JOB 27 2 zm2r figs-metaphor 0 has taken away my justice Justice is spoken of as JOB 27 2 tp23 figs-metonymy 0 made my life bitter Job’s “life” being bitter represents Job feeling resentful toward God. Alternate translation: “has caused me to become resentful” or “has made me feel angry because of the unfair way he has treated me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 27 3 m4bm 0 while my life is yet in me This refers to the duration of the rest of his life. Alternate translation: “during the whole time that my life is yet in me” or “as long as my life is yet in me” JOB 27 3 ny28 figs-abstractnouns 0 while my life is yet in me The abstract noun “life” can be expressed with the adjective “alive” or the verb “live.” Alternate translation: “as long as I am still alive” or “while I still live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JOB 27 3 xg5k figs-metonymy 0 the breath from God is in my nostrils “Breath…in my nostrils” represents being able to breathe. “Breath from God” represents God making him able to breathe. Alternate translation: “God enables me to breathe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JOB 27 3 xg5k figs-metonymy 0 the breath from God is in my nostrils “Breath … in my nostrils” represents being able to breathe. “Breath from God” represents God making him able to breathe. Alternate translation: “God enables me to breathe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 27 3 krx8 0 nostrils “nose” JOB 27 4 xct5 figs-parallelism 0 My lips will not speak wickedness, neither will my tongue speak deceit These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that he will not speak in such ways. The phrases “My lips” and “my tongue” represent Job himself. Alternate translation: “I will not speak wickedness or deceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JOB 27 4 vg54 figs-abstractnouns 0 speak wickedness…speak deceit The abstract nouns “wickedness” and “deceit” can be expressed with “wickedly” and “deceitfully.” Alternate translation: “speak wickedly…speak deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +JOB 27 4 vg54 figs-abstractnouns 0 speak wickedness … speak deceit The abstract nouns “wickedness” and “deceit” can be expressed with “wickedly” and “deceitfully.” Alternate translation: “speak wickedly … speak deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 27 5 tp64 0 I will never admit that you three are right “I will never agree with you and say that you three are right” JOB 27 5 n6mb figs-you 0 that you three are right The word “you” here is plural. It refers to Job’s friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JOB 27 5 uy2n 0 I will never deny my integrity “I will never say that I am not innocent” or “I will always say that I am innocent” JOB 27 6 rv4l figs-metaphor 0 I hold fast to my righteousness Here “hold fast” is a metaphor that represents being determined to continue to say something. The abstract noun “righteousness” can be expressed with “righteous.” Alternate translation: “I am determined to continue saying that I am righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 27 6 ccm5 figs-metaphor 0 will not let it go Here “will not let it go” is a metaphor that represents not stopping saying something. Alternate translation: “will not stop saying that I am righteous” or “will not stop saying so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 27 6 ttu9 figs-metonymy 0 my thoughts will not reproach me Here the phrase “my thoughts” represents Job. Alternate translation: “even in my thoughts, I will not reproach myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOB 27 7 x6mp figs-parallelism 0 Let my enemy be…let him who rises up against me be The two clauses that start with these words share the same meaning. They are used together to emphasize Job’s strong desire that this should happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 27 7 x6mp figs-parallelism 0 Let my enemy be … let him who rises up against me be The two clauses that start with these words share the same meaning. They are used together to emphasize Job’s strong desire that this should happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 27 7 qkh5 figs-explicit 0 Let my enemy be like a wicked man How he wants his enemy to be like a wicked person can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Let my enemy be punished like a wicked man” or “Let God punish my enemy as he punishes wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 27 7 yjq8 figs-explicit 0 let him who rises up against me be like an unrighteous man How he wants this person to be like an unrighteous man can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “let him who rises up against me be punished like an unrighteous man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 27 7 cin4 figs-metaphor 0 him who rises up against me Here “rises up against me” is a metaphor meaning “opposes me.” The whole phrase refers to Job’s adversary. Alternate translation: “him who opposes me” or “my adversary” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 27 8 m193 figs-rquestion 0 For what is the hope of a godless man when…when God takes away his life? Job uses this question to say that such a man has no hope. This question can be translated as a simple statement. Alternate translation: “There is no hope for the godless when God…takes away his soul.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 27 8 m193 figs-rquestion 0 For what is the hope of a godless man when … when God takes away his life? Job uses this question to say that such a man has no hope. This question can be translated as a simple statement. Alternate translation: “There is no hope for the godless when God … takes away his soul.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 27 8 ucr8 figs-parallelism 0 when God cuts him off, when God takes away his life These two phrases have the same meaning. Alternate translation: “when God cuts him off and takes away his life” or “when God causes him to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 27 8 d94d figs-metaphor 0 cuts him off This is a metaphor meaning “kills him” or “causes him to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 27 8 twt1 figs-metaphor 0 takes away his life This is a metaphor meaning “kills him” or “makes him stop living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1567,7 +1567,7 @@ JOB 27 13 djh6 figs-metaphor 0 the heritage of the oppressor that he receives f JOB 27 14 f7mj figs-metonymy 0 it is for the sword Here “the sword” represents dying in battle. Alternate translation: “they will die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 27 15 mbb8 figs-explicit 0 Those who survive him This refers to the wicked man’s children. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Those who continue to live after their wicked father dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 27 15 dic8 figs-metonymy 0 will be buried by plague Here “be buried” represents dying. Alternate translation: “will die by plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOB 27 15 p4u3 0 their widows…them The words “their” and “them” refer to “Those who survive him,” that is, the children of the wicked man. +JOB 27 15 p4u3 0 their widows … them The words “their” and “them” refer to “Those who survive him,” that is, the children of the wicked man. JOB 27 16 nm9m figs-simile 0 heaps up silver like the dust Here “heaps up” is a metonym meaning “gathers much.” Job speaks as if the silver were as easy to get as dust. Alternate translation: “gathers large piles of silver” or “gathers silver as easily as he could gather dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 27 16 bh15 figs-simile 0 heaps up clothing like clay Here “heaps up” is a metonym meaning “gathers much.” Job speaks as if the clothing were as easy to get as clay. Alternate translation: “gathers large piles of clothing” or “gathers clothing as easily as he could gather clay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 27 18 l6yf figs-ellipsis 0 He builds his house like a spider After “spider,” the phrase “builds its web” is understood information. It can be made clear. Alternate translation: “He builds his house as a spider builds its web” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -1596,19 +1596,19 @@ JOB 28 2 rb24 0 copper an important red-brown colored metal JOB 28 2 uui9 0 smelted This is a process of heating rocks to melt the metal in them in order to get the metal out of the rocks. JOB 28 3 fm47 figs-metonymy 0 A man sets an end to darkness Here “sets an end to darkness” represents shining a light in the darkness. People used a lantern or a torch for light. Alternate translation: “A man carries light into dark places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 28 3 l74r 0 to the farthest limit “to the farthest parts of the mine” -JOB 28 3 sce6 figs-doublet 0 obscurity…thick darkness These two phrases are used together to emphasize that the mine is extremely dark. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JOB 28 3 sce6 figs-doublet 0 obscurity … thick darkness These two phrases are used together to emphasize that the mine is extremely dark. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JOB 28 4 kp1m 0 shaft a deep narrow hole dug into the ground or rock. People go down into the hole to mine it. JOB 28 4 hz3j figs-personification 0 places that are forgotten by anyone’s foot The foot is spoken of as if it is a person who can remember. Alternate translation: “places where people no longer walk” or “where no one ever walks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 28 4 yed2 figs-explicit 0 He hangs far away from people How and where he hangs can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Far away from people, he hangs from a rope in the shaft” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 28 5 r3d3 figs-synecdoche 0 the earth, out of which comes bread Here “bread” represents food in general. Food coming out of the ground is a metaphor for food growing out of the ground. Alternate translation: “the earth, where food grows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 28 5 p8vk 0 it is turned up below as if by fire Possible meanings are that (1) people made fires under the ground to break apart the rock. Alternate translation: “it is broken up below by the fires that the miners make” or (2) “turned” is a metaphor for changed. Alternate translation: “it is broken up below so much that it appears that it was destroyed by fire” JOB 28 5 mha5 0 it is turned The word “it” refers to the earth. -JOB 28 6 c4dw 0 Its stones…its dust The word “its” refers to the earth. +JOB 28 6 c4dw 0 Its stones … its dust The word “its” refers to the earth. JOB 28 6 lw93 0 sapphires a rare and valuable blue gemstone -JOB 28 7 c71r figs-parallelism 0 No bird of prey knows the path to it…nor has the falcon’s eye seen it These clauses express a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “No bird of prey or falcon knows or has ever seen the path that goes to the mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 28 7 c71r figs-parallelism 0 No bird of prey knows the path to it … nor has the falcon’s eye seen it These clauses express a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “No bird of prey or falcon knows or has ever seen the path that goes to the mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 28 7 u8np 0 bird of prey a bird that eats other animals JOB 28 7 ft9l 0 falcon This may also be translated “hawk.” Both are birds that hunt and eat other animals. You may translate this with a similar bird from your culture. -JOB 28 8 ad94 figs-parallelism 0 The proud animals have not walked such a path…nor has the fierce lion passed there These clauses also express similar meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 28 8 ad94 figs-parallelism 0 The proud animals have not walked such a path … nor has the fierce lion passed there These clauses also express similar meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 28 8 zce2 0 The proud animals This refers to very strong, wild animals. JOB 28 9 nh4p figs-metonymy 0 lays his hand on the flinty rock This represents breaking up the rock. Alternate translation: “digs into the flinty rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 28 9 d3ss 0 flinty rock “hard rock” @@ -1621,10 +1621,10 @@ JOB 28 12 k2hz figs-parallelism 0 Where will wisdom be found? Where is the plac JOB 28 12 bcr2 figs-metaphor 0 Where will wisdom be found? Where is the place of understanding Becoming wise and understanding is spoken of as finding wisdom and understanding. Alternate translation: “How do people become wise? How do people learn to understand things well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 28 13 drv1 figs-metaphor 0 Man does not know its price This could mean: (1) wisdom is spoken of as if it were something that people can buy. Alternate translation: “People do not know what it is worth” or (2) the word translated as “price” means “place.” Alternate translation: “People do not know where it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 28 13 z9ip figs-activepassive 0 neither is it found in the land of the living “and it is not found in the land of the living.” The “land of the living” refers to this world where people live. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and no one can find wisdom in this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOB 28 14 xi4c figs-personification 0 The deep waters…say, ‘It is not in me’; the sea says, ‘It is not with me.’ The deep waters and the sea are presented as if they are people that can speak. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is not in the deep waters under the earth, nor is it in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JOB 28 14 xi4c figs-personification 0 The deep waters … say, ‘It is not in me’; the sea says, ‘It is not with me.’ The deep waters and the sea are presented as if they are people that can speak. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is not in the deep waters under the earth, nor is it in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 28 15 h4ty figs-explicit 0 It cannot be gotten for gold This can be stated in active form. This implies that wisdom is worth much more than gold. Alternate translation: “People cannot pay for wisdom with gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 28 15 nff6 figs-explicit 0 neither can silver be weighed as its price This implies that wisdom is worth much more than silver. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and people cannot weigh out enough silver to pay for wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOB 28 16 hg4i figs-explicit 0 It cannot be valued with…sapphire This implies that wisdom is much more valuable than the gold of Ophir, precious onyx and sapphire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JOB 28 16 hg4i figs-explicit 0 It cannot be valued with … sapphire This implies that wisdom is much more valuable than the gold of Ophir, precious onyx and sapphire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 28 16 t2r7 translate-names 0 Ophir This is the name of a land where there was fine gold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOB 28 16 ui38 0 onyx a valuable black gemstone JOB 28 16 na32 0 sapphire a valuable blue gemstone @@ -1634,7 +1634,7 @@ JOB 28 17 v4um 0 neither can it be exchanged for jewels of fine gold “and it JOB 28 17 nid2 0 exchanged “traded” JOB 28 18 hgr1 figs-explicit 0 No mention is worth making of coral or jasper “It is not worth making mention of coral and jasper.” This implies that wisdom is worth so much more than coral and jasper that there is no need for Job to say anything about them. Alternate translation: “I will not bother to mention coral or jasper” or “Coral and jasper are worthless compared to wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 28 18 vgj8 translate-unknown 0 coral This is a beautiful, hard substance that grows on ocean reefs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -JOB 28 18 sqn7 0 jasper…rubies These are valuable gemstones. +JOB 28 18 sqn7 0 jasper … rubies These are valuable gemstones. JOB 28 19 mwy7 0 The topaz of Cush does not equal it This implies that wisdom is much more valuable than the finest topaz. JOB 28 19 nxz5 0 topaz This is a valuable gemstone. JOB 28 19 ycn8 0 neither can it be valued in terms of pure gold “and wisdom cannot be valued in terms of pure gold.” This implies that wisdom is much more valuable than pure gold. @@ -1664,7 +1664,7 @@ JOB 29 9 c8d6 translate-symaction 0 The princes used to refrain from talking wh JOB 29 9 v8ym translate-symaction 0 they would lay their hand on their mouths They did this to show that they would not speak. This was a sign of their respect for Job. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JOB 29 10 u1bb figs-activepassive 0 The voices of the noblemen were hushed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The noblemen hushed their voices” or “The noblemen stopped speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 29 10 nm6j figs-metonymy 0 their tongue clung to the roof of their mouths This represents them having so much respect for Job that they had nothing to say. Alternate translation: “they felt that they were unable to speak” or “they had nothing to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOB 29 11 n94l figs-synecdoche 0 after their ears heard me…after their eyes saw me The ears represent those who heard him, and the eyes represent those who saw him. Alternate translation: “after they heard what I told them…after they saw me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JOB 29 11 n94l figs-synecdoche 0 after their ears heard me … after their eyes saw me The ears represent those who heard him, and the eyes represent those who saw him. Alternate translation: “after they heard what I told them … after they saw me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 29 11 t3tu 0 they would then give witness to me and approve of me “they would witness approvingly of me” JOB 29 12 ui1t figs-genericnoun 0 I rescued the one who was poor when he cried out Here “the one who was poor” refers to any poor person. Alternate translation: “I used to rescue poor people who cried out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) JOB 29 13 qs27 figs-metaphor 0 The blessing of him who was about to perish came on me Someone’s blessing coming on another represents that person blessing another. Alternate translation: “He who was about to perish would bless me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1677,10 +1677,10 @@ JOB 29 15 z9qd figs-metaphor 0 I was eyes to blind people This represents helpi JOB 29 15 qwg2 figs-metaphor 0 I was feet to lame people This represents helping blind people. Alternate translation: “I was like feet for lame people” or “I supported lame people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 29 16 dv24 figs-metaphor 0 I was a father to needy people Here “I was a father” represents providing for people. Alternate translation: “I provided for needy people as a father provides for his children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 29 17 h48z 0 General Information: In verses 18-20 Job tells about the things he used to say before bad things happened to him. -JOB 29 17 rxh7 figs-metaphor 0 I broke the jaws of…I plucked the victim Job speaks of unrighteous people who persecute others as if they were wild animals that attack their victims by picking them up between their teeth. Alternate translation: “I made unrighteous people stop persecuting people, like someone who breaks the jaw of a wild animal and rescues its victim from between its teeth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 29 17 rxh7 figs-metaphor 0 I broke the jaws of … I plucked the victim Job speaks of unrighteous people who persecute others as if they were wild animals that attack their victims by picking them up between their teeth. Alternate translation: “I made unrighteous people stop persecuting people, like someone who breaks the jaw of a wild animal and rescues its victim from between its teeth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 29 18 mx7p figs-metaphor 0 I will die in my nest Here “nest” represents Job’s home and family. Job used to speak as if he were a bird that lived in a nest with his baby birds. Alternate translation: “I will die at home with my family” or “I will die in the safety of my home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 29 18 ree7 figs-hyperbole 0 I will multiply my days like the grains of sand There are more grains of sand on the shore than anyone can count. To say that he would live more days than anyone could count is an exaggeration to express that he would live a very long time. Alternate translation: “I will live a very long time” or “I will live many years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JOB 29 19 f52q figs-metaphor 0 My roots…my branches Job used to speak of his strength as if he were strong like a well-watered tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 29 19 f52q figs-metaphor 0 My roots … my branches Job used to speak of his strength as if he were strong like a well-watered tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 29 20 r1t1 figs-abstractnouns 0 The honor in me is always fresh The abstract noun “honor” can be expressed with the verb “honor.” Here “fresh” represents the honor being constantly given. Alternate translation: “People constantly give me honor” or “People always honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 29 20 bz9x figs-metaphor 0 the bow of my strength is always new in my hand A new bow is very strong. Job’s bow of strength in his hand represents his physical strength. Alternate translation: “I am always strong like a new bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 29 22 l3t7 figs-simile 0 my speech dropped like water on them Here “dropped like water on them” represents refreshing the people who heard him. The abstract noun “speech” can be translated with the verb “speak” or “say.” Alternate translation: “my speech refreshed their hearts as drops of water refresh people’s bodies” or “what I said to them refreshed them like drops of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1698,15 +1698,15 @@ JOB 29 25 nmq6 figs-explicit 0 like one who comforts mourners This phrase means JOB 30 intro u96h 0 # Job 30 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job’s statement, but now it is directly addressed to Yahweh.

In this chapter, Job laments his current condition as others insult him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) JOB 30 1 ghr9 figs-explicit 0 whose fathers I would have refused to allow to work beside the dogs of my flock This shows how much he despised those fathers. They were not even good enough to be with his dogs. Alternate translation: “whose fathers I despised and would not have allowed to work beside the dogs of my flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 30 1 bw8l figs-explicit 0 the dogs of my flock The dogs’ relationship to the flock can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the dogs that guarded my flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOB 30 2 dkd7 figs-rquestion 0 Indeed, the strength of their fathers’ hands, how could it have helped me…perished? Job uses this question to mock the weakness of those men. Alternate translation: “The strength of their fathers’ hands could not have helped me…perished.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 30 2 dkd7 figs-rquestion 0 Indeed, the strength of their fathers’ hands, how could it have helped me … perished? Job uses this question to mock the weakness of those men. Alternate translation: “The strength of their fathers’ hands could not have helped me … perished.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 30 2 n58x figs-metaphor 0 men in whom the strength of their mature age had perished Their strength perishing is a metaphor that represents no longer being strong but weak. The phrase “mature age” refers to them being old. Alternate translation: “men who had become old and had no strength” or “men who had become old and weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 30 3 b5gi 0 They were thin from poverty and hunger The word “They” refers to the fathers of the young mockers. JOB 30 3 i6mn figs-abstractnouns 0 They were thin from poverty and hunger The abstract noun “poverty” can be expressed with the word “poor.” The abstract noun “hunger” can be expressed with the words “hungry” or “starving.” Alternate translation: “They were very thin because they were poor and starving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 30 3 j6n1 figs-metonymy 0 they gnawed at the dry ground Possible meanings are that (1) “dry ground” is a metonym for the dry roots that grow in the ground. Alternate translation: “they chewed on the dry roots they found in the ground” or (2) “gnawed at the dried ground” is a metonym for eating whatever they could find in the dry ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 30 4 dz4r 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues to talk about the fathers of the mockers. -JOB 30 4 lbt6 0 saltwort…bushes’ leaves…the roots of the broom tree These are plants that people would eat only if they could find nothing better. +JOB 30 4 lbt6 0 saltwort … bushes’ leaves … the roots of the broom tree These are plants that people would eat only if they could find nothing better. JOB 30 4 c9mn 0 the roots of the broom tree were their food This could mean: (1) the people ate the roots of the broom tree or (2) the people warmed themselves by burning the roots of broom trees. -JOB 30 5 k9yz figs-activepassive 0 They were driven out from among people who shouted after them as…a thief The phrase “were driven out” means “were forced to leave.” These phrases can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people shouted after them as…a thief and forced them to leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JOB 30 5 k9yz figs-activepassive 0 They were driven out from among people who shouted after them as … a thief The phrase “were driven out” means “were forced to leave.” These phrases can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people shouted after them as … a thief and forced them to leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 30 5 lwr2 0 shouted after them as one would shout after a thief “shouted at them as though they were thieves” JOB 30 7 f7j8 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues to talk about the fathers of the mockers. JOB 30 7 kkv4 figs-simile 0 brayed like donkeys Job speaks of the men crying out in hunger as if they were wild donkeys making a loud noise. Alternate translation: “cried out like wild donkeys because they were hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1742,7 +1742,7 @@ JOB 30 16 vq4c figs-metaphor 0 Now my life is pouring out from within me Job sp JOB 30 16 yd79 figs-personification 0 many days of suffering have laid hold on me Job speaks of his continuous suffering as if the days of suffering have grabbed hold of him. Alternate translation: “I suffer many days, and the suffering does not end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 30 17 s5h2 figs-metaphor 0 my bones in me are pierced Job speaks of the pain in his bones as if his bones were being pierced. Alternate translation: “my bones ache terribly” or “I have sharp pain in my bones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 30 17 q849 figs-personification 0 the pains that gnaw at me take no rest Job speaks of his constant pain as if it were alive and biting him and refuses to rest. Alternate translation: “the pains that cause me to suffer do not stop” or “I am in constant pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JOB 30 18 x296 figs-metonymy 0 God’s great force has seized my clothing Job speaks of God using his force as if God’s force were actually doing something. Here “God’s…force” stands for “God.” Alternate translation: “God has seized my clothing by his great force” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JOB 30 18 x296 figs-metonymy 0 God’s great force has seized my clothing Job speaks of God using his force as if God’s force were actually doing something. Here “God’s … force” stands for “God.” Alternate translation: “God has seized my clothing by his great force” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 30 18 wpi4 figs-metaphor 0 God’s great force has seized my clothing The image of God’s force seizing Job is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) it represents Job’s pain. Alternate translation: “My pain feels like God has grabbed my clothing tightly” or (2) it represents God’s causing Job’s many problems. Alternate translation: “It is as though by his great force God has grabbed me by my clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 30 18 tm94 figs-metaphor 0 it wraps around me like the collar of my tunic The image of God’s force wrapping around Job is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) it represents Job’s pain. Alternate translation: “he wraps the collar of my tunic tightly around me” or (2) it represents God’s causing Job’s many problems. Alternate translation: “It is as though he grabs me by the collar of my tunic” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 30 19 aa4h figs-metaphor 0 He has thrown me into the mud Job says that God has humiliated him. Alternate translation: “It is as though he has thrown me in the mud” or “He has humiliated me, like a person thrown in the mud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1750,7 +1750,7 @@ JOB 30 19 m43k figs-simile 0 I have become like dust and ashes This represents JOB 30 21 k1ga 0 cruel This word means unkind. JOB 30 21 xk2h figs-metonymy 0 with the strength of your hand you persecute me The word “hand” represents God’s power. Alternate translation: “you persecute me with your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 30 22 v3bi 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to God. -JOB 30 22 zy94 figs-metaphor 0 lift me up to the wind…throw me back and forth in a storm These expressions represent the extreme suffering that God made Job endure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 30 22 zy94 figs-metaphor 0 lift me up to the wind … throw me back and forth in a storm These expressions represent the extreme suffering that God made Job endure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 30 22 h7x7 0 cause it to drive me along “cause the wind to push me along” JOB 30 23 py4p figs-metaphor 0 you will bring me to death Here “bring me to death” represents causing Job to die. Alternate translation: “you will cause me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 30 23 a3ym figs-metaphor 0 the house appointed for all the living Job speaks of the world of the dead as if it were a house to which God has appointed all living things to go. Alternate translation: “the world of the dead, to which everything that has ever lived goes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1758,9 +1758,9 @@ JOB 30 23 nf6m 0 all the living That is, all things now alive, but that will d JOB 30 24 ly2e 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to God. JOB 30 24 s7pp figs-rquestion 0 does no one reach out with his hand to beg for help when he falls? Does no one in trouble call out for help? Job uses these questions to justify himself for crying out to God for help. Alternate translation: “Everyone reaches out with his hand to beg for help when he falls. Everyone who is in trouble calls out for help.” or “I have fallen, and so God should not think I am doing wrong when I beg for his help. I am in trouble, so of course I call out for help!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 30 24 giv9 figs-rquestion 0 does no one reach out with his hand to beg for help when he falls? Does no one in trouble call out for help? Some versions interpret these questions as Job complaining that God has reached out with his hand to harm Job when Job was in trouble and crying out for help. Alternate translation: “Surely no one would reach out with his hand against someone who falls and calls out for help.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 30 25 k5gw figs-rquestion 0 Did not I weep…trouble? Did I not grieve…man? Job uses these questions to remind God of how Job had done good to others. A: “You know that I wept…trouble, and I grieved…man!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 30 25 k5gw figs-rquestion 0 Did not I weep … trouble? Did I not grieve … man? Job uses these questions to remind God of how Job had done good to others. A: “You know that I wept … trouble, and I grieved … man!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 30 26 dxl4 figs-metaphor 0 When I hoped for good, then evil came Looking for good represents hoping for good things, and evil coming represents evil things happening. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 30 26 n1jn figs-metaphor 0 I waited for light…darkness came Here “light” represents God’s blessing and favor and “darkness” represents trouble and suffering. Alternate translation: “I waited for the light of God’s blessing, but instead I experienced the darkness of suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 30 26 n1jn figs-metaphor 0 I waited for light … darkness came Here “light” represents God’s blessing and favor and “darkness” represents trouble and suffering. Alternate translation: “I waited for the light of God’s blessing, but instead I experienced the darkness of suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 30 27 r36u figs-personification 0 My heart is troubled and does not rest Job speaks of his heart as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “I am troubled in my heart and the feeling does not end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 30 27 u2gl figs-metaphor 0 days of affliction have come on me Days of affliction coming on Job represents Job experiencing affliction for many days. Alternate translation: “I experience affliction many days” or “I suffer every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 30 28 i5gu figs-metaphor 0 I have gone about Here “have gone about” represents living. Alternate translation: “I have lived” or “I live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1818,7 +1818,7 @@ JOB 31 21 wu45 figs-metaphor 0 I saw my support in the city gate Here “saw” JOB 31 21 w7s9 0 in the city gate This is where the important men of the city would gather to make decisions. JOB 31 21 y72n 0 then bring charges against me This phrase is not in the original language or in other versions of the Bible. It was added here to help preserve the meaning of Job’s statement in this long sentence. JOB 31 22 sqk5 figs-activepassive 0 then let my shoulder fall from the shoulder blade, and let my arm be broken from its joint This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “then let someone tear off my shoulder from the shoulder blade and break my arm from its joint” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOB 31 23 ss4j 0 For I dreaded…his majesty This is the reason that Job did not do any of the wicked things he spoke of in verses 7 through 21. +JOB 31 23 ss4j 0 For I dreaded … his majesty This is the reason that Job did not do any of the wicked things he spoke of in verses 7 through 21. JOB 31 24 z7ra figs-hypo 0 General Information: Job continues describing situations in which he would deserve God’s punishment, but he knows they are not true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JOB 31 24 r6lg figs-abstractnouns 0 If I have made gold my hope The abstract noun “hope” can be translated with the verbs “trust” or “hope.” Alternate translation: “If I trusted in gold” or “If I hoped that having a lot of gold would make me secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 31 24 s4sm figs-parallelism 0 if I have said to fine gold, ‘You are what I am confident in’ This line means the same as the previous line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1844,7 +1844,7 @@ JOB 31 32 uns3 figs-metonymy 0 even the foreigner has never had to stay in the JOB 31 32 h895 figs-metonymy 0 I have always opened my doors to the traveler Here “opened my doors to the traveler” represents welcoming the traveler into his home. Alternate translation: “I have always welcomed the traveler into my home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 31 32 p6kk 0 and if that is not so, then bring charges against me This phrase is not in the original language or in other versions of the Bible. It was added here to help preserve the meaning of Job’s statement in this long sentence. JOB 31 33 w9u3 figs-hypo 0 General Information: Job continues describing situations in which he would deserve God’s punishment, but he knows they are not true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JOB 31 33 sb1q figs-metaphor 0 If…I have hidden my sins Here “have hidden my sins” represents trying to keep people from knowing that he had sinned. Alternate translation: “If…I have tried to keep my sins a secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 31 33 sb1q figs-metaphor 0 If … I have hidden my sins Here “have hidden my sins” represents trying to keep people from knowing that he had sinned. Alternate translation: “If … I have tried to keep my sins a secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 31 33 jav4 figs-metaphor 0 by hiding my guilt inside my tunic This represents trying to keep people from knowing that he is guilty. Alternate translation: “by hiding the evidence of my guilt inside my tunic” or “like one who hides the evidence of his guilt inside his tunic” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 31 34 b8ml figs-parallelism 0 because I feared the great multitude, because the contempt of families terrified me This would be the reason for hiding his sins. These mean the same thing. They emphasize that a person may hide his sin because he fears what other people may think about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 31 34 ia4h 0 then bring charges against me This phrase is not in the original language or in other versions of the Bible. It was added here to help preserve the meaning of Job’s statement in this long sentence. @@ -1863,7 +1863,7 @@ JOB 31 40 k93z figs-ellipsis 0 weeds instead of barley The words “let” and JOB 32 intro pq4v 0 # Job 32 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Job’s friends give up on trying to convince him that he is being punished for sinning. This chapter introduces Elihu who was a witness to these interactions between Job and his friends. According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the first of Elihu’s four statements. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])

Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 32:6-22, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. This quotation continues through the next chapter. JOB 32 1 k2f6 figs-metaphor 0 he was righteous in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “he considered himself righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 32 2 cr7d figs-metaphor 0 Then was kindled the anger of Elihu son of Barakel the Buzite, of the family of Ram; it was kindled against Job This compares Elihu’s anger to someone starting a fire. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then Elihu son of Barakel the Buzite, of the family of Ram, became very angry with Job” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOB 32 2 hxc1 translate-names 0 Elihu…Barakel…Ram These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOB 32 2 hxc1 translate-names 0 Elihu … Barakel … Ram These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOB 32 2 l6vj translate-names 0 Buzite This is the name of a people-group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOB 32 2 iub4 figs-explicit 0 he justified himself rather than God This means that he considered himself innocent and believed God had been wrong to punish him. Alternate translation: “he justified himself and claimed that God had been wrong to punish him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 32 3 p4aw figs-metaphor 0 Elihu’s anger was also kindled against his three friends This compares Elihu’s anger to someone starting a fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Elihu also became very angry with his three friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1900,11 +1900,11 @@ JOB 32 22 i4r2 figs-euphemism 0 take me away This means that he would destroy h JOB 33 intro t7rx 0 # Job 33 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is a continuation of the first of Elihu’s four statements and it is addressed to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])

The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This quotation is a continuation of the previous chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God’s mercy
While Job has been complaining about the lack of justice and response from Yahweh, Elihu shows Job that Yahweh has shown him great mercy along the way. He is still alive because of Yahweh’s mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) JOB 33 1 ct2e 0 General Information: Elihu continues speaking. JOB 33 1 m7lu figs-parallelism 0 hear my speech; listen to all my words These two phrases mean the same thing. Elihu is emphasizing that Job must listen carefully. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JOB 33 2 j572 figs-parallelism 0 I have opened my mouth…my tongue has spoken in my mouth These mean the same thing. Elihu is emphasizing that he is now ready to speak. His “tongue” speaking represents himself speaking. Alternate translation: “I have opened my mouth and I have begun to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JOB 33 2 j572 figs-parallelism 0 I have opened my mouth … my tongue has spoken in my mouth These mean the same thing. Elihu is emphasizing that he is now ready to speak. His “tongue” speaking represents himself speaking. Alternate translation: “I have opened my mouth and I have begun to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 33 3 u1kk figs-synecdoche 0 My words come from the uprightness of my heart Here Elihu refers to himself by his “heart” as he speaks of being upright. Alternate translation: “I will speak with uprightness” or “I will speak with complete honesty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 33 3 j6sd figs-synecdoche 0 my lips speak pure knowledge Here Elihu refers to himself by his “lips” to emphasize his speech. Alternate translation: “I will speak sincerely to you the things I know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 33 4 mz8n 0 General Information: Elihu continues speaking to Job. -JOB 33 4 g749 figs-parallelism 0 The Spirit of God…has given me life These two lines mean the same thing. Elihu is emphasizing that God has made him and so gives authority to what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 33 4 g749 figs-parallelism 0 The Spirit of God … has given me life These two lines mean the same thing. Elihu is emphasizing that God has made him and so gives authority to what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 33 5 ikf4 figs-metaphor 0 set your words in order before me and stand up This speaks of Job preparing what he will say as if he were setting up and organizing physical objects. Alternate translation: “prepare what you will say, and stand up and answer me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 33 6 qrs9 0 General Information: Elihu continues speaking to Job. JOB 33 6 ie4u 0 See Elihu uses this word here to draw Job’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” @@ -1927,14 +1927,14 @@ JOB 33 13 ki75 0 General Information: Elihu continues speaking to Job. JOB 33 13 z74q figs-rquestion 0 Why do you struggle against him? Elihu uses this question to emphasize that Job should not struggle against God. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not struggle against God.” or “You should not try to argue with God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 33 13 m749 0 He does not account for any of his doings “He does not have to explain to us anything he does” JOB 33 14 gyh6 figs-idiom 0 God speaks once—yes, twice This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “God speaks again and again in different ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JOB 33 15 zz7a figs-parallelism 0 a dream…a vision of the night These phrases have the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 33 15 zz7a figs-parallelism 0 a dream … a vision of the night These phrases have the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 33 15 vq5q figs-metaphor 0 when deep sleep falls upon men, in slumber on the bed This speaks of people being in a deep sleep as if the sleep fell upon them or overcame them. Alternate translation: “when people are fully asleep on their bed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 33 16 inq3 0 General Information: Elihu continues speaking to Job. JOB 33 16 cgu3 figs-metaphor 0 then God opens the ears of men This speaks of God making people aware of things as if he were opening their ears so that they could hear. Alternate translation: “then God reveals things to people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 33 17 qd6y figs-metaphor 0 in order to pull man back from This speaks of God keeping someone from doing something as if he were physically pulling him away from harm. Alternate translation: “in order to keep him from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 33 18 t4um figs-parallelism 0 God keeps man’s life back from the pit…his life from crossing over to death Both of these statements mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “God saves people from the grave and from death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 33 18 t4um figs-parallelism 0 God keeps man’s life back from the pit … his life from crossing over to death Both of these statements mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “God saves people from the grave and from death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 33 18 d93m figs-metaphor 0 the pit The place where people go when they die is referred to here as “the pit.” Alternate translation: “the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 33 18 bd6l figs-idiom 0 man’s life back…his life This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “man from dying and…he keeps him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JOB 33 18 bd6l figs-idiom 0 man’s life back … his life This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “man from dying and … he keeps him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 33 18 lgc1 figs-metonymy 0 from crossing over to death Here “death” represents the place where people go when they die, that is, sheol. Alternate translation: “from going to sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 33 19 bk1d 0 General Information: Elihu continues speaking to Job. JOB 33 19 pgn6 figs-activepassive 0 Man is punished also This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God also punishes a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1979,7 +1979,7 @@ JOB 34 intro b9ku 0 # Job 34 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
JOB 34 1 h9vc 0 Moreover, Elihu “Then, Elihu” JOB 34 1 yw36 translate-names 0 Elihu See how you translated this man’s name in [Job 32:2](../32/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOB 34 2 k8a4 0 Listen to my words “Listen to what I say” -JOB 34 2 zux7 figs-irony 0 you wise men…you who have knowledge Elihu is criticizing Job and his friends. He does not think they are actually wise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +JOB 34 2 zux7 figs-irony 0 you wise men … you who have knowledge Elihu is criticizing Job and his friends. He does not think they are actually wise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JOB 34 3 ln8s figs-simile 0 For the ear tries words as the palate tastes food Elihu means people listen carefully to determine what is right or wrong just like we taste food to determine if it is good or bad. Here people are referred to by their “ear” and their “palate” to emphasize that they are tasting and hearing. Alternate translation: “For we listen to words to know what is good and bad, just as we taste foods to know what is good to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOB 34 4 kw1y 0 General Information: Elihu continues speaking. JOB 34 4 v6hj figs-exclusive 0 Let us Here “us” refers to Elihu, Job, and his three friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) @@ -1992,7 +1992,7 @@ JOB 34 7 glm5 figs-simile 0 who drinks up mockery like water Elihu is accusing JOB 34 8 j3zr figs-metaphor 0 who walks with wicked men Here “walk” is an idiom for how a person acts. Alternate translation: “who behaves like wicked men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 34 10 f3de figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Elihu continues speaking. Each of these verses contain parallel phrases. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 34 10 n22e figs-irony 0 you men of understanding Elihu is criticizing Job and his friends. He does not actually think they are wise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JOB 34 10 meh8 figs-parallelism 0 far be it from God…far be it from the Almighty that he should commit sin These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that God would never do anything wrong. The phrase “far be it from” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Almighty God would never consider doing anything that is wicked or wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JOB 34 10 meh8 figs-parallelism 0 far be it from God … far be it from the Almighty that he should commit sin These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that God would never do anything wrong. The phrase “far be it from” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Almighty God would never consider doing anything that is wicked or wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 34 11 ia8g figs-metaphor 0 For he pays back a person’s work This means that he gives to a person what he deserves for the work he has done. Here “work” is a metaphor for what a person does. Alternate translation: “For he gives to a person what he deserves in return for he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 34 11 y31y figs-idiom 0 he makes every man come upon the reward of his own ways The phrase “his own ways” is an idiom for how a person lives his life. Elihu emphasizes that God gives to people what they deserve. Alternate translation: “he causes every man to receive the reward he deserves for how he lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 34 13 eq51 0 General Information: Elihu continues speaking. @@ -2062,7 +2062,7 @@ JOB 35 2 l3t8 0 My right before God This could mean: (1) Job is claiming to be JOB 35 3 w8qv figs-rquestion 0 For you ask, ‘What use is it to me?’ and, ‘Would I be better off if I had sinned?’ Elihu quotes Job as saying the these two rhetorical questions. Alternate translation: “For you say, ‘It does not benefit me’ and, ‘I am no better off than if I had sinned.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 35 4 tp7p 0 Connecting Statement: Elihu continues speaking. JOB 35 6 t2vl 0 Connecting Statement: Elihu continues speaking. -JOB 35 6 pdd2 figs-parallelism 0 If you have sinned…what do you do to him? These two lines share similar meanings. The second line intensifies the meaning of the first line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 35 6 pdd2 figs-parallelism 0 If you have sinned … what do you do to him? These two lines share similar meanings. The second line intensifies the meaning of the first line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 35 6 t1v8 figs-rquestion 0 If you have sinned, what harm do you do to God? Elihu asks this question to emphasize that Job’s sins cannot actually do anything to God. Alternate translation: “If you have sinned, you have not done any harm to God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 35 6 s7x4 figs-metaphor 0 If your transgressions pile up high, what do you do to him? Elihu speaks of “transgressions” as if they were objects, and of committing many transgressions as if it were piling those objects one on top of the other. He asks this question to emphasize that Job does nothing to God by his transgressions. Alternate translation: “If you committed a great many transgressions, you still do nothing to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 35 7 m97k figs-rquestion 0 If you are righteous, what can you give to him? What will he receive from your hand? The two rhetorical questions mean basically the same thing, that Job’s righteousness adds nothing to God. Alternate translation: “If you are righteous, that does not enable you to give anything to him, and there is nothing that he will receive from your hand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2074,7 +2074,7 @@ JOB 35 9 zb6t figs-metonymy 0 they call for help from the arms of mighty men He JOB 35 10 f89r figs-metaphor 0 who gives songs in the night Elihu speaks of God enabling people to have hope in troubling circumstances as if he were giving to them songs which they can sing during the night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 35 12 gme8 0 Connecting Statement: Elihu continues speaking. JOB 35 12 xj4y 0 they cry out “the oppressed people cry out” -JOB 35 14 di2g figs-exclamations 0 How much less will he answer you…that you are waiting for him! Since God will not hear the prayers of prideful, evil men, it is even less likely that he will hear Job, who is complaining against him. Alternate translation: “So he certainly will not answer you…that you are waiting for him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +JOB 35 14 di2g figs-exclamations 0 How much less will he answer you … that you are waiting for him! Since God will not hear the prayers of prideful, evil men, it is even less likely that he will hear Job, who is complaining against him. Alternate translation: “So he certainly will not answer you … that you are waiting for him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) JOB 35 14 njy6 0 that your case is before him “you have presented your case to him” JOB 35 14 c513 0 you are waiting for him “you are waiting for him to respond” JOB 35 15 r6hq 0 General Information: Elihu continues speaking. @@ -2134,12 +2134,12 @@ JOB 36 32 tsi9 figs-metaphor 0 He fills his hands with the lightning Elihu spea JOB 36 33 k3qk 0 Its thunder “The thunder caused by the lightning” or “The thunder” JOB 36 33 se83 0 hear it is coming “hear that the storm is coming” JOB 37 intro ccm7 0 # Job 37 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is a continuation of the previous chapter and the last of Elihu’s four statements, and it is addressed first to Job’s friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])

The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. His attitude is not too different from Job’s friends.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s justice
This chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won’t always come in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -JOB 37 1 mup1 figs-parallelism 0 my heart trembles…it is moved out of its place These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of his fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 37 1 mup1 figs-parallelism 0 my heart trembles … it is moved out of its place These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of his fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 37 1 eid2 0 my heart trembles at this The word “this” refers to the storm in [Job 36:33](../36/33.md). JOB 37 1 nhy8 figs-metaphor 0 it is moved out of its place Elihu speaks of his heart beating violently as if it were to jump out of his chest. Alternate translation: “it moves out of its place” or “it beats violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 37 2 ilg9 figs-metaphor 0 the noise of his voice, the sound that goes out from his mouth These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Elihu speaks of the thunder as if it is God’s voice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 37 3 q5ea figs-metaphor 0 to the edges of the earth Elihu speaks of the farthest places on the earth as if they were the earth’s borders. Alternate translation: “everywhere in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 37 4 l4nh figs-metaphor 0 A voice roars after it…the voice of his majesty Elihu continues to speak of the thunder as if it is God’s voice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 37 4 l4nh figs-metaphor 0 A voice roars after it … the voice of his majesty Elihu continues to speak of the thunder as if it is God’s voice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 37 4 x26r 0 roars after it “roars after the lightning” JOB 37 4 nei1 0 the voice of his majesty “his majestic voice” JOB 37 4 k5js figs-activepassive 0 when his voice is heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when people hear his voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2158,10 +2158,10 @@ JOB 37 15 cbz2 0 establishes the clouds “controls the clouds” or “makes JOB 37 16 w6jd figs-rquestion 0 Do you understand the floating of the clouds, the marvelous deeds of God, who is perfect in knowledge? Elihu asks this question to emphasize that Job does not know these things. Alternate translation: “You do not understand the floating of the clouds, the marvelous deeds of God, who is perfect in knowledge.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 37 16 z95q 0 the floating of the clouds “how the clouds float” JOB 37 16 s2ui figs-ellipsis 0 the marvelous deeds of God The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “or do you understand the marvelous deeds of God” or “and you do not understand the marvelous deeds of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JOB 37 17 a6f1 figs-rquestion 0 Do you understand how your garments become hot…from the south? Elihu asks this question to emphasize that Job does not know these things. Alternate translation: “You do not understand how your garments become hot…from the south.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 37 17 a6f1 figs-rquestion 0 Do you understand how your garments become hot … from the south? Elihu asks this question to emphasize that Job does not know these things. Alternate translation: “You do not understand how your garments become hot … from the south.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 37 17 hy96 0 how your garments become hot “how you become hot in your clothes” or “how you sweat in your clothes” JOB 37 17 r98k figs-explicit 0 because the wind comes from the south In Israel, hot winds blow in across the desert from the south and cause hot temperatures. Alternate translation: “because of the hot, dry wind blowing in from the south” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JOB 37 18 zlb7 figs-rquestion 0 Can you spread out the sky…a mirror of cast metal? Elihu asks this question to emphasize that Job cannot do this. Alternate translation: “You cannot spread out the sky…a mirror of cast metal.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 37 18 zlb7 figs-rquestion 0 Can you spread out the sky … a mirror of cast metal? Elihu asks this question to emphasize that Job cannot do this. Alternate translation: “You cannot spread out the sky … a mirror of cast metal.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 37 18 c2kf figs-metaphor 0 as strong as a mirror of cast metal In biblical days, mirrors were made of metal. Elihu speaks of the sky giving no rain as if it were as hard as solid metal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 37 18 ww4s 0 cast metal This refers to metal that is melted, poured into a mold, and then hardens as it cools. JOB 37 19 s7ig figs-exclusive 0 Teach us what we should say to him Here the words “us” and “we” refer to Elihu, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar, but not to Job. Elihu uses this phrase sarcastically. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) @@ -2196,7 +2196,7 @@ JOB 38 6 a776 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. JOB 38 6 i5wb figs-rquestion 0 On what were its foundations laid? This can be stated in active form. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “On what did I set its foundations?” or “Tell me on what its foundations were laid.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 38 6 p5tv figs-rquestion 0 Who laid its cornerstone This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me who laid its cornerstone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 7 r55l figs-rquestion 0 Job finishes the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who laid its cornerstone” in verse 6. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 38 7 g3kf figs-rquestion 0 when the morning stars…the sons of God shouted for joy? Job finishes the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who laid its cornerstone” in verse 6. This can be translated as a statement. “Tell me who laid its cornerstone when the morning stars…the sons of God shouted for joy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 7 g3kf figs-rquestion 0 when the morning stars … the sons of God shouted for joy? Job finishes the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who laid its cornerstone” in verse 6. This can be translated as a statement. “Tell me who laid its cornerstone when the morning stars … the sons of God shouted for joy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 7 ql8y figs-personification 0 when the morning stars sang together The morning stars are spoken of as singing like people sing. Possible meanings are: (1) the “morning stars” are the same as the “sons of God” in the next line or (2) “the morning stars” refer to stars in the sky. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 38 7 z79e 0 the morning stars “the bright stars that shine in the morning” JOB 38 7 j365 0 sons of God This refers to angels, heavenly beings. See how you translated this in [Job 1:6](../01/06.md). @@ -2204,11 +2204,11 @@ JOB 38 7 x5id figs-abstractnouns 0 shouted for joy The abstract noun “joy” JOB 38 7 uc38 0 for joy “because they were full of joy” JOB 38 8 nk5s figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses another question to emphasize that he created the earth and Job did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 8 h82c 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. -JOB 38 8 i6wl figs-rquestion 0 Who shut up the sea…of the womb This can be translated as a command. Alternate translation: “Tell me who shut up the sea…of the womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 8 i6wl figs-rquestion 0 Who shut up the sea … of the womb This can be translated as a command. Alternate translation: “Tell me who shut up the sea … of the womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 8 x8t1 figs-metaphor 0 shut up the sea with doors Yahweh compares the way that he prevented the sea from covering all of the earth to holding it back with doors. Alternate translation: “prevented the water from flooding over the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 38 8 txy1 figs-simile 0 as if it had come out of the womb Yahweh compares his creation of the sea to childbirth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 38 9 un26 figs-rquestion 0 This is the end of the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who shut up” in verse 8. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 38 9 fhm1 figs-rquestion 0 when I made clouds…and thick darkness its swaddling bands? This can be translated as a command. Alternate translation: “Tell me who shut up…when I made clouds…and thick darkness its swaddling bands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 9 fhm1 figs-rquestion 0 when I made clouds … and thick darkness its swaddling bands? This can be translated as a command. Alternate translation: “Tell me who shut up … when I made clouds … and thick darkness its swaddling bands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 9 n9tt 0 its clothing “as clothes for the sea” JOB 38 9 zkz3 figs-abstractnouns 0 thick darkness its swaddling bands The abstract noun “darkness” can be translated as the adjective “dark.” Alternate translation: “made dark clouds its swaddling bands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 38 9 s1lf 0 swaddling bands long pieces of cloth that people use to wrap a baby in after it is born @@ -2221,12 +2221,12 @@ JOB 38 11 ixn6 figs-explicit 0 You may come this far, but no farther The words JOB 38 11 iy3q figs-personification 0 to the pride of your waves “to the power of your waves.” The waves are spoken of as if they could have pride. The abstract noun “pride” can be translated as the adjective “proud.” Alternate translation: “to your proud waves” or “to your powerful waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 38 12 c1ks figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he created the light of day and Job did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 12 b56i figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh continues to challenge Job. He begins to ask a rhetorical question. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 38 12 hi2g figs-rquestion 0 Have you…to know its place This question expects a negative answer. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have never…shaken the wicked out of it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 12 hi2g figs-rquestion 0 Have you … to know its place This question expects a negative answer. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have never … shaken the wicked out of it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 12 i57a figs-personification 0 given orders to the morning Yahweh describes the morning as being able to receive orders and know things like a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 38 12 gc16 0 caused the dawn to know its place “caused the dawn to know where it belongs” JOB 38 12 q9wm 0 dawn the daylight that appears in the morning sky before the sun rises JOB 38 13 zak3 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you given” in verse 12. -JOB 38 13 l3k7 figs-rquestion 0 so that it might take hold…shake the wicked out of it? This is the end of the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you given” in verse 12. This question expects a negative answer. It can be translated as a statement. “You have never given…so that it might take hold…shaken the wicked out of it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 13 l3k7 figs-rquestion 0 so that it might take hold … shake the wicked out of it? This is the end of the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you given” in verse 12. This question expects a negative answer. It can be translated as a statement. “You have never given … so that it might take hold … shaken the wicked out of it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 13 s9db figs-metaphor 0 take hold of the edges of the earth The light of dawn is spoken of as if it seizes the horizons of the earth. Alternate translation: “grasp the ends of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 38 13 m62q figs-metaphor 0 shake the wicked out of it The daylight is pictured as causing wicked people to leave like shaking something to remove unwanted things. Alternate translation: “shake wicked people out of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 38 14 m9rx figs-simile 0 The earth is changed in appearance like clay changes under a seal At nighttime, people cannot see clearly, but in the morning the light reveals the distinct shape of everything, just like a seal creates distinct images in clay. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -2252,15 +2252,15 @@ JOB 38 19 q3uk figs-personification 0 the resting place of light “the dwellin JOB 38 19 he61 0 light “daylight” or “sunlight” JOB 38 20 d9pc figs-rquestion 0 Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? These questions expect a negative answer. They can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “You cannot lead light and darkness to their places of work, or find the way back to their houses for them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 20 tyy4 figs-personification 0 to their places of work “to their territory.” Light and darkness are spoken of as being led out and back each day to accomplish Yahweh’s purposes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JOB 38 21 ca1q figs-irony 0 Undoubtedly…so large Yahweh uses mocking irony to emphasize that Job does not understand light and darkness. Alternate translation: “It is obvious that you do not know, because you were not born when I created them, and you are not very old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +JOB 38 21 ca1q figs-irony 0 Undoubtedly … so large Yahweh uses mocking irony to emphasize that Job does not understand light and darkness. Alternate translation: “It is obvious that you do not know, because you were not born when I created them, and you are not very old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JOB 38 21 zfd6 0 for you were born then “for you were already living then.” The word “then” refers to the time when light was created and separated from darkness. Alternate translation: “for you were already born when I created them” JOB 38 21 hy8k 0 the number of your days is so large “you have lived so many years” JOB 38 22 h59t figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he rules over the natural world and Job does not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 22 w7gx figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh continues to challenge Job. He bgins to ask a rhetorical question. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 38 22 sj2h figs-metaphor 0 storehouses for the snow…storehouses for the hail Snow and hail are pictured as being stored by Yahweh to do his will. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOB 38 22 sj2h figs-metaphor 0 storehouses for the snow … storehouses for the hail Snow and hail are pictured as being stored by Yahweh to do his will. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 38 22 q2qv 0 hail balls of ice (usually small) that sometimes fall down from the sky during a storm JOB 38 23 hve3 0 Connecting Statement: The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you entered” in verse 22 ends here. -JOB 38 23 vl8g figs-rquestion 0 these things that I have kept…and war? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you entered” in verse 22 ends here. “You have never entered the storehouses for the snow, and you have never seen the storehouses for the hail, these things that I have kept…and war.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 23 vl8g figs-rquestion 0 these things that I have kept … and war? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you entered” in verse 22 ends here. “You have never entered the storehouses for the snow, and you have never seen the storehouses for the hail, these things that I have kept … and war.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 23 fv91 0 these things that I have kept The words “these things” refer to the snow and the hail (verse 22). JOB 38 24 ctg6 figs-activepassive 0 What is the path to where the lightning bolts are distributed or to where the winds are scattered from the east over the earth? These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “What is the path to where I distribute the lightning bolts or to where I scatter the winds from the east over the earth?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 38 24 auw5 0 the winds are scattered “the winds are blown” @@ -2273,7 +2273,7 @@ JOB 38 25 cd75 0 a path for the thunder “a way for the rumble of thunder to JOB 38 26 g934 figs-parallelism 0 on lands where no person exists, and on the wilderness, in which there is no one These two phrases have nearly the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 38 26 na1j 0 where no person exists “where there are no people” JOB 38 27 b6m2 figs-rquestion 0 The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who has created” in verse 25 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 38 27 lf5w figs-rquestion 0 to satisfy…sprout with grass? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who has created” in verse 25 ends here. This can be translated as a statement. “I am the one who has created…of rain, and I am the one who has made…to satisfy…sprout with grass.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 27 lf5w figs-rquestion 0 to satisfy … sprout with grass? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who has created” in verse 25 ends here. This can be translated as a statement. “I am the one who has created … of rain, and I am the one who has made … to satisfy … sprout with grass.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 27 d9vt figs-explicit 0 to satisfy The implied information is that it is the rain that meets the needs of the land to grow grass. Alternate translation: “so that the rain can satisfy the needs of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 38 27 q9sc figs-hendiadys 0 devastated and desolate “ruined and wasted.” These two words have nearly the same meaning and emphasize the ruined and empty nature of these regions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) JOB 38 27 v1hz 0 with grass “the new grass” or “the fresh grass.” This is grass that is just starting to grow. @@ -2293,10 +2293,10 @@ JOB 38 31 l2s5 figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses five questions JOB 38 31 w86h 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. JOB 38 31 rik8 figs-rquestion 0 Can you fasten chains on the Pleiades, or undo the cords of Orion? These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You cannot fasten chains on the Pleiades, and you cannot undo the cords of Orion.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 31 kqa9 0 fasten chains on “bind chains onto” or “tie the bonds of” -JOB 38 31 p1ai 0 the Pleiades…Orion These are the names of constellations. See how you translated them in [Job 9:9](../09/09.md). +JOB 38 31 p1ai 0 the Pleiades … Orion These are the names of constellations. See how you translated them in [Job 9:9](../09/09.md). JOB 38 31 wb4a 0 undo the cords of Orion “loosen the cords that hold Orion” JOB 38 32 n1r3 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. -JOB 38 32 ys38 figs-rquestion 0 Can you lead the constellations…proper times? Can you guide…children? These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You cannot lead the constellations…proper times. You cannot guide…children.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 32 ys38 figs-rquestion 0 Can you lead the constellations … proper times? Can you guide … children? These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You cannot lead the constellations … proper times. You cannot guide … children.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 32 lrw6 0 constellations groups of stars that seem like they form a particular shape in the sky JOB 38 32 qx9k 0 to appear at their proper times “so that they appear at the right time” JOB 38 32 x8g2 0 the Bear This is the name of a constellation. Translate as in [Job 9:9](../09/09.md). @@ -2304,9 +2304,9 @@ JOB 38 32 a6br 0 its children “its cubs” JOB 38 33 y4fp figs-rquestion 0 Do you know the regulations of the sky? Could you set in place the sky’s rule over the earth? These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You do not know the regulations of the sky? You could not set in place the sky’s rule over the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 34 i5q7 figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses two questions to emphasize to Job that he rules the rain clouds and lightning and Job does not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 34 mq7j 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. -JOB 38 34 tca5 figs-rquestion 0 Can you raise…may cover you? These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You cannot raise…may cover you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 34 tca5 figs-rquestion 0 Can you raise … may cover you? These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You cannot raise … may cover you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 34 yh4f figs-abstractnouns 0 an abundance of rainwater The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated as the adjective “abundant.” Alternate translation: “an abundant amount of rainwater” or “a flood of waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JOB 38 35 na4p figs-rquestion 0 Can you send out…you, ‘Here we are’? These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You cannot send out you, ‘Here we are!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 35 na4p figs-rquestion 0 Can you send out … you, ‘Here we are’? These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You cannot send out you, ‘Here we are!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 35 z4cb figs-personification 0 Here we are The lightning bolts are spoken of as servants saying they are ready to follow commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 38 36 a9d6 figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses three questions to emphasize to Job that he rules the clouds and rain and Job does not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 36 sx1r 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. @@ -2315,7 +2315,7 @@ JOB 38 36 sfx3 0 has put wisdom in the clouds “has given wisdom to the cloud JOB 38 37 pv86 figs-rquestion 0 A rhetorical question begins here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 37 qju4 figs-rquestion 0 Who can pour out the water skins of the sky This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am the one who can pour out the water skins of the sky.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 37 w7u7 figs-metaphor 0 the water skins These are skins that people sew together so that they can hold water. Yahweh refers to the thick clouds as “waters skins” because they hold much water just like water skins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 38 38 hj6z figs-rquestion 0 when the dust runs…tightly together? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who can pour out” in verse 37 ends here. “Only I can pour out…when the dust runs…tightly together.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 38 hj6z figs-rquestion 0 when the dust runs … tightly together? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who can pour out” in verse 37 ends here. “Only I can pour out … when the dust runs … tightly together.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 38 qh39 figs-activepassive 0 when the dust runs into a hard mass The rain makes the loose dry dirt stick together like one piece of dirt. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when the rain molds the dirt into a hard mass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 38 38 njw9 0 the clods of earth clump tightly together “the lumps of soil stick together” JOB 38 39 s331 figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he knows how to feed the lions and Job does not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2326,13 +2326,13 @@ JOB 38 39 i376 0 lioness This is a female lion. JOB 38 39 n1pj 0 appetite hunger JOB 38 39 j1aw 0 of her young lion cubs “of young lions.” These are young lions that are old enough to hunt for themselves. JOB 38 40 awl8 0 Connecting Statement: The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Can you hunt” in verse 39 ends here. -JOB 38 40 yb24 figs-rquestion 0 when they are crouching…to lie in wait? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Can you hunt” in verse 39 ends here. This can be translated as a statement. “You know that you cannot hunt down…when they are crouching…to lie in wait.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 40 yb24 figs-rquestion 0 when they are crouching … to lie in wait? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Can you hunt” in verse 39 ends here. This can be translated as a statement. “You know that you cannot hunt down … when they are crouching … to lie in wait.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 40 hu7v 0 dens A “den” is a lair or shelter where lions live. JOB 38 40 g23n 0 sheltering in hiding “hiding in a thicket.” Lions hide in thick vegetation when hunting their prey. JOB 38 40 fx6l figs-explicit 0 to lie in wait The implied information is that the lions are hiding and waiting for their prey to come near. Alternate translation: “to lie waiting for a victim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 38 41 t9jb figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he provides food for the ravens and Job does not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 41 u1rq 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. -JOB 38 41 sxy9 figs-rquestion 0 Who provides victims…for lack of food? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me who provides victims…for lack of food.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 38 41 sxy9 figs-rquestion 0 Who provides victims … for lack of food? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me who provides victims … for lack of food.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 38 41 f3g8 0 provides victims “provides food.” This refers to animals that ravens look for and can eat. JOB 38 41 hc2b 0 ravens large birds with shiny black feathers that feed on dead animals JOB 38 41 y9ey figs-explicit 0 cry out to God The implied information is that the ravens are crying out for food. Alternate translation: “cry to God for help” or “cry out for God to give them food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -2341,7 +2341,7 @@ JOB 38 41 i8kr 0 for lack of food “because they have no food” or “becaus JOB 39 intro l9e1 0 # Job 39 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Yahweh continues to speak in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s greatness
Yahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited. Since Job cannot understand creation, he cannot truly understand Yahweh.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions
Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. Many of these questions focus on nature because Yahweh is the creator of the heavens and the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) JOB 39 1 b1wa figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses four questions to emphasize that he is greater than Job because Yahweh takes care of the wild mountain goats and deer and Job does not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 1 sw6i 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. -JOB 39 1 m8kw figs-rquestion 0 Do you know at what time…bear their young? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely you do not know when…bear their young!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 39 1 m8kw figs-rquestion 0 Do you know at what time … bear their young? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely you do not know when … bear their young!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 1 d7nh figs-rquestion 0 Can you watch when the deer are having their fawns? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are not able to watch to make sure everything goes well when the deer give birth to their fawns!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 1 j6ic 0 are having their fawns “give birth to their fawns” JOB 39 2 phe5 figs-rquestion 0 Can you count the months that they gestate? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You cannot count the months that they are pregnant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2358,11 +2358,11 @@ JOB 39 4 v8ps 0 do not come back again “do not come back to them” or “do JOB 39 5 p64r figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses two questions to emphasize that he is greater than Job because Yahweh takes care of the wild donkeys and Job does not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 5 g9xs 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. JOB 39 5 twv9 figs-rquestion 0 Who let the wild donkey go free? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am the one who let the wild donkey go free.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 39 5 x4tg 0 the wild donkey…the swift donkey These are different names for the same kind of donkey. +JOB 39 5 x4tg 0 the wild donkey … the swift donkey These are different names for the same kind of donkey. JOB 39 5 mg7f figs-rquestion 0 Who has untied the bonds of the swift donkey This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am the one who untied the bonds of the swift donkey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 5 pp7e 0 bonds ropes, chains, or straps that hold an animal and keep it from running away JOB 39 6 dku4 figs-rquestion 0 General Information: The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who has untied” in verse 5 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 39 6 z26m figs-rquestion 0 whose home I have made…in the salt land? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who has untied” in verse 5 ends here. This can be translated as a statement. “I am the one who has untied…whose home I have made in the Arabah, his house in the salt land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 39 6 z26m figs-rquestion 0 whose home I have made … in the salt land? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who has untied” in verse 5 ends here. This can be translated as a statement. “I am the one who has untied … whose home I have made in the Arabah, his house in the salt land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 6 qyi5 figs-personification 0 whose home I have made in the Arabah Yahweh describes the donkey as though he were a person that had a house. “I gave him the Arabah as a place to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 39 6 hfq8 0 the salt land the land around the Salt Sea that has a lot of salt in it JOB 39 7 b9s6 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. @@ -2389,9 +2389,9 @@ JOB 39 11 au79 figs-rquestion 0 Will you trust him because his strength is grea JOB 39 11 zx9v 0 trust him The word “him” refers to the “wild ox.” JOB 39 11 cgj2 figs-rquestion 0 Will you leave your work to him to do? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to make him do your work for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 11 f3u1 0 leave your work to him to do “have him do your hard work for you” -JOB 39 12 ht1z figs-rquestion 0 Will you depend on him…grain for your threshing floor? These two clauses basically mean the same thing. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to depend on him…grain for your threshing floor.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JOB 39 12 ht1z figs-rquestion 0 Will you depend on him … grain for your threshing floor? These two clauses basically mean the same thing. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to depend on him … grain for your threshing floor.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOB 39 13 g5i9 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. -JOB 39 13 xrh3 figs-rquestion 0 The wings of the ostrich…pinions and plumage of love? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that Job cannot explain why ostriches behave the way they do. Alternate translation: “You do not know whether the pinions and plumage of the ostrich represent love when they wave their wings proudly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 39 13 xrh3 figs-rquestion 0 The wings of the ostrich … pinions and plumage of love? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that Job cannot explain why ostriches behave the way they do. Alternate translation: “You do not know whether the pinions and plumage of the ostrich represent love when they wave their wings proudly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 13 c9hc 0 ostrich a very large bird that can run very fast but cannot fly JOB 39 13 k698 0 wave proudly “move with joy” JOB 39 13 b62x 0 pinions the very long feathers on the wings of birds @@ -2407,7 +2407,7 @@ JOB 39 16 uqn1 figs-explicit 0 might have been in vain If the chicks die, all o JOB 39 17 jm95 0 deprived her of wisdom “made her forget wisdom” or “not given her wisdom” JOB 39 17 c8hu 0 understanding See how you translated this in [Job 11:6](../11/06.md). JOB 39 18 bd6w 0 When she runs This verse is in contrast to her weakness in caring for her chicks. Alternate translation: “However, when she runs” -JOB 39 18 y8sh figs-explicit 0 she laughs…its rider It is implied that she laughs because she is faster than the horse. Alternate translation: “she laughs…its rider because she can run faster than the horse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JOB 39 18 y8sh figs-explicit 0 she laughs … its rider It is implied that she laughs because she is faster than the horse. Alternate translation: “she laughs … its rider because she can run faster than the horse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 39 19 j9tb figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses three questions to emphasize that Job is not like Yahweh because Job cannot control the wild horse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 19 ma5j 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. JOB 39 19 jg2w figs-rquestion 0 Have you given the horse his strength? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have never given the horse his strength.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2439,11 +2439,11 @@ JOB 39 25 q35d figs-personification 0 he says, ‘Aha The word “Aha” is a s JOB 39 25 nry6 figs-explicit 0 the thunderous shouts It is implied that the horse hears these things. Alternate translation: “he hears the thunderous shouts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOB 39 25 i8r5 0 the outcries “the battle cries.” People have special shouts that they use in war to show their great strength and bravery and to scare the enemy. JOB 39 26 i2wf 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. -JOB 39 26 e41g figs-rquestion 0 Is it by your wisdom…for the south? Yahweh uses this question to prove that Job is not as great as Yahweh. The implicit answer to this question is “no.” Alternate translation: “It is not by your wisdom…for the south.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 39 26 e41g figs-rquestion 0 Is it by your wisdom … for the south? Yahweh uses this question to prove that Job is not as great as Yahweh. The implicit answer to this question is “no.” Alternate translation: “It is not by your wisdom … for the south.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 26 rx7s figs-metonymy 0 stretches out his wings for the south Here the stretching out of his wings refers to flying. Alternate translation: “flies to the south” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOB 39 26 ckg8 0 for the south In the biblical geography, birds fly south during the winter in order to live in warmer climates. JOB 39 27 bv18 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job. -JOB 39 27 qk6s figs-rquestion 0 Is it at your orders…nest in high places? Yahweh uses this question to prove that Job is not powerful enough to command the eagles. The implicit answer to this question is “no.” Alternate translation: “You are not able to command the eagle to mount up and build his nest in high places.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 39 27 qk6s figs-rquestion 0 Is it at your orders … nest in high places? Yahweh uses this question to prove that Job is not powerful enough to command the eagles. The implicit answer to this question is “no.” Alternate translation: “You are not able to command the eagle to mount up and build his nest in high places.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 39 27 cd7k figs-abstractnouns 0 at your orders The abstract noun “orders” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you tell it to do so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 39 27 cz3r figs-idiom 0 mounts up This means he flies upward. Alternate translation: “flies up into the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOB 39 28 u8qm 0 a stronghold The high cliffs are strongholds for eagles because the animals that would want to eat them cannot reach them. @@ -2477,7 +2477,7 @@ JOB 40 13 y16q figs-euphemism 0 the hidden place a euphemism for the place wher JOB 40 15 t3an 0 behemoth a large water animal, possibly the hippopotamus JOB 40 15 zzb3 0 he eats the behemoth eats JOB 40 15 h3k4 figs-simile 0 eats grass like an ox Both the behemoth and the ox eat grass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JOB 40 16 utj1 0 loins…belly’s muscles These two phrases refer to the same part of the body. +JOB 40 16 utj1 0 loins … belly’s muscles These two phrases refer to the same part of the body. JOB 40 17 t5ej figs-simile 0 like a cedar Cedar is a very hard wood, and his tail becomes very hard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 40 18 g8sh figs-simile 0 like tubes of bronze Here, his bones are compared to tubes made of bronze to show how tough this animal is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 40 18 v226 figs-simile 0 like bars of iron This last comparison describes the strength of this great animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -2490,20 +2490,20 @@ JOB 40 22 y4zd 0 lotus plants flowering plants that float on the water in swam JOB 40 22 k86u 0 willows of the brook Willows are large trees that grow in damp ground. If they are unknown in your culture, you can use a general term for trees that grow near water. JOB 40 23 vbe3 0 banks sides of the river JOB 40 23 x8nv 0 though the Jordan should surge up to his mouth “even if the flood of the Jordan should come up to his mouth” -JOB 40 24 uyb7 figs-rquestion 0 Can anyone capture him with a hook…snare? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can capture him with a hook or pierce his nose through with a snare.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 40 24 uyb7 figs-rquestion 0 Can anyone capture him with a hook … snare? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can capture him with a hook or pierce his nose through with a snare.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 41 intro et13 0 # Job 41 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of this chapter, which is an extended quotation of Yahweh, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. It is a continuation of the previous chapter.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions
Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character and to convince Job to repent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Animals

There are several animals mentioned in this chapter that do not exist and may never have existed. It may be necessary to leave these names untranslated or to translate their names as adjectives. JOB 41 1 hgy7 0 General Information: God continues speaking. He is using many rhetorical questions to challenge Job. JOB 41 1 tg8a figs-rquestion 0 Can you draw out Leviathan with a fishhook? God uses this question to remind Job that Job is not powerful like Leviathan. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you cannot draw out Leviathan with a fishhook.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 41 1 f9dw 0 draw out pull out of the water JOB 41 1 li7c figs-ellipsis 0 Or tie up his jaws with a cord? The words “can you” are understood from the previous question. They can be repeated here. God uses this question to remind Job that Job is not powerful like Leviathan. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Or can you tie up his jaws with a cord?” or “And you know that you cannot tie up his jaws with a cord.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 41 1 t8j2 0 his jaws Leviathan’s jaws -JOB 41 2 y88e figs-rquestion 0 Can you put a rope into his nose…with a hook? God uses this question to remind Job that Job is not powerful like Leviathan. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you cannot put a rope into Leviathan’s nose…with a hook.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 41 2 y88e figs-rquestion 0 Can you put a rope into his nose … with a hook? God uses this question to remind Job that Job is not powerful like Leviathan. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you cannot put a rope into Leviathan’s nose … with a hook.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 41 3 f3f9 figs-rquestion 0 Will he make many pleas to you? God uses this question to remind Job that Job is not powerful like Leviathan. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that he will not make pleas to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 41 3 sz4n 0 he Leviathan JOB 41 3 d9dm figs-rquestion 0 Will he speak soft words to you? God uses this question to remind Job that Job is not powerful like Leviathan. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that he will not speak soft words to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 41 4 bmh5 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to rebuke Job. He uses rhetorical questions to remind Job that Job is not powerful like Leviathan. JOB 41 4 lt8s figs-rquestion 0 Will he make a covenant with you, that you should take him for a servant forever? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that he will not make a covenant with you, that you should take him for a servant forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 41 4 k4da 0 he…him The words “he” and “him” refer to Leviathan. +JOB 41 4 k4da 0 he … him The words “he” and “him” refer to Leviathan. JOB 41 5 d2ev figs-rquestion 0 Will you play with him as you would with a bird? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you cannot play with him as you would play with a bird.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 41 5 kt39 figs-rquestion 0 Will you tie him up for your servant girls? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you cannot tie him up for your servant girls.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 41 6 al1q figs-rquestion 0 Will the groups of fishermen bargain for him? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that the groups of fishermen will not bargain for him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2520,19 +2520,19 @@ JOB 41 9 x9zn 0 the sight of him “by looking at him” or “by seeing him JOB 41 10 jk4f 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to rebuke Job by asking him rhetorical questions. He uses rhetorical questions to remind Job that Yahweh is much more powerful than both Leviathan and Job. JOB 41 10 wj5r figs-rquestion 0 None is so fierce that he dare stir Leviathan up; who, then, is he who can stand before me? It would be easier to stir up Leviathan than to stand before Yahweh. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Since you know that no person is so fierce that he dare stir Leviathan up, you should certainly know that no one can stand before me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 41 11 s27e figs-rquestion 0 Who has first given anything to me in order that I should repay him? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that no one has first given anything to me, so there is no one whom I need to repay.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 41 12 pqy2 figs-litotes 0 I will not keep silent concerning…nor about…nor about This can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will certainly speak about…and about…and about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +JOB 41 12 pqy2 figs-litotes 0 I will not keep silent concerning … nor about … nor about This can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will certainly speak about … and about … and about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) JOB 41 12 c6dk 0 concerning Leviathan’s legs, nor about the matter of his strength, nor about his graceful form These are three things about which God will not keep silent. JOB 41 12 x2pd 0 his The word “his” refers to Leviathan. JOB 41 13 ppr4 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to rebuke Job by asking him rhetorical questions. JOB 41 13 fp4x figs-rquestion 0 Who can strip off his outer covering? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can strip off his outer clothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 41 13 xw7s 0 his…his Leviathan’s +JOB 41 13 xw7s 0 his … his Leviathan’s JOB 41 13 r6zd figs-metaphor 0 Who can penetrate his double armor? The word “armor” is a metaphor for the hard scales or hide on his back. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can penetrate his very thick hide.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JOB 41 14 e1dk figs-rquestion 0 Who can open the doors of his face…terror? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can pry his jaws apart…terror.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOB 41 14 e1dk figs-rquestion 0 Who can open the doors of his face … terror? This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can pry his jaws apart … terror.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOB 41 15 wa6c figs-metaphor 0 shields The word “shields” is a metaphor for Leviathan’s hide. Both shields and Leviathan’s hide protect well and deflect arrows and other weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOB 41 15 s54h 0 tight together as with a close seal This means the “shields” are very close to one another and nothing can get between them. JOB 41 16 jl62 0 One is so near to another One row of shields is so near to another ([Job 41:15](../41/15.md)). JOB 41 16 cs18 0 between them between the rows of shields ([Job 41:15](../41/15.md)) -JOB 41 17 z5wz 0 They…they…they the rows of shields ([Job 41:15](../41/15.md)). +JOB 41 17 z5wz 0 They … they … they the rows of shields ([Job 41:15](../41/15.md)). JOB 41 17 x9sg figs-activepassive 0 they cannot be pulled apart This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can pull them apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 41 18 tbj3 0 from his snorting “when he snorts.” A snort is a sound like a short snore. Another possible meaning is “from his sneezing” or “when he sneezes.” JOB 41 18 wjz6 figs-simile 0 his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning dawn This means that his eyes are red as the morning dawn is red. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -2542,22 +2542,22 @@ JOB 41 19 pl7d 0 his The word “his” refers to Leviathan. JOB 41 20 pqy7 0 nostrils the two openings of the nose JOB 41 20 uk6d figs-simile 0 smoke like a boiling pot Both the smoke and a boiling pot are very hot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 41 21 lgl1 0 kindles coals into flame “causes coals to catch fire” -JOB 41 22 xx91 0 his…him The words “his” and “him” refer to Leviathan. +JOB 41 22 xx91 0 his … him The words “his” and “him” refer to Leviathan. JOB 41 22 lw67 figs-abstractnouns 0 terror dances in front of him The abstract noun “terror” can be translated as the verb “be afraid.” Alternate translation: “when people see him coming, they are very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOB 41 23 uak5 figs-activepassive 0 they cannot be moved This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can move them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 41 24 b1b7 figs-simile 0 His heart is as hard as a stone A rock or stone does not change and become soft. This could mean: (1) Leviathan’s physical chest and the organs inside it are physically hard or (2) Leviathan is not afraid of anything or (3) Leviathan is spoken of as a person who kills without ever being sorry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 41 24 ja7y 0 a lower millstone “the hardest of rocks.” The lower millstone is the larger and harder of the two rocks used to grind grain. It would be the hardest rock people could find. -JOB 41 25 u1vw 0 he…himself Leviathan +JOB 41 25 u1vw 0 he … himself Leviathan JOB 41 25 ygt1 0 the gods This could mean: (1) “mighty people” or (2) “very strong people” . JOB 41 26 m7ws 0 strikes him strikes Leviathan JOB 41 27 hml3 figs-simile 0 He thinks of iron as if it were straw “He thinks of weapons made of iron as if they were weapons made of straw.” Straw would not get through his hide, and iron weapons do not get through his hide. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 41 27 uu6e figs-ellipsis 0 of bronze as if it were rotten wood You can make this clear by adding the omitted words. Alternate translation: “he thinks of weapons made of bronze as if they were weapons made of rotten wood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 41 28 jl4x figs-metaphor 0 to him sling stones become chaff Chaff cannot hurt Leviathan, and sling stones are just as ineffective as chaff. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOB 41 28 w7pl 0 him…him Leviathan +JOB 41 28 w7pl 0 him … him Leviathan JOB 41 29 zzu4 figs-activepassive 0 Clubs are regarded as straw A club made of straw would not hurt him, and a club made of wood would not hurt him. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “He thinks of clubs as if they were straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOB 41 29 yn7y figs-personification 0 he laughs at the whirring flight of a spear The person throwing the spear hopes that the spear will kill Leviathan, but the writer speaks as if Leviathan knows the spear will not kill him and so laughs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JOB 41 29 rx15 0 he laughs Leviathan laughs -JOB 41 30 jdd9 0 His…he…he These words refer to Leviathan. +JOB 41 30 jdd9 0 His … he … he These words refer to Leviathan. JOB 41 30 sy31 figs-simile 0 he leaves a spreading trail in the mud as if he were a threshing sledge Just as a threshing sledge goes over grain on a threshing floor and turns it to powder, so Leviathan’s tail leaves a trail in the mud as he wags it when he walks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOB 41 31 p2f1 0 He makes the deep to foam up like a pot of boiling water “As he passes through the water, he leaves a trail of bubbles behind him, like the bubbling of boiling water in a pot” JOB 41 31 bj7m 0 He The word “he” refers to Leviathan. @@ -2567,7 +2567,7 @@ JOB 41 33 p5t9 0 there is no equal to him “no other creature is like Leviath JOB 41 33 f5nc 0 him Leviathan JOB 41 34 b5cm 0 He sees everything that is proud “He is very, very proud” JOB 41 34 c959 figs-personification 0 he is king over all the sons of pride Leviathan is spoken of as if he were a person who is able to become king and be proud. Alternate translation: “Leviathan has more reason to be proud than anyone else on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JOB 41 34 n88z 0 He…he Leviathan +JOB 41 34 n88z 0 He … he Leviathan JOB 42 intro g9q6 0 # Job 42 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 42:1-6, which is an extended quotation of Job, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.

Having faced the temptation to curse Yahweh, and after being rebuked by him, in the end Job shows his complete trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tempt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Justice
Yahweh enacts justice at the end of this book. He punishes Job’s friends and restores Job’s blessings. Yahweh’s blessing was not dependent upon Job’s repentance, but upon Yahweh’s grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) JOB 42 2 bdu3 figs-ellipsis 0 I know that you can do all things, that no purpose of yours can be stopped You may want to repeat the words “I know.” Alternate translation: “I know that you can do all things. I know that no purpose of yours can be stopped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JOB 42 2 wu37 figs-activepassive 0 no purpose of yours can be stopped This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can stop any of your plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2592,7 +2592,7 @@ JOB 42 12 ud3i translate-numbers 0 fourteen thousand sheep 14,000 sheep (See: [ JOB 42 12 qax5 translate-numbers 0 six thousand camels 6,000 camels (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOB 42 12 g7yp translate-numbers 0 one thousand yoke of oxen 1,000 yoke of oxen (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOB 42 13 z7x9 translate-numbers 0 seven sons and three daughters 7 sons and 3 daughters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JOB 42 14 xd1h translate-names 0 Jemimah…Keziah…Keren-Happuch women’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JOB 42 14 xd1h translate-names 0 Jemimah … Keziah … Keren-Happuch women’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOB 42 15 l9nw 0 no women were found as beautiful as Job’s daughters “Job’s daughters were more beautiful than all the other women” JOB 42 16 s5ni translate-numbers 0 lived 140 years “lived 140 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JOB 42 17 d827 figs-doublet 0 being old and full of days The words “full of days” means basically the same thing as “being old.” The two phrases form a common idiom. Alternate translation: “a very old man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/en_tn_19-PSA.tsv b/en_tn_19-PSA.tsv index 1d339c6e4..b6f65d46f 100644 --- a/en_tn_19-PSA.tsv +++ b/en_tn_19-PSA.tsv @@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ PSA 1 1 w56f writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Heb PSA 1 1 gz4n figs-metaphor 0 who does not walk in the advice of the wicked The “advice of the wicked” is spoken of as if it were a path to follow. Alternate translation: “who does not follow the advice of the wicked” or “who does not do what wicked people advise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 1 1 uqr7 figs-metaphor 0 stand in the pathway with sinners Here the word “pathway” represents the way people live. The word “stand” is in parallel with “walk.” Alternate translation: “imitate the behavior of sinful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 1 1 nk2a figs-metonymy 0 or sit in the assembly of mockers Sitting with people who mock God represents joining people who mock God. Alternate translation: “or join those who mock God” or “or mock God with others who mock him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 1 2 izu5 figs-abstractnouns 0 his delight is in the law of Yahweh The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. A person who can “delight…in the law” is happy because the law is good and because one is obeying it. Alternate translation: “what makes him truly happy is the law of Yahweh” or “what makes him truly happy is to know that he is obeying the law of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PSA 1 2 izu5 figs-abstractnouns 0 his delight is in the law of Yahweh The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. A person who can “delight … in the law” is happy because the law is good and because one is obeying it. Alternate translation: “what makes him truly happy is the law of Yahweh” or “what makes him truly happy is to know that he is obeying the law of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 1 2 ns4k 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. PSA 1 3 t59m 0 General Information: This passage introduces an elaborate image in which a righteous person is thought of in terms of a flourishing tree. -PSA 1 3 d83j figs-simile 0 He will be like a tree…fruit in its season In the Bible, people are often spoken of as trees. People who delight in Yahweh’s law can do all God wants them to do just as a tree that is planted by water produces good fruit. Alternate translation: “He will be prosperous like a tree…fruit in its season” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 1 3 d83j figs-simile 0 He will be like a tree … fruit in its season In the Bible, people are often spoken of as trees. People who delight in Yahweh’s law can do all God wants them to do just as a tree that is planted by water produces good fruit. Alternate translation: “He will be prosperous like a tree … fruit in its season” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 1 3 wir5 0 planted by the streams of water A tree that is planted by a stream can get enough water to be healthy. PSA 1 3 tag1 0 that produces its fruit in its season Healthy trees produce good fruit at the right time. PSA 1 3 xf3j 0 whose leaves do not wither If a tree gets enough water, its leaves do not dry out and die. @@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ PSA 2 1 e4gn figs-rquestion 0 Why are the nations in turmoil, and why do the pe PSA 2 1 zq9d 0 are the nations in turmoil This probably means that the nations were making a noisy and angry commotion. PSA 2 1 hd4h figs-metonymy 0 the nations This represents either the leaders or the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 2 1 jxy7 0 plots that will fail These are probably plots against God and his people. -PSA 2 2 ag3k figs-parallelism 0 The kings of the earth take their stand together…the rulers conspire together These two clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 2 2 pt5v figs-explicit 0 take their stand together…conspire together These phrases mean the same thing, implying that the leaders stand together in order to fight against Yahweh and his Messiah. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather to fight…plan together to revolt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 2 3 xw9h figs-metaphor 0 Let us tear off the shackles…throw off their chains The people of other nations speak of Yahweh and the Messiah’s rule over them as if it were shackles and chains. Alternate translation: “We should free ourselves from their control; we should not let them rule over us any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 2 4 e8l8 0 He…the Lord These phrases refer to Yahweh. Yahweh is often called “the Lord” but the words for “Yahweh” and “the Lord” are different. +PSA 2 2 ag3k figs-parallelism 0 The kings of the earth take their stand together … the rulers conspire together These two clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 2 2 pt5v figs-explicit 0 take their stand together … conspire together These phrases mean the same thing, implying that the leaders stand together in order to fight against Yahweh and his Messiah. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather to fight … plan together to revolt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PSA 2 3 xw9h figs-metaphor 0 Let us tear off the shackles … throw off their chains The people of other nations speak of Yahweh and the Messiah’s rule over them as if it were shackles and chains. Alternate translation: “We should free ourselves from their control; we should not let them rule over us any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 2 4 e8l8 0 He … the Lord These phrases refer to Yahweh. Yahweh is often called “the Lord” but the words for “Yahweh” and “the Lord” are different. PSA 2 4 t9zx figs-explicit 0 sits in the heavens Here sitting represents ruling. What he sits on can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rules in the heavens” or “sits on his throne in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 2 4 zyd3 figs-explicit 0 the Lord mocks them “the Lord mocks those people.” Why he mocks them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The Lord mocks them for their foolish plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 2 5 z631 figs-abstractnouns 0 terrify them in his rage The abstract noun “rage” can be stated as “furious.” Alternate translation: “he will be furious and terrify them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ PSA 2 7 d5l7 figs-explicit 0 I will announce a decree of Yahweh. He The person PSA 2 7 h869 0 He said to me “Yahweh said to me” PSA 2 7 qp2j 0 You are my son! This day I have become your father Among many peoples in that part of the world then, men could decide to legally adopt children, who would become their heirs. Here Yahweh adopts a man and makes him king of Israel. Alternate translation: “I make you my son. This day I have become your father” or “Now you are my son and am your father” PSA 2 8 sy59 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to the new king of Israel. -PSA 2 8 vjb5 figs-parallelism 0 the nations for your inheritance…the farthermost regions of the earth for your possession These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 2 8 vjb5 figs-parallelism 0 the nations for your inheritance … the farthermost regions of the earth for your possession These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 2 8 cv7i 0 the farthermost regions of the earth “the lands that are very far away” PSA 2 9 uaa7 figs-parallelism 0 You will break them with an iron rod; like a jar of a potter, you will smash them to pieces These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 2 9 at9u figs-metaphor 0 You will break them with an iron rod Defeating the nations is spoken of as breaking them, and his power is spoken of as an iron rod. Alternate translation: “You will defeat them completely by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ PSA 3 3 hj6j figs-metaphor 0 the one who lifts up my head “you are the one wh PSA 3 4 bz2m figs-metonymy 0 I lift up my voice Using one’s voice to cry out is spoken of as lifting up his voice. Alternate translation: “I cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 3 6 q7wy 0 have set themselves against me on every side “have surrounded me to destroy me” PSA 3 7 zax2 figs-metonymy 0 Rise up David speaks of starting to do something as getting up. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 3 7 az5m figs-parallelism 0 hit all my enemies…break the teeth of the wicked These phrases say very similar things. The phrases “my enemies” and “the wicked” refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 3 7 az5m figs-parallelism 0 hit all my enemies … break the teeth of the wicked These phrases say very similar things. The phrases “my enemies” and “the wicked” refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 3 7 r6xe translate-symaction 0 For you will hit all my enemies on the jaw This was a way of insulting people. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically hit his enemies. Alternate translation: “For you will insult all my enemies like someone hitting them on the jaw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 3 7 k36i figs-metaphor 0 you will break the teeth of the wicked Animals attack with their teeth. Breaking their teeth takes away their power to attack. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically fight against the wicked. Alternate translation: “you will make the wicked unable to harm me like someone breaking the teeth of a ferocious animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 3 8 x9bn figs-abstractnouns 0 Salvation comes from Yahweh The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh saves his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ PSA 4 2 r39v 0 General Information: David sings this part of the song as if he PSA 4 2 p3x5 figs-rquestion 0 You people, how long will you turn my honor into shame? David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You people continually turn my honor into shame!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 4 2 vy7i 0 turn my honor into shame Shaming him instead of honoring him is spoken of as making his honor become shame. Alternate translation: “shame me instead of honoring me” or “bring me shame when you should be honoring me” PSA 4 2 i8ct figs-rquestion 0 How long will you love that which is worthless and seek after lies? David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You continue to love things that are worthless and seek after lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 4 2 mvp9 figs-parallelism 0 love that which is worthless…seek after lies These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The lies are worthless. Alternate translation: “love worthless lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 4 2 mvp9 figs-parallelism 0 love that which is worthless … seek after lies These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The lies are worthless. Alternate translation: “love worthless lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 4 3 w2gh 0 Yahweh has set apart the faithful ones for himself “Yahweh chooses godly people for himself” PSA 4 4 api1 figs-explicit 0 Tremble in fear The relationship between “tremble” and “fear” and who people should fear can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Fear Yahweh so much that you tremble” or “Stand in awe of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 4 4 u9p9 0 Tremble shake from fear @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ PSA 5 1 q7tu 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to PSA 5 1 tu54 0 with wind instruments “This song should be accompanied by people who play wind instruments.” PSA 5 1 xts1 figs-explicit 0 Listen to my call to you This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 5 1 i566 0 groanings low sounds that people make with the voice when they are suffering -PSA 5 3 i42x figs-parallelism 0 in the morning you hear my cry…in the morning I will bring my petition to you These two phrases are very similar in meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 5 3 i42x figs-parallelism 0 in the morning you hear my cry … in the morning I will bring my petition to you These two phrases are very similar in meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 5 3 q5qw 0 I will bring my petition to you “I will make my request” or “I will ask you for what I need” PSA 5 3 rk6n 0 wait expectantly “wait, expecting you to do what I ask you to do” PSA 5 6 qjt8 figs-123person 0 Yahweh despises violent and deceitful men Since David is speaking to God in this psalm, this sentence can be stated with the word “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you despise violent and deceitful men” or “Yahweh, you hate men who do violent acts and deceive others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ PSA 5 10 b8gr 0 may their schemes be their downfall “may their schemes cause PSA 5 10 llj1 0 schemes plans to harm people PSA 5 10 se86 figs-metaphor 0 downfall This is something that causes a person to experience disasters or to lose power. Experiencing disaster or becoming less important is spoken of as falling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 5 11 p2xk figs-metaphor 0 may all those who take refuge in you rejoice God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “May all those who go to you for protection rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 5 11 w32e figs-parallelism 0 those who take refuge in you rejoice…shout for joy because you defend them These two clauses express similar thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 5 11 w32e figs-parallelism 0 those who take refuge in you rejoice … shout for joy because you defend them These two clauses express similar thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 5 11 h7eq figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 5 11 jnt7 figs-metonymy 0 those who love your name God’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “those who love you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 5 12 t1zz figs-simile 0 you will surround them with favor as with a shield God’s favor is spoken of as if it were a shield. Alternate translation: “you will favor them and protect them as a soldier protects himself with his shield” or “because you are kind to them, you will protect them (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ PSA 6 6 c1qb 0 I drench my bed with tears “I make my bed wet with my tears PSA 6 6 isr5 0 I wash my couch away with my tears “I make my couch wet with my tears” PSA 6 7 fup4 figs-metonymy 0 My eyes grow dim The ability to see is spoken of in terms of the eyes. Alternate translation: “My vision is blurry” or “I cannot see clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 6 7 gny4 figs-metonymy 0 from grief Grief here represents crying. Alternate translation: “from crying” or “because I cry so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 6 9 j23z figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh has heard my appeal for mercy…Yahweh has accepted my prayer These two lines have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 6 9 j23z figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh has heard my appeal for mercy … Yahweh has accepted my prayer These two lines have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 6 9 dq36 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has accepted my prayer Being willing to do what David has prayed for is spoken of as accepting his prayer. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will respond to my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 7 intro zey1 0 # Psalm 007 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 7 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s protection
The author had not wronged anyone, yet his enemy was trying to attack him. But he knew that God would protect him.

### Cush the Benjamite
Note the superscription and the specific circumstances. There is no other reference to this incident in the Scriptures. But there are references to David being opposed by those of the tribe of Benjamin during the time he was serving King Saul. PSA 7 1 wzv4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ PSA 7 9 zql9 figs-metonymy 0 you who examine hearts and minds The hearts and mi PSA 7 10 c7u4 figs-metaphor 0 My shield comes from God The word “shield” represents God’s protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 7 11 j5zn figs-explicit 0 a God who is indignant each day Who God is angry with can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “a God who is angry with the wicked every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 7 12 y4zk figs-metaphor 0 God will sharpen his sword and will prepare his bow for battle In verses 12 and 13, David speaks of God deciding to punish the wicked as if God were a warrior preparing to fight against them with weapons. Alternate translation: “God will take action against him like a warrior who sharpens his sword and prepares his bow for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 7 14 l54a figs-metaphor 0 one who is pregnant with wickedness…conceives destructive plans…gives birth to harmful lies David speaks of the things that a wicked person does as if the person were pregnant and wickedness was the baby. Alternate translation: “the wicked person. He makes plans to destroy people and produces harmful lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 7 14 l54a figs-metaphor 0 one who is pregnant with wickedness … conceives destructive plans … gives birth to harmful lies David speaks of the things that a wicked person does as if the person were pregnant and wickedness was the baby. Alternate translation: “the wicked person. He makes plans to destroy people and produces harmful lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 7 16 p524 figs-metaphor 0 His own destructive plans return to his own head, for his violence comes down on his own head Destruction and violence are spoken of as if they hit a person’s head or fall down on it. Alternate translation: “His own destructive plans destroy him, for his violence attacks him” or “When he plans to destroy others, others destroy him; when he attacks others, others attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 8 intro rs24 0 # Psalm 008 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 8 is a psalm of worship and praise to God. This was to be sung by a choir.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s creation
God has made awesome things in the universe and has exalted humans to be rulers over this creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]])

### A Little Lower than the Heavenly Beings

[Psalms Psalm 8:4-6](./003.md) is quoted in [Hebrews 2:6-8](../../heb/02/06.md), where it is applied to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) PSA 8 1 lk7t writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -179,10 +179,10 @@ PSA 8 1 hn59 figs-metonymy 0 how magnificent is your name in all the earth God PSA 8 2 u11e figs-metaphor 0 Out of the mouth of babies and infants you have established praise This could mean: (1) praise is spoken of as a solid object that God takes out of babies’ mouths and sets up as a defensive wall or (2) God has created the world so that true praise comes to him from babies. Alternate translation: “You have given babies and infants the ability to praise you” or “It is babies and infants who truly praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 8 3 uj2i figs-synecdoche 0 your heavens, which your fingers have made God’s fingers represent him. Alternate translation: “the heavens which you have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 8 4 yhh5 figs-rquestion 0 Of what importance is the human race that you notice them, or mankind that you pay attention to them? These remarks have been expressed in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “It is amazing that you think about people and are concerned about them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 8 4 k9i2 0 the human race…mankind Both of these phrases refer to people in general. +PSA 8 4 k9i2 0 the human race … mankind Both of these phrases refer to people in general. PSA 8 5 sr48 figs-metaphor 0 have crowned them with glory and honor Glory and honor are spoken of as if they were crowns. The words “glory” and “honor” are similar in meaning. Alternate translation: “have given them glory and honor” or “have caused them to be like kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 8 6 x6z3 figs-parallelism 0 You make him to rule over the works…you have put all things under his feet These two clauses express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 8 6 rc4e 0 You make him…under his feet “you make them…under their feet.” The words “him” and “his” here refer to people. +PSA 8 6 x6z3 figs-parallelism 0 You make him to rule over the works … you have put all things under his feet These two clauses express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 8 6 rc4e 0 You make him … under his feet “you make them … under their feet.” The words “him” and “his” here refer to people. PSA 8 6 xti1 figs-metonymy 0 the works of your hands The hands represent what God has done. Alternate translation: “the things that you made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 8 6 py2w figs-metaphor 0 you have put all things under his feet Having authority to rule others or control things is spoken of as having them under one’s feet. This means God gave people authority over all that he created. Alternate translation: “you have given him authority over all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 8 9 y339 figs-exclamations 0 how magnificent is your name in all the earth With this exclamation, David shows his joy and awe about how great God is. Alternate translation: “your name is wonderfully magnificent in all the earth” or “people in all the earth know how magnificent you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ PSA 9 6 pi7j figs-metaphor 0 All remembrance of them has perished Here “remem PSA 9 6 c6yp figs-abstractnouns 0 All remembrance of them has perished The abstract noun “remembrance” can be expressed with the verb “remember.” Alternate translation: “No one remembers them at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 9 7 x7xg figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh remains forever “Remain” probably represents sitting on the throne as king. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sits on his throne forever” or “Yahweh rules forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 7 h8nu figs-metonymy 0 he has established his throne for justice The phrase “his throne” represents God’s rule. This could mean: (1) “He rules in order to judge people” or (2) “He rules over people justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 8 pgg5 figs-parallelism 0 He will judge the world with righteousness…he will execute judgment for the nations with fairness These two clauses express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 9 8 pgg5 figs-parallelism 0 He will judge the world with righteousness … he will execute judgment for the nations with fairness These two clauses express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 9 8 dz3w figs-metonymy 0 He will judge the world with righteousness Here “the world” refers to all the people in the world. Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 9 9 y7hd figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh also will be a stronghold for the oppressed God is spoken of as if he were a place that people could go to for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will also protect the oppressed” or “Yahweh will also provide safety for those who are oppressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 9 10 mb1z figs-metonymy 0 Those who know your name Here the words “your name” represent God. Alternate translation: “Those who know you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ PSA 10 15 m5mv figs-metonymy 0 Make him account for his evil deeds Making someo PSA 10 16 zc2f figs-activepassive 0 the nations are driven out of his land This can be stated in active form. “Yahweh forces the people of other nations to leave his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 10 17 d6nx figs-explicit 0 you have heard the needs of the oppressed It is implied that the oppressed people cried out to God. Alternate translation: “when oppressed people cried out to you, you listened to them tell you what they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 10 17 yqz9 figs-metonymy 0 you strengthen their heart A strong heart represents courage, and making people’s hearts strong represents encouraging them. Alternate translation: “you encourage them” or “you make them confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 10 18 w3s1 0 no man…will cause terror again “no one…will cause people to be afraid again” +PSA 10 18 w3s1 0 no man … will cause terror again “no one … will cause people to be afraid again” PSA 11 intro zn9r 0 # Psalm 011 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 11 is a worship psalm. It tells how great God is and that God delivers the good people from the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Justice
The wicked people try to destroy the good people but God knows everything that is being done and he saves the good people and destroys the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 11 1 t2nr writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 11 1 ca3b 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” @@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ PSA 12 1 l7ap 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to PSA 12 1 d3jh 0 set to the Sheminith This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 6:1](../006/001.md). PSA 12 1 w9wb 0 Help, Yahweh “Yahweh, come to my aid” PSA 12 1 ckb5 0 those who have integrity have vanished “faithful people have all vanished” -PSA 12 2 p59u figs-hyperbole 0 Everyone says…everyone speaks The two occurrences of “everyone” are exaggerations, used to emphasize that this is true of very many people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +PSA 12 2 p59u figs-hyperbole 0 Everyone says … everyone speaks The two occurrences of “everyone” are exaggerations, used to emphasize that this is true of very many people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 12 2 k6d8 figs-metonymy 0 everyone speaks with flattering lips and a double heart Here “lips” is a metonym for what people say, and “a double heart” is a metaphor for deception. Alternate translation: “everyone speaks with flattering words and deception” or “everyone praises people falsely and tells lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 12 3 cis2 figs-metaphor 0 cut off all flattering lips Here “flattering lips” is a metonym for people who flatter others. This could mean: (1) “cut off” is a metaphor for killing. Alternate translation: “kill all who flatter others” or (2) “cut off” is a metaphor for stopping something. Alternate translation: “stop all those who flatter others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 12 3 g9k2 figs-synecdoche 0 every tongue declaring great things Here “every tongue” represents every person who declares great things. Alternate translation: “every person who boasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -310,12 +310,12 @@ PSA 13 intro nza7 0 # Psalm 013 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psal PSA 13 1 vsr8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 13 1 hwf6 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 13 1 xg9c figs-rquestion 0 How long, Yahweh, will you keep forgetting about me? This question is asked to get the reader’s attention and to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems that you have forgotten about me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 13 1 v3px figs-synecdoche 0 How long…face from me? The words “your face” represent God’s whole being. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems like you are hiding from me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 13 1 v3px figs-synecdoche 0 How long … face from me? The words “your face” represent God’s whole being. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems like you are hiding from me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 13 2 pg6n figs-rquestion 0 How long will my enemy triumph over me? This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely my enemies will not always defeat me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 13 3 vs9y 0 Look at me and answer me “Give me your attention and listen to me” PSA 13 3 x789 figs-idiom 0 Give light to my eyes This is a way of asking for strength. Alternate translation: “Make me strong again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 13 3 t9hl figs-euphemism 0 or I will sleep in death To “sleep in death” means to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 13 4 ucm3 0 Do not let my enemy say…so that my enemy may not say “Do not let my enemy say about me…so that my enemy may not say about me” +PSA 13 4 ucm3 0 Do not let my enemy say … so that my enemy may not say “Do not let my enemy say about me … so that my enemy may not say about me” PSA 13 4 x5p1 0 when I am brought down “when I fall” or “when they defeat me” PSA 13 5 l1in figs-abstractnouns 0 I have trusted in your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I have trusted that you are faithful to your covenant” or “I have trusted you because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 13 5 s3s4 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart rejoices in your salvation Here “my heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice because you have rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ PSA 14 1 r75x 0 They are corrupt The word “they” refers to all foolish hum PSA 14 2 zm7b 0 children of mankind This phrase refers to all humans. PSA 14 2 vw7w figs-metaphor 0 who seek after him This describes those who desire to know God as if they were actually following him on a path. Alternate translation: “who desire to know him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 14 3 l4ef figs-metaphor 0 They have all turned away This describes people who have rejected God as if they had stopped walking on the right path and had gone in another direction. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 14 4 v11h figs-rquestion 0 Do they not know anything…who do not call on Yahweh? This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “They act as if they do not know anything…who do not call on Yahweh. But they know what they are doing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 14 4 v11h figs-rquestion 0 Do they not know anything … who do not call on Yahweh? This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “They act as if they do not know anything … who do not call on Yahweh. But they know what they are doing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 14 4 a11q figs-abstractnouns 0 those who commit iniquity The abstract nouns “iniquity” can be stated as “evil deeds.” Alternate translation: “those who do evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 14 4 amq1 figs-metaphor 0 those who eat up my people This refers to those who do evil things and destroy God’s people as if they were eating food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 14 5 g962 0 They tremble The word “they” refers to those who do evil things. @@ -351,13 +351,13 @@ PSA 16 intro hm6c 0 # Psalm 016 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psal PSA 16 1 m94a writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 16 1 u6cp figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 16 3 b6f8 figs-explicit 0 the holy people who are on the earth Here “holy people” refers to God’s own people who trust him. Alternate translation: “your people who live in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 16 4 j4m1 figs-activepassive 0 Their troubles will be…gods This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The troubles of those who seek other gods will increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 16 4 b7s4 0 pour out…blood to their gods “pour out blood as a sacrifice to their gods” +PSA 16 4 j4m1 figs-activepassive 0 Their troubles will be … gods This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The troubles of those who seek other gods will increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PSA 16 4 b7s4 0 pour out … blood to their gods “pour out blood as a sacrifice to their gods” PSA 16 4 xj7h figs-exmetaphor 0 or lift up their names with my lips Lifting up their names is a metaphor for praising them, and “lips” is a metonym for what one says. Alternate translation: “or praise them with my words” or “and I will not praise their gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 16 5 v4p8 figs-metaphor 0 my chosen portion Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a portion of land that has been given to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 16 5 b3bh figs-metaphor 0 my cup Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a cup that contains many blessings. Alternate translation: “the one who blesses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 16 5 efb4 0 You hold onto my lot “You determine my future” or “You control what will happen to me” -PSA 16 6 qf7f figs-metonymy 0 Measuring lines…in pleasant places Here laying down measuring lines is a metonym for measuring land and giving it to someone, and here this is a metaphor for God blessing David in many great ways. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have measured off land for me in pleasant places” or “You have given me land in pleasant places” or “You bless me like one who gives land in pleasant places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PSA 16 6 qf7f figs-metonymy 0 Measuring lines … in pleasant places Here laying down measuring lines is a metonym for measuring land and giving it to someone, and here this is a metaphor for God blessing David in many great ways. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have measured off land for me in pleasant places” or “You have given me land in pleasant places” or “You bless me like one who gives land in pleasant places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 16 6 ag3m 0 Measuring lines These are ropes that people use to measure a plot of land and mark its boundaries. PSA 16 6 af57 figs-metaphor 0 surely a pleasing inheritance is mine Here David speaks of Yahweh’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “I am delighted with all the things that he has given me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 16 8 z682 0 I set Yahweh before me at all times “I always remember that Yahweh is with me” @@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ PSA 17 3 w51q figs-personification 0 my mouth will not transgress Here the mout PSA 17 4 u1m8 figs-metonymy 0 it is at the word of your lips that I have kept myself from the ways of the lawless Here “the word of your lips” is a metonym for God’s instruction, and “the ways of the lawless” is a metaphor for the things that lawless people do. Alternate translation: “it is by obeying your instruction that I have kept myself from doing the things that lawless people do” or “your instruction has caused me to avoid doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 17 5 nw8l figs-parallelism 0 My steps have held firmly to your tracks; my feet have not slipped Both of these clauses mean the same thing. The repetition adds emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 17 5 ve61 figs-metaphor 0 my feet have not slipped The writer speaks of his obedience to God as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “I am determined to follow your ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 17 6 fh7p figs-parallelism 0 turn your ear to me…listen when I speak These phrases mean the same thing. Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. Alternate translation: “pay attention to me…listen when I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 17 6 fh7p figs-parallelism 0 turn your ear to me … listen when I speak These phrases mean the same thing. Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. Alternate translation: “pay attention to me … listen when I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 17 7 m4v2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Show your covenant faithfulness in a wonderful way The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Show in a wonderful way that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 17 7 g2x5 figs-metonymy 0 your right hand The “right hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “your mighty power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 17 7 ll6h figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -387,12 +387,12 @@ PSA 17 8 f3hh figs-metaphor 0 hide me under the shadow of your wings David spea PSA 17 10 rd6l figs-synecdoche 0 their mouths speak with pride Here “their mouths speak” represents his enemies when they speak. Alternate translation: “they speak with pride” or “they are always boasting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 17 11 yzx5 figs-metonymy 0 They have surrounded my steps Here “surrounded my steps” represents how David’s enemies have followed him everywhere he goes in order to capture him. Alternate translation: “My enemies have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 17 12 iq89 figs-parallelism 0 like a lion eager for a victim, like a young lion crouching in hidden places These two phrases express very similar ideas. The repetition adds intensity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 17 12 c8wr figs-simile 0 They are like a lion…like a young lion The writer feels pursued the way a lion hunts its prey (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 17 12 c8wr figs-simile 0 They are like a lion … like a young lion The writer feels pursued the way a lion hunts its prey (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 17 13 p2s3 figs-metaphor 0 by your sword This is a metaphor for Yahweh’s power and for violent death in war. Alternate translation: “by having them die in war” or “by killing them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 17 14 mf1x figs-parallelism 0 Rescue me from men by your hand, Yahweh, from men of this world This clause adds intensity to the words “Rescue my life from the wicked by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 17 14 wh2m figs-metonymy 0 by your hand These words represent the power of Yahweh and add intensity to the words “by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 17 14 xg3n figs-metaphor 0 You will fill the bellies of your treasured ones with riches The ancient text is hard to understand. This could mean: (1) “treasured” is a metaphor for loved, and “your treasured ones” refers to the people whom God loves. Alternate translation: “you will fill the bellies of the people you love with riches” or (2) “your treasured ones” refers to treasures that God gives to people, the “men of this world” Alternate translation: “you will fill their bellies with rich treasures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 17 14 knu1 figs-metaphor 0 You will fill the bellies…with riches Here “fill the bellies…with riches” is a metaphor for giving them many valuable things. This could mean: (1) “You will give many riches to the people you love” or (2) “you will give the men of this world many riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 17 14 knu1 figs-metaphor 0 You will fill the bellies … with riches Here “fill the bellies … with riches” is a metaphor for giving them many valuable things. This could mean: (1) “You will give many riches to the people you love” or (2) “you will give the men of this world many riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 17 15 ck39 figs-synecdoche 0 I will see your face in righteousness Here “face” represents Yahweh in all of his being. David is confident he will see Yahweh. Alternate translation: “because I act in the right way, I will be with you one day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 17 15 bpx8 figs-explicit 0 I will be satisfied, when I awake, with a sight of you David believes that after he dies, he will be with Yahweh. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “After I die, I will be happy to wake up in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 18 intro enj7 0 # Psalm 018 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 18 is a psalm of praise to God for his strengthening David for war.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s power
God has tremendous power and he enabled David to prosper in war. This psalm, and its superscription, also appears in 1 Samuel 22 with some minor differences. @@ -413,34 +413,34 @@ PSA 18 5 e9l1 figs-personification 0 The cords of Sheol surrounded me; the snar PSA 18 6 s721 0 In my distress “In my great need” or “In my despair” PSA 18 6 jr71 figs-personification 0 my call for help went into his presence Here David speaks of his “call for help” as if it were a person who could come into the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I prayed to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 18 6 fs4g figs-parallelism 0 it went into his ears Here David speaks of how Yahweh heard his cry for help. The idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “he heard my appeal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 18 7 dal8 figs-metaphor 0 Then the earth…shaken because God was angry God’s being angry is spoken of as if the there was a terrible earthquake. Alternate translation: “God was so angry that it was as if the earth…shaken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 18 7 dal8 figs-metaphor 0 Then the earth … shaken because God was angry God’s being angry is spoken of as if the there was a terrible earthquake. Alternate translation: “God was so angry that it was as if the earth … shaken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 7 xka3 figs-doublet 0 the earth shook and trembled The words “shook” and “trembled” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how greatly the earth shook. Alternate translation: “the land moved back and forth” or “the ground moved up and down” or “there was a violent earthquake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 18 7 svs2 figs-activepassive 0 the foundations of the mountains also trembled and were shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the foundations of the mountains also trembled and shook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 18 8 al4i figs-metaphor 0 Smoke went up from out of his nostrils…Coals were ignited by it David speaks of Yahweh as if he were breathing fire. This is a picture of how angry God was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 18 8 al4i figs-metaphor 0 Smoke went up from out of his nostrils … Coals were ignited by it David speaks of Yahweh as if he were breathing fire. This is a picture of how angry God was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 8 zsk4 figs-activepassive 0 blazing fire came out of his mouth. Coals were ignited by it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “blazing fire came out of his mouth and ignited coals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 18 9 fkd8 0 He opened The word “He” refers to Yahweh. PSA 18 9 aw5e figs-personification 0 thick darkness was under his feet Though Yahweh does not actually have feet, the Psalmist gives him human characteristics. Alternate translation: “thick darkness was beneath him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 18 10 wt4l figs-personification 0 wings of the wind Here the Psalmist speaks of the wind as if it had wings like an angel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 11 a2gi 0 He made darkness…him Here the words “He” and “him” refer to Yahweh. +PSA 18 11 a2gi 0 He made darkness … him Here the words “He” and “him” refer to Yahweh. PSA 18 11 edg2 figs-metaphor 0 He made darkness a tent Here darkness is spoken of as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He made darkness a covering” or “He made darkness a hiding place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 11 jnx8 0 heavy rainclouds “clouds heavy with rain” or “thick, dark rainclouds” PSA 18 12 t3xj 0 Hailstones stones made of ice PSA 18 13 dn6a figs-simile 0 Yahweh thundered in the heavens Yahweh’s voice sounded like thunder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 18 13 dvy3 0 the Most High “the Most High” refers to Yahweh. -PSA 18 14 cw24 figs-parallelism 0 He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies…lightning bolts dispersed them Both of these clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 18 14 cw24 figs-parallelism 0 He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies … lightning bolts dispersed them Both of these clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 18 14 h2p3 figs-metaphor 0 He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies Here lighting strikes are being spoken of as if they were arrows (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 14 p7tz 0 dispersed them “sent them in different directions” PSA 18 15 b39a 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak of Yaweh’s great power. PSA 18 15 jfu2 figs-parallelism 0 Then the water channels appeared; the foundations of the world were laid bare These two clauses have similar meanings. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then the water channels appeared and the bottom of the ocean became visible; you exposed the foundations of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 18 15 a125 figs-personification 0 at the blast of the breath of your nostrils Though God does not have human physical characteristics as described here, this pictures his mighty strength. The wind is spoken of here as if it came as a mighty blast from God’s nostrils. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 16 m4pi 0 He reached down…he took hold…He pulled me The word “He” in these verses refers to Yahweh. +PSA 18 16 m4pi 0 He reached down … he took hold … He pulled me The word “He” in these verses refers to Yahweh. PSA 18 16 kef1 figs-metaphor 0 surging water Here the Psalmist speaks of the dangers of his enemies as if they were huge waves or forceful waters, from which Yahweh has rescued him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 18 eej1 0 They came against me Here “They” refers to the strong enemies in verse 17. PSA 18 18 s1sk figs-abstractnouns 0 They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support The abstract noun “distress” can be stated as an adjective. The abstract noun “support” can be stated as “protected.” Alternate translation: “Strong enemies attacked me on a day when I was distressed, but Yahweh protected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 18 20 a3vx figs-metonymy 0 my hands were clean Here having clean hands represents being innocent of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 21 y3m6 figs-metaphor 0 I have kept the ways of Yahweh The laws of Yahweh are spoken of as if they were the paths on which one should walk. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed Yahweh’s laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 18 21 tu8a figs-metaphor 0 have not wickedly turned away from my God Here being wicked is spoken of as if one left the right path and took the wrong path. Alternate translation: “have not done wickedly by turning away from my God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 22 t97s figs-parallelism 0 For all his righteous decrees…I have not turned away from them Both of these clauses have similar meanings. The writer repeats these ideas for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 18 22 t97s figs-parallelism 0 For all his righteous decrees … I have not turned away from them Both of these clauses have similar meanings. The writer repeats these ideas for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 18 22 gtv3 0 have been before me “have guided me” or “I have remembered” PSA 18 23 gug9 0 innocent before him “innocent according to him” PSA 18 23 gz4q 0 I have kept myself from sin “I have not sinned” @@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ PSA 18 48 inl3 0 violent men “cruel men” or “savage men” PSA 18 49 f8x9 figs-explicit 0 among the nations Here the writer means that he will give thanks to Yahweh so that all people will hear of Yahweh’s greatness. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will hear about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 18 49 qvh1 figs-metonymy 0 to your name Here “name” represents God himself. Alternate translation: “in honor of your name” or “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 18 50 ggt6 figs-123person 0 victory to his king By using the words “his king,” David is referring to himself as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 18 50 sw5u 0 he shows his covenant loyalty to his anointed one…to his descendants forever “he faithfully loves me as he promised in his covenant, and he will love my descendants forever” +PSA 18 50 sw5u 0 he shows his covenant loyalty to his anointed one … to his descendants forever “he faithfully loves me as he promised in his covenant, and he will love my descendants forever” PSA 19 intro sn29 0 # Psalm 019 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 19 is a praise psalm, praising God for his creation and for his law.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God’s law
God’s law keeps people from sinning. There are two distinct themes in this psalm. Verses 1-6 are God’s glory in the heavens and the second is praising God for his law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) PSA 19 1 s9h1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 19 1 j4zh 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” @@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ PSA 19 2 c72h figs-personification 0 speech pours out What is beautiful about c PSA 19 3 lmv7 0 There is no speech or spoken words; their voice is not heard These phrases express clearly that the first two verses were a metaphor. Alternate translation: “There is no real speech or spoken words; no one hears an actual voice with their ears” PSA 19 3 pa4x 0 their voice is not heard Other translations read “where their voice is not heard,” emphasizing that creation’s “speech” is available everywhere. PSA 19 4 w3s6 0 General Information: David has just said that creation shows God’s glory. -PSA 19 4 c2us 0 their words…their speech This refers to the unspoken “words” of creation that show God’s glory. +PSA 19 4 c2us 0 their words … their speech This refers to the unspoken “words” of creation that show God’s glory. PSA 19 4 r4zj figs-personification 0 their words go out The words are described as if they were people who go out with a message. Alternate translation: “the words that creation speaks are like people who go out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 19 4 kf9h figs-ellipsis 0 their speech to the end of the world The implied words can be included in the translation. Alternate translation: “their speech goes out to the end of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 19 4 bdz7 figs-metaphor 0 He has pitched a tent for the sun Here the writer speaks of the place that Yahweh created for the sun as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He created a place for the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -523,12 +523,12 @@ PSA 19 8 spr1 figs-synecdoche 0 the heart These words refer to the whole person PSA 19 8 nuk1 0 are right “are true” or “are correct” PSA 19 8 t8c5 0 bringing light to the eyes This could mean: (1) “bringing understanding to a person” or (2) “making a person healthy again” PSA 19 9 xac8 0 altogether right “completely right” -PSA 19 10 x983 figs-metaphor 0 They are of greater value than gold…they are sweeter than honey Yahweh’s decrees are spoken of as if they could be bought and tasted. Alternate translation: “If you could buy them, they would be of greater value than gold…if you could taste them, they would be sweeter than honey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 19 10 x983 figs-metaphor 0 They are of greater value than gold … they are sweeter than honey Yahweh’s decrees are spoken of as if they could be bought and tasted. Alternate translation: “If you could buy them, they would be of greater value than gold … if you could taste them, they would be sweeter than honey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 19 10 e6s3 figs-ellipsis 0 even more than much fine gold The word “valuable” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated. Alternate translation: “even more valuable than a lot of fine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 19 10 k6x4 0 fine gold “pure gold” or “expensive gold” PSA 19 11 y6a9 0 Yes This word marks that there is more to the truth than what has just been said. Alternate translation: “Moreover” PSA 19 11 s1f4 figs-activepassive 0 by them your servant is warned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they warn your servant” or “they are a warning for your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 19 11 e73b 0 by them…in obeying them The word “them” refers to Yahweh’s righteous decrees. +PSA 19 11 e73b 0 by them … in obeying them The word “them” refers to Yahweh’s righteous decrees. PSA 19 11 nk1k figs-123person 0 your servant is warned David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. Alternate translation: “I am warned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 19 12 uj5e figs-rquestion 0 Who can discern all his own errors? This appears in the form of a question to add emphasis and can be translated as a strong statement. Alternate translation: No one can be aware of his own errors!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 19 12 gsx9 0 from hidden faults “from secret mistakes I have made” @@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ PSA 20 1 vrb5 0 help you The word “you” in this Psalm is singular and refe PSA 20 1 pt3b 0 in the day of trouble “in times of trouble” or “when you are in trouble” PSA 20 1 dp3k figs-metonymy 0 may the name of the God of Jacob protect you This could mean: (1) here “name” is a metonym for God’s power. Alternate translation: “may the power of the God of Jacob protect you” or “may the God of Jacob protect you by his power” or (2) here “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “may the God of Jacob protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 20 2 b9ek figs-metaphor 0 send help from the holy place God helping from his holy place is spoken of as if God were sending help. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh help you from his holy place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 20 2 y51h figs-doublet 0 holy place…Zion Both of these refer to God’s temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 20 2 y51h figs-doublet 0 holy place … Zion Both of these refer to God’s temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 20 3 yz44 figs-idiom 0 May he call to mind The phrase “call to mind” is a way of saying “remember.” It does not mean God forgot. It means to consider or think about. Alternate translation: “May he remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 20 3 kyh3 0 May he The word “he” refers to Yahweh. PSA 20 4 r6y3 0 May he grant “May he give” @@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ PSA 20 5 p9n1 translate-symaction 0 we will raise banners “we will raise vict PSA 20 5 k3dy 0 grant all your petitions “give you everything you request from him” PSA 20 6 zm9a 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the psalm. It transitions from the people speaking to the king speaking. PSA 20 6 nu7b 0 I know The word “I” probably refers to the king who is speaking in this section. -PSA 20 6 d8xz figs-123person 0 his anointed one…answer him…rescue him The king is speaking about himself in the third person. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “me, his anointed one…answer me…rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +PSA 20 6 d8xz figs-123person 0 his anointed one … answer him … rescue him The king is speaking about himself in the third person. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “me, his anointed one … answer me … rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 20 6 bd3g 0 from his holy heaven God dwells in heaven as well as in the temple in Jerusalem ([Psalms 20:2](../020/002.md)). PSA 20 6 xcm6 figs-metonymy 0 with the strength of his right hand that can rescue him God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “with his great strength he will rescue him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 20 7 f9cd figs-metonymy 0 Some trust in chariots and others in horses Here “chariots” and “horses” represent a king’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -593,14 +593,14 @@ PSA 21 6 v3m2 0 the joy of your presence “the joy of being in your presence PSA 21 7 mbf3 figs-abstractnouns 0 through the covenant faithfulness of the Most High The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because the Most High is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 21 7 j1gh figs-activepassive 0 he will not be moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will remove him as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 21 8 w7ck figs-metonymy 0 Your hand will seize Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “Your power will seize” or “You will powerfully seize” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 21 8 irz4 0 Your hand…hate you Possible meaning of all occurrences of “your” and “you” are (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God. +PSA 21 8 irz4 0 Your hand … hate you Possible meaning of all occurrences of “your” and “you” are (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God. PSA 21 8 yew7 figs-parallelism 0 your right hand will seize those who hate you This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. It emphasizes that God will give the king the power to stop his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 21 9 lmc9 0 At the time of your anger “When you are angry and begin to act” -PSA 21 9 hhy3 0 your anger…you will burn The words “your” and “you” refers to either (1) God or (2) the king. +PSA 21 9 hhy3 0 your anger … you will burn The words “your” and “you” refers to either (1) God or (2) the king. PSA 21 9 xdq2 figs-metaphor 0 you will burn them up as in a fiery furnace Yahweh or the king destroying their enemies is spoken of as if their enemies are wood and Yahweh or the king will throw them into a furnace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 21 9 fc6d figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh will consume them in his wrath, and the fire will devour them Both clauses mean basically the same thing. Yahweh completely destroying his enemies is spoken of as if his wrath is a fire that completely burns up his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 21 10 wsu5 0 You will destroy The word “you” refers to either (1) God or (2) the king. -PSA 21 10 i3zy figs-parallelism 0 from the earth…from among the human race Both phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that absolutely none of their enemies will survive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 21 10 i3zy figs-parallelism 0 from the earth … from among the human race Both phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that absolutely none of their enemies will survive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 21 11 fhu8 0 they intended “they planned.” The word “they” refers to the enemies of God and the king. PSA 21 11 z63c 0 evil against you “to do evil things to you” PSA 21 11 h29d 0 they conceived a plot “they made a plan” or “they created a scheme” @@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ PSA 22 1 a733 figs-rquestion 0 my God, why have you abandoned me? The writer us PSA 22 1 z48u 0 you abandoned me “you left me all alone” PSA 22 1 fnk8 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you so far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish? Again the writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God is far away from him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 22 1 y7ec figs-metaphor 0 far from the words of my anguish The writer feeling like God is not listening to him is spoken of as if God were far from his words of anguish. Alternate translation: “why do you not listen when I speak to you about the anguish I feel” or “I have told you about my suffering but you do not come to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 2 dzu2 figs-merism 0 in the daytime…at night The writer uses the words “daytime” and “night” to mean he prays to God all the time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +PSA 22 2 dzu2 figs-merism 0 in the daytime … at night The writer uses the words “daytime” and “night” to mean he prays to God all the time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 22 2 j5c4 figs-litotes 0 I am not silent This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I still speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 22 3 zle3 figs-metaphor 0 you sit as king with the praises of Israel “the praises of Israel are the throne on which you sit as king.” The praises of Israel are described as if they are a throne upon which God can sit and rule, or as a house in which God can live. Alternate translation: “you are king and the people of Israel praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 3 viy1 figs-metonymy 0 of Israel Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ PSA 22 6 m3yz figs-metaphor 0 I am a worm and not a man The writer speaks of hi PSA 22 6 xml4 figs-parallelism 0 disgrace to humanity and despised by the people Both of these phrase mean basically the same thing. The phrase “despised by the people” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone thinks I am worthless and the people hate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 22 7 gq6v figs-parallelism 0 taunt me; they mock me; they shake their heads at me These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize how much people disrespect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 22 7 nu8j translate-symaction 0 they shake their heads at me This describes an action used to mock someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 22 8 v7ta figs-irony 0 He trusts in Yahweh…delights in him The people are saying this to mock the writer. They do not really believe Yahweh will rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +PSA 22 8 v7ta figs-irony 0 He trusts in Yahweh … delights in him The people are saying this to mock the writer. They do not really believe Yahweh will rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) PSA 22 8 ip8x 0 Let him rescue him “Let Yahweh rescue him” PSA 22 8 h2ys 0 for he delights in him This could mean: (1) “for Yahweh delights in him” or (2) “for he delights in Yahweh” PSA 22 9 lz9a figs-explicit 0 For you The writer uses the word “For” to begin explaining why he is confused and asking God why he is not coming to help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ PSA 22 13 qv8i figs-simile 0 like a roaring lion ripping its victim The writer PSA 22 14 q64m figs-activepassive 0 I am being poured out like water This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It is like someone is pouring me out like water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 22 14 d2h5 figs-simile 0 I am being poured out like water The writer speaks about feeling completely exhausted and weak as if he were water being poured out of a jar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 22 14 pjf3 figs-metaphor 0 all my bones are dislocated “all my bones are out of place.” It is possible the writer is in some kind of physical pain. Or he may be speaking of his emotional pain as if it were physical pain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 14 ws5l figs-simile 0 My heart is like wax…inner parts The writer speaks about no longer having courage as if his heart melted like wax. Here “heart” represents “courage.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 22 14 ws5l figs-simile 0 My heart is like wax … inner parts The writer speaks about no longer having courage as if his heart melted like wax. Here “heart” represents “courage.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 14 y32r 0 wax a soft substance that melts at a relatively low temperature PSA 22 14 k6ki 0 within my inner parts “inside of me” PSA 22 15 fpb6 figs-simile 0 My strength has dried up like a piece of pottery The writer speaks about feeling weak as if his strength were like a dry piece of pottery that can easily break. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -669,19 +669,19 @@ PSA 22 20 a8wk figs-metonymy 0 the sword The sword is a common way of referring PSA 22 20 li5b 0 my only life “my precious life” or “the only life I have” PSA 22 20 a1qv figs-metaphor 0 claws of wild dogs The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the claws stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes this part of the animal because it is what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 22 20 h8vu 0 wild dogs The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal. -PSA 22 21 vl96 figs-metaphor 0 lion’s mouth…horns of the wild oxen The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions and wild oxen to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the mouth and horns stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes these parts of the animals because they are what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PSA 22 21 vl96 figs-metaphor 0 lion’s mouth … horns of the wild oxen The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions and wild oxen to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the mouth and horns stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes these parts of the animals because they are what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 22 21 wgw6 0 wild oxen The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal. PSA 22 22 vq9v figs-metonymy 0 I will declare your name “I will make known your name.” Here “name” stands for God’s character or reputation. Alternate translation: “I will talk about your character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 22 k6ii 0 my brothers Here “brothers” means “my fellow Israelites” or “my fellow worshipers of Yahweh” PSA 22 22 t5p8 0 in the midst of the assembly “when my fellow Israelites and I gather together” or “when I am surrounded by my fellow worshipers of Yahweh” PSA 22 23 wl3v figs-you 0 You who fear Here “You” is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 22 23 yc8l figs-parallelism 0 you descendants of Jacob…you descendants of Israel Both of these refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 22 23 yc8l figs-parallelism 0 you descendants of Jacob … you descendants of Israel Both of these refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 22 23 rs9u 0 Stand in awe of him “Be full of awe for him” or “Let God’s power amaze you” PSA 22 24 t6pw 0 he has not despised or abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one This could mean: (1) he has not despised the afflicted one because he is suffering or (2) he has not belittled the suffering of the afflicted one PSA 22 24 q54x figs-doublet 0 despised or abhorred These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that God has not forgotten the one who is afflicted and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 22 24 w7tf 0 despised strongly disliked or hated -PSA 22 24 h5t5 figs-metonymy 0 he has not…abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one Here, suffering is a metonym for the person who suffers. To abhor something is to think of it as horrible. Alternate translation: “he has not…thought of the afflicted one who suffers as horrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 24 y2dq figs-genericnoun 0 the suffering of the afflicted one…from him…the afflicted one cried This could mean: (1) the author was speaking about how God treats people who are suffering. Alternate translation: “those who suffer…from them…those who are suffering cried” or (2) the author was speaking specifically about how God treated him. Alternate translation: “my suffering because of my affliction…from me…I cried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +PSA 22 24 h5t5 figs-metonymy 0 he has not … abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one Here, suffering is a metonym for the person who suffers. To abhor something is to think of it as horrible. Alternate translation: “he has not … thought of the afflicted one who suffers as horrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 22 24 y2dq figs-genericnoun 0 the suffering of the afflicted one … from him … the afflicted one cried This could mean: (1) the author was speaking about how God treats people who are suffering. Alternate translation: “those who suffer … from them … those who are suffering cried” or (2) the author was speaking specifically about how God treated him. Alternate translation: “my suffering because of my affliction … from me … I cried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 22 24 r4zy figs-metaphor 0 has not hidden his face from him Hiding one’s face from someone represents ignoring him. Alternate translation: “has not turned his attention away from him” or “has not ignored him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 22 24 fci1 figs-explicit 0 he heard “he listened.” It is implied that he responded when he heard their cry. Alternate translation: “he answered” or “he helped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 22 25 q298 figs-you 0 because of you Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ PSA 22 27 n554 figs-you 0 before you Here “you” refers to Yahweh. It can be PSA 22 28 yp9r figs-metonymy 0 For the kingdom is Yahweh’s “For the kingdom belongs to Yahweh.” Here “kingdom” represents God’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 28 y3zn figs-metonymy 0 he is the ruler over the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “he rules the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 22 29 pb3y 0 will feast The people will eat together at the feast. Alternate translation: “will eat together” or “will eat a festive meal together” -PSA 22 29 b7d2 figs-parallelism 0 all those who are descending into the dust…those who cannot preserve their own lives Both phrases refers to the same group. They both refer to all people because all people will die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 22 29 b7d2 figs-parallelism 0 all those who are descending into the dust … those who cannot preserve their own lives Both phrases refers to the same group. They both refer to all people because all people will die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 22 29 fkt1 figs-metonymy 0 those who are descending into the dust Here “dust” represents the grave. The phrase “descending into the dust” is a way of referring to someone dying. Alternate translation: “those who are dying” or “those who die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 22 29 wbb7 0 those who cannot preserve their own lives “those who cannot save their own lives” or “those who cannot keep themselves from dying” PSA 22 30 tak2 figs-metonymy 0 A generation to come Here “A generation” represents the people of a generation. The phrase “to come” speaks about a future time as if it were something that travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “People in the future generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -734,13 +734,13 @@ PSA 24 intro cw5j 0 # Psalm 024 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psal PSA 24 1 nne9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 24 1 hma5 figs-abstractnouns 0 its fullness The abstract noun “fullness” can be stated with the verb “fills.” Alternate translation: “everything that fills it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 24 2 v6lt figs-parallelism 0 For he has founded it upon the seas and established it on the rivers Here “founded it upon the seas” and “established it on the rivers” mean basically the same thing. The Hebrews of that time believed their land was supported by the oceans and deep underground rivers. Alternate translation: For he formed its foundation on the seas and built it on the deep waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 24 2 d2bq 0 the seas…the rivers These phrases are used together to refer to the huge deep ocean below the earth. +PSA 24 2 d2bq 0 the seas … the rivers These phrases are used together to refer to the huge deep ocean below the earth. PSA 24 2 h6kl 0 on the rivers “the water that is deep below” -PSA 24 3 e3ya figs-parallelism 0 Who will ascend the mountain…in his holy place? Both of these questions mean basically the same thing. The speaker is asking about who is allowed to go and worship Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 24 3 e3ya figs-parallelism 0 Who will ascend the mountain … in his holy place? Both of these questions mean basically the same thing. The speaker is asking about who is allowed to go and worship Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 24 3 bda3 0 will ascend “will go up” or “will climb” PSA 24 3 mz8v 0 the mountain of Yahweh This refers to Mount Zion in Jerusalem. PSA 24 3 vj27 0 his holy place This refers Yahweh’s temple. His temple is on Mount Zion in Jerusalem. -PSA 24 4 g1lm figs-genericnoun 0 He who has…who has…and has not Here “He” does not refer to a specific person. Alternate translation: “Those who have…who have…and have not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +PSA 24 4 g1lm figs-genericnoun 0 He who has … who has … and has not Here “He” does not refer to a specific person. Alternate translation: “Those who have … who have … and have not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 24 4 vsk8 figs-metonymy 0 who has clean hands The word “hands” represents what a person does. For his “hands” to be clean means he does what is right. Alternate translation: “who does what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 24 4 ikc9 figs-metonymy 0 a pure heart Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts or motives. Alternate translation: “thinks good thoughts” or “does not think about doing what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 24 4 u76e figs-metonymy 0 who has not lifted up a falsehood Here “falsehood” represents a false idol. To “lift up” means to worship. Alternate translation: “who has not worshiped an idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -782,9 +782,9 @@ PSA 25 10 y1ce figs-metaphor 0 All the paths of Yahweh are steadfast love and f PSA 25 11 i29u figs-metonymy 0 For your name’s sake The phrase “your name” here refers to Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “For your reputation” or “So that people will honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 25 11 zdw5 figs-abstractnouns 0 pardon my sin, for it is great The abstract noun “sin” can be stated as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “please forgive me, for I have sinned much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 12 uen3 figs-rquestion 0 Who is the man who fears Yahweh? This question introduces “the man who fears Yahweh” as a new topic. Alternate translation: “I will tell you about the man who fears Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 25 12 r5gg figs-genericnoun 0 is the man who fears…instruct him…he should These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “are those who fear…instruct them…they should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +PSA 25 12 r5gg figs-genericnoun 0 is the man who fears … instruct him … he should These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “are those who fear … instruct them … they should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 25 12 e57l figs-metaphor 0 The Lord will instruct him in the way that he should choose Yahweh teaching people how they should behave is spoken of as if Yahweh were teaching the people what way or path they should travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 13 vwm7 figs-genericnoun 0 His life…his descendants These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “Their lives…their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +PSA 25 13 vwm7 figs-genericnoun 0 His life … his descendants These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “Their lives … their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 25 13 f8pb 0 His life will go along in goodness “God will cause him to prosper” or “God will cause them to prosper” PSA 25 14 m7sj 0 The friendship of Yahweh is for those “Yahweh is a friend to those.” Some translate it as “Yahweh confides in those.” His confiding in them shows the intimate friendship he has with them. PSA 25 15 utj9 figs-metonymy 0 My eyes are always on Yahweh Here “eyes” represents looking. It is implied that he looks to Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I always look to Yahweh to help me” or “I always depend on Yahweh to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ PSA 25 20 y36b figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you! Going to Yahweh for protecti PSA 25 21 b36j figs-personification 0 May integrity and uprightness preserve me This speaks about “integrity” and “uprightness” as if they were persons who could keep another person safe. These abstract nouns can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “May being honest and doing what is right preserve me” or “Preserve me, Lord, because I am honest and do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 25 21 d4fj 0 preserve me “keep me safe” PSA 25 22 vj9z 0 Rescue Israel “Save Israel” or “Redeem Israel” -PSA 25 22 msf4 figs-metonymy 0 Israel…his troubles Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel…our troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 25 22 msf4 figs-metonymy 0 Israel … his troubles Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … our troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 26 intro q9dz 0 # Psalm 026 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 26 is a teaching psalm; showing people how they should live by the example of the psalmsist.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
The psalmist delights in praising God and doing good deeds. It is striking how this psalm uses the first person pronoun. This is an individual psalm of petition. Each of the four petitions are accompanied with various claims. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) PSA 26 1 h9z4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 26 1 b9cq figs-metaphor 0 I have walked The word “walked” is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I have behaved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ PSA 27 4 gb9g figs-metaphor 0 to see the beauty of Yahweh The wonderful charact PSA 27 4 c2a9 0 to meditate in his temple This could mean: (1) “to ask God what he wants me to do” or (2) “to think carefully about God in his temple.” PSA 27 5 cv9f 0 in the day of trouble “in times of trouble” or “when I have troubles” PSA 27 5 vjd7 0 he will hide me “he will protect me” -PSA 27 5 cc6r figs-parallelism 0 his shelter…his tent Both of these refer to the tabernacle where the writer is worshiping God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 27 5 cc6r figs-parallelism 0 his shelter … his tent Both of these refer to the tabernacle where the writer is worshiping God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 27 5 mz3d 0 in the cover of his tent The word “cover” represents something that hides and protects. PSA 27 5 j6tu figs-metaphor 0 He will lift me high on a rock God keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if God were placing him on a high rock where his enemies cannot reach him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 27 6 a3t2 figs-metonymy 0 my head will be lifted up above my enemies This represents the writer receiving pride or honor when he defeats his enemies. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will honor me when I win the fight against my enemies” or “God will honor me by enabling me to defeat my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -875,7 +875,7 @@ PSA 27 12 ez4n figs-metaphor 0 they breathe out violence Here violence is spoke PSA 27 13 ts3j figs-rquestion 0 What would have happened to me This rhetorical question can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Something bad would have happened to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 27 13 c72l figs-abstractnouns 0 the goodness of Yahweh The abstract noun “goodness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the good things that Yahweh does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 27 13 wld8 figs-idiom 0 in the land of the living This refers to being alive. Alternate translation: “while I am alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 27 14 g4pq 0 Wait for Yahweh…Wait for Yahweh! This verse may be (1) the writer speaking to himself or (2) the writer speaking to others or (3) someone speaking to the writer. +PSA 27 14 g4pq 0 Wait for Yahweh … Wait for Yahweh! This verse may be (1) the writer speaking to himself or (2) the writer speaking to others or (3) someone speaking to the writer. PSA 27 14 m8gs figs-synecdoche 0 let your heart be courageous Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “be courageous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 27 14 yng1 0 Wait for Yahweh! This line is repeated at the end of the psalm as a way of ending the psalm. PSA 28 intro a18t 0 # Psalm 028 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 28 is a psalm of prayer to God that he is not be punished along with the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
The psalmist trusted God completely and God rescued him. This is similar to psalm 7 and 17 because it is an individual lament psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) @@ -890,10 +890,10 @@ PSA 28 2 a92a 0 your most holy place This could mean: (1) if David wrote this, PSA 28 3 r4t6 figs-metaphor 0 Do not drag me away God punishing people is spoken of as if he physically drags them away. In this metaphor Yahweh may be dragging them to prison, exile, or death. Alternate translation: “Do not remove me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 28 3 y9zp 0 who speak peace with their neighbors Here “neighbors” refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “who speak peacefully with other people” PSA 28 3 y46g figs-metonymy 0 but have evil in their hearts Here “hearts” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “but are thinking something evil about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 28 4 g3b9 figs-parallelism 0 Give them what their deeds deserve…repay them what their wickedness demands These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used together to emphasize that they deserve for God to punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 28 4 g3b9 figs-parallelism 0 Give them what their deeds deserve … repay them what their wickedness demands These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used together to emphasize that they deserve for God to punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 28 4 z39d figs-metonymy 0 the work of their hands Here “hands” represent what the person has done. Alternate translation: “the things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 28 4 d21y 0 render to them their due “give them what they deserve” -PSA 28 5 vma7 0 Because they do not understand…never rebuild them This could mean: (1) David is confident about what God will do to wicked people or (2) David is asking God to destroy the wicked people. +PSA 28 5 vma7 0 Because they do not understand … never rebuild them This could mean: (1) David is confident about what God will do to wicked people or (2) David is asking God to destroy the wicked people. PSA 28 5 b1cw figs-explicit 0 they do not understand the deeds of Yahweh It is implied that “do not understand” means they ignore or do not honor Yahweh’s works. Alternate translation: “they do not regard with honor what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 28 5 a757 figs-metonymy 0 the work of his hands Here “hands” represents what Yahweh has done or created. Alternate translation: “what he has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 28 5 uqh3 figs-metaphor 0 he will tear them down and never rebuild them The punishment of the wicked people is spoken of as if they were a building or a city that God would destroy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -981,14 +981,14 @@ PSA 31 5 ez3i figs-synecdoche 0 I entrust my spirit Here “my spirit” refers PSA 31 5 m7ux 0 God of trustworthiness “you are a God I can trust” PSA 31 6 d1f4 figs-distinguish 0 I hate those who serve worthless idols Here the word “worthless” refers to all idols. This can be clarified in translation. Alternate translation: “Idols are worthless. I hate those who serve them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) PSA 31 7 z4ew figs-doublet 0 I will be glad and rejoice in your covenant faithfulness The words “glad” and “rejoice” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of joy. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will be very glad because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 31 7 x1wl figs-parallelism 0 you saw my affliction…you knew the distress of my soul Both of these phrases express the idea that God knows about the writer’s troubles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 31 7 x1wl figs-parallelism 0 you saw my affliction … you knew the distress of my soul Both of these phrases express the idea that God knows about the writer’s troubles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 31 7 ji14 figs-synecdoche 0 the distress of my soul Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 31 8 x76g figs-synecdoche 0 You have set my feet Here “my feet” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “You have set me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 31 8 d4bb figs-metaphor 0 a wide open place The Hebrews thought of wide open spaces as a metaphor for safety and freedom. Alternate translation: “a place where I am free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 9 iv54 0 I am in distress “I am suffering greatly” PSA 31 9 amp8 figs-synecdoche 0 my soul and my body The terms “soul” and “body” are used to describe the complete person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 31 10 p8pm figs-metonymy 0 For my life is weary Here “my life” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 10 nw2b 0 with sorrow…with groaning “because of my sorrow…because of my groaning” +PSA 31 10 nw2b 0 with sorrow … with groaning “because of my sorrow … because of my groaning” PSA 31 10 l7fj figs-ellipsis 0 my years with groaning The phrase “is weary” is missing, but is implied. Alternate translation: “my years are weary with groaning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 31 10 a1r3 figs-metonymy 0 My strength fails Here “My strength” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 10 b5c7 figs-metonymy 0 my bones are wasting away Here “my bones” refers to the physical health of the writer. Alternate translation: “my health is failing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ PSA 31 19 c7i2 figs-abstractnouns 0 is your goodness This can be expressed with PSA 31 19 dge4 figs-metaphor 0 that you have stored up Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as if it was something that could be stored up like a harvest. Alternate translation: “that you are keeping ready to use” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 19 ld4z 0 those who revere you “those who respect you greatly” PSA 31 19 iu38 figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 31:1](../031/001.md). Alternate translation: “those who go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 20 q6pa figs-parallelism 0 In the shelter of your presence, you hide them…You hide them in a shelter These phrases both mean that God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 31 20 q6pa figs-parallelism 0 In the shelter of your presence, you hide them … You hide them in a shelter These phrases both mean that God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 31 20 v252 figs-metaphor 0 In the shelter Yahweh’s presence is spoken of as if it is a strong building where the writer would be safe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 31 20 dx2q figs-metonymy 0 You hide them in a shelter Here a “shelter” represents a safe place. Alternate translation: “You provide a safe place for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 31 20 jre5 figs-metonymy 0 from the violence of tongues Here “tongues” refer to the people who are speaking violent things against the writer. Alternate translation: “where their enemies cannot speak evil at them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ PSA 32 8 x1lw figs-doublet 0 I will instruct you and teach you in the way The w PSA 32 8 mh9j 0 I will instruct Here the “I” is probably Yahweh who talks directly to David. PSA 32 8 s74m figs-metaphor 0 in the way which you should go Living in the correct way is spoken of as if it were a path that the writer should walk. Alternate translation: “how you should live your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 32 8 lj3f figs-metonymy 0 with my eye upon you Here “my eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “and direct my attention to you” or “and watch over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 32 9 ry6h figs-simile 0 Do not be like a horse…no understanding The writer compares people with no understanding to horses and mules. This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking Yahweh’s words to his readers, “You all must not be like a horse…no understanding” or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the writer as though to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 32 9 ry6h figs-simile 0 Do not be like a horse … no understanding The writer compares people with no understanding to horses and mules. This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking Yahweh’s words to his readers, “You all must not be like a horse … no understanding” or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the writer as though to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 32 9 g1b3 0 bridle and bit Two tools that are used by people to guide horses and mules go where the rider wants them to go. PSA 32 9 cv6w 0 where you want them to “where anyone wants them to go.” The “you” here is singular and refers to no one in particular. PSA 32 10 ann9 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness will surround the one who trusts in him Yahweh being faithful to a person and protecting that person is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness surrounded the person. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant, he will protect the one who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1118,7 +1118,7 @@ PSA 34 9 vv95 figs-litotes 0 There is no lack for those who fear him This can b PSA 34 10 ch59 figs-litotes 0 will not lack anything good This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will always have the good things they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 34 11 ge81 0 sons Here this does not refer to literal sons of the writer, but to the people he is teaching about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “my students” PSA 34 12 gmc4 figs-rquestion 0 What man is there who desires life and loves many days, that he may see good? The implicit answer to this question is “every man.” This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Every man desires life and desires to live many days and have a good life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 34 13 h79u figs-parallelism 0 keep your tongue from evil…keep your lips from speaking lies These two phrases refer to the same thing and it is said in different ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 34 13 h79u figs-parallelism 0 keep your tongue from evil … keep your lips from speaking lies These two phrases refer to the same thing and it is said in different ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 34 13 jy3g figs-synecdoche 0 Then keep your tongue from evil Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not speak evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 34 13 d237 figs-synecdoche 0 keep your lips from speaking lies Here “lips” refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: “do not speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 34 14 l778 figs-metaphor 0 Turn away from evil Here “Turn away” is a metaphor for avoiding evil. Alternate translation: “Refuse to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1167,11 +1167,11 @@ PSA 35 8 n85r 0 fall into it This could mean: (1) fall into the pit of verse 7 PSA 35 8 q1k1 figs-abstractnouns 0 to their destruction The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “so that they will be destroyed” or “that is how you should destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 35 9 gv3z figs-abstractnouns 0 in his salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you save me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 35 10 dy1n figs-metonymy 0 All my bones Here “bones” refers to the deepest inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “My whole inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 35 10 fcx1 figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, who is like you…those who try to rob them? The implicit answer to this question is that no one is like Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, there is no one like you…those who try to rob them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 35 10 fcx1 figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, who is like you … those who try to rob them? The implicit answer to this question is that no one is like Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, there is no one like you … those who try to rob them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 35 10 kuz3 figs-doublet 0 the poor and needy The words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 35 11 j8nd figs-idiom 0 rise up This means they testify in a trial. Alternate translation: “volunteer to give a testimony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 35 12 ns9v figs-metaphor 0 They repay me evil for good This is a metaphor which means they give back evil in exchange for the good they have received. Alternate translation: “In return for my doing good things for them, they do evil things to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 12 j7e3 figs-abstractnouns 0 evil…good These abstract nouns can be stated in other forms. Alternate translation: “evil things…good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PSA 35 12 j7e3 figs-abstractnouns 0 evil … good These abstract nouns can be stated in other forms. Alternate translation: “evil things … good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 35 12 v5ej 0 I am sorrowful “I am extremely sad” PSA 35 13 jiu2 0 when they were sick The word “they” refers to the “unrighteous witnesses” ([Psalms 35:11](../035/011.md)). PSA 35 13 t4yd 0 I wore sackcloth “I showed that I was sad” @@ -1234,9 +1234,9 @@ PSA 36 3 v6yt 0 His words are “What he says is” PSA 36 3 pir7 0 do good “do things that are good” PSA 36 4 d3zz figs-metaphor 0 he sets out on an evil way The sinful actions of the man are spoken of as if he was walking along a path that was evil. Alternate translation: “he begins to do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 36 4 w34n figs-abstractnouns 0 he does not reject evil Here “evil” can be stated in another form. Alternate translation: “he does not reject evil behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 36 5 wiw8 figs-metaphor 0 Your covenant faithfulness…reaches to the heavens The greatness of God’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if it were an object that reached as high as the heavens. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Your covenant faithfulness…is very great” or “You…are as faithful to your covenant as the heavens are high above the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PSA 36 5 wiw8 figs-metaphor 0 Your covenant faithfulness … reaches to the heavens The greatness of God’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if it were an object that reached as high as the heavens. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Your covenant faithfulness … is very great” or “You … are as faithful to your covenant as the heavens are high above the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 36 5 m314 figs-metaphor 0 reaches to the clouds The greatness of God’s loyalty is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “is as high as the clouds” or “is enormously great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 36 6 s49q figs-simile 0 like the mountains of God…like the great deep These phrases describe the greatness of God’s righteousness and judgments as if they were very high and deep. Alternate translation: “as high as the highest mountains…as deep as the deepest sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 36 6 s49q figs-simile 0 like the mountains of God … like the great deep These phrases describe the greatness of God’s righteousness and judgments as if they were very high and deep. Alternate translation: “as high as the highest mountains … as deep as the deepest sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 36 6 e8gt 0 you preserve “you help” or “you save” PSA 36 7 vs32 figs-abstractnouns 0 How precious is your covenant faithfulness The word “precious” refers to how greatly the writer values Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I greatly value how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 36 8 vy98 figs-metaphor 0 They feast upon the abundance of your house Eating much food as guests in a house is a metaphor for God providing all his people need. Alternate translation: “They will have all they need because you will provide it to them” or “You have plenty to give, and you will provide them with all they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ PSA 36 9 f7u5 figs-metaphor 0 in your light we will see light Here “light” PSA 36 10 d1ua figs-metaphor 0 Extend your covenant faithfulness fully to those who know you The writer speaks of Yahweh continuing to act faithfully towards the people as if Yahweh were to extend his covenant faithfulness or make it longer. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “Continue to act faithfully to those who know you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 36 10 jtd4 figs-abstractnouns 0 your defense to the upright of heart The abstract noun “defense” can be stated as a verb. “Continue” is implied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “Continue to protect the upright of heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 36 10 qms7 figs-synecdoche 0 the upright of heart Here “heart” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “the upright” or “people who act righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 36 11 z9yf figs-synecdoche 0 the foot of the arrogant man…the hand of the wicked Here “foot” and “hand” refer to the evil people. These are not specific men. This refers to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “arrogant people…wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +PSA 36 11 z9yf figs-synecdoche 0 the foot of the arrogant man … the hand of the wicked Here “foot” and “hand” refer to the evil people. These are not specific men. This refers to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “arrogant people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 36 11 a5wg 0 drive me away “send me away” or “make me leave my place” PSA 36 12 mm9r figs-metaphor 0 evildoers have fallen; they are knocked down and are not able to get up All three phrases describe the evildoers as defeated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 36 12 q7yf figs-activepassive 0 they are knocked down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have knocked them down” or “you have destroyed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1254,12 +1254,12 @@ PSA 36 12 bmn7 0 are not able to get up “cannot get up” PSA 37 intro tv7e 0 # Psalm 037 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 37 is a teaching psalm. It provides guidance about how to live a moral and God-fearing life. It teaches that evil people do not prosper in the future. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Envy
Do not envy evil people. Although it appears as though they prosper, soon they will be destroyed and the good people will continue on living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) PSA 37 1 bd2s writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 37 1 a1ye 0 Do not be irritated because of evildoers “Do not let wicked people upset you” or “Do not be bothered by what wicked people do” -PSA 37 2 y2vk figs-simile 0 dry up as the grass…wither as the green plants Evildoers are spoken of as if they are grass and plants that dry up and die in the hot weather. These two similes both mean they will die. Alternate translation: “die” or “come to an end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 37 2 y2vk figs-simile 0 dry up as the grass … wither as the green plants Evildoers are spoken of as if they are grass and plants that dry up and die in the hot weather. These two similes both mean they will die. Alternate translation: “die” or “come to an end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 37 3 eb2r figs-metaphor 0 graze in faithfulness Faithfulness is spoken of as if it was an animal that would be strengthened by feeding in good pasture. Alternate translation: “nourish faithfulness” or “increase your faithfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 4 pbq2 figs-metonymy 0 the desires of your heart Here “heart” represents the person’s inner being and thoughts. Alternate translation: “your deepest, inner desires” or “the things that you desire the most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 37 5 wt82 figs-idiom 0 Give your ways to Yahweh Here “give your ways” is an idiom that means to ask Yahweh to control your life. Alternate translation: “Ask Yahweh to guide your actions in life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 37 5 i61n figs-idiom 0 act on your behalf This is to represent another in legal issues. Here, when one trusts in Yahweh, he will defend that person and grant justice to that person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 37 6 lt22 figs-parallelism 0 like the daylight…like the day at noon Both of these phrases mean about the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 37 6 lt22 figs-parallelism 0 like the daylight … like the day at noon Both of these phrases mean about the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 37 6 n8jl figs-simile 0 like the daylight This means “in full view of everyone.” Alternate translation: “as clear to see as the light of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 37 6 jt1t figs-simile 0 like the day at noon This means “as visible as the noon sun.” Alternate translation: “as visible as the light at the brightest time of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 37 7 vgp6 0 Be still “Be quiet” @@ -1274,7 +1274,7 @@ PSA 37 12 k2zu figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This does not refer to specific PSA 37 12 y9px writing-symlanguage 0 grinds his teeth The wicked man hates the righteous person so much that he grinds his teeth together to show his anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) PSA 37 13 g21a figs-explicit 0 his day is coming It is implied that “his day” will be a day of judgment. Alternate translation: “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish him” or “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 37 14 wde8 figs-nominaladj 0 The wicked This refers to the wicked people. Alternate translation: “The wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 14 yet9 figs-synecdoche 0 have drawn out their swords…have bent their bows Both “swords” and “bows” are weapons used to attack people. The fact that they are “drawn” and “bent” means they are ready to start attacking. Alternate translation: “have prepared their weapons in order to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PSA 37 14 yet9 figs-synecdoche 0 have drawn out their swords … have bent their bows Both “swords” and “bows” are weapons used to attack people. The fact that they are “drawn” and “bent” means they are ready to start attacking. Alternate translation: “have prepared their weapons in order to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 37 14 f2i7 figs-metaphor 0 to cast down This destruction of the needy people is spoken of as if they were clay pots that would break into pieces when thrown down on the ground. Alternate translation: “to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 14 r9uh figs-doublet 0 the oppressed and needy These terms both refer to people who are powerless to defend themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are not able to resist them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 37 15 p5xq figs-synecdoche 0 Their swords will pierce their own hearts Swords are examples of weapons and “hearts” represent the people. To “pierce the heart” is an idiom that means “to kill.” Alternate translation: “Their weapons will be turned against them and they will kill themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1293,9 +1293,9 @@ PSA 37 22 bf1j figs-activepassive 0 Those who are blessed by God This can be st PSA 37 22 tev2 figs-metaphor 0 will inherit the land The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 22 u6uk figs-activepassive 0 those who are cursed by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh curses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 22 n6u3 figs-metaphor 0 will be cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 23 cq19 figs-activepassive 0 It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established…commendable in God’s sight These can be stated to show the logical connection and clarify the passive clause. Alternate translation: “If a man lives in a commendable way in Yahweh’s sight, Yahweh will establish his steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PSA 37 23 cq19 figs-activepassive 0 It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established … commendable in God’s sight These can be stated to show the logical connection and clarify the passive clause. Alternate translation: “If a man lives in a commendable way in Yahweh’s sight, Yahweh will establish his steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 37 23 fba1 figs-activepassive 0 It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who enables a man to be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 23 c8pu figs-genericnoun 0 a man…the man This does not refer to a specific man, but to people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +PSA 37 23 c8pu figs-genericnoun 0 a man … the man This does not refer to a specific man, but to people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 37 23 na5m figs-metonymy 0 a man’s steps Steps represent the way a person lives. Alternate translation: “the way a man lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 37 24 c1m3 figs-metaphor 0 Though he stumbles, he will not fall down Here “stumble” and “fall” refer to the man’s reaction to difficult times. Alternate translation: “Though he has difficult times, he will not utterly fail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 24 k1r7 figs-metonymy 0 holding him with his hand Here “his hand” refers to Yahweh’s power, and “holding him” refers to protecting him. Alternate translation: “protecting him with his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1314,7 +1314,7 @@ PSA 37 30 hy67 figs-abstractnouns 0 speaks wisdom The abstract noun “wisdom PSA 37 30 xy8u figs-abstractnouns 0 increases justice The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “encourages other people to live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 37 31 bga8 figs-metonymy 0 The law of his God is in his heart Here “in his heart” refers to his deepest inner being. Alternate translation: “He treasures the commands of his God in his inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 37 31 nf23 figs-metaphor 0 his feet will not slip Here failure to obey Yahweh is spoken of as slipping off a safe path and falling. Alternate translation: “he will walk safely in the way God wants him to walk” or “he will safely do the things God wants him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 32 jz23 figs-genericnoun 0 The wicked person…the righteous person These words refer to any wicked or righteous person or to wicked and righteous people in general, not to specific people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people…righteous people” or “Any wicked person” or “any righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +PSA 37 32 jz23 figs-genericnoun 0 The wicked person … the righteous person These words refer to any wicked or righteous person or to wicked and righteous people in general, not to specific people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people … righteous people” or “Any wicked person” or “any righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 37 32 w8bk figs-explicit 0 watches the righteous person Here the watching implies observing the righteous in order to do them harm. Alternate translation: “waits in ambush for the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 37 33 ea9s figs-genericnoun 0 the evil person’s hand These words refer to the hand of any evil person, not of any specific person. Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “evil people’s hands” or “the power of the evil person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 37 33 z9fb figs-activepassive 0 when he is judged This refers to Yahweh judging the righteous man. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh judges him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1332,12 +1332,12 @@ PSA 37 38 al71 figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked man This does not refer to a speci PSA 37 38 a22i figs-metaphor 0 is cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 37 39 m69g figs-abstractnouns 0 Salvation of the righteous comes from Yahweh The abstract noun “Salvation” can be expressed as an action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rescues the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 37 39 rjp3 figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to the righteous people. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 40 jus5 figs-parallelism 0 helps…rescues…saves This same idea is repeated in several different ways to emphasize that Yahweh is dependable and able to give aid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 37 40 jus5 figs-parallelism 0 helps … rescues … saves This same idea is repeated in several different ways to emphasize that Yahweh is dependable and able to give aid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 37 40 qwg7 figs-metaphor 0 they have taken refuge in him Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “they have gone to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 intro ysy3 0 # Psalm 038 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 38 is a confession of sin and a prayer for deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Author’s sickness
The author was very sick and his enemies were seeking ways to destroy him. PSA 38 1 nsf9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 38 1 n1x9 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 38 1 nd38 figs-parallelism 0 do not rebuke me in your anger…do not punish me in your wrath These phrases mean basically the same thing and the idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 38 1 nd38 figs-parallelism 0 do not rebuke me in your anger … do not punish me in your wrath These phrases mean basically the same thing and the idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 38 2 z5x4 figs-metaphor 0 your arrows pierce me The severity of Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh had shot arrows into the writer. Alternate translation: “Your punishment is as painful as if you had shot arrows into me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 2 w3fq figs-metaphor 0 your hand presses me down Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh was smashing the writer with his hand. Here, “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “your power knocks me down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 38 3 c6im 0 General Information: David continues describing what his guilt and shame does to his body. He uses hyperbole to emphasize the effects of this lesson. @@ -1358,8 +1358,8 @@ PSA 38 10 xnw5 0 my strength fades “I become very weak” PSA 38 10 e7ld 0 my eyesight dims “I can no longer see well” PSA 38 12 bt4z figs-metaphor 0 lay snares for me The plots of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they were traps that they had set to catch him like an animal. Alternate translation: “set traps to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 12 xc5c figs-parallelism 0 speak destructive words and say deceitful words These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the hurtful nature of what these people say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 38 13 z4gn figs-simile 0 I am like a deaf man…hear nothing The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 38 13 hm4h figs-simile 0 I am like a mute man…says nothing The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 38 13 z4gn figs-simile 0 I am like a deaf man … hear nothing The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 38 13 hm4h figs-simile 0 I am like a mute man … says nothing The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 38 13 s5pm 0 a mute man a person who cannot speak PSA 38 14 th66 0 does not hear The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile) PSA 38 14 ir1x 0 has no reply The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile) @@ -1368,11 +1368,11 @@ PSA 38 16 gan3 0 will not gloat over me “will not delight over my trouble” PSA 38 16 bq5f figs-synecdoche 0 If my foot slips Here “my foot” represents the writer. The slipping of his foot is a metaphor that refers to the writer’s troubles and misfortunes. Alternate translation: “If I make mistakes that cause me trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 17 s48p figs-metaphor 0 I am about to stumble Possible meanings for this metaphor are (1) “I am so sick that I am about to die” or (2) “I will soon be ruined.” It may be best not to interpret the metaphor in the text. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 17 sbz5 0 I am in constant pain “I am always in pain” -PSA 38 19 ie1w figs-parallelism 0 But my enemies are numerous…are many These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 38 19 ie1w figs-parallelism 0 But my enemies are numerous … are many These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 38 20 ca7b figs-metaphor 0 They repay me evil for good The actions of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as a financial transaction where they gave him evil things in exchange for good things. The abstract nouns “evil” and “good” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “They do evil thing to me after I was good to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 38 20 ai9q figs-metaphor 0 hurl accusations at me The way the writer’s enemies accuse him is spoken of as if they were throwing accusations at him like rocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 20 bbb4 figs-metaphor 0 pursued what is good The writers desire for what is good is spoken of as if he were running after good things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 21 czy3 figs-parallelism 0 Do not abandon me…do not stay far away from me These two phrases have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 38 21 czy3 figs-parallelism 0 Do not abandon me … do not stay far away from me These two phrases have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 38 21 nrs8 figs-metaphor 0 do not stay far away from me Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 22 zv2x figs-metaphor 0 Come quickly to help me God is spoken of as if he is running to the writer to help him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 38 22 a3xa figs-abstractnouns 0 my salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1385,8 +1385,8 @@ PSA 39 1 s4wx figs-metonymy 0 so that I do not sin with my tongue Here “tongu PSA 39 1 e8kh figs-metaphor 0 muzzle To “muzzle” means to keep a mouth shut. Here David means that he will not speak while he is with an evil person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 2 fa7x figs-doublet 0 I kept silent; I kept back my words These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the writer did not speak at all. Alternate translation: “I was completely silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 39 2 k9fs 0 I kept back my words “I did not speak” -PSA 39 3 u5ie figs-synecdoche 0 My heart became hot…it burned like a fire Here “heart” represents the whole person. The anxious thoughts of the writer are spoken of as if they were a fire burning inside him. Alternate translation: “I became very anxious when I thought about these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 39 4 vey1 figs-parallelism 0 the end of my life…the extent of my days These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 39 3 u5ie figs-synecdoche 0 My heart became hot … it burned like a fire Here “heart” represents the whole person. The anxious thoughts of the writer are spoken of as if they were a fire burning inside him. Alternate translation: “I became very anxious when I thought about these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 39 4 vey1 figs-parallelism 0 the end of my life … the extent of my days These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 39 4 bac9 0 Show me how transient I am “Show me how brief my life is” or “Show me how soon I will die” PSA 39 5 in3w figs-metaphor 0 only the width of my hand The writer speaks of his lifespan is if it could be measured by the width of his hand. Alternate translation: “only a very short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 5 ej3j figs-simile 0 my lifetime is like nothing before you This simile states that the length of the writer’s life is so short that it does not exist. This is an exaggeration to stress how short it is. Alternate translation: “the length of my life is barely any time at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -1394,14 +1394,14 @@ PSA 39 5 l7in figs-metaphor 0 Surely every man is a single breath Life is short PSA 39 6 wkn8 figs-simile 0 Surely every man walks about like a shadow The lives of people are spoken of as if they are as insignificant as shadows. Alternate translation: “Everyone disappears like shadows do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 39 6 i78f figs-explicit 0 although they do not know who will receive them Here it is implied that they do not know what will happen to their wealth after they die. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 39 7 y9ll figs-rquestion 0 Now, Lord, for what am I waiting? The writer asks this question to emphasize that people cannot help him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “So now, Yahweh, I can expect to receive nothing from anyone else.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 39 9 ll7d figs-parallelism 0 I am silent…cannot open my mouth These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 39 9 ll7d figs-parallelism 0 I am silent … cannot open my mouth These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 39 9 whi2 0 because it is you who has done it “because my punishment comes from you” PSA 39 10 kf2h figs-metaphor 0 Stop wounding me God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was wounding him with a weapon. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 10 hd77 0 I am overwhelmed “I am defeated completely” PSA 39 10 n2ex figs-metaphor 0 the blow of your hand God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was striking him with his fist. Here “hand” represents God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “your judgment on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 11 skf5 figs-simile 0 consume the things they desire like a moth God will take away the things they value in the same way as a moth eats a piece of cloth. Alternate translation: “consume the things they desire like a moth eats away at clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 39 11 uzd7 figs-metaphor 0 all people are nothing but vapor The writer speaks of the frailty of people as if they were mist that disappears quickly. Alternate translation: “everyone is completely fragile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 39 12 rx3j figs-parallelism 0 Hear my prayer…listen to me…listen to my weeping These three phrases mean basically the same thing and show how strongly the writer wants God to respond to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 39 12 rx3j figs-parallelism 0 Hear my prayer … listen to me … listen to my weeping These three phrases mean basically the same thing and show how strongly the writer wants God to respond to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 39 12 ae4r figs-metaphor 0 Do not be deaf to me The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response to him as if Yahweh was deaf. Alternate translation: “Do not ignore me as if you could not hear me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 39 12 nnj1 figs-simile 0 I am like a foreigner with you, a refugee The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response as if Yahweh considered him to be a total stranger to him. Alternate translation: “I am like a complete stranger to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 39 13 k2nr figs-metonymy 0 Turn your gaze from me Here “your gaze” represents Yahweh’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1410,7 +1410,7 @@ PSA 40 intro ik39 0 # Psalm 040 General Notes
## Type of psalm
Psalm 40 PSA 40 1 k46g writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 40 1 q9w4 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 40 1 yu4m 0 I waited patiently for Yahweh This means the writer was waiting for Yahweh to help him. -PSA 40 1 j6iw figs-doublet 0 he listened to me…heard my cry These mean the same thing, and can be combined into one statement. Alternate translation: “he listened to me when I called out to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 40 1 j6iw figs-doublet 0 he listened to me … heard my cry These mean the same thing, and can be combined into one statement. Alternate translation: “he listened to me when I called out to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 40 2 jcv4 figs-parallelism 0 out of a horrible pit, out of the miry clay These two metaphors mean the same thing. The writer’s danger is spoken of as if it was a deadly pit full of mud. This emphasizes the danger. Alternate translation: “from being trapped in a horrible pit full of sticky mud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 40 2 yav8 figs-synecdoche 0 he set my feet on a rock Here “my feet” refers to the writer, and “a rock” refers a place of safety. Alternate translation: “he provided safety for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 3 kgu6 0 He has put a new song in my mouth This could mean: (1) “He has taught me the words to a new song” or (2) “He has given me a new reason to sing.” @@ -1421,7 +1421,7 @@ PSA 40 4 cal5 0 Blessed is the man who makes Yahweh his trust “Blessed is th PSA 40 4 z621 figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This refers to the people who are proud. Alternate translation: “proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 40 4 f9yc 0 to lies The Hebrew word is unclear. This could mean: (1) “lies” or (2) “false gods.” PSA 40 5 x7v4 figs-activepassive 0 your thoughts which are about us cannot be numbered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can count all the things you think about us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 40 5 kzt9 figs-parallelism 0 cannot be numbered…more than could be counted These phrases mean essentially the same thing. The first is stated in negative form, and the second is stated in positive form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +PSA 40 5 kzt9 figs-parallelism 0 cannot be numbered … more than could be counted These phrases mean essentially the same thing. The first is stated in negative form, and the second is stated in positive form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 40 6 z1vh figs-hyperbole 0 You have no delight in sacrifice or offering This is an exaggeration to express that other things are much more important to God. Alternate translation: “Sacrifices and other offerings are not the things that delight you most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 40 6 xz9n figs-metonymy 0 you have opened my ears Here “ears” refers to the ability to hear. Alternate translation: “you have enabled me to hear your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 40 6 mi62 figs-hyperbole 0 you have not required burnt offerings or sin offerings This is an exaggeration to show that these things were not the most important to God. Alternate translation: “animals burned on the altar and other offerings for our sins are not what you require most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -1454,16 +1454,16 @@ PSA 40 16 az21 figs-doublet 0 rejoice and be glad These two phrases mean the sa PSA 40 16 yq7n figs-abstractnouns 0 loves your salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 40 17 v567 figs-doublet 0 poor and needy These words mean the same thing and emphasize how helpless the writer is. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 40 17 ep4r 0 the Lord thinks about me “the Lord cares for me” -PSA 40 17 a8vb figs-parallelism 0 You are my help…you come to my rescue These phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 40 17 a8vb figs-parallelism 0 You are my help … you come to my rescue These phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 40 17 g2mh 0 You are my help “You are the one who helps me” PSA 40 17 zf6l 0 you come to my rescue “you come to save me” PSA 40 17 c1t7 figs-litotes 0 do not delay This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “respond quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PSA 41 intro q9l9 0 # Psalm 041 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 41 is a psalm of deliverance. The author’s friends had become his enemies who wanted to see him die but he trusted God to rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Enemies
The author’s best friend had become an enemy. His enemies were happy because they were sure his sickness would result in death. PSA 41 1 y6js writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 41 1 ay4z 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 41 1 bd73 0 he who is concerned for the weak…rescue him The words “he” and “him” refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. +PSA 41 1 bd73 0 he who is concerned for the weak … rescue him The words “he” and “him” refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. PSA 41 1 glk5 0 the weak “weak people” or “poor people” -PSA 41 2 j2lj 0 he…him…his These words refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. +PSA 41 2 j2lj 0 he … him … his These words refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. PSA 41 3 lt8b figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will support him on the bed of suffering The phrase “the bed of suffering” refers to when a person lies in bed because he is sick. Alternate translation: “When he is sick and in bed, Yahweh will support him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 41 3 ygd6 figs-metonymy 0 you will make his bed of sickness into a bed of healing The phrase “a bed of healing” refers to when a person rests in bed and recovers from his sickness. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, will heal him of his sickness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 41 5 yg22 figs-ellipsis 0 his name perish If a person’s name dies, it means that people forget that he had ever lived. Alternate translation: “when will his name perish” or “when will people forget about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1471,7 +1471,7 @@ PSA 41 6 evn1 0 If my enemy comes to see me The words “my enemy” refers to PSA 41 6 m4zm figs-idiom 0 he says worthless things This could mean: (1) “he says meaningless things” or (2) his enemies say things to make him think that they are his friends when they are not. Alternate translation: “he says deceitful things” or “they pretend to be concerned about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 41 6 c5vp figs-synecdoche 0 his heart gathers up my disaster for itself His enemies try to learn all of the bad things about him. Here the word “heart” refers the whole person. Bad circumstances are spoken of as if they were objects that can be gathered. Alternate translation: “he tries to learn about all of my disasters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 41 7 sq8r 0 against me they hope for my hurt This could mean: (1) “they hope that very bad things will happen to me” or (2) “they are planning to hurt me.” -PSA 41 8 l22y figs-personification 0 An evil disease…to him His enemies speak of “disease” as if it were a person who has captured him. Alternate translation: “He is sick with a fatal disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 41 8 l22y figs-personification 0 An evil disease … to him His enemies speak of “disease” as if it were a person who has captured him. Alternate translation: “He is sick with a fatal disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 41 8 hfg4 0 An evil disease This could mean: (1) “A fatal disease” or (2) “Something evil” PSA 41 8 cay3 figs-explicit 0 now that he is lying down, he will rise up no more Here the words “lying down” refer to lying in bed because of illness. That he will not “rise up” means that he will continue to lie down, which is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “now that he is sick in bed, he will die there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 41 9 jzy3 figs-idiom 0 has lifted up his heel against me This is an idiom that means his friend betrayed him. Alternate translation: “has betrayed me” or “has turned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1511,7 +1511,7 @@ PSA 42 6 u6xn figs-explicit 0 the land of the Jordan This is probably a referen PSA 42 6 ka3s 0 peaks mountain tops PSA 42 6 xh39 translate-names 0 hill of Mizar This is the name of a hill at the base of Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 42 7 c6aq figs-personification 0 Deep calls to deep at the noise of your waterfalls The word “deep” refers to deep waters, which here are likely the streams rushing down Mount Hermon. The writer speaks of them as if they are people calling out to one another as they hear the sound of their own descent from the mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 42 7 exq2 figs-metaphor 0 all your waves…have gone over me The author speaks of his great misfortune and sadness as if they are deep waters that drown him with one wave after another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 42 7 exq2 figs-metaphor 0 all your waves … have gone over me The author speaks of his great misfortune and sadness as if they are deep waters that drown him with one wave after another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 42 7 d5k7 figs-doublet 0 your waves and your billows The word “billows” is another word for “waves.” Together the two words emphasize the greatness of the waves. Alternate translation: “all of your great waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 42 8 ef4n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will command his covenant faithfulness in the daytime The writer speaks of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness as if it were a person whom he commands to be with him. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show me his covenant faithfulness in the daytime” or “Yahweh will show me in the daytime how faithful he is to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 42 8 jsc8 0 his song This could mean: (1) “the song that he gives me” or (2) “the song about him” @@ -1553,8 +1553,8 @@ PSA 44 3 cr9y figs-ellipsis 0 the light of your face You may supply a verb for PSA 44 3 ekr9 figs-metonymy 0 your right hand, your arm Here the words “hand” and “arm” both refer to God’s power. Combined, they emphasize the greatness of God’s power. Alternate translation: “your great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 44 3 a1dc figs-metaphor 0 the light of your face The writer speaks of Yahweh looking with favor upon them and being kind to them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “your kindness” or “your good favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 4 md4f figs-metonymy 0 victory for Jacob The people of Israel are referred to by the name of their ancestor “Jacob.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 44 5 cn87 0 Through you…through your “By you…by your” -PSA 44 5 l9n9 figs-metaphor 0 push down…tread them under…rise up The writer speaks of his enemies’ defeat as if they are “down” and of their preparing to fight as if they are “up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 44 5 cn87 0 Through you … through your “By you … by your” +PSA 44 5 l9n9 figs-metaphor 0 push down … tread them under … rise up The writer speaks of his enemies’ defeat as if they are “down” and of their preparing to fight as if they are “up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 5 u2c5 figs-metonymy 0 through your name Here the word “name” refers to God’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 44 5 ze87 0 tread them under “tread them under our feet” or “walk on top of them” PSA 44 8 ql57 figs-abstractnouns 0 we have made our boast The word “boast” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “we have boasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1567,7 +1567,7 @@ PSA 44 12 zm14 figs-metaphor 0 sell your people for nothing The writer speaks o PSA 44 13 j3ej figs-parallelism 0 You make us a rebuke to our neighbors, scoffed and mocked by those around us These two phrases are parallel emphasizing how the people among whom they live mock them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 44 13 ys4c figs-abstractnouns 0 You make us a rebuke to our neighbors The word “rebuke” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make us something that our neighbors rebuke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 44 13 z6rm figs-activepassive 0 scoffed and mocked by those around us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those around us scoff at us and mock us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 44 14 d6zg figs-parallelism 0 an insult among…a shaking of the head These phrases are parallel emphasizing how intensely the nations around them mock them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 44 14 d6zg figs-parallelism 0 an insult among … a shaking of the head These phrases are parallel emphasizing how intensely the nations around them mock them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 44 14 cf7w figs-abstractnouns 0 You make us an insult among the nations The word “insult” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make the nations around us insult us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 44 14 l1b9 figs-abstractnouns 0 a shaking of the head among the peoples The phrase “a shaking of the head” can be translated in verbal form. Alternate translation: “something at which the peoples shake their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 44 14 d7ze 0 a shaking of the head This was a gesture that people used to show scorn to others. @@ -1576,7 +1576,7 @@ PSA 44 15 l48m figs-metaphor 0 the shame of my face has covered me The writer s PSA 44 15 w1hq 0 the shame of my face “the shame that shows on my face.” This refers to his facial expressions that his shame causes. PSA 44 16 p8lw figs-synecdoche 0 because of the voice of him who rebukes and insults Here the words “the voice” represents the person insulting him. Alternate translation: “because of what the person says who rebukes and insults me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 44 16 s49c figs-doublet 0 rebukes and insults These words have similar meanings and emphasize the harsh nature of what this person says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 44 18 qi6w figs-parallelism 0 Our heart has not turned back…have not gone from your way These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of loyalty to God as if it were following him, and disloyalty as if it were turning away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 44 18 qi6w figs-parallelism 0 Our heart has not turned back … have not gone from your way These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of loyalty to God as if it were following him, and disloyalty as if it were turning away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 18 mf97 figs-metonymy 0 Our heart has not turned back Here the word “heart” refers to the emotions, and specifically to loyalty and devotion. Alternate translation: “We have not stopped being loyal to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 44 19 d4u4 figs-metaphor 0 you have severely broken us The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if it were breaking a fragile object. Alternate translation: “you have punished us severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 19 dfs9 figs-metaphor 0 in the place of jackals The writer speaks of Israel after God’s punishment as if it were a wild, uninhabitable place. Alternate translation: “and made our land like a place where jackals live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1591,7 +1591,7 @@ PSA 44 22 exg2 figs-activepassive 0 we are considered to be sheep for the slaug PSA 44 22 vl87 figs-metaphor 0 sheep for the slaughter The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 23 b9h3 figs-rquestion 0 Awake, why do you sleep, Lord? This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer speaks of God’s seeming inactivity as if God is sleeping. He asks the question to rebuke God for appearing not to be concerned about their troubles. Alternate translation: “Wake up! I feel like you are sleeping, Lord!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 23 z7sm figs-metaphor 0 do not throw us off The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 44:9](../044/009.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 24 h91h figs-rquestion 0 Why do you hide your face…our oppression? The writer uses this question to complain that God appears to be ignoring them. Alternate translation: “Do not hide your face…our oppression.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 44 24 h91h figs-rquestion 0 Why do you hide your face … our oppression? The writer uses this question to complain that God appears to be ignoring them. Alternate translation: “Do not hide your face … our oppression.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 44 24 hj18 figs-metaphor 0 hide your face The writer speaks of God ignoring them as if God were hiding his face so that he could not see them. Alternate translation: “ignore us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 44 24 jb65 figs-abstractnouns 0 forget our affliction and our oppression The words “affliction” and “oppression” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the severity of their affliction. These words may also be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “forget that people afflict us and oppress us” or “forget that people greatly afflict us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 44 25 rzd7 figs-parallelism 0 For we have sunk down into the dust; our bodies cling to the earth These parallel phrases share similar meanings. The writer describes his people as lying on the ground in a posture of defeat and humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1618,7 +1618,7 @@ PSA 45 4 td7g figs-metonymy 0 your right hand will teach you fearful things Mos PSA 45 4 ij55 0 fearful things “awesome deeds.” This refers to military victories that cause his enemies to fear him and his allies to revere him. PSA 45 5 k74n 0 the peoples fall under you This phrase refers to the king defeating his enemies. This could mean: (1) “the peoples fall at your feet in surrender” or (2) “the peoples fall dead at your feet.” PSA 45 5 zn7a 0 your arrows are in the hearts of the king’s enemies “your arrows have pierced the hearts of your enemies.” The writer speaks to the king while referring to the king in the third person. -PSA 45 6 d479 figs-metonymy 0 Your throne…is forever and ever The word “throne” represents the kingdom and rule of the king. Alternate translation: “Your kingdom…is forever and ever” or “You will reign…forever and ever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 45 6 d479 figs-metonymy 0 Your throne … is forever and ever The word “throne” represents the kingdom and rule of the king. Alternate translation: “Your kingdom … is forever and ever” or “You will reign … forever and ever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 45 6 mh74 0 Your throne, God Possible meanings are that the word “God” (1) is a title for the king, who is God’s representative or (2) modifies the word “throne” and means “Your kingdom that God has given you.” PSA 45 6 h2tn figs-metonymy 0 a scepter of justice is the scepter of your kingdom The word “scepter” represents the king’s authority to rule his kingdom. Alternate translation: “you rule your kingdom with justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 45 7 w1rj figs-metaphor 0 God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of gladness The writer speaks of gladness as if it were an oil that God used to anoint the king. That God has anointed him is a symbolic action that represents God’s choosing him to be king. Alternate translation: “when God appointed you as king, he made you very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) @@ -1662,7 +1662,7 @@ PSA 46 3 v7sn figs-explicit 0 mountains tremble with their swelling The phrase PSA 46 4 x5va writing-symlanguage 0 There is a river whose streams make the city of God happy The imagery of a running river symbolizes peace and prosperity for the city of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) PSA 46 4 n4fc figs-metonymy 0 make the city of God happy The phrase “the city of God” refers to Jerusalem, and represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: “make the people who live in Jerusalem happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 46 4 ft9r figs-explicit 0 the holy place where the Most High dwells This phrase describes “the city of God.” Alternate translation: “the holy place where the Most High lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 46 5 v4ku 0 in the middle of her; she will not be moved…help her The words “her” and “she” refer to “the city of God.” +PSA 46 5 v4ku 0 in the middle of her; she will not be moved … help her The words “her” and “she” refer to “the city of God.” PSA 46 5 kf8d figs-metaphor 0 she will not be moved Here, the word “moved” is the same word translated as “shaken” in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md). The writer speaks of the destruction of Jerusalem by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing will be able destroy her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 46 6 ese7 figs-metaphor 0 The nations raged Here, the word “raged” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 3](./001.md) to describe the waters of the sea. The writer speaks of the fear of the nations as if it was the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm. Alternate translation: “The nations are terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 46 6 m4wd figs-metaphor 0 the kingdoms were shaken Here, the word “shaken” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md) to describe the effect of an earthquake on the mountains. The writer speaks of the overthrow of kingdoms by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies overthrew the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1672,7 +1672,7 @@ PSA 46 7 lc6w figs-metaphor 0 the God of Jacob is our refuge The writer speaks PSA 46 7 nkp6 figs-metonymy 0 the God of Jacob This could mean: (1) “the God whom Jacob worshiped” or (2) “Jacob” is a metonym for the nation of Israel and means “the God of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 46 9 lwa3 0 He makes wars cease “He makes nations stop fighting wars” PSA 46 9 b5gh figs-idiom 0 to the ends of the earth This is an idiom that refers to everywhere in the word. Alternate translation: “everywhere in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 46 9 v24c 0 he breaks the bow…burns up the shields One way in which Yahweh will make all wars to cease is by destroying the weapons that the armies use to fight one another. +PSA 46 9 v24c 0 he breaks the bow … burns up the shields One way in which Yahweh will make all wars to cease is by destroying the weapons that the armies use to fight one another. PSA 46 9 gst2 translate-textvariants 0 shields Some versions understand this Hebrew word as “chariots.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) PSA 46 10 y22y 0 Be quiet and know that I am God Here, God begins to speak. PSA 46 10 ua4x figs-explicit 0 Be quiet In this context, these words are likely a command to the nations to stop their wars. Alternate translation: “Stop fighting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1686,7 +1686,7 @@ PSA 47 1 uqb5 figs-explicit 0 Clap your hands Clapping your hands is associated PSA 47 1 n5aa 0 shout to God with the sound of triumph “shout to God with joyful voices.” Here the word “triumph” refers to the joy associated with victory. PSA 47 3 bqu5 figs-parallelism 0 He subdues peoples under us and nations under our feet These two phrases are parallel and mean that God enabled Israel to conquer their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 47 3 j5mi 0 subdues to conquer and place under the authority of another -PSA 47 3 sa4s figs-metaphor 0 under us…under our feet The writer speaks of conquering other nations as if it were putting those nations underneath their feet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 47 3 sa4s figs-metaphor 0 under us … under our feet The writer speaks of conquering other nations as if it were putting those nations underneath their feet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 47 4 p3vm figs-metaphor 0 He chooses our inheritance for us The writer speaks of the land of Israel as if it were an inheritance that God has given the people as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “He chooses this land as an inheritance for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 47 4 e7vk figs-metonymy 0 the glory of Jacob Here the word “glory” refers to a source of pride and represents the land that God has given to his people as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land in which Jacob takes pride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 47 4 qvz6 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob whom he loved The word “Jacob” refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1721,7 +1721,7 @@ PSA 48 8 pr7i figs-parallelism 0 in the city of Yahweh of hosts, in the city of PSA 48 8 pa6r 0 establish it “make it secure.” Here the word “establish means to preserve and make something secure. PSA 48 9 fec8 figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” or “how faithful you are to us because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 48 9 wf6y 0 in the middle of your temple “as we are in your temple” -PSA 48 10 wrg5 figs-metonymy 0 As your name is…so is your praise to the ends of the earth Here the word “name” represents God’s character and reputation. The two phrases compare the greatness of God’s reputation with how greatly people praise him. Alternate translation: “Your name is very great…and so people throughout the world praise you greatly” or “People all throughout the world have heard of you…so people throughout the world praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 48 10 wrg5 figs-metonymy 0 As your name is … so is your praise to the ends of the earth Here the word “name” represents God’s character and reputation. The two phrases compare the greatness of God’s reputation with how greatly people praise him. Alternate translation: “Your name is very great … and so people throughout the world praise you greatly” or “People all throughout the world have heard of you … so people throughout the world praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 48 10 qf2g figs-idiom 0 to the ends of the earth This is an idiomatic expression that means everywhere in the word. See how you translated this in [Psalms 46:9](../046/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 48 10 w3p6 figs-metaphor 0 your right hand is full of righteousness The writer speaks of righteousness as if it were an object that God could hold in his hand. Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power and authority to rule. Alternate translation: “you rule with righteousness” or “you are righteous as you rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 48 11 w7c2 figs-personification 0 Let Mount Zion be glad The writer speaks of Mount Zion as if it were a person who could be glad. The phrase refers to the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Let those who live on Mount Zion be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1741,7 +1741,7 @@ PSA 49 3 r7z1 figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will speak wisdom Here the word “mou PSA 49 3 hx37 figs-metonymy 0 the meditation of my heart will be of understanding Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The abstract nouns “meditation” and “understanding” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “the thoughts upon which I meditate will help you to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 49 4 wva9 figs-metaphor 0 incline my ear The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 49 4 ge9u 0 with the harp “as I play the harp” -PSA 49 5 yhr6 figs-rquestion 0 Why should I fear…heels? The writer asks this question to emphasize that he has no reason to fear when bad things happen. Alternate translation: “I have no reason to fear…heels.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 49 5 yhr6 figs-rquestion 0 Why should I fear … heels? The writer asks this question to emphasize that he has no reason to fear when bad things happen. Alternate translation: “I have no reason to fear … heels.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 49 5 vu7z 0 the days of evil “when evil things happen.” Here the word “days” refers to general periods of time. PSA 49 5 ug31 figs-metaphor 0 when iniquity surrounds me at my heels This could mean: (1) the writer speaks of the evil desires of his enemies as if it were a predator ready to overtake him. Alternate translation: “when the iniquity of sinful men is ready to overcome me” or (2) the writer’s enemies surround him as they commit their iniquity. Alternate translation: “when my enemies surround me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 49 6 z2gn figs-explicit 0 those who trust in their wealth These people trust their wealth will keep them from having to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1809,7 +1809,7 @@ PSA 50 20 zjx3 figs-parallelism 0 You sit and speak against your brother; you s PSA 50 20 ea7a figs-idiom 0 You sit and speak To “sit and speak” against someone implies that this person deliberately thinks of bad things to say about someone. Alternate translation: “You always think of ways to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 50 21 br29 figs-explicit 0 you thought that I was someone just like yourself Since God had kept silent and not yet rebuked the wicked people for their actions, they thought that God approved of what they did. Alternate translation: “you thought that I was someone who acts just like you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 50 21 w99y 0 reprove tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong -PSA 50 21 j3hc figs-idiom 0 bring up…all the things you have done God speaks of listing all of the evil things that they have done. Alternate translation: “list…all the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +PSA 50 21 j3hc figs-idiom 0 bring up … all the things you have done God speaks of listing all of the evil things that they have done. Alternate translation: “list … all the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 50 21 pf7h figs-idiom 0 right before your eyes Here, to be “before your eyes” means that it is in a place where they can see. This means that they will not be able to deny the charges that God brings against them. Alternate translation: “right in front of you” or “so that you can not deny them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 50 22 jz7u figs-metaphor 0 you who forget God God speaks of the wicked rejecting him as if they have forgotten him. He speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “you who reject me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 50 22 ql5f figs-metaphor 0 I will tear you to pieces God speaks of destroying the wicked as if he were a lion eating its prey. Alternate translation: “I will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1823,7 +1823,7 @@ PSA 51 1 sf45 figs-explicit 0 when Nathan the prophet came to him It can be sta PSA 51 1 dlr2 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 51 1 pm2w 0 for the sake of the multitude of your merciful actions “because you do so many merciful things” PSA 51 1 jan2 figs-metaphor 0 blot out my transgressions Forgiving sins is spoken of as either (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 2 rtj9 figs-parallelism 0 Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity…cleanse me from my sin These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 51 2 rtj9 figs-parallelism 0 Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity … cleanse me from my sin These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 51 2 q5ks figs-metaphor 0 Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Wash away all my sin” or “Forgive all my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 2 h3by 0 thoroughly completely, totally PSA 51 2 ja25 figs-metaphor 0 cleanse me from my sin Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Make me clean from my sin” or “forgive me for my sin so that I will be clean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1831,9 +1831,9 @@ PSA 51 3 qpz2 figs-metaphor 0 my sin is always before me Not being able to forg PSA 51 4 t9px figs-metaphor 0 what is evil in your sight The word “sight” here represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of David’s actions. Alternate translation: “what you judge to be evil” or “what you consider to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 5 j8f9 figs-metaphor 0 I was born in iniquity Being a sinner is spoken of as being in iniquity. Alternate translation: “I was already a sinner when I was born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 5 i2cz figs-metaphor 0 as soon as my mother conceived me, I was in sin Being a sinner is spoken of as being in sin. Alternate translation: “even when my mother conceived me, I was a sinner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 6 w9f4 0 See, you desire trustworthiness The use of “See” here draw our attention to the contrast between this sentence and “See, I was born in iniquity” (verse 5). “Truly I was born in iniquity…But you desire trustworthiness” +PSA 51 6 w9f4 0 See, you desire trustworthiness The use of “See” here draw our attention to the contrast between this sentence and “See, I was born in iniquity” (verse 5). “Truly I was born in iniquity … But you desire trustworthiness” PSA 51 6 kqg1 figs-metonymy 0 you desire trustworthiness in my inner self The “inner self” represents either (1) the person’s desires or (2) the whole person. Alternate translation: “you want me to desire trustworthiness” or “you want me to be trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 51 7 fc52 figs-metaphor 0 Purify me…I will be clean…wash me…I will be whiter than snow Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean or white. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 51 7 fc52 figs-metaphor 0 Purify me … I will be clean … wash me … I will be whiter than snow Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean or white. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 7 v7q2 figs-metaphor 0 Purify me with hyssop The writer speaks of God as if God were a priest who would sprinkle water on him to make him acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “Make me acceptable by sprinkling water on me with hyssop” or “Forgive me for my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 7 im87 translate-unknown 0 hyssop This is a plant that the priests used to sprinkle water or blood on people or things to make them ceremonially clean, that is, acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 51 7 l5n6 figs-simile 0 whiter than snow Not having sin is spoken of as being white. Alternate translation: “very, very white” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1846,10 +1846,10 @@ PSA 51 10 bn5a figs-metonymy 0 renew a right spirit within me Here “spirit” PSA 51 11 v6gj figs-metaphor 0 Do not drive me away from your presence “Do not force me to go away from you.” Being rejected by God is spoken of as being forced to go away from him. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me as one of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 51 12 t5fh 0 sustain me “hold me up” or “assist me” PSA 51 13 az4f 0 your ways “the way you want people to live” or “what you want people to do” -PSA 51 13 tzw4 0 transgressors…sinners These two words refer to the same people here. +PSA 51 13 tzw4 0 transgressors … sinners These two words refer to the same people here. PSA 51 14 i5mg figs-metonymy 0 shedding blood This phrase refers to killing another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 51 15 mb7z figs-synecdoche 0 Lord, open my lips, and my mouth will express your praise Here the person is represented by his “mouth.” Being able to talk is spoken of as the lips being open. Here not being able to speak is a symbol of being guilty of sin and not being able to make a defense. Alternate translation: “Lord, make me able to speak, and I will praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 51 16 rlr8 figs-explicit 0 you do not delight in sacrifice…you have no pleasure in burnt offerings This means that God wants something more important than these things. Alternate translation: “A sacrifice is not enough to please you…you want something more than burn offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PSA 51 16 rlr8 figs-explicit 0 you do not delight in sacrifice … you have no pleasure in burnt offerings This means that God wants something more important than these things. Alternate translation: “A sacrifice is not enough to please you … you want something more than burn offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 51 17 ib5d 0 The sacrifices of God “The sacrifices that please God” PSA 51 17 e3fd figs-metaphor 0 a broken spirit A broken spirit represents a humble attitude. Alternate translation: “humility” or “a person who becomes humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 51 17 r49l figs-metonymy 0 a broken and a contrite heart Being humble and sorry for one’s sin is spoken of as having a broken and contrite heart. The heart represents the emotions and will. Alternate translation: “sorrow and humility” or “a person who is sorry for his sin and humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1859,7 +1859,7 @@ PSA 52 intro gx5r 0 # Psalm 052 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psal PSA 52 1 xe8m writing-poetry 0 General Information: In this psalm the word “you” refers to Doeg. When Saul wanted to kill David, Doeg told Saul where David was so that Saul could find him. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 52 1 eve8 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” PSA 52 1 px5f 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). -PSA 52 1 iv91 translate-names 0 Doeg…Ahimelech These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PSA 52 1 iv91 translate-names 0 Doeg … Ahimelech These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 52 1 gv61 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you proud of making trouble, you mighty man? This question shows how angry David was at the one who made trouble. Alternate translation: “You should not be so proud of making trouble, you mighty man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 52 1 tc43 figs-irony 0 you mighty man David may have been using irony when he called Doeg this. Alternate translation: “you, who think you are so mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) PSA 52 1 u3iv figs-metaphor 0 The covenant faithfulness of God comes every day David speaks of God’s covenant faithfulness as if it were something that could come. David was probably referring to God’s promises to protect his people from wicked people. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective or an adverb. Alternate translation: “Every day, God is faithful to keep the promises of his covenant” or “Every day, God faithfully protects his people from wicked people like you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1870,7 +1870,7 @@ PSA 52 3 n4c1 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to the “might PSA 52 3 u7f1 0 lying rather than speaking righteousness “you love lying more than speaking what is right” PSA 52 4 c8a7 figs-metaphor 0 words that devour others Here words that harm others are spoken of as if they were animals that devour people. Alternate translation: “words that harm others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 52 4 brj2 figs-synecdoche 0 you deceitful tongue This refers to the person the author is speaking to. Alternate translation: “you speaker of deceit” or “you liar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 52 5 b3i7 figs-parallelism 0 take you up…pluck you…root you All three of these phrases are different ways of saying “remove you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 52 5 b3i7 figs-parallelism 0 take you up … pluck you … root you All three of these phrases are different ways of saying “remove you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 52 5 r2bt figs-metaphor 0 root you out of the land of the living Being alive on earth is spoken of as if people are plants with roots in the ground. God killing someone is spoken of as digging up the plant’s roots and taking it out of the ground. Alternate translation: “he will take you out the land of the living” or “He will kill you so that you will no longer be on earth with living people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 52 5 cdy6 translate-transliterate 0 Selah This may be a musical term that tells people how to sing or play their instruments here. Some translations write the Hebrew word, and some translations do not include it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) PSA 52 6 mke5 0 The righteous will also see it and fear “The righteous will also see God remove him and they will fear” @@ -1889,7 +1889,7 @@ PSA 53 1 c5we 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you tran PSA 53 2 cmh4 0 the children of mankind This refers to all people. PSA 53 2 dy8r figs-metaphor 0 who seek after him Seeking God as a person would look for someone is spoken of as “seeking” God. This could mean: (1) wanting to know God. Alternate translation: “who want to know him” or (2) worshiping God. Alternate translation: “who worship him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 53 3 ki3t figs-metaphor 0 They have all turned away Rejecting God and what is right is spoken of as turning away. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from doing what is right” or “They have all rejected God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 53 4 l2u4 figs-rquestion 0 Do those who commit iniquity have no understanding—those…God? This question is used to show the shock that the writer feels because the people are so sinful. It can be written as two statements. “Those who commit iniquity act as though they do not know anything. They devour my people as if they were eating bread, and they do not call on God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 53 4 l2u4 figs-rquestion 0 Do those who commit iniquity have no understanding—those … God? This question is used to show the shock that the writer feels because the people are so sinful. It can be written as two statements. “Those who commit iniquity act as though they do not know anything. They devour my people as if they were eating bread, and they do not call on God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 53 4 l75m figs-metaphor 0 those who devour my people as if they were eating bread Destroying people is spoken of as devouring them. Doing it as if they were eating bread implies that they did it very easily or without feeling guilty about it. Alternate translation: “those who destroy my people as freely as if they were eating bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 53 5 q6fe figs-metonymy 0 God will scatter the bones of whoever will camp against you Scattering people’s bones represents killing them and allowing their bones to remain wherever they have died and not be buried properly. “God will completely destroy whoever will camp against you, and their bones will lie scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 53 5 pl76 figs-metonymy 0 whoever will camp against you Camping against people represents attacking them. Enemy armies would travel and set up camps to live in temporarily near the people they wanted to attack. Alternate translation: “whoever will attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2035,7 +2035,7 @@ PSA 57 7 gt62 figs-explicit 0 I will sing praises Who he will sing to can be st PSA 57 8 z1em figs-explicit 0 Wake up, my honored heart It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. Waking up may be a metaphor for starting or preparing to do something. The heart represents the psalmist or his emotions. Alternate translation: “Wake up, my honored heart, to sing praises to God” or “I will prepare my honored heart to sing praises to God” or “I am honored to wake up and sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 57 8 yl5r figs-explicit 0 wake up, lute and harp It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. The psalmist speaks as though the lute and harp were people who could wake up to sing praises to God. Alternate translation: “Wake up, lute and harp, and sing praises to God” or “I will play the lute and harp while I sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 8 hr4g figs-personification 0 I will wake up the dawn The dawn is spoken of as if it were alive, and getting up before dawn happens is spoken of as waking it up. The purpose of getting up before dawn is to praise God. Alternate translation: “I will get up before dawn” or “I will get up before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 57 10 vaa3 figs-parallelism 0 For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens…your faithfulness to the clouds These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The greatness of God’s unfailing love and the greatness of his faithfulness are spoken of as if they could be measured in distance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 57 10 vaa3 figs-parallelism 0 For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens … your faithfulness to the clouds These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The greatness of God’s unfailing love and the greatness of his faithfulness are spoken of as if they could be measured in distance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 10 tna7 figs-metaphor 0 For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens The greatness of God’s unfailing love is spoken of as if it could be measured in distance. Alternate translation: “Your unfailing love is as great as the distance from the earth to the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 10 ywg7 figs-ellipsis 0 your faithfulness to the clouds The words “great is your” and “reaching” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “great is your faithfulness, reaching to the clouds” or “your faithfulness is as great as the distance from the earth to the clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 57 11 yyx8 figs-metaphor 0 Be exalted, God, above the heavens The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2047,11 +2047,11 @@ PSA 58 1 zc3z 0 set to Al Tashheth This probably tells what musical style or t PSA 58 1 x97c 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. PSA 58 1 xu51 figs-rquestion 0 Do you rulers speak righteousness? The author uses this question to rebuke the rulers because they do not speak righteously. Alternate translation: “You rulers do not say what is right!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 58 1 f3j3 figs-rquestion 0 Do you judge uprightly, you people? The author uses this question to rebuke the judges who do not judge uprightly. Alternate translation: “You people never judge people uprightly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 58 2 n278 figs-you 0 you…your The words “you” and “your” refer to the mighty men who are judges ([Psalm 58:1](../058/001.md)) and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +PSA 58 2 n278 figs-you 0 you … your The words “you” and “your” refer to the mighty men who are judges ([Psalm 58:1](../058/001.md)) and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 58 2 c5jn 0 No The author answers the two questions he had just asked. PSA 58 2 d1u5 figs-metonymy 0 you commit wickedness in your heart The heart refers to the people’s thoughts or plans. Alternate translation: “you commit wickedness in your thoughts” or “you think about doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 58 2 fc72 figs-metaphor 0 you distribute violence throughout the land with your hands Doing violence in various places throughout the land is spoken of as distributing or spreading the violence throughout the land, as if violence were some kind of stuff or things. Alternate translation: “you yourselves do violent deeds everywhere in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 58 3 e66x figs-parallelism 0 The wicked go astray even when they are in the womb…they go astray from birth This is the same idea expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 58 3 e66x figs-parallelism 0 The wicked go astray even when they are in the womb … they go astray from birth This is the same idea expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 58 3 d7k2 figs-metaphor 0 they go astray Doing wrong things is spoken of as if people are walking on a road, and they turn off and go the wrong way. Alternate translation: “they do wrong things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 58 4 mff7 figs-metaphor 0 Their poison is like a snake’s poison The wicked things people say are spoken of as if they were poison. Alternate translation: “Their wicked words cause trouble as a snake’s poison harms people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 58 4 f4ca figs-simile 0 they are like a deaf adder that stops up its ears Wicked people who do not listen to advice or rebukes are spoken of as if they were snakes that do not respond to a charmer’s music. Alternate translation: “they refuse to listen like a deaf adder that stops up its ears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -2060,15 +2060,15 @@ PSA 58 4 w1f7 0 adder a kind of poisonous snake PSA 58 5 b6id 0 charmers people who play or sing music in order to control snakes PSA 58 5 hi9v figs-explicit 0 no matter how skillful they are What the snake charmers were skillful at can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “no matter how skillful the charmers are at controlling snakes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 58 6 ptb3 0 General Information: The author lists things that he would like God to do to wicked people. -PSA 58 6 x2zu figs-parallelism 0 Break their teeth…break out the great teeth of the young lions In both of these phrases, the wicked people are spoken of as if they were lions, and making them powerless to kill people is spoken of as breaking their teeth. Alternate translation: “Take away their power to kill. Make them powerless like young lions whose teeth have been broken and fallen out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 58 6 x2zu figs-parallelism 0 Break their teeth … break out the great teeth of the young lions In both of these phrases, the wicked people are spoken of as if they were lions, and making them powerless to kill people is spoken of as breaking their teeth. Alternate translation: “Take away their power to kill. Make them powerless like young lions whose teeth have been broken and fallen out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 58 7 na9t figs-metaphor 0 Let them melt away as water that runs off The wicked people are spoken of as if they were ice or water. No longer existing is spoken of as melting or draining away into the dry ground. Alternate translation: “Make them disappear like water that runs off” or “Make them vanish like ice that melts and drains into the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 58 7 c9dm 0 let them be as though they had no points “let their arrows be as though they had no points” PSA 58 8 hb5w figs-simile 0 Let them be like a snail that melts and passes away No longer existing is spoken of as melting and disappearing. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked vanish like a snail that melts and no longer exists” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 58 8 hi5z 0 snail small animal that the Israelites considered unclean and that looks like it is melting as it moves by sliding over slime it has produced PSA 58 8 uu2z figs-simile 0 like the untimely-born child of a woman that never sees the sunlight Not existing is spoken of as being like a baby that is born dead. Alternate translation: “like a baby who is born too early too live and see the sunlight” or “like a baby that was born dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 58 9 ut8v figs-metaphor 0 Before your pots can feel the thorn’s burning heat…the green thorns and the burning thorns alike The wicked are spoken of as if they were thornbush branches, and God’s swift punishment of them is spoken of as if he were to quickly blow them away or sweep them away. Alternate translation: “God will destroy wicked people faster than a whirlwind can blow away thornbush branches that have been put under a cooking pot and lit with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 58 9 ut8v figs-metaphor 0 Before your pots can feel the thorn’s burning heat … the green thorns and the burning thorns alike The wicked are spoken of as if they were thornbush branches, and God’s swift punishment of them is spoken of as if he were to quickly blow them away or sweep them away. Alternate translation: “God will destroy wicked people faster than a whirlwind can blow away thornbush branches that have been put under a cooking pot and lit with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 58 9 khw3 figs-you 0 your David is speaking to God’s people, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 58 9 ka8t 0 the thorn’s burning heat…the green thorns and the burning thorns “the heat from the burning thorn branches…the green thorn branches and the burning thorn branches” +PSA 58 9 ka8t 0 the thorn’s burning heat … the green thorns and the burning thorns “the heat from the burning thorn branches … the green thorn branches and the burning thorn branches” PSA 58 10 wz3e figs-genericnoun 0 The righteous will rejoice when he sees The phrase “the righteous” refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will rejoice when they see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) PSA 58 10 gi2k figs-metaphor 0 he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked Getting one’s feet wet by walking on blood is spoken of as washing the feet in blood. Alternate translation: “the righteous will make their feet wet in the blood of the wicked” or “the righteous will march on the blood of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 58 10 ll57 figs-metaphor 0 he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked This exaggeration expresses that a great number of wicked people will die. Alternate translation: “so many wicked people will die that when the righteous march on their blood, it will seem as if they could wash their feet in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -2123,7 +2123,7 @@ PSA 60 1 usc3 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to PSA 60 1 vsl6 0 set to Shushan Eduth This probably tells what tune or musical style to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Shushan Eduth’” or “sing this using the Shushan Eduth style” PSA 60 1 m8be translate-unknown 0 Shushan Eduth This means “Lily of the Promise.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) PSA 60 1 tb2l 0 A michtam The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). -PSA 60 1 x59t translate-names 0 Aram Naharaim…Aram Zobah “Aram of the two rivers…the Aramean nation of Zobah.” These are places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PSA 60 1 x59t translate-names 0 Aram Naharaim … Aram Zobah “Aram of the two rivers … the Aramean nation of Zobah.” These are places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 60 1 xt5a figs-synecdoche 0 Joab This refers to Joab and the army that he led. Alternate translation: “Joab and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 60 1 uk1f translate-numbers 0 twelve thousand Edomites “12,000 Edomites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 60 1 jey3 figs-metaphor 0 you have cast us off God’s rejecting people is spoken of as if he had thrown them away. Alternate translation: “you have rejected us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2159,7 +2159,7 @@ PSA 61 2 z96p figs-metaphor 0 lead me to the rock that is higher than I Here th PSA 61 4 fq5b figs-metaphor 0 take refuge under the shelter of your wings Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Here there is a second metaphor that speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he was a hen protecting her baby chicks under her wings. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection as a chick is safe under the wings of its mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 61 5 yk96 figs-metaphor 0 you have given me the inheritance The writer speaks of God’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “you have given to me the blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 61 5 jwf1 figs-metonymy 0 who honor your name Here “your name” means God himself. Alternate translation: “who honor you” or “who have an awesome respect for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 61 6 f381 figs-parallelism 0 You will prolong…many generations These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 61 6 f381 figs-parallelism 0 You will prolong … many generations These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 61 6 m1j7 0 You will prolong the king’s life “You will extend the king’s life” or “You will cause the king’s life to last a long time” PSA 61 6 dq7t figs-metonymy 0 his years will be like many generations Here “years” refers to how long the king will live. Alternate translation: “he will live for many generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 61 7 j14f figs-explicit 0 He will remain before God forever Here “to remain before God” means to be in God’s presence or to be with God. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God will be with him forever” or “God will be with the king forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -2174,10 +2174,10 @@ PSA 62 2 hy6d figs-metaphor 0 He alone is my rock and my salvation The writer s PSA 62 2 ngh3 figs-metaphor 0 he is my high tower The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a high tower. Alternate translation: “he keeps me away from the grasp of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 62 2 s4ie figs-activepassive 0 I will not be greatly moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can ever move me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 62 3 b6ts 0 all of you “my enemies” or “all my enemies” -PSA 62 3 z326 figs-rquestion 0 How long…will you attack a man…or a shaky fence? David uses a rhetorical question to express his frustration. No answer is expected. Alternate translation: “It seems like my enemies will never stop attacking me. I feel that I am as weak against you as a leaning wall or a broken-down fence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 62 3 z326 figs-rquestion 0 How long … will you attack a man … or a shaky fence? David uses a rhetorical question to express his frustration. No answer is expected. Alternate translation: “It seems like my enemies will never stop attacking me. I feel that I am as weak against you as a leaning wall or a broken-down fence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 62 3 c4q6 0 attack a man “attack me” PSA 62 4 n82a 0 They consult with him only to “They intend to” or “They plan to” -PSA 62 4 a18i 0 consult with him…bring him…bless him…curse him In these verses, David is referring to himself by “him.” +PSA 62 4 a18i 0 consult with him … bring him … bless him … curse him In these verses, David is referring to himself by “him.” PSA 62 4 j3uz figs-metonymy 0 with their mouths This refers to their speech or their words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 62 4 zqm3 figs-metonymy 0 in their hearts This refers to their thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 62 5 nl4l 0 my hope is set on him “for I place my hope in him” @@ -2186,7 +2186,7 @@ PSA 62 6 izy6 figs-activepassive 0 I will not be moved This can be stated in ac PSA 62 7 c9fh figs-metaphor 0 the rock of my strength and my refuge are in God The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that keeps one safe from his enemies. He also speaks of God as if he were a shelter that provides protection. Alternate translation: “God always gives me strength and protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 62 8 yq3j figs-idiom 0 pour out your heart This refers to telling God your inner feelings as if you were pouring out a liquid. Alternate translation: “give your deepest concerns to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 62 8 ss3p figs-exclusive 0 refuge for us The word “us” refers to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 62 9 zu93 figs-merism 0 men of low standing…men of high standing are a lie This refers to men of all levels of wealth and importance. The phrases “are vanity” and “are a lie” have the same meaning. One cannot confidently trust in anyone. Alternate translation: “you cannot place your trust in men, no matter how important they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 62 9 zu93 figs-merism 0 men of low standing … men of high standing are a lie This refers to men of all levels of wealth and importance. The phrases “are vanity” and “are a lie” have the same meaning. One cannot confidently trust in anyone. Alternate translation: “you cannot place your trust in men, no matter how important they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 62 9 ckm7 0 weighed together, they are lighter than nothing If you put all of these kinds of men together on a scale, they would have no weight. This means that they have no real value to you. PSA 62 10 ubx1 figs-doublet 0 oppression or robbery These two words have basically the same meaning. You cannot trust in money that you get by taking it from other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 62 10 eu3d figs-metaphor 0 for they will bear no fruit The writer speaks of riches as if they were trees or vines that could bear fruit. Alternate translation: “for they will provide nothing good for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2206,7 +2206,7 @@ PSA 63 3 cx75 figs-synecdoche 0 my lips will praise you Here “my lips” repr PSA 63 4 vx4a figs-metonymy 0 I will lift up my hands in your name Here “in your name” means “to you.” Alternate translation: “I will worship you and pray to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 63 5 x5ky figs-simile 0 It will be as if I ate a meal of marrow and fatness Here the writer speaks of knowing and worshiping God as being more satisfying than eating a good meal. Alternate translation: “I will be happier than a person who eats a meal of fat and choice food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 63 5 y596 figs-synecdoche 0 with joyful lips my mouth will praise you Here “with joyful lips my mouth” represents the whole person who will praise God joyfully. Alternate translation: “I will praise you joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 63 6 a4ez figs-parallelism 0 when I think about you on my bed…in the night hours These two clauses have the same meaning. The ideas are repeated to emphasize how much the writer thinks about God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 63 6 a4ez figs-parallelism 0 when I think about you on my bed … in the night hours These two clauses have the same meaning. The ideas are repeated to emphasize how much the writer thinks about God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 63 7 ca2e figs-metaphor 0 in the shadow of your wings I rejoice The writer speaks of God as if he were a bird protecting its young under his wings. Alternate translation: “I rejoice because you protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 63 8 y8gh 0 I cling to you “I need you” or “I depend on you” PSA 63 8 ua1a figs-metonymy 0 your right hand supports me Here, the right hand is used as a symbol of strength and power. Alternate translation: “you support me” or “you lift me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2215,7 +2215,7 @@ PSA 63 10 y78j figs-metonymy 0 they will be given over to those whose hands use PSA 63 10 i1md figs-explicit 0 they will become food for the jackals Here “they” refers to the corpses of those who die in battle. Alternate translation: “jackals will eat their dead bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 63 10 ru7l 0 the jackals “jackals” here are a kind of long-legged wild dog. They feed on carrion, game, and fruit. PSA 63 11 q4st figs-explicit 0 the king will David is speaking about himself. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “I, the king of Israel, will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 63 11 lcq4 0 swears by him…proud of him The word “him” refers to “God.” +PSA 63 11 lcq4 0 swears by him … proud of him The word “him” refers to “God.” PSA 63 11 a434 figs-synecdoche 0 but the mouth of those who speak lies will be stopped up Here “the mouth” represents the whole person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but God will silence the liars” or “but God will silence those who lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 64 intro t6rs 0 # Psalm 064 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 64 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Plotting of enemies
The author’s enemies have plotted against him but God has saved him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) PSA 64 1 b1fk writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2228,9 +2228,9 @@ PSA 64 3 zhn8 figs-simile 0 They have sharpened their tongues like swords The w PSA 64 3 ugs8 figs-metaphor 0 arrows, bitter words The writer speaks of his enemies’ bitter words as if they were arrows being shot at him. Alternate translation: “bitter words which pierce me like arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 64 5 blg6 figs-rquestion 0 Who will see us? The evildoers do not expect an answer to their question because they think no one will see them. Alternate translation: “No one will see what we are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 64 6 jn8k figs-metaphor 0 The inner thoughts and hearts of man are deep The writer speaks of man’s “inner thoughts” and “hearts of man” as if they were a deep body of water that no one can explore all the way to the bottom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 64 6 mfc5 figs-doublet 0 inner thoughts…hearts of man Both of these phrases refer to man’s private or inner thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 64 6 mfc5 figs-doublet 0 inner thoughts … hearts of man Both of these phrases refer to man’s private or inner thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 64 7 g91b 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak of the “evildoers” of [Psalms 64:1](../064/001.md). -PSA 64 7 a77p figs-metaphor 0 But God will shoot them…with his arrows The writer speaks of God’s punishment of the evildoers as if God were shooting arrows at them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 64 7 a77p figs-metaphor 0 But God will shoot them … with his arrows The writer speaks of God’s punishment of the evildoers as if God were shooting arrows at them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 64 8 xs48 figs-metaphor 0 They will be made to stumble The writer speaks of God’s causing the evildoers’ plans to fail as if God were making them stumble in their paths. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will make them stumble” or “God will cause their plans to fail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 64 8 f4zp figs-metonymy 0 since their own tongues are against them Here “tongues” represents the words that they say. Alternate translation: “since the words that they say are against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 64 9 gv21 0 what he has done “what God has done” @@ -2243,14 +2243,14 @@ PSA 65 1 ce6n figs-personification 0 For you, God in Zion, our praise waits Thi PSA 65 1 sw4a figs-activepassive 0 our vows will be carried out to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will do what we have promised you that we would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 65 3 z8fr figs-personification 0 Iniquities prevail against us David speaks about iniquity as if it were a person that is able to defeat or oppress. Alternate translation: “It is as if our own sins were defeating us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 65 3 wz7b 0 you will forgive them The word “them” refers to our “iniquities.” -PSA 65 4 s325 0 whom you choose…your courts The words “you” and “your” in this verse refer to Yahweh. +PSA 65 4 s325 0 whom you choose … your courts The words “you” and “your” in this verse refer to Yahweh. PSA 65 4 r5l8 figs-hyperbole 0 live in your courts This exaggeration expresses that the man is in the temple very frequently to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship often in your courts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 65 4 g4b9 figs-activepassive 0 We will be satisfied with the goodness of your house, your holy temple This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The goodness of your house, your holy temple, will satisfy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 65 4 x47k figs-exclusive 0 We will be Here the word “we” refers to David and the people of Israel, but not to God, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 65 4 re8y 0 your house, your holy temple “your house, which is your holy temple” PSA 65 5 g2mg 0 In righteousness “Because you are righteous” PSA 65 5 q2jg 0 you who are “you are” -PSA 65 5 f2m8 figs-doublet 0 of all the ends of the earth…across the sea These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “of all the people who live throughout the earth and across the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 65 5 f2m8 figs-doublet 0 of all the ends of the earth … across the sea These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “of all the people who live throughout the earth and across the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 65 5 m7rv figs-metonymy 0 of all the ends of the earth This refers to the people who live all over the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 65 6 sza2 figs-metaphor 0 you who are belted with strength The writer speaks of God as if he wore his strength like a belt. Alternate translation: “showing that you are very powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 65 7 q7ky figs-parallelism 0 the roaring of the seas, the roaring of their waves These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to create a vivid impression on the hearer or reader. Alternate translation: “the continuous roaring of the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2262,14 +2262,14 @@ PSA 65 8 vup2 figs-metonymy 0 you make the east and the west rejoice The phrase PSA 65 9 e5cr 0 help the earth This refers to the soil of the earth. PSA 65 9 mt8r 0 you greatly enrich it “you make the soil very good so that good things will grow in it” PSA 65 9 rfe2 figs-metonymy 0 the river of God is full of water This refers to the supply of water in the sky that God sends to water the earth and fill the streams. Alternate translation: “you fill the streams with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 65 10 zg5e figs-you 0 You…you…you…you The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so these words are all singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +PSA 65 10 zg5e figs-you 0 You … you … you … you The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so these words are all singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 65 10 d2yu 0 its furrows “the earth’s furrows” PSA 65 10 v5qu 0 furrows A furrow is a long narrow trench made in the ground for planting seeds or for watering the field where grains have been planted. PSA 65 10 l2ln 0 ridges edges -PSA 65 11 r7wm figs-you 0 You…your The words “You” and “your” refer to Yahweh and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +PSA 65 11 r7wm figs-you 0 You … your The words “You” and “your” refer to Yahweh and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PSA 65 11 pc5y figs-personification 0 You crown the year with your goodness Here the “year” is given the human quality of wearing a crown. Alternate translation: “You have honored the year with a good harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 65 11 q39j figs-metaphor 0 your wagon tracks overflow with abundance Yahweh making the soil so good and fertile that it produces an abundant harvest is spoken of as if Yahweh were traveling through an empty land in a cart, leaving abundant food behind wherever he goes. Alternate translation: “everywhere you have been, you have left abundant food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 65 12 f7hf 0 The pastures…drip with dew There is so much dew in the pastures that they are said to drip with it. Alternate translation: “The pastures…are full of dew” or “Much dew drips in the pastures of the wilderness” +PSA 65 12 f7hf 0 The pastures … drip with dew There is so much dew in the pastures that they are said to drip with it. Alternate translation: “The pastures … are full of dew” or “Much dew drips in the pastures of the wilderness” PSA 65 12 m2ds figs-personification 0 the hills are clothed with joy The writer speaks of the beauty of the hills as if they were joyful people, and of joy as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “the hills are like people wearing joy” or “the hills are like joyful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 65 13 l7rv 0 The pastures are clothed with flocks The writer speaks of the pastures as being so covered with flocks that it is like the pastures are wearing a garment. PSA 65 13 le4m 0 pastures a large field where animals feed on the grass @@ -2287,18 +2287,18 @@ PSA 66 3 sr8b 0 How terrifying are your deeds The works of God cause us to be PSA 66 3 id4t 0 By the greatness of your power “Because you have great power” PSA 66 4 p1ln figs-metonymy 0 All the earth will worship you This refers to all of the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “All the people on earth will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 66 4 y7hi figs-metonymy 0 they will sing to your name Here “your name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “they will praise and honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 66 5 vn26 0 he…his These words refer to God. +PSA 66 5 vn26 0 he … his These words refer to God. PSA 66 5 y91w 0 he is fearsome in his deeds toward the sons of mankind “he causes people to feel fear and wonder when they see his deeds” PSA 66 5 ebc3 0 the sons of mankind “humanity” -PSA 66 6 t4bb 0 He…him These words refer to God. +PSA 66 6 t4bb 0 He … him These words refer to God. PSA 66 6 ipc9 figs-explicit 0 He turned the sea into dry land; they went through the river on foot This refers to the crossing of the Red Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 66 6 dbi6 0 they went The word “they” refers to God’s people, the Israelites. PSA 66 6 c4mh figs-exclusive 0 we rejoiced The word “we” refers to the Israelites, their ancestors, David, and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 66 7 fhu2 0 He…his These words refer to God. +PSA 66 7 fhu2 0 He … his These words refer to God. PSA 66 7 v55x figs-synecdoche 0 his eyes These phrase “his eyes” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “he sees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 66 7 csw4 0 let not the rebellious exalt themselves “let not the rebellious people exalt themselves” or “let not the rebellious people be proud” -PSA 66 8 p33g figs-parallelism 0 Give blessing to God…let the sound of his praise be heard These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated to emphasize the importance of praising God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 66 9 nub8 figs-exclusive 0 us…our These words refer to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +PSA 66 8 p33g figs-parallelism 0 Give blessing to God … let the sound of his praise be heard These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated to emphasize the importance of praising God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 66 9 nub8 figs-exclusive 0 us … our These words refer to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 66 9 qfj9 figs-metaphor 0 he does not permit our feet to slip The writer speaks of God’s protection as preventing his people from slipping as they walk or falling off a cliff. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed us to fall into disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 66 11 eq4q figs-metaphor 0 You brought us into a net The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if God had captured his people in a net. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 66 11 wp2k 0 a net a trap for a bird or an animal @@ -2324,9 +2324,9 @@ PSA 67 1 d6gg 0 on stringed instruments “people should play stringed instrum PSA 67 1 h266 figs-metaphor 0 cause his face to shine on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 67 2 y8i3 figs-activepassive 0 your ways may be known on earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people may know your ways on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 67 2 ahn5 figs-ellipsis 0 your salvation among all nations The writer desires for everyone to know that God has the power to save them. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “and the people of all nations may know that you have the power to save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 67 4 w7lh figs-metonymy 0 let the nations…govern the nations Here “nations” represents the people who live in all the nations on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 67 4 w7lh figs-metonymy 0 let the nations … govern the nations Here “nations” represents the people who live in all the nations on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 67 4 g91t 0 with justice “fairly” or “justly” -PSA 67 5 e74n figs-parallelism 0 Let the peoples praise you…let all the peoples praise you The second clause intensifies the meaning of the first to emphasize how important it is to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 67 5 e74n figs-parallelism 0 Let the peoples praise you … let all the peoples praise you The second clause intensifies the meaning of the first to emphasize how important it is to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 67 6 ew33 figs-personification 0 The earth has yielded its harvest Here the writer speaks of “the earth” as if it has chosen to provide a harvest to the people. Alternate translation: “We have reaped a bountiful harvest from our crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 67 7 m77g figs-metonymy 0 all the ends of the earth honor him This means that people everywhere should honor God because of his blessings. Alternate translation: “I desire that all people everywhere on the earth may have an awesome respect for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 68 intro i82v 0 # Psalm 068 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 68 is a worship psalm.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s greatness
God is exceedingly great. He takes care of the weak and helpless. He is glorious in his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

### No Common Theme
Scholars have found this psalm the most difficult to interpret. There does not appear to be any unity to this psalm. @@ -2349,25 +2349,25 @@ PSA 68 6 pki3 figs-metaphor 0 he brings out the prisoners with singing God is s PSA 68 6 ri2g figs-nominaladj 0 the rebellious This nominal adjective refers to rebellious people and can be translated with either an adjective or a noun. Alternate translation: “rebellious people” or “people who rebel against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 68 6 xq7k figs-metaphor 0 a parched land God’s punishment of the rebellious is spoken of as if he forces them to live in a hot desert land. Alternate translation: “a very hot and dry land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 7 txl9 0 General Information: David begins to tell the story of God leading the Israelites through the desert to Mt. Sinai. -PSA 68 7 nqa1 figs-parallelism 0 when you went out…when you marched through These two phrases refer to the same event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 68 7 nqa1 figs-parallelism 0 when you went out … when you marched through These two phrases refer to the same event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 68 7 vqt5 0 you went out before your people “you led your people” PSA 68 7 ba2j figs-metaphor 0 when you marched through the wilderness God is spoken of as if he was a soldier marching ahead of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 8 t35q 0 the heavens also dropped rain…God’s presence “God caused it to rain” +PSA 68 8 t35q 0 the heavens also dropped rain … God’s presence “God caused it to rain” PSA 68 8 br66 figs-parallelism 0 in the presence of God This idiom here refers to God’s appearance before the Israelites. Alternate translation: “when God appeared to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 68 9 p896 figs-metaphor 0 you strengthened your inheritance when it was weary The land of Israel is spoken of as if it was a person who could be weary, or could gain strength. Alternate translation: “you caused the land to produce good crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 9 h87l figs-metaphor 0 your inheritance The land that God gave to the Israelites is spoken of as if it was an inheritance that a father passed on to his children. Alternate translation: “the land that you gave to us Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 10 k4fw figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 68 11 uv8e 0 General Information: David continues the story of the journey of the Israelites through the desert. In this part of the story, the Israelites are victorious in war over their enemies. -PSA 68 11 t91n figs-metaphor 0 those who announced them…army The large number of people told the Lord’s message to others. They are spoken of as if there were a large army. Since this phrase is feminine, some versions translate it as, “the women who announced them…army.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 68 11 t91n figs-metaphor 0 those who announced them … army The large number of people told the Lord’s message to others. They are spoken of as if there were a large army. Since this phrase is feminine, some versions translate it as, “the women who announced them … army.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 68 12 bm73 figs-synecdoche 0 Kings of armies flee, they flee The kings represent themselves and their entire armies. It is understood that they flee because they are defeated by Israel’s army. Alternate translation: “Kings and their armies flee from us because they are defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 68 12 gj9s 0 plunder things that are taken from the defeated army and brought to the victorious army’s home. -PSA 68 13 u9e3 0 doves covered with silver…gold This means that some of the plunder is very valuable because it is covered with precious metals. +PSA 68 13 u9e3 0 doves covered with silver … gold This means that some of the plunder is very valuable because it is covered with precious metals. PSA 68 13 m4ps figs-rquestion 0 When some of you people stayed among the sheepfolds, why did you do this? This question is used to rebuke the people who did not participate in the battle. Alternate translation: “Those who stayed among the sheepfolds should not have stayed; they should have gone to the battle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 68 14 zi84 figs-simile 0 scattered kings there…snowed on Mount Zalmon There were so many dead kings and soldiers on the mountain that they are spoken of as if they were snow covering the mountain. Alternate translation: “defeated so many enemy kings and soldiers there that they were like snowflakes covering Mount Zalmon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 68 14 zi84 figs-simile 0 scattered kings there … snowed on Mount Zalmon There were so many dead kings and soldiers on the mountain that they are spoken of as if they were snow covering the mountain. Alternate translation: “defeated so many enemy kings and soldiers there that they were like snowflakes covering Mount Zalmon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 68 14 qik2 figs-synecdoche 0 scattered kings Here “kings” refers to their armies as well. Alternate translation: “scattered the enemy kings and their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 68 14 d4j9 translate-names 0 Mount Zalmon This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 68 15 j4i6 figs-parallelism 0 A mighty mountain is the…a high mountain is the These two phrase have similar meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “a mighty and high mountain is the hill country of Bashan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 68 16 g53a figs-rquestion 0 Why do you look in envy…for the place he will live? This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The high hill country of Bashan should not look in envy at the mountain which God desires for the place he will live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 68 15 j4i6 figs-parallelism 0 A mighty mountain is the … a high mountain is the These two phrase have similar meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “a mighty and high mountain is the hill country of Bashan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 68 16 g53a figs-rquestion 0 Why do you look in envy … for the place he will live? This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The high hill country of Bashan should not look in envy at the mountain which God desires for the place he will live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 68 17 gr2n translate-numbers 0 twenty thousand, thousands upon thousands This is probably not meant to be an exact number, but to indicate a large number. Alternate translation: “many thousands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 68 18 z2qx 0 ascended To “ascend” is to move up, to go toward the sky. PSA 68 19 g3s6 figs-metaphor 0 daily bears our burdens “carries our heavy loads every day.” The Lord’s care for his people is spoken of as if he was physically carrying their troubles as a burden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2419,7 +2419,7 @@ PSA 69 4 ks2e figs-hyperbole 0 more than the hairs on my head This is an exagge PSA 69 4 v3ns figs-idiom 0 cut me off This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 69 5 z5mb figs-abstractnouns 0 my foolishness The abstract noun “foolishness” can be stated as “foolish.” Alternate translation: “the foolish things that I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 69 5 c1z9 figs-litotes 0 my sins are not hidden from you This can be expressed as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “you know all my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 69 6 l21p 0 Let not those…let not those “Do not let those…do not let those” +PSA 69 6 l21p 0 Let not those … let not those “Do not let those … do not let those” PSA 69 6 d5j2 figs-activepassive 0 Let not those who hope in you be put to shame because of me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to put those who wait for you to shame because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 6 ana6 figs-activepassive 0 let not those who seek you be brought to dishonor because of me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to bring dishonor on those who seek you because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 6 djs5 figs-metaphor 0 those who seek you Seeking God represents either (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: (1) “those who ask you for help” or (2) “those who worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2427,11 +2427,11 @@ PSA 69 7 se7t 0 For your sake “On your behalf” or “For you” PSA 69 7 td6l figs-metaphor 0 I have borne rebuke The rebukes of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he has had to carry. Alternate translation: “I have endured the insults of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 7 l47r figs-metaphor 0 shame has covered my face The writer speaks of the shame that he feels as if it is a foul thing on his face that everyone can clearly see. Alternate translation: “I am thoroughly humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 8 f38a figs-metaphor 0 I have become a stranger to my brothers The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “My brothers no longer know or accept me at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 8 au3m figs-parallelism 0 a stranger to my brothers…an alien to my mother’s children These two phrases mean the same thing. They are repeated to stress his separation from his own family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 69 8 au3m figs-parallelism 0 a stranger to my brothers … an alien to my mother’s children These two phrases mean the same thing. They are repeated to stress his separation from his own family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 69 8 w5cm figs-ellipsis 0 an alien to my mother’s children It is implied that “I have become” should be understood here. The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “my brothers no longer know or trust me at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 9 dwj8 figs-personification 0 the zeal of your house has eaten me up The writer speaks of his zeal for God’s temple as if it was a wild animal that devours the writer. Alternate translation: “the zeal I have for your house consumes me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 69 9 d4m8 figs-idiom 0 has eaten me up This idiom means that the writer’s zeal for the temple takes over all of his thoughts and actions. Alternate translation: “completely controls all that I think and do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 69 9 ckq9 figs-metaphor 0 the rebukes…have fallen on me The writer speaks of the rebukes of Gods’ enemies as if they were rocks that were thrown at the writer. Alternate translation: “those who rebuke you have also thrown their rebukes at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 69 9 ckq9 figs-metaphor 0 the rebukes … have fallen on me The writer speaks of the rebukes of Gods’ enemies as if they were rocks that were thrown at the writer. Alternate translation: “those who rebuke you have also thrown their rebukes at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 10 y39q translate-symaction 0 I wept and did not eat food The fact that the writer was fasting indicates that he was sad about the way people treated God’s temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 69 10 dn9i 0 they insulted me “my enemies rebuked me because of it” PSA 69 11 la4h translate-symaction 0 I made sackcloth my clothing Wearing rough, cheap clothing was a symbol of mourning over sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) @@ -2440,7 +2440,7 @@ PSA 69 12 m9ar figs-metonymy 0 Those who sit in the city gate Here “city gate PSA 69 12 u3uq figs-metaphor 0 I am a song of drunkards The writer speaks of himself as if he was the person about whom the drunkards sing mocking songs. Alternate translation: “the drunkards of the city sing disgusting songs about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 13 t3wv 0 at a time that you will accept “in your accepted time” or “when you are willing” PSA 69 13 ye88 figs-abstractnouns 0 answer me in the trustworthiness of your salvation The abstract nouns “trustworthiness” and “salvation” can be stated as “faithfully” and “rescue.” Alternate translation: “rescue me because you faithfully love me, as you have promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 69 14 glu5 figs-parallelism 0 Pull me out…do not let me sink These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 69 14 glu5 figs-parallelism 0 Pull me out … do not let me sink These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 69 14 ce9q figs-metaphor 0 Pull me out of the mire, and do not let me sink The writer speaks of his danger from his enemies as if he was sinking into a pit of mud. “Do not allow me to sink anymore in the mud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 14 q3rm figs-idiom 0 let me be taken away Here “take away” refers to being removed from danger. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “take me away” or “rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 14 zv92 figs-ellipsis 0 rescued out It is understood that “let me be” is implied here. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “please rescue me out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2461,7 +2461,7 @@ PSA 69 20 d7kg figs-idiom 0 broken my heart This idiom means a person is extrem PSA 69 20 dm8h figs-metaphor 0 I am full of heaviness The writer’s great sadness is spoken of as if he was full of a heavy weight. Alternate translation: “I am heavy with sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 20 zw1r 0 to take pity to feel sorrow or sadness PSA 69 21 lfl7 figs-metaphor 0 They gave me poison for my food This is probably figurative. The food that people gave to the writer was so bad that it tasted like poison. Alternate translation: “They gave me food that tasted like poison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 22 bt4m figs-metaphor 0 Let their table before them become a snare…let it become a trap The writer would like for his enemies’ food to completely ruin them as if they were small animals caught in a snare or a trap. Alternate translation: “May their food ruin them like a snare…may it destroy them like a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 69 22 bt4m figs-metaphor 0 Let their table before them become a snare … let it become a trap The writer would like for his enemies’ food to completely ruin them as if they were small animals caught in a snare or a trap. Alternate translation: “May their food ruin them like a snare … may it destroy them like a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 69 22 fd3h figs-metonymy 0 their table This refers to food that was served on the tables, possibly at a feast. Alternate translation: “their own food” or “sacrificial feasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 23 v67i figs-metaphor 0 Let their eyes be darkened The writer speaks of eyes that cannot see well as if they were darkened. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please make them unable to see anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 69 23 d56n figs-metaphor 0 make their loins shake Weak backs are spoken of as if they are shaking in weakness. Alternate translation: “cause their backs to be too weak for them to do anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2490,8 +2490,8 @@ PSA 69 32 i99y figs-synecdoche 0 let your hearts live Here “hearts” refer t PSA 69 33 arn6 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh hears Here “hears” means to respond. Alternate translation: “Yahweh answers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 33 ij3h figs-nominaladj 0 the needy This refers to needy people in general. Alternate translation: “needy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 69 33 eag2 0 his prisoners “those who have suffered for him” -PSA 69 34 k14w figs-personification 0 Let heaven and earth praise him…the seas Here heaven and earth and the seas are spoken of as if they are people who are able to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 69 34 p3qb figs-ellipsis 0 the seas and everything that moves in them It is implied that “Let…praise him” should be understood here. Alternate translation: “let he seas and everything that moves in them praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +PSA 69 34 k14w figs-personification 0 Let heaven and earth praise him … the seas Here heaven and earth and the seas are spoken of as if they are people who are able to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +PSA 69 34 p3qb figs-ellipsis 0 the seas and everything that moves in them It is implied that “Let … praise him” should be understood here. Alternate translation: “let he seas and everything that moves in them praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 69 35 m398 figs-metonymy 0 God will save Zion Here “Zion” refers to the people in Zion. Alternate translation: “God will save the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 69 35 w8jf 0 have it as a possession The word “it” refers to the land of Judah. PSA 69 36 s9pk figs-metonymy 0 who love his name Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “who love God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2522,21 +2522,21 @@ PSA 71 2 xl47 figs-idiom 0 make me safe in your righteousness This could mean: PSA 71 2 q2dk figs-metonymy 0 turn your ear to me Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 17:6](../017/006.md). Alternate translation: “pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 71 2 qwt1 0 save me “keep me safe” PSA 71 3 a39u figs-metaphor 0 Be to me a rock for refuge The psalmist requests that Yahweh make him as safe as he would be if he were hiding in a large rock or cliff where his enemies could not find him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 71 3 w8pz 0 rock…rock These are hills or mountains, not rocks one can hold in one’s hand. +PSA 71 3 w8pz 0 rock … rock These are hills or mountains, not rocks one can hold in one’s hand. PSA 71 3 usz4 0 you have given a command “you have commanded your angels” PSA 71 3 xd9e figs-metaphor 0 you are my rock and my fortress The psalmist believes that Yahweh will protect him and make him as safe as if he were hiding on top of a large mountain or inside a man-made fortress. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 71 4 p4mg figs-metonymy 0 out of the hand of the wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous This could mean: (1) the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the wicked, from the power of the unrighteous” or (2) “hand” refers to the person himself. Alternate translation: “from wicked people, from unrighteous…people” or “so that wicked people and unrighteous…people cannot harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 71 4 p4mg figs-metonymy 0 out of the hand of the wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous This could mean: (1) the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the wicked, from the power of the unrighteous” or (2) “hand” refers to the person himself. Alternate translation: “from wicked people, from unrighteous … people” or “so that wicked people and unrighteous … people cannot harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 71 4 pb9a figs-ellipsis 0 wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous “wicked; rescue me out of the hand of the unrighteous.” You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 71 4 pdn5 figs-nominaladj 0 wicked…unrighteous…cruel These adjectives can be translated as noun phrases. Alternate translation: “wicked people…unrighteous people…cruel people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +PSA 71 4 pdn5 figs-nominaladj 0 wicked … unrighteous … cruel These adjectives can be translated as noun phrases. Alternate translation: “wicked people … unrighteous people … cruel people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 71 5 tph7 figs-metonymy 0 you are my hope Here “hope” is a metonym for the one in whom the psalmist hopes. Alternate translation: “you are the one whom I confidently expect to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 71 6 rmx7 figs-activepassive 0 By you I have been supported from the womb This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have supported me from the womb” or “You have taken care of me ever since I came out of my mother’s womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 71 6 h427 0 you are he “you are the one” PSA 71 7 cq9t 0 I am an example to many people “Many people see how I live and want to live as I do” -PSA 71 8 di1q figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will be filled with your praise…with your honor The psalmist speaks of his desire to praise and honor Yahweh with the words he speaks as if his mouth were full of words the way it can be full of food. Alternate translation: “My mouth will be filled with words that praise you…that honor you” or “I will always praise you…will always honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PSA 71 8 di1q figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will be filled with your praise … with your honor The psalmist speaks of his desire to praise and honor Yahweh with the words he speaks as if his mouth were full of words the way it can be full of food. Alternate translation: “My mouth will be filled with words that praise you … that honor you” or “I will always praise you … will always honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 71 8 vh1s figs-metonymy 0 your praise Here “praise” refer to the words that he will use to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 71 8 dq42 figs-metonymy 0 your honor Here “honor” refer to the words that he will use to honor Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that cause people to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 71 8 z7sk 0 all the day “all day long” or “at all times” -PSA 71 9 hwz9 figs-parallelism 0 Do not throw me away…do not abandon me These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 71 9 hwz9 figs-parallelism 0 Do not throw me away … do not abandon me These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 71 9 ve6g figs-metaphor 0 Do not throw me away “Do not force me to go away from you.” For God to reject him is spoken of as God forcing him to go away. See how this is translated in [Psalms 51:11](../051/011.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 71 9 l9jz 0 do not abandon me “do not leave me forever” PSA 71 10 wp8v figs-explicit 0 watch for my life It is implied that they are watching for an opportunity to take his life. The euphemism “to take a life” means to kill. Alternate translation: “watch for an opportunity to take my life” or “wait for an opportunity to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -2568,7 +2568,7 @@ PSA 71 19 mu1p figs-metaphor 0 Your righteousness also, God, is very high The p PSA 71 19 a913 figs-rquestion 0 who is like you? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no one like you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 71 20 wi74 0 revive strengthen or make lively again PSA 71 20 sf33 figs-metaphor 0 from the depths of the earth “The depths of the earth” here is a metaphor for where people go when they die. The psalmist had not already died, but in this exaggeration he speaks as if he had. Alternate translation: “when we are near death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 71 21 b5t3 0 May you increase…turn again and comfort “I want you to increase…I want you to turn again and comfort.” Some translations read, “You will increase…you will turn again and comfort.” +PSA 71 21 b5t3 0 May you increase … turn again and comfort “I want you to increase … I want you to turn again and comfort.” Some translations read, “You will increase … you will turn again and comfort.” PSA 71 21 e1ew figs-hendiadys 0 turn again and comfort me This describes one action through two phrases. Alternate translation: “comfort me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) PSA 71 22 ix4p 0 to you I will sing praises with the harp, Holy One of Israel “to you, who is the Holy One of Israel, I will sing praises while I play the harp” PSA 71 23 aku6 figs-synecdoche 0 My lips will shout for joy “Lips” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will shout for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -2584,10 +2584,10 @@ PSA 72 1 sep9 figs-123person 0 Give the king your righteous decrees, God, your PSA 72 1 vw1m 0 Give the king your righteous decrees “Enable the king to judge rightly” PSA 72 1 p2xg figs-ellipsis 0 your righteousness to the king’s son The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Here the word “righteousness” refers to making righteous decisions. Alternate translation: “give your righteousness to the king’s son” or “enable the king’s son to rule with righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 72 2 d3dt 0 May he judge If David wrote this, he is talking about his son, “the king’s son,” he is speaking of the time when his son will be king. If Solomon wrote it, even though he is writing about himself, it would be best to translate as though he were writing about someone else. Either way, “May the king judge” is the best translation. -PSA 72 2 d51c 0 your people…your poor The psalmist is speaking to God. +PSA 72 2 d51c 0 your people … your poor The psalmist is speaking to God. PSA 72 2 faw9 figs-ellipsis 0 your poor The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The adjective “poor” refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “may he judge your poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 72 3 fx1z figs-metonymy 0 May the mountains produce peace…may the hills produce righteousness The psalmist speaks of the people of Israel as if they were the mountains and hills on which they live. He speaks of the mountains and the hills as if they were the entire land of Israel, as if that land were a garden that produces fruit, and of peace and righteousness as if they are that fruit. Alternate translation: “May the people of the land live in peace…may they do everything in a righteous way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 72 4 ln6a 0 he…he These refer to the one who will “judge” ([Psalms 72:2](../072/002.md)). +PSA 72 3 fx1z figs-metonymy 0 May the mountains produce peace … may the hills produce righteousness The psalmist speaks of the people of Israel as if they were the mountains and hills on which they live. He speaks of the mountains and the hills as if they were the entire land of Israel, as if that land were a garden that produces fruit, and of peace and righteousness as if they are that fruit. Alternate translation: “May the people of the land live in peace … may they do everything in a righteous way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 72 4 ln6a 0 he … he These refer to the one who will “judge” ([Psalms 72:2](../072/002.md)). PSA 72 4 lx1g figs-metaphor 0 break in pieces the oppressor The writer speaks of the king defeating or punishing people who oppress others as if those people were objects that the king would break into pieces. Alternate translation: “punish the person who oppresses others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 72 5 qf1t figs-metonymy 0 while the sun endures, and as long as the moon lasts The sun and the moon are metonyms for the day and the night, which together are a merism for all time. Alternate translation: “forever, and without ending” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 72 6 fay4 figs-simile 0 May he come down like rain on the mown grass The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for freshly cut grass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -2648,7 +2648,7 @@ PSA 73 5 uzu7 figs-metonymy 0 the burdens of other men The words “burdens” PSA 73 5 t5qn 0 they are not afflicted like other men “they do not suffer the way other people do” PSA 73 6 kp3l 0 General Information: Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). PSA 73 6 r8m8 figs-simile 0 Pride adorns them like a necklace around their neck; violence clothes them like a robe This means the wicked show everyone how proud and violent they are as if they were wearing a necklace or beautiful robe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 73 6 c2uh 0 necklace…robe This refers to things that rich and important people wear. +PSA 73 6 c2uh 0 necklace … robe This refers to things that rich and important people wear. PSA 73 6 fyb1 0 necklace a chain usually made of gold or jewels that goes around the neck PSA 73 7 ttd1 figs-metaphor 0 Out of such blindness comes sin Because they are like blind people who cannot see where they are going, they sin without knowing it. Being blind is a metaphor for a person being unable to see how wicked he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 73 7 l8fr figs-metaphor 0 evil thoughts pass through their hearts Here the psalmist describes people’s thoughts as if they were people. He also describes the inner beings of wicked people as if they were a building in which those people could walk. Alternate translation: “in their inner beings they are always thinking about more evil things to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2667,7 +2667,7 @@ PSA 73 13 l9bt figs-metaphor 0 guarded my heart Asaph speaks of guarding his he PSA 73 13 v713 figs-metaphor 0 washed my hands in innocence The writer speaks of his purity as if he had washed his hands with innocence instead of with water. See how you translated this in [Psalms 26:6](../026/006.md). Alternate translation: “my actions have remained pure” or “I have washed my hands to show that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 73 14 svu5 0 all the day long “always” or “every day” PSA 73 14 gtr9 0 I have been afflicted “You have made me suffer.” See how “they are not afflicted” is translated in [Psalms 73:5](../073/005.md). -PSA 73 14 c72g 0 I have been…disciplined “I have been…punished” +PSA 73 14 c72g 0 I have been … disciplined “I have been … punished” PSA 73 15 c23c figs-hypo 0 If I had said, “I will say these things,” then I would have betrayed this generation of your children This hypothetical situation did not happen. Alternate translation: “I never said, ‘I will say these things,’ so I did not betray this generation of your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 73 16 z5qd 0 these things The good things that happen to “the wicked” ([Psalms 73:4](../073/004.md)-[Psalms 12](./010.md)). PSA 73 17 r3rj 0 their fate “what happens to wicked people when they die” or “how wicked people die” @@ -2702,8 +2702,8 @@ PSA 74 3 vn6h 0 Come look Asaph is addressing God, asking him to come look at PSA 74 4 df7h 0 roared The adversaries were shouting loudly with a great cry of victory. PSA 74 6 sqm2 0 engravings This refers to carvings on wood, metal, or stone in the temple. PSA 74 7 d2f6 0 General Information: Asaph continues to describe the destruction of the temple. -PSA 74 7 h8rv 0 They…they Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). -PSA 74 8 dt7g 0 They…They Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). +PSA 74 7 h8rv 0 They … they Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). +PSA 74 8 dt7g 0 They … They Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). PSA 74 8 aq36 figs-idiom 0 They said in their hearts This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “They said to themselves” or “They thought to themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 74 9 c4rh 0 General Information: Asaph is addressing God about the destruction he sees. PSA 74 9 y2uq figs-metaphor 0 We do not see any more signs This could mean: (1) “We do not see any more miraculous signs from God” or (2) “All our sacred symbols are gone” or (3) the “signs” are the flags and symbols of an army representing the army itself. Alternate translation: “They have completely destroyed our army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2717,7 +2717,7 @@ PSA 74 11 nc4l figs-metonymy 0 Take your right hand from your garment The psalm PSA 74 12 n2ul 0 General Information: This begins a new theme: Asaph is proclaiming God’s mighty deeds in the history of his people. PSA 74 12 r8vz 0 God has been my king from ancient times This could mean: (1) Asaph is speaking as Israel’s representative, “God has been our king since we Israelites first became a nation” or (2) “God, my king, was alive even in ancient times.” PSA 74 12 tqm1 figs-abstractnouns 0 bringing salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with the verb “to save.” Here Yahweh saving people is spoken of as if salvation were an object that he brings with him. Alternate translation: “saving people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 13 gap9 figs-explicit 0 You divided…in the waters Asaph is probably speaking of the time God brought Israel out of Egypt, divided the Sea of Reeds, led Israel through it on dry land, then drowned Pharaoh’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PSA 74 13 gap9 figs-explicit 0 You divided … in the waters Asaph is probably speaking of the time God brought Israel out of Egypt, divided the Sea of Reeds, led Israel through it on dry land, then drowned Pharaoh’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 74 13 ag39 figs-personification 0 You divided the sea by your strength Asaph is speaking of God as if God had a physical body. “You are so strong you were able to make dry land in the middle of the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 74 13 r6uh 0 the sea “the great water” PSA 74 13 f387 figs-metaphor 0 you smashed the heads of the sea monsters in the waters Asaph is probably speaking of Pharaoh and his army as if they were sea monsters. If possible, translate these words literally. Alternate translation: “when you killed Pharaoh’s army, it was as if you smashed the heads of sea monsters in the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2751,17 +2751,17 @@ PSA 75 1 wue5 0 set to Al Tashheth This may refer to a style of music. See how PSA 75 1 tu5l 0 A psalm of Asaph “This is a psalm that Asaph wrote.” See how this is translated in [Psalms Psalm 53](../053/001.md). PSA 75 3 a6n9 0 all the inhabitants “all the people who live on it” PSA 75 3 xv9l figs-metaphor 0 make steady the earth’s pillars “keep the earth from being destroyed” or Alternate translation: “keep my people safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 4 ix6p figs-nominaladj 0 I said to the arrogant…and to the wicked The words “the arrogant” and “the wicked” are nominal adjectives that can be translated with nouns. The verb for the second phrase may be supplied from the first. Alternate translation: “I said to the arrogant people…and I said to the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +PSA 75 4 ix6p figs-nominaladj 0 I said to the arrogant … and to the wicked The words “the arrogant” and “the wicked” are nominal adjectives that can be translated with nouns. The verb for the second phrase may be supplied from the first. Alternate translation: “I said to the arrogant people … and I said to the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 75 4 wl2r 0 I said This could mean: (1) God is speaking or (2) Asaph is speaking. -PSA 75 4 yz7y figs-pronouns 0 Do not be arrogant…Do not lift The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +PSA 75 4 yz7y figs-pronouns 0 Do not be arrogant … Do not lift The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) PSA 75 4 wg7k figs-metaphor 0 Do not lift up the horn Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Do not be confident” or “Do not boast about how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 5 zai8 figs-pronouns 0 Do not lift up your…do not speak The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +PSA 75 5 zai8 figs-pronouns 0 Do not lift up your … do not speak The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) PSA 75 5 dl75 figs-metaphor 0 Do not lift up your horn to the heights Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads as high as they can to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Be especially sure not to boast that you are greater than God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 5 cfl3 figs-idiom 0 with an insolent neck Asaph speaks of wicked people who defy or challenge God as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “arrogantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 6 eqm6 figs-metonymy 0 It is not from the east…that lifting up comes Asaph speaks of the one who lifts up as if he were the action of lifting up. He also speaks of God giving strength and honor to a person as if God were physically lifting that person up. Alternate translation: “The one who will lift you up will not be someone who comes from the east” or “The one who will make you strong and have people honor you will not be someone who comes from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 75 6 eqm6 figs-metonymy 0 It is not from the east … that lifting up comes Asaph speaks of the one who lifts up as if he were the action of lifting up. He also speaks of God giving strength and honor to a person as if God were physically lifting that person up. Alternate translation: “The one who will lift you up will not be someone who comes from the east” or “The one who will make you strong and have people honor you will not be someone who comes from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 75 7 h39y 0 General Information: Asaph speaks about God. PSA 75 7 ii5h figs-explicit 0 he brings down and he lifts up The objects of the verbs can be stated clearly: “he brings some people down and he lifts other people up.” The words “brings down” and “raises up” are metaphors for God making people powerful and taking away their power. Alternate translation: “he makes one man king in place of another man” or “he takes away one man’s power and gives power to another man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 8 hs8p figs-metaphor 0 a cup of foaming wine…mixed with spices When Yahweh punishes the people they will be like people who have drunk strong wine and become ill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 75 8 hs8p figs-metaphor 0 a cup of foaming wine … mixed with spices When Yahweh punishes the people they will be like people who have drunk strong wine and become ill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 8 w9az figs-metaphor 0 foaming wine The foam is a metaphor for the power of the wine to make people drunk, Alternate translation: “strong wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 75 8 gn3y 0 spices dried leaves or ground seeds PSA 75 8 i928 0 pours it out pours it from a large container into the cups that the people will drink from @@ -2826,10 +2826,10 @@ PSA 77 12 ju2f 0 reflect on them “think of what they mean” PSA 77 13 hk88 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak to Yahweh. PSA 77 13 tr7z figs-rquestion 0 what god compares to our great God? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no god compares to our great God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 77 14 vh9m figs-abstractnouns 0 revealed your strength among the peoples The abstract noun “strength” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “shown people from many people groups how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 77 15 nc87 0 gave your people victory…the descendants “gave us, your people, victory…us who are the descendants” +PSA 77 15 nc87 0 gave your people victory … the descendants “gave us, your people, victory … us who are the descendants” PSA 77 15 cz77 figs-abstractnouns 0 gave your people victory The abstract noun “victory” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “caused your people to be victorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 77 15 ani3 0 the descendants of Jacob and Joseph This refers to the entire nation of Israel. -PSA 77 16 ms5u figs-personification 0 The waters saw you…they were afraid…the depths trembled Asaph speaks of the water as if it were a person who saw something that terrified him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +PSA 77 16 ms5u figs-personification 0 The waters saw you … they were afraid … the depths trembled Asaph speaks of the water as if it were a person who saw something that terrified him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 77 16 a22h figs-doublet 0 the waters saw you, and they were afraid; the depths trembled “water” and “depth” refers to large bodies of water such as the sea or ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 77 16 yh2l 0 depths deepest waters PSA 77 17 cbk2 figs-personification 0 The clouds poured down water Asaph speaks of the clouds as if they were people pouring water out of containers. Alternate translation: “Much rain fell” or “It rained very hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -2837,7 +2837,7 @@ PSA 77 17 cil6 figs-metaphor 0 your arrows flew about This is a metaphor that d PSA 77 17 x29a 0 flew Use your language’s word for what an arrow does after someone shoots it. PSA 77 18 ks1j figs-personification 0 thunderous voice This is personification, referring to the thunder as the voice of God. Alternate translation: “voice, which was as loud as thunder” or “very loud voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 77 18 nr2p figs-hyperbole 0 lightning lit up the world This is an exaggeration to emphasize that the lightning lit up everything the writer could see. Alternate translation: “lightning lit up everything as far as you could see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 77 19 mc1k figs-doublet 0 Your path…your way These two phrases have similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 77 19 mc1k figs-doublet 0 Your path … your way These two phrases have similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 77 19 xj78 figs-personification 0 your footprints Asaph is speaking of Yahweh as if Yahweh was a person with feet. While this is personification, it should be translated literally, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 77 19 k4y3 figs-activepassive 0 your footprints were not seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one saw your footprints” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 77 20 iq66 figs-simile 0 You led your people like a flock This simile compares God’s people to a flock of animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -2857,7 +2857,7 @@ PSA 78 4 n25r 0 the praiseworthy deeds of Yahweh “the things we praise Yahwe PSA 78 5 py7k 0 he established “Yahweh established” PSA 78 5 vj5d 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” PSA 78 7 mlc7 0 General Information: The writer speaks of the “children” of [Psalms 78:5-6](./005.md). -PSA 78 9 m1ru 0 The Ephraimites…day of battle This is possibly a metaphor for not keeping the covenant (verse 10), but it is best to translate literally. +PSA 78 9 m1ru 0 The Ephraimites … day of battle This is possibly a metaphor for not keeping the covenant (verse 10), but it is best to translate literally. PSA 78 9 xu77 0 The Ephraimites “The Ephraimite soldiers” PSA 78 9 v8af figs-explicit 0 were armed with bows The soldiers probably also had arrows. Alternate translation: “had bows and arrows for weapons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 78 12 yx1l translate-names 0 land of Zoan This refers to the area around the city of Zoan, which was in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2872,7 +2872,7 @@ PSA 78 19 gpm7 figs-rquestion 0 Can God really lay out a table for us in the wi PSA 78 19 ui27 figs-idiom 0 lay out a table The idiom “lay out a table” means to prepare a table for a meal. Here the word “table” is a metonym for the food on the table. Alternate translation: “provide us with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 78 20 xnn4 0 waters gushed out much water came out quickly PSA 78 20 pe8w figs-rquestion 0 But can he give bread also? Will he provide meat for his people? The people are laughing at God to insult him with these questions. Alternate translation: “But we will not believe that he can give us bread also or provide meat for his people until we see him do it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 78 20 crp3 figs-rquestion 0 bread…meat food from plants or food from animals. Though this is a merism for all kinds of food, it is best to translate it literally if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 78 20 crp3 figs-rquestion 0 bread … meat food from plants or food from animals. Though this is a merism for all kinds of food, it is best to translate it literally if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 78 21 fd1k figs-metaphor 0 his fire burned against Jacob The writer speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire, and of Yahweh acting in anger against Jacob as if that fire burned Jacob. Alternate translation: “his anger was like a fire that burned Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 21 wp71 0 Jacob This refers to the nation of Israel PSA 78 21 k1pp figs-personification 0 his anger attacked Israel The writer speaks of Yahweh punishing Israel when he was angry as if his anger were a person who attacked Israel. Alternate translation: “because he was angry, he attacked Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -2894,10 +2894,10 @@ PSA 78 31 pz58 figs-personification 0 God’s anger attacked them “God was an PSA 78 31 qn52 figs-euphemism 0 brought down This is a euphemism that means he caused them to die. Alternate translation: “killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 78 32 lg44 figs-metonymy 0 did not believe his wonderful deeds The word “deeds” is a metonym for God, who did the deeds. What they did not believe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “did not believe that he would take care of them even though he had done such wonderful deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 78 33 wg5l 0 General Information: The writer continues telling of what God did to the Israelites. -PSA 78 33 k4p9 figs-euphemism 0 cut short their days Here the word “days” refers to a lifetime. The idiom “to cut short…days” means to cause someone to die before they have lived a long life. Alternate translation: “killed them while they were still young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +PSA 78 33 k4p9 figs-euphemism 0 cut short their days Here the word “days” refers to a lifetime. The idiom “to cut short … days” means to cause someone to die before they have lived a long life. Alternate translation: “killed them while they were still young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 78 33 b6nk figs-metaphor 0 their years were filled with terror Asaph speaks of years as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “year after year they were afraid all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 78 34 njc9 figs-idiom 0 to seek him to ask him what they needed to do so he would protect them (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 78 34 y7s9 0 afflicted them, they would…they would return and look These are different people from those whose days God “cut short.” When some of them died, others would “start to seek” God. +PSA 78 34 y7s9 0 afflicted them, they would … they would return and look These are different people from those whose days God “cut short.” When some of them died, others would “start to seek” God. PSA 78 34 kt48 0 would return “would repent” or “would be truly sorry for their sins” PSA 78 34 ut52 0 look earnestly “look urgently” or “look as best they could” PSA 78 35 nd5q 0 General Information: The tells of what the Israelites did. @@ -2940,7 +2940,7 @@ PSA 78 50 d3e4 figs-metaphor 0 gave them over to the plague Asaph speaks of the PSA 78 51 kng7 figs-idiom 0 the firstborn of their strength This phrase refers to the firstborn males of each family. Alternate translation: “the firstborn males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 78 51 a3cw figs-metonymy 0 in the tents of Ham Here the word “tents” is a metonym for families. The word “Ham” refers to Egypt by the name of their ancestor. Alternate translation: “among the families of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 78 52 s28c 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. -PSA 78 52 bep8 figs-simile 0 like sheep…like a flock The writer speaks about the Israelites as if they were sheep. This means God cared for and protected the people like a shepherd does his sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 78 52 bep8 figs-simile 0 like sheep … like a flock The writer speaks about the Israelites as if they were sheep. This means God cared for and protected the people like a shepherd does his sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 78 53 fxw6 0 overwhelmed completely covered PSA 78 54 w66a 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. PSA 78 54 bzp1 figs-metonymy 0 his right hand acquired The words “right hand” are a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “he won for himself using his own power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2968,8 +2968,8 @@ PSA 78 65 p4ds figs-metaphor 0 the Lord awakened as one from sleep The Lord not PSA 78 65 ny1d 0 like a warrior who shouts because of wine This could mean: (1) like a warrior who had drunk too much wine and has become angry because he was awakened and so wants to fight or (2) like a warrior who drank much wine but is now able to think and fight well because he has slept. PSA 78 67 wl1g 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. PSA 78 67 rr45 figs-metonymy 0 the tent of Joseph Here the word “tent” is a metonym for a family. In this phrase it refers to the descendants of Joseph. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 78 67 fzh7 0 Joseph…Ephraim Ephraim was Joseph’s son. -PSA 78 68 as8e 0 Judah…Mount Zion Mount Zion was in the land where the tribe of Judah lived. +PSA 78 67 fzh7 0 Joseph … Ephraim Ephraim was Joseph’s son. +PSA 78 68 as8e 0 Judah … Mount Zion Mount Zion was in the land where the tribe of Judah lived. PSA 78 69 dkr9 figs-simile 0 He built his sanctuary like the heavens Possible meanings for this simile are (1) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as high as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary high, like the heavens” or (2) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as permanent as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the heavens last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 78 69 bq5q figs-ellipsis 0 like the earth The verb may be supplied from the previous line. The writer compares the permanence of Yahweh’s sanctuary to the permanence of the earth. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the earth lasts permanently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 78 70 w3bv 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did @@ -3003,7 +3003,7 @@ PSA 79 10 syh5 figs-metonymy 0 May the blood of your servants that was shed be PSA 79 10 b56d 0 before our eyes “in our sight” or “while we are present” PSA 79 11 ppy3 figs-metaphor 0 May the groans of the prisoners come before you Asaph speaks of the sound made by prisoners in pain and sorrow as if it were a person who appears before a king. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully to the groans of the prisoners and help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 79 11 ggp2 figs-idiom 0 children of death This is an idiom that refers to people who are condemned to death. Alternate translation: “those who are condemned to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 79 12 mm85 figs-metaphor 0 Pay back…the insults…Lord Asaph speaks of the evil deeds that the neighboring countries did against Israel as “insults,” and as if they were physical items. He asks the Lord to count those deeds, and for every one that the neighboring countries committed, he asks the Lord to have someone do seven evil deeds to the neighboring countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 79 12 mm85 figs-metaphor 0 Pay back … the insults … Lord Asaph speaks of the evil deeds that the neighboring countries did against Israel as “insults,” and as if they were physical items. He asks the Lord to count those deeds, and for every one that the neighboring countries committed, he asks the Lord to have someone do seven evil deeds to the neighboring countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 79 12 guy1 0 Pay back “Return” or “Give back” PSA 79 12 v85q figs-metaphor 0 into the laps onto their knees and thighs as they are sitting. This is a metaphor for “directly and personally.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 79 13 uf6h figs-metaphor 0 we your people and sheep of your pasture will give you thanks The word “sheep” is a metaphor for helpless people whom a shepherd protects and leads. Alternate translation: “we who are your people, whom you protect and lead, will thank you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3091,11 +3091,11 @@ PSA 81 11 h3st 0 to my words “to what I said” or “to me” PSA 81 12 h3uc figs-metaphor 0 So I gave them over to their own stubborn way God allowing the people to remain stubborn is spoken of as if God were giving them over to an enemy to let the enemy harm them. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I let them be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 81 13 ttu3 figs-metaphor 0 oh, that my people would walk in my paths God wanting the people to obey him is spoken of as if he wanted the people to walk on his paths or roads. Alternate translation: “I wish that they would obey my laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 81 14 ex41 figs-metonymy 0 turn my hand against Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “I would destroy” or “I would defeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 81 15 xkc3 figs-123person 0 who hate Yahweh…before him Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “who hate me…before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +PSA 81 15 xkc3 figs-123person 0 who hate Yahweh … before him Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “who hate me … before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 81 15 yp2m 0 cringe in fear “bow down in fear” or “fall down in fear” PSA 81 15 pck7 figs-activepassive 0 May they be humiliated forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would humiliate them forever” or “I will punish them forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 81 16 q9k3 figs-metaphor 0 I would feed Israel with the finest wheat God causing the best wheat to grow in Israel is spoken of as if he would literally feed the wheat to the people. Alternate translation: “I would allow the Israelites to eat the finest wheat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 81 16 ix1f 0 feed Israel…satisfy you Both “Israel” and “you” refer to the Israelites. +PSA 81 16 ix1f 0 feed Israel … satisfy you Both “Israel” and “you” refer to the Israelites. PSA 81 16 vv42 figs-explicit 0 honey out of the rock This refers to wild honey. Bees would build hives in the holes in rocks and make the honey there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 82 intro a4le 0 # Psalm 082 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 82 is a psalm of judgment against the leaders of the other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Favoritism
The leaders of the nations need to protect the poor and needy and not to favor the evil rich people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metonymy

The leaders of the nations are represented by their gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) PSA 82 1 why9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -3103,9 +3103,9 @@ PSA 82 1 c9rs 0 the divine assembly “the heavenly council” or “the meeti PSA 82 1 xb2b figs-abstractnouns 0 he renders judgment “he gives judgment.” The abstract noun “judgment” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 82 1 x4p7 0 the gods This could mean: (1) these are other spiritual beings who dwell in heaven. Alternate translation: “the divine beings” or “the heavenly judges” or (2) these are human judges that God has appointed. Either way, it does not mean they are gods like Yahweh is god. It means God has given them great power and authority. Alternate translation: “the rulers” PSA 82 2 h4lp figs-rquestion 0 How long will you judge unjustly and show favoritism to the wicked? Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the gods for not judging people fairly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 82 3 k9hy figs-nominaladj 0 poor…fatherless…afflicted…destitute These words are nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor…those who are fatherless…those who are afflicted…those who are destitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +PSA 82 3 k9hy figs-nominaladj 0 poor … fatherless … afflicted … destitute These words are nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are fatherless … those who are afflicted … those who are destitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 82 3 a8r9 0 maintain the rights of the “do what is right for the” -PSA 82 4 f1ay figs-nominaladj 0 poor…needy…wicked These are all nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor…those who are needy…those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +PSA 82 4 f1ay figs-nominaladj 0 poor … needy … wicked These are all nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are needy … those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 82 4 x9up figs-metonymy 0 take them out of the hand of the wicked Here the word “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “stop the wicked people from harming them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 82 5 c2bz 0 They neither This could mean: (1) “they” refers to the gods or (2) “they” refers to the wicked people. PSA 82 5 ar42 figs-metaphor 0 they wander around in the darkness Doing what is evil is spoken of as if they were walking in a very dark place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3131,19 +3131,19 @@ PSA 83 5 nn8v 0 they made an alliance against you “they have joined together PSA 83 6 gj4d 0 General Information: The writer continues to list the people groups who want to destroy Israel. PSA 83 6 nv9e figs-metonymy 0 the tents of Edom This refers to the people of Edom who lived in tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 83 6 mn94 translate-names 0 Hagrites This is the name of a people group that lived on the east side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 83 7 sfe5 figs-metonymy 0 Gebal, Ammon, Amalek…Philistia These all represent the people of each area or tribe. Alternate translation: “the people of Gebal, the Ammonites, the Amalekites…the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 83 7 sfe5 figs-metonymy 0 Gebal, Ammon, Amalek … Philistia These all represent the people of each area or tribe. Alternate translation: “the people of Gebal, the Ammonites, the Amalekites … the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 83 7 t9lx translate-names 0 Gebal This is the name of a region south of the Dead Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 8 fx46 figs-metonymy 0 Assyria This represents the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 83 8 h5ji figs-metonymy 0 they have become an arm for the descendants of Lot Here “arm” is a metonym that represents “help.” Alternate translation: “they have become a help for the descendants of Lot” or “they are helping the descendants of Lot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 83 8 tdc2 figs-explicit 0 the descendants of Lot This refers to the people of the nations of Moab and Ammon. You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 83 9 urp2 figs-explicit 0 Do to them as you did to Midian…Sisera and to Jabin The writer is asking God to defeat Israel’s enemies as he has done in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PSA 83 9 urp2 figs-explicit 0 Do to them as you did to Midian … Sisera and to Jabin The writer is asking God to defeat Israel’s enemies as he has done in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 83 9 htz5 figs-metonymy 0 did to Midian Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “did to the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 83 9 ic8x translate-names 0 Sisera…Jabin These are names of men. Jabin was king of Hazor. Sisera was the commander of Jabin’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PSA 83 9 ic8x translate-names 0 Sisera … Jabin These are names of men. Jabin was king of Hazor. Sisera was the commander of Jabin’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 9 ed1d translate-names 0 Kishon River This is the name of a river in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 10 m286 translate-names 0 Endor This is the name of a town in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 10 brp3 figs-simile 0 became like manure for the earth This means the bodies of Sisera and Jabin were not buried but were left to rot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 83 11 pes3 figs-explicit 0 General Information: The writer continues to remind God of other enemies he has defeated for Israel in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 83 11 d9z1 translate-names 0 Oreb…Zeeb…Zebah…Zalmunna These are all names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PSA 83 11 d9z1 translate-names 0 Oreb … Zeeb … Zebah … Zalmunna These are all names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 83 12 iu21 0 They said Here “They” refers to Oreb, Zeeb, Zebah and Zalmunna. PSA 83 12 umg2 figs-metaphor 0 the pastures of God This speaks about the land of Israel as if it were land for sheep to graze and God were the shepherd watching over it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 83 13 uun3 figs-simile 0 General Information: The writer uses similes to describe God’s total destruction of Israel’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -3167,7 +3167,7 @@ PSA 84 2 fp2u figs-synecdoche 0 the courts of Yahweh Here “courts” represen PSA 84 2 dw38 0 my desire for it has made me exhausted “my desire has exhausted me” or “I am tired because I want it so much” PSA 84 2 jf7p figs-synecdoche 0 My heart and all of my being call out Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I call out with all of my being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 84 2 ctf7 0 the living God This means God is living and he also has the power to cause other things to live. -PSA 84 3 c9d8 translate-unknown 0 sparrow…swallow These are types of birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +PSA 84 3 c9d8 translate-unknown 0 sparrow … swallow These are types of birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PSA 84 3 y2c8 0 found her a house “found her a home” or “made her a home” PSA 84 3 pqi7 figs-ellipsis 0 the swallow a nest Here the words “has found” or “has made” are understood. Alternate translation: “the swallow has found a nest” or “the swallow has made a nest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 84 3 xwe2 0 where she may lay her young “where she may lay her eggs and care for her babies” @@ -3213,7 +3213,7 @@ PSA 85 8 mt5f figs-metaphor 0 Yet they must not turn again to foolish ways A pe PSA 85 9 q85w figs-metaphor 0 Surely his salvation is near to those God being ready to save someone is spoken of as if salvation were an object that God has placed near someone. Alternate translation: “Surely God is ready to save those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 85 9 w9na figs-metonymy 0 then glory will remain in our land Here “glory” represents God’s presence. Alternate translation: “then his glorious presence will remain in our land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 85 10 r9mp figs-abstractnouns 0 Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness have met together The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were persons who meet together. This could mean: (1) God has been faithful because of his covenant and has done what he promised to do. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and has proven that he is worthy of people trusting him” or (2) God has been faithful because of his covenant and the people have responded by being faithful to him. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and people have responded by trusting him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 85 10 vxd4 0 have met together…have kissed each other Most likely the speaker is describing a time in the future when God causes the people to prosper again. Alternate translation: “will meet together…will kiss each other” +PSA 85 10 vxd4 0 have met together … have kissed each other Most likely the speaker is describing a time in the future when God causes the people to prosper again. Alternate translation: “will meet together … will kiss each other” PSA 85 10 ilq2 figs-abstractnouns 0 righteousness and peace have kissed each other This could mean: (1) the people will do what is right and God will cause the people to live in peace or (2) God will do what is right and will cause the people to live in peace. Either way righteousness and peace are abstract nouns and are spoken of as if they were persons who kiss each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 85 10 pbn4 0 kissed each other This was a common way for friends to greet each other. PSA 85 11 y3gv figs-metaphor 0 Trustworthiness springs up from the ground The people on earth being faithful to God is spoken of as if trustworthiness were a plant growing out of the ground. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “loyal.” Alternate translation: “Here on earth, we will be loyal to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -3245,7 +3245,7 @@ PSA 86 14 tb73 figs-idiom 0 seek my life This is a way of saying they want to k PSA 86 15 l91z figs-metaphor 0 and abundant in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness God constantly being faithful and trustworthy is spoken of as if faithfulness and trustworthiness were objects of which God has a large quantity. The two abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “always faithful to your covenant and very worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 86 16 rlz9 figs-metaphor 0 Turn toward me Asking God to consider him is spoken of as if he wanted God to turn and look at him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 86 16 ha4f figs-abstractnouns 0 give your strength to your servant The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as a verb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “strengthen your servant” or “make your servant strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 86 16 r4fq figs-123person 0 your servant…the son of your servant woman The writer is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +PSA 86 16 r4fq figs-123person 0 your servant … the son of your servant woman The writer is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) PSA 86 17 ja63 figs-activepassive 0 be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 87 intro l8z3 0 # Psalm 087 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 87 is a psalm about Jerusalem.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pride
People will be proud to have been born in Jerusalem.

### Psalms about Jerusalem

Psalm 46, 48, and 76 are part of a group of psalms that celebrate Jerusalem. PSA 87 1 pr6p writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -3292,9 +3292,9 @@ PSA 88 9 af1k translate-symaction 0 I spread out my hands to you “I lift up m PSA 88 10 q775 figs-rquestion 0 Will you do wonders for the dead? The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then God will no longer be able to do wonderful things for him. Alternate translation: “You do not do wonders for dead people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 88 10 nv8l figs-rquestion 0 Will those who have died rise and praise you? The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then he will not be able to praise God any longer. Alternate translation: “You know that those who have died will not stand up and praise you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 88 11 a7rt figs-parallelism 0 Will your covenant faithfulness be proclaimed in the grave, your loyalty in the place of the dead? Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that a dead person is not able to praise God’s faithfulness. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “loyalty” can be translated as adjectives. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Nobody will proclaim your covenant faithfulness or loyalty from the grave.” or “Nobody will proclaim from the grave that you are faithful to your covenant and loyal to your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 88 11 pt2z 0 the grave…the place of the dead These represent the place where people go after they die. +PSA 88 11 pt2z 0 the grave … the place of the dead These represent the place where people go after they die. PSA 88 11 vbv3 figs-ellipsis 0 your loyalty in the place of the dead? This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your loyalty be proclaimed in the place of the dead?” or “Those who are dead will not proclaim your loyalty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 88 12 ec9z 0 in the darkness…the place of forgetfulness These represent the place where people go after they die. +PSA 88 12 ec9z 0 in the darkness … the place of forgetfulness These represent the place where people go after they die. PSA 88 12 lf46 figs-parallelism 0 Will your wonderful deeds be known in the darkness, or your righteousness in the place of forgetfulness? Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that those who are dead are not able to experience or proclaim the great things God does. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will not talk about your wonderful deeds and righteousness in the dark place of the forgotten dead.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 88 12 u1h9 figs-ellipsis 0 or your righteousness in the place of forgetfulness? This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your righteousness be known in the place of forgetfulness?” or “Those who are in the place of forgetfulness will not know about the righteous things you do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 88 13 tle5 figs-metaphor 0 my prayer comes before you The writer praying to Yahweh is spoken of as if the prayer itself goes to speak with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3452,7 +3452,7 @@ PSA 90 17 at2j figs-abstractnouns 0 May the favor of the Lord our God be ours T PSA 90 17 ye67 figs-synecdoche 0 prosper the work of our hands Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “cause us to be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 91 intro ye5h 0 # Psalm 091 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 91 is a wisdom psalm. Those who depend on God are protected by him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fear
No matter what dangers befall a person, they do not need to fear. God is protecting them from all harm. PSA 91 1 xv6f writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 91 1 g3bv figs-metaphor 0 He who lives…will stay…of the Almighty Because “live” and “stay” mean almost the same thing, as do “shelter” and “shadow,” which are both metaphors for protection, you may need to combine the two lines into one. Alternate translation: “The Most High, the Almighty, will care for all those who live where he can protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 91 1 g3bv figs-metaphor 0 He who lives … will stay … of the Almighty Because “live” and “stay” mean almost the same thing, as do “shelter” and “shadow,” which are both metaphors for protection, you may need to combine the two lines into one. Alternate translation: “The Most High, the Almighty, will care for all those who live where he can protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 91 1 lc6j figs-metaphor 0 who lives in the shelter of the Most High The word “shelter” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “who lives where the Most High protects him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 91 1 jl84 0 the Most High The words “the Most High” refer to Yahweh. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:13](../018/013.md). PSA 91 1 qi6d figs-metaphor 0 will stay in the shadow of the Almighty The word “shadow” here is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “will stay where the Almighty can protect him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3465,11 +3465,11 @@ PSA 91 4 k4cn figs-metaphor 0 He will cover you with his wings, and under his w PSA 91 4 j3p2 figs-metaphor 0 His trustworthiness is a shield and protection God’s trustworthiness is here referred to as a “shield” which can protect people who rely on him. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “trust.” Alternate translation: “You can trust him to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 91 4 f8d9 0 protection No one knows for sure what this word means. This could mean: (1) a small shield strapped to the forearm that soldiers used to defend themselves against arrows and swords or (2) a wall of stones set in a circle inside which soldiers could hide and shoot arrows. PSA 91 5 yp8k figs-metonymy 0 terror in the night The psalmist speaks of “terror” as if it were a spirit or fierce animal that could attack at night and so terrify people. Alternate translation: “things attacking you at night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 91 5 g6en figs-merism 0 in the night…by day These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +PSA 91 5 g6en figs-merism 0 in the night … by day These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 91 5 b8kc figs-metonymy 0 the arrow that flies by day “Arrow” here is a metonym for the people who shoot the arrows. Alternate translation: “people attacking you with arrows during the day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 91 6 c6xg figs-personification 0 or of the plague that roams The psalmist speaks of illness as if it were a person who went about at night killing other people. Alternate translation: “You will not be afraid of dying from illness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 91 6 gba8 0 roams goes wherever he wants to go at any time -PSA 91 6 y6eu figs-merism 0 in the darkness…at noontime These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +PSA 91 6 y6eu figs-merism 0 in the darkness … at noontime These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 91 6 t9ab 0 disease an illness that makes many people ill at the same time PSA 91 7 c8n1 0 A thousand may fall at your side and ten thousand at your right hand “Many people may fall all around you.” If translating the exact numbers confuses the readers, you may omit them. PSA 91 7 z1e3 0 it will not reach you “the evil will not harm you” @@ -3482,7 +3482,7 @@ PSA 91 10 emx9 figs-personification 0 no affliction will come near your home Th PSA 91 11 pe5b 0 For he will direct “Yahweh will command” PSA 91 11 gjx8 figs-metaphor 0 in all your ways The psalmist speaks of the way a person lives his life as if it were a path down which the person walked. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” or “at all times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 91 12 v8h1 0 They will lift you “Yahweh’s angels will lift you” -PSA 91 12 dkd1 figs-hyperbole 0 you will not hit your foot on a stone The angels will protect not only the reader’s foot but the rest of his body as well. The words “not…hit your foot on a stone” is an exaggerated metonym to say that not even small bad things will happen. This should probably not be taken as a promise that no bad things will ever happen again. Alternate translation: “you will not even hit your foot on a stone” or “not even the smallest bad thing will happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 91 12 dkd1 figs-hyperbole 0 you will not hit your foot on a stone The angels will protect not only the reader’s foot but the rest of his body as well. The words “not … hit your foot on a stone” is an exaggerated metonym to say that not even small bad things will happen. This should probably not be taken as a promise that no bad things will ever happen again. Alternate translation: “you will not even hit your foot on a stone” or “not even the smallest bad thing will happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 91 13 bq3y figs-metaphor 0 You will crush lions and adders under your feet; you will trample on young lions and serpents Where “hit your foot on a stone” is a minor problem, lions and snake are examples of great dangers. The psalmist speaks of lions and snakes as if they were small enough to be crushed under a person’s foot. Alternate translation: “You will be able kill lions and adders as if they were small animals you could crush under your feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 91 13 sw74 0 adders types of poisonous snake. PSA 91 13 qme2 0 trample crush by walking heavily on @@ -3516,7 +3516,7 @@ PSA 92 11 kpw5 figs-synecdoche 0 My eyes have seen the downfall of my enemies; PSA 92 12 q7cc figs-simile 0 The righteous will flourish like the palm tree Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy palm tree because they will (1) be strong or (2) live for long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 92 12 dyq1 figs-simile 0 they will grow like a cedar in Lebanon Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy cedar tree growing in the land of Lebanon because (1) they will be strong or (2) people will honor them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 92 13 lk33 figs-activepassive 0 They are planted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has planted them” or “Yahweh takes care of them as if they were trees he had planted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 92 13 sh46 figs-metaphor 0 in the house of Yahweh…in the courts of our God The psalmist speaks of people who truly worship God as if they were trees growing in Yahweh’s house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 92 13 sh46 figs-metaphor 0 in the house of Yahweh … in the courts of our God The psalmist speaks of people who truly worship God as if they were trees growing in Yahweh’s house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 92 13 g7gv figs-metaphor 0 they flourish The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were healthy trees. Alternate translation: “they are growing well” or “they are very strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 92 13 rg5j 0 in the courts of our God in the courtyard of the temple in Jerusalem. PSA 92 14 pf43 figs-metaphor 0 They bear fruit The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees that produce food. Alternate translation: “They please God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3532,7 +3532,7 @@ PSA 93 1 nv27 figs-activepassive 0 The world is firmly established This can be PSA 93 1 m76h figs-activepassive 0 it cannot be moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever move it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 93 2 q45b figs-activepassive 0 Your throne is established from ancient times This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You established your throne in ancient times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 93 2 vq1t 0 you are from everlasting “you have always existed” -PSA 93 3 u6dq 0 oceans…oceans’ Some versions read “floods…floods’.” The word often refers to a river (See: “the River” in [Psalms 72:8](../072/008.md)), but “oceans…oceans’” has been chosen here because oceans, not rivers, have “waves” that “crash and roar.” +PSA 93 3 u6dq 0 oceans … oceans’ Some versions read “floods … floods’.” The word often refers to a river (See: “the River” in [Psalms 72:8](../072/008.md)), but “oceans … oceans’” has been chosen here because oceans, not rivers, have “waves” that “crash and roar.” PSA 93 3 qkw5 figs-personification 0 have lifted up their voice; the oceans’ waves crash and roar The psalmist speaks of the ocean as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: “have made a mighty noise because their waves crash and roar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 93 3 kli1 0 roar make a long, loud sound. PSA 93 4 bv4p figs-doublet 0 Above the crashing of many waves, the mighty breakers of the sea The phrase “the mighty breakers of the sea” means basically the same thing as “many waves” and emphasizes how great these waves are. Alternate translation: “Above the crashing of all of the very great waves of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -3575,7 +3575,7 @@ PSA 94 15 l96i figs-nominaladj 0 the upright in heart The adjective phrase “u PSA 94 15 h275 0 will follow it “will want the judges to judge righteously” PSA 94 16 h7cv figs-rquestion 0 Who will rise up to defend me against the evildoers? Who will stand up for me against the wicked? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will defend me against the evildoers. No one will help me fight against the wicked.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 94 16 x3ap figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 94 17 pgd7 figs-hypo 0 Unless Yahweh had been my help…silence This is a hypothetical situation. Yahweh did help him, so he was not lying in the place of silence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +PSA 94 17 pgd7 figs-hypo 0 Unless Yahweh had been my help … silence This is a hypothetical situation. Yahweh did help him, so he was not lying in the place of silence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) PSA 94 17 ecb1 figs-abstractnouns 0 Unless Yahweh had been my help The abstract noun “help” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “If Yahweh had not helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 94 17 zjq1 figs-euphemism 0 I would soon be lying down in the place of silence Here “would be lying down” refers to “death” and “in the place of silence” refers to the grave.” Alternate translation: “in a short time, I would be dead, lying in a silent grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 94 18 gqn7 figs-abstractnouns 0 Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, held me up The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, held me up because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -3608,7 +3608,7 @@ PSA 95 7 qm6r figs-metonymy 0 hear his voice Here “his voice” represents Go PSA 95 8 jf37 0 General Information: Now the writer writes the words that Yahweh spoke. PSA 95 8 g9zt 0 harden your heart “become stubborn” PSA 95 8 a62x translate-names 0 Meribah,…Massah These are places in the desert that Moses named because the Israelites rebelled against God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 95 9 z4ax figs-metaphor 0 tested me…tried me These two phrases are both metaphors for the people seeing how much evil they could do before Yahweh would punish them. The phrases say basically the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “tested me” or “wanted to see if they could do evil things without my punishing them…tested whether I would continue to be patient with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 95 9 z4ax figs-metaphor 0 tested me … tried me These two phrases are both metaphors for the people seeing how much evil they could do before Yahweh would punish them. The phrases say basically the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “tested me” or “wanted to see if they could do evil things without my punishing them … tested whether I would continue to be patient with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 95 9 tdc4 0 my deeds “the amazing things I had done” PSA 95 10 n2cd 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking directly to his people. PSA 95 10 ms7t translate-numbers 0 forty years “40 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -3628,7 +3628,7 @@ PSA 96 4 lx5h figs-activepassive 0 He is to be feared above all other gods This PSA 96 6 x8v4 0 in his presence “where he is” PSA 96 6 c8fx figs-personification 0 Splendor and majesty are in his presence The psalmist speaks as if splendor and majesty are people who can stand before a king. Alternate translation: “Everyone knows of his splendor and majesty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 96 6 geu8 figs-metonymy 0 Strength and beauty are in his sanctuary The words “strength” and “beauty” are metonyms for the ark of the covenant decrees, which is found in the sanctuary. Alternate translation: “It is his sanctuary that contains the ark of the covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 96 7 pq3m figs-abstractnouns 0 Ascribe to Yahweh…ascribe praise to Yahweh for his glory and strength This can be restated to removed the abstract nouns “praise,” “glory,” and “strength.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:1](../029/001.md). Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh…praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PSA 96 7 pq3m figs-abstractnouns 0 Ascribe to Yahweh … ascribe praise to Yahweh for his glory and strength This can be restated to removed the abstract nouns “praise,” “glory,” and “strength.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:1](../029/001.md). Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh … praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 96 8 y25v figs-abstractnouns 0 Give to Yahweh the glory that his name deserves The abstract noun “glory” can be stated as a verb or adjective. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:2](../029/002.md). Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 96 8 mvb8 figs-metonymy 0 his name deserves Here “name” refers to the person of God. Alternate translation: “he deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 96 8 pw15 0 his courts the temple courtyard where the priests sacrificed animals to Yahweh @@ -3642,8 +3642,8 @@ PSA 96 11 p26n figs-personification 0 Let the heavens be glad, and let the eart PSA 96 11 v2y3 figs-explicit 0 that which fills it shout with joy The implied information is that this refers to all the creatures living in the sea. They are spoken of as if they should shout with joy like people might do. Alternate translation: “the sea creatures shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 96 12 ms99 figs-personification 0 Let the fields rejoice and all that is in them “Let the fields and all that is in them rejoice.” The psalmist speaks as if “the fields” and the animals that live in them have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the fields themselves and all the animals that live in them are rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 96 12 j65h figs-personification 0 let all the trees in the forest shout for joy This speaks about the trees as if they were people who could shout for joy. Alternate translation: “let it be as if all the trees in the forest shout for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 96 13 gp2k figs-parallelism 0 He is coming to judge the earth. He will judge the world…and the peoples The three phrase have similar meanings; the last two phases are used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 96 13 jp59 0 to judge…will judge Another possible meaning is “to rule…will rule.” +PSA 96 13 gp2k figs-parallelism 0 He is coming to judge the earth. He will judge the world … and the peoples The three phrase have similar meanings; the last two phases are used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 96 13 jp59 0 to judge … will judge Another possible meaning is “to rule … will rule.” PSA 96 13 yk8h figs-metonymy 0 He will judge the world with righteousness Here “the world” is a metonym for all the people in the world. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 9:8](../009/008.md). Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 96 13 yn8l figs-ellipsis 0 the peoples with his faithfulness The words “he will judge” are understood. Alternate translation: “he will judge the peoples with his faithfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 96 13 z7r2 figs-abstractnouns 0 with his faithfulness The can be restated to remove the abstract noun “faithfulness.” This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “fairly, according to what he knows is true” or (2) Alternate translation: “using the same standard for all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -3660,11 +3660,11 @@ PSA 97 4 th94 figs-personification 0 the earth sees and trembles The writer spe PSA 97 4 c2ef 0 trembles shakes with fear PSA 97 5 r8fc figs-simile 0 The mountains melt like wax before Yahweh The writer speaks of the mountains crumbling before Yahweh as if they were wax that was exposed to a fire. Alternate translation: “The mountains are unable to stand as Yahweh comes near” or “The mountains crumble in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 97 6 t73s figs-personification 0 The skies declare his justice This could mean: (1) the psalmist speaks as if the skies are Yahweh’s messengers who declare that Yahweh is just. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that God is just, the same way that everyone can see the skies” or (2) the skies refer to the beings that live in the heavens. Alternate translation: “All those who live in heaven declare that Yahweh is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 97 8 t6tg figs-metonymy 0 Zion heard…the towns of Judah This refers to the people who live in these lands. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion heard…the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 97 8 t6tg figs-metonymy 0 Zion heard … the towns of Judah This refers to the people who live in these lands. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion heard … the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 97 9 fh9w figs-metaphor 0 are most high above all The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “rule over all the people who live on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 97 9 etq9 figs-metaphor 0 You are exalted far The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “You are high, far” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 97 10 v6ge figs-metonymy 0 he takes them out of the hand of the wicked Here the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh rescuing people from the power of wicked people is spoken of as if he took them out of their hands. Alternate translation: “he rescues them from the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 97 11 zi9a figs-parallelism 0 Light is sown for…and gladness for These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sows light for those who do right, and he sows gladness for those with honest hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +PSA 97 11 zi9a figs-parallelism 0 Light is sown for … and gladness for These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sows light for those who do right, and he sows gladness for those with honest hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 97 11 c84h figs-metaphor 0 Light is sown for the righteous The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. “Light” is a metaphor for good things. Alternate translation: “Yahweh plans for good things to happen to the righteous in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 97 11 s7rl figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 97 11 a81f figs-ellipsis 0 gladness for those with honest hearts The words “is sown” are understood. The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. The abstract noun “gladness” can be stated as “happy.” Alternate translation: “gladness is sown for those with honest hearts” or “Yahweh plans for people with honest hearts to be happy in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -3739,7 +3739,7 @@ PSA 101 5 nsy2 0 a proud demeanor “a proud outward appearance.”” This re PSA 101 6 p6qp figs-idiom 0 I will look to the faithful of the land to sit at my side This means that David would allow those people to be around him and live with him. Alternate translation: “I will allow the faithful of the land to live with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 101 6 ph2r figs-nominaladj 0 the faithful This refers to the people who are faithful to God. Alternate translation: “the faithful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 101 6 qs64 figs-metaphor 0 walk in the way of integrity Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “live in a way that is honest and right” or “live lives full of integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 101 7 n792 figs-parallelism 0 Deceitful people will not…liars will not These two phrases have the same idea and are used together to emphasize how David will not tolerate deceitful people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 101 7 n792 figs-parallelism 0 Deceitful people will not … liars will not These two phrases have the same idea and are used together to emphasize how David will not tolerate deceitful people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 101 7 pag2 figs-activepassive 0 liars will not be welcome This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not welcome liars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 101 7 hk5x figs-synecdoche 0 before my eyes Here “my eyes” refers to David himself. Alternate translation: “before me” or “in my presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 101 8 xql1 0 Morning by morning “Every day” @@ -3791,8 +3791,8 @@ PSA 103 1 j269 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in H PSA 103 1 dn28 figs-parallelism 0 I give praise to Yahweh with all my life, and with all that is within me, I give praise to his holy name These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much he will praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all that I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 103 1 tv2n figs-metonymy 0 give praise to his holy name This refers to praising Yahweh’s name as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 103 1 qlm6 figs-synecdoche 0 all that is within me “all of me” or “all that I am.” David uses this phrase to refer to himself and to emphasize his devotion to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 103 3 ts4f 0 your…you David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. -PSA 103 4 d9r5 0 your…you David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. +PSA 103 3 ts4f 0 your … you David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. +PSA 103 4 d9r5 0 your … you David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. PSA 103 4 ktm1 figs-metaphor 0 He redeems your life from destruction This means that Yahweh keeps him alive. Alternate translation: “He saves me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 103 4 n5d6 figs-metaphor 0 he crowns you with covenant faithfulness and acts of tender mercy Here blessing someone and treating them with great honor is described as if it were placing a crown on that person’s head. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “mercy” can be translated with adverbs. Alternate translation: “he blesses you by acting faithfully and mercifully towards you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 103 5 u7y1 figs-metonymy 0 He satisfies your life with good things The phrase “your life” refers to “you,” but it emphasizes that Yahweh gives blessings throughout life. Alternate translation: “He satisfies you with good things through your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -3803,18 +3803,18 @@ PSA 103 6 d2hy figs-explicit 0 all who are oppressed Who is doing the oppressin PSA 103 7 b1ww figs-ellipsis 0 his deeds to the descendants of Israel The words “he made known” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “he made known his deeds to the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 103 8 s8zz 0 has great covenant loyalty “is full of mercy and love” PSA 103 9 whp1 figs-parallelism 0 He will not always discipline; he is not always angry These two phrases have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 103 10 ma6v figs-parallelism 0 He does not deal with us…or repay us These two phrases are parallel and emphasize that God does not punish us as we deserve. Alternate translation: “He does not repay us with the punishment we deserve for our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 103 10 ma6v figs-parallelism 0 He does not deal with us … or repay us These two phrases are parallel and emphasize that God does not punish us as we deserve. Alternate translation: “He does not repay us with the punishment we deserve for our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 103 10 e5pc 0 deal with us “punish us” -PSA 103 11 me8x figs-simile 0 For as the skies are high…toward those who honor him The simile compares the great distance between heaven and earth to the greatness of God’s love for his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 103 11 me8x figs-simile 0 For as the skies are high … toward those who honor him The simile compares the great distance between heaven and earth to the greatness of God’s love for his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 11 e326 figs-abstractnouns 0 so great is his covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “so he is very faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 103 12 tv54 figs-simile 0 As far as the east…removed the guilt of our sins from us The distance between east and west is so far that it cannot be measured. In this simile, that distance is being compared to how far God moves our guilt away from us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 103 13 yv8t figs-simile 0 As a father has compassion…on those who honor him Here the author compares a father’s compassion for his children to Yahweh’s compassion for those who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 103 12 tv54 figs-simile 0 As far as the east … removed the guilt of our sins from us The distance between east and west is so far that it cannot be measured. In this simile, that distance is being compared to how far God moves our guilt away from us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 103 13 yv8t figs-simile 0 As a father has compassion … on those who honor him Here the author compares a father’s compassion for his children to Yahweh’s compassion for those who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 14 l1y7 figs-activepassive 0 how we are formed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what our bodies are like” or “how he formed our bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 103 14 pmk4 figs-explicit 0 he knows that we are dust When Yahweh created Adam the first man he created him from dust. Alternate translation: “he remembers that he created us from dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 103 15 dwr3 figs-simile 0 As for man, his days are like grass In this simile, the length of man’s life is being compared to the short length of time that grass grows before it dies. Alternate translation: “The length of man’s life is short like that of grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 15 zx2q figs-simile 0 he flourishes like a flower in a field In this simile, how man grows over time is compared to how a flower grows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 15 p86d 0 flourishes To “flourish” is to grow well or be healthy. -PSA 103 16 pk91 figs-simile 0 The wind blows over it, and it disappears…where it once grew These phrases continue to talk about flowers and grass. They compare how flowers and grass die to how man dies. Alternate translation: “The wind blows over the flowers and grass and they disappear, and no one can tell where they once grew—it is the same way with man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 103 16 pk91 figs-simile 0 The wind blows over it, and it disappears … where it once grew These phrases continue to talk about flowers and grass. They compare how flowers and grass die to how man dies. Alternate translation: “The wind blows over the flowers and grass and they disappear, and no one can tell where they once grew—it is the same way with man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 103 17 x8ia figs-abstractnouns 0 the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh is The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 103 17 c87z figs-merism 0 is from everlasting to everlasting This means that Yahweh’s love continues forever. Alternate translation: “will continue forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 103 17 h9c9 0 their descendants “the descendants of those who honor him” @@ -3839,7 +3839,7 @@ PSA 104 4 hx2d figs-personification 0 flames of fire his servants This could me PSA 104 4 m17r figs-ellipsis 0 flames of fire his servants This can be stated with the implied information from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He makes the flames of fire his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 104 5 slc5 figs-idiom 0 He laid the foundations of the earth Here the phrase “laid the foundations” means “created.” Alternate translation: “He created the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 104 6 uvx2 figs-simile 0 You covered the earth with water like a garment Here the water that covered the earth is being compared to how a large garment is able to completely cover something. Alternate translation: “You completely covered the earth with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 104 7 cyi9 figs-parallelism 0 Your rebuke made the waters…they fled These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how God spoke and the waters went away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 104 7 cyi9 figs-parallelism 0 Your rebuke made the waters … they fled These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how God spoke and the waters went away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 104 7 xcn5 0 recede move back, go down PSA 104 7 e57p figs-personification 0 they fled Here the psalmist speaks about the waters receding as if they fled like an animal after hearing Yahweh’s voice. The word “fled” means to run away quickly. Alternate translation: “rushed away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 104 8 scr3 figs-personification 0 The mountains rose, and the valleys spread out Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the mountains and valleys to move and change as if they chose to move themselves. They are described this way to emphasize God’s power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -3893,13 +3893,13 @@ PSA 105 4 hn4w figs-idiom 0 Seek Yahweh and his strength To “seek Yahweh’s PSA 105 5 bp9g 0 Recall remember and think about PSA 105 5 d8xx figs-ellipsis 0 his miracles and The word “recall” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “recall his miracles and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 105 5 mlf1 figs-metonymy 0 the decrees from his mouth Here “mouth” refers to the things that he spoke. Alternate translation: “the decrees that he has spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 105 6 h2s3 0 you descendants of Abraham…you people of Jacob The author is speaking to the Israelites, calling them these names. +PSA 105 6 h2s3 0 you descendants of Abraham … you people of Jacob The author is speaking to the Israelites, calling them these names. PSA 105 6 qt6k 0 Abraham his servant “Abraham, Yahweh’s servant” -PSA 105 8 dsi3 figs-parallelism 0 He keeps in mind…the word that he commanded These two phrases share similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. The word “word” refers to the covenant. Alternate translation: “He keeps in mind his covenant forever, the promise he made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 105 8 dsi3 figs-parallelism 0 He keeps in mind … the word that he commanded These two phrases share similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. The word “word” refers to the covenant. Alternate translation: “He keeps in mind his covenant forever, the promise he made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 105 8 jiu4 figs-idiom 0 keeps in mind This means to remember and think about something. Alternate translation: “remembers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 105 8 myq8 translate-numbers 0 a thousand generations “1,000 generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) PSA 105 9 f63m figs-idiom 0 He calls to mind The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “he remembers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 105 9 q6jd figs-parallelism 0 the covenant that he made with Abraham…his oath to Isaac Both of these phrases “the covenant” and “the oath” refer to the same promise that Yahweh made to his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 105 9 q6jd figs-parallelism 0 the covenant that he made with Abraham … his oath to Isaac Both of these phrases “the covenant” and “the oath” refer to the same promise that Yahweh made to his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 9 xgp2 figs-ellipsis 0 his oath to Isaac The words “that he made” are undestood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “his oath that he made to Isaac” or “his oath that he gave to Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 105 12 mm4y 0 Connecting Statement: The psalmist is writing about Israel. PSA 105 12 y52u 0 when they were only few in number The word “they” refers to the Israelites. @@ -3920,7 +3920,7 @@ PSA 105 20 t5jp figs-parallelism 0 The king sent servants to release him; the r PSA 105 23 cy4l figs-explicit 0 Then Israel came into Egypt Here “Israel” refers to Jacob. Jacob also brought his family with him. Alternate translation: “Then Israel and his family came into Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 24 dy5v figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh made his people fruitful The writer speaks of the increase of Israel as if they were a plant that produced a lot of fruit. “God increased the number of his people greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 105 25 dlg8 0 to hate his people, to mistreat his servants “to hate his people and to mistreat his servants” -PSA 105 27 m86t figs-parallelism 0 They performed his signs among the Egyptians…his wonders in the land of Ham These two phrases have basically the same meaning. Alternate translation: “Moses and Aaron performed God’s miracles in Egypt among the descendants of Ham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 105 27 m86t figs-parallelism 0 They performed his signs among the Egyptians … his wonders in the land of Ham These two phrases have basically the same meaning. Alternate translation: “Moses and Aaron performed God’s miracles in Egypt among the descendants of Ham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 27 ejj7 figs-ellipsis 0 his wonders in the land of Ham The words “they performed” are understood fromt the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and they performed his wonders in the land of Ham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 105 27 sf91 figs-explicit 0 the land of Ham Ham was an ancestor of the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the land of Ham’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 28 x43u 0 made that land dark “made the sky dark” @@ -3930,9 +3930,9 @@ PSA 105 31 bg5e 0 Connecting Statement: The psalmist continues to describe Yah PSA 105 31 xv9w 0 swarms large flying groups PSA 105 31 p85g 0 gnats small flying insects like flies but smaller PSA 105 32 xxb2 0 hail ice that falls from the sky like rain -PSA 105 33 sa1j figs-metonymy 0 He destroyed…he broke God caused the hail, rain, and lightning to ruin the vines and trees. Alternate translation: “He caused it to destroy…and to break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 105 33 sa1j figs-metonymy 0 He destroyed … he broke God caused the hail, rain, and lightning to ruin the vines and trees. Alternate translation: “He caused it to destroy … and to break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 105 34 pv2a 0 so many locusts “there were so many locusts” -PSA 105 35 ytq3 figs-parallelism 0 The locusts ate up all of the vegetation…They ate up all the crops of the ground These two phrase have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The insects ate all the plants and all the crops in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 105 35 ytq3 figs-parallelism 0 The locusts ate up all of the vegetation … They ate up all the crops of the ground These two phrase have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The insects ate all the plants and all the crops in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 36 ur3w figs-parallelism 0 He killed every firstborn in their land, the firstfruits of all their strength Here the second phrase about the “firstfruits” is used to describe the “firstborn” in the first phrase. Alternate translation: “He killed every firstborn in their land, which were the firstfruits of all their strength” or “Then Yahweh killed the oldest son in every house of the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 105 37 p9rb figs-explicit 0 He brought the Israelites out with silver and gold When the Israelites left Egypt they took silver and gold with them. Alternate translation: “He brought the Isrealites out of Egypt with silver and gold in their possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 37 jug1 figs-doublenegatives 0 none of his tribes stumbled on the way No one was left behind. This can be stated positively Alternate translation: “all of his tribes was able to make the journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) @@ -3943,27 +3943,27 @@ PSA 105 40 ny85 figs-explicit 0 he brought quail It may be helpful to make clea PSA 105 40 i82g figs-explicit 0 with bread from heaven Yahweh caused manna, a type of bread, to fall from the sky. Alternate translation: “with bread that fell from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 105 41 kr8h 0 they flowed “the waters flowed” PSA 105 42 p4um figs-idiom 0 called to mind This means to remember. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 105 43 s27l figs-parallelism 0 He led his people out…his chosen with shouts of triumph These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that God’s people were joyful when he led them out of Egypt. The people were shouting joyfully. Alternate translation: “He led his chosen people out with shouts of joy and triumph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 105 43 s27l figs-parallelism 0 He led his people out … his chosen with shouts of triumph These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that God’s people were joyful when he led them out of Egypt. The people were shouting joyfully. Alternate translation: “He led his chosen people out with shouts of joy and triumph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 105 43 is64 figs-nominaladj 0 his chosen Here “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “his chosen people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 105 43 vc3k 0 shouts of triumph the sound that people make when they are shouting with joy because they have defeated their enemies PSA 105 45 x32z figs-parallelism 0 keep his statutes and obey his laws These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. “To keep” his statutes means to obey them. Alternate translation: “obey his laws and statutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 106 intro b2l3 0 # Psalm 106 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 106 is the fourth in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel’s sin
Although Israel continually sinned in the desert, God still took them to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) PSA 106 1 m751 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 106 1 n4rk figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “for he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 106 2 mp3f figs-rquestion 0 Who can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh…deeds? The author asks this question to praise God and does not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “No one can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh…deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 106 2 mp3f figs-rquestion 0 Who can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh … deeds? The author asks this question to praise God and does not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “No one can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh … deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 106 2 gxs8 0 praiseworthy deeds “deeds that are worthy of praise” PSA 106 4 hu15 figs-idiom 0 Call me to mind The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remember me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 106 5 a4xh figs-nominaladj 0 of your chosen The word “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “of your chosen people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 106 5 hyv2 figs-ellipsis 0 rejoice in the gladness…and glory These are things that David says he will do, along with “seeing the prosperity of your chosen.” The words “I will” may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice in the gladness…and I will glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +PSA 106 5 hyv2 figs-ellipsis 0 rejoice in the gladness … and glory These are things that David says he will do, along with “seeing the prosperity of your chosen.” The words “I will” may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice in the gladness … and I will glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 106 5 xr8z 0 gladness joy, delight PSA 106 5 upf7 figs-metonymy 0 glory with your inheritance Here the phrase “your inheritance” refers to the Isrealites, who are Yahweh’s chosen people. Here “glory” means “to boast about” something; in this case they are boasting about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “boast of your greatness with your people” or “boast with your people about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 7 f98d 0 did not appreciate your marvelous deeds “were not grateful for the marvelous deed you did” PSA 106 7 ba4y figs-abstractnouns 0 they ignored your many acts of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “they ignored the many things that you did because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 106 7 i9mu 0 at the sea…the Sea of Reeds These two phrases refer to the same sea. The second is the name of the sea. +PSA 106 7 i9mu 0 at the sea … the Sea of Reeds These two phrases refer to the same sea. The second is the name of the sea. PSA 106 8 gj3d 0 Nevertheless, he “Even though what I have just said is true, he” PSA 106 8 cz9e figs-metonymy 0 for his name’s sake Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “for the sake of his own reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 9 f4nv figs-simile 0 through the depths, as through a wilderness Here David compares the way that Yahweh led the Isrealites through the Sea of Reeds to the way people can be led across the dry ground of a wilderness. “The depths” refers the riverbed that appeared after Yahweh parted the waters. Alternate translation: “through the Seas of Reeds on dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 106 10 tc7g figs-parallelism 0 He saved them from the hand…and he rescued them from the hand These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh saved them from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 106 10 tc7g figs-parallelism 0 He saved them from the hand … and he rescued them from the hand These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh saved them from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 106 10 hd8l figs-metonymy 0 the hand of those who hated them Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “the power of those who hated them” or “the control of those who hated them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 11 iwb8 figs-euphemism 0 covered their adversaries This is a polite way to talk about them drowning. Alternate translation: “drowned their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 106 12 z9pl 0 Then they believed his words Here the word “they” refers to “their ancestors” and the word “his” refers to “Yahweh.” @@ -3987,7 +3987,7 @@ PSA 106 23 s6ji figs-metaphor 0 stood in the breach before him, to turn away hi PSA 106 24 rv7l 0 his promise This refers to Yahweh’s promise that he would allow them to take the land of Canaan as their possession. PSA 106 25 g1re 0 grumbled complained PSA 106 26 rxu8 0 raised his hand The word “his” refers to Yahweh. Also, it was custom to raise a hand when swearing an oath. -PSA 106 27 gk8t figs-parallelism 0 scatter their descendants…in foreign lands These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “and that he would make their descendants live in foreign lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 106 27 gk8t figs-parallelism 0 scatter their descendants … in foreign lands These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “and that he would make their descendants live in foreign lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 106 27 yf1j 0 scatter This means to disperse or spread out something. PSA 106 28 ju2m figs-activepassive 0 the sacrifices offered to the dead This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices that they offered to the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 106 28 sm42 figs-nominaladj 0 to the dead “The dead” refers to the idols and gods that the Israelites were worshiping. Alternate translation: “to gods who are dead” or “to lifeless gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) @@ -4002,7 +4002,7 @@ PSA 106 36 j9ws 0 which became a snare to them The idols became a snare to the PSA 106 38 f98r figs-euphemism 0 They shed innocent blood, the blood of their sons and of their daughters The phrase “shedding blood” is a descriptive euphemism used for “killing.” Alternate translation: “They shed innocent blood when they killed their sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PSA 106 39 dy5f figs-activepassive 0 They were defiled by their deeds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their deeds defiled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 106 39 b2u2 figs-explicit 0 in their actions they were like prostitutes Here David compares their unfaithfulness to Yahweh to the unfaithfulness of a prostitute. Alternate translation: “they were as unfaithful to Yahweh as prostitutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 106 40 ef5t 0 So Yahweh was angry with his people…he despised his own people “So Yahweh was angry with his people and despised them” +PSA 106 40 ef5t 0 So Yahweh was angry with his people … he despised his own people “So Yahweh was angry with his people and despised them” PSA 106 41 wrc9 figs-metonymy 0 He gave them into the hand of the nations Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “God allowed the nations to take control of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 106 41 ukn1 0 those who hated them “people who hated them” PSA 106 42 q1ds figs-activepassive 0 they were brought into subjection to their authority This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their enemies caused them to be subject to their authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -4010,7 +4010,7 @@ PSA 106 43 k223 figs-idiom 0 were brought low by their own sin Here the phrase PSA 106 44 mj3k 0 Nevertheless, he “Even though what I have just said is true, he.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 106:8](../106/008.md). PSA 106 44 ry5x 0 their distress “their affliction” or “their suffering” PSA 106 45 try4 figs-idiom 0 called to mind The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 106 45 fi1e 0 He…relented because of his steadfast love “He…decided that because he still loved them very much he would not punish them” +PSA 106 45 fi1e 0 He … relented because of his steadfast love “He … decided that because he still loved them very much he would not punish them” PSA 106 46 vqs1 0 their conquerers “their captors.” This refers to the Isrealites’ enemies who had taken them captive. PSA 106 46 i4vh 0 to have pity on them “to be compassionate on them” PSA 106 47 p7rh 0 General Information: Here 106:48 is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 4 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 90 and ends with Psalm 106. @@ -4023,7 +4023,7 @@ PSA 107 1 he6p figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever T PSA 107 2 p5ij figs-nominaladj 0 the redeemed of Yahweh “The redeemed” refers to the people whom Yahweh has saved. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh has saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 107 2 j8q7 figs-idiom 0 speak out This means to tell others about something. Alternate translation: “tell about what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 107 2 ftq5 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of the enemy Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 107 3 vj8x figs-merism 0 from the east…and from the south Here the four directions are given to emphasize that he gather them from everywhere. Alternate translation: “from every direction” or “from every part of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +PSA 107 3 vj8x figs-merism 0 from the east … and from the south Here the four directions are given to emphasize that he gather them from everywhere. Alternate translation: “from every direction” or “from every part of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PSA 107 3 fu7j figs-ellipsis 0 from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south This describes the places that Yahweh gather his people from. Alternate translation: “he has gathered them from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 107 4 un2c 0 They wandered “Some people wandered” PSA 107 4 hnu5 0 on a desert road “on a road that was in the desert” @@ -4036,7 +4036,7 @@ PSA 107 9 v9jj 0 For he satisfies the longings of those who are thirsty “For PSA 107 9 pk1w 0 the desires of those who are hungry he fills up with good things “to those who are very hungry and desire food, he give them good things to eat” PSA 107 10 d8zk figs-explicit 0 Some sat It is implied that these are people that Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Yahweh also rescued people who sat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 107 10 pb1i figs-doublet 0 in darkness and in gloom Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. Alternate translation: “in complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 107 11 hv2f figs-parallelism 0 they had rebelled against God’s word…rejected the instruction of the Most High These phrases have similar meanings and emphasize how much they had rebelled again God, which is why they had been imprisoned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 107 11 hv2f figs-parallelism 0 they had rebelled against God’s word … rejected the instruction of the Most High These phrases have similar meanings and emphasize how much they had rebelled again God, which is why they had been imprisoned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 107 12 n1vf figs-synecdoche 0 He humbled their hearts through hardship Here the heart represents a person, but specifically his will. Alternate translation: “He humbled them by allowing them to suffer hardship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 107 12 pw85 0 hardship This could mean: (1) “trouble” or (2) “hard labor.” PSA 107 12 rn21 figs-explicit 0 they stumbled and there was no one to help them up The word “stumbled” refers to times when these people got into very difficult situations. Alternate translation: “they got into trouble and there was no one to help them out of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -4134,7 +4134,7 @@ PSA 109 2 tj2t figs-nominaladj 0 For the wicked and deceitful The words “wick PSA 109 4 e77p 0 In return for my love “Although I loved them” PSA 109 4 p5ny 0 my love “my love for them” PSA 109 4 lek5 figs-explicit 0 they accuse me The word “they” refers to the people who are wicked and deceitful. You may need to make explicit that those who accuse the psalmist do so falsely. Alternate translation: “they accuse me falsely” or “they slander me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 109 6 p353 figs-parallelism 0 Appoint a wicked man…appoint an accuser These two phrases are parallel and the phrases “a wicked man” and “an accuser” refer to the same person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 109 6 p353 figs-parallelism 0 Appoint a wicked man … appoint an accuser These two phrases are parallel and the phrases “a wicked man” and “an accuser” refer to the same person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 109 6 axd7 0 at his right hand “at my enemy’s right hand” PSA 109 7 li65 figs-activepassive 0 When he is judged, may he be found guilty This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When he is on trial, may the judge find him guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 109 7 sfk3 figs-activepassive 0 may his prayer be considered sinful This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “consider his prayer sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -4169,7 +4169,7 @@ PSA 109 21 zbn1 0 your name’s sake “the sake of your reputation” PSA 109 21 qx2e figs-abstractnouns 0 Because your covenant faithfulness is good The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are good and are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 109 22 c385 figs-doublet 0 oppressed and needy These two words have similar meanings and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 109 22 b3t9 figs-metaphor 0 my heart is wounded within me Here David speaks of being in great despair as his heart being wounded. Alternate translation: “I am full of grief and despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 109 23 gx1w figs-metaphor 0 I am fading away like the shadow…like a locust David feels like he is going to die soon and describes this feeling by comparing himself to a fading shadow and to how the wind blows away locust. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am about to die, like an evening shadow that will soon disappear, like a locust is easily blown away by the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 109 23 gx1w figs-metaphor 0 I am fading away like the shadow … like a locust David feels like he is going to die soon and describes this feeling by comparing himself to a fading shadow and to how the wind blows away locust. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am about to die, like an evening shadow that will soon disappear, like a locust is easily blown away by the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 109 24 b9m1 figs-explicit 0 My knees are weak This means that he is weak and it is difficult for him to stand. Alternate translation: “I have difficulty standing” or “My body is weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 109 24 v9cy 0 from fasting “because I am not eating any food” PSA 109 24 i7xf figs-idiom 0 I am turning to skin and bones This means that he has lost a lot of weight. Alternate translation: “my body has become very thin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -4181,7 +4181,7 @@ PSA 109 27 j58d 0 have done this “have saved me” PSA 109 28 acp8 0 Though they curse me The word “they” refers to the people who accuse David and say bad things about him. PSA 109 28 ryv7 figs-activepassive 0 may they be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may they be ashamed” or “let them be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 109 28 u9an 0 but may your servant rejoice “but may I, your servant, rejoice” or “I am your servant, let me rejoice.” David uses the phrase “your servant” to refer to himself. -PSA 109 29 mfp7 figs-parallelism 0 May my adversaries be clothed…may they wear These two phrase have them same meaning and are used together for emphasize how greatly he wishes for them to be ashamed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 109 29 mfp7 figs-parallelism 0 May my adversaries be clothed … may they wear These two phrase have them same meaning and are used together for emphasize how greatly he wishes for them to be ashamed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 109 29 qa66 figs-metaphor 0 be clothed with shame Here David speaks of them being ashamed as if were clothing they wore. Alternate translation: “be very ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 109 29 xhb9 figs-simile 0 may they wear their shame like a robe David speaks of them being ashamed as if it were a robe that they wore. Alternate translation: “may their shame cover them just like their robe is wrapped around them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 109 30 d8ig figs-idiom 0 With my mouth I give This means that he will speak. Alternate translation: “I will speak and give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -4195,7 +4195,7 @@ PSA 110 2 pjk3 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh will hold out the scepter of your strengt PSA 110 2 s6mj 0 rule among your enemies “King, rule among your enemies.” This is spoken to the king as a command. PSA 110 3 v9sn 0 of their own free will “by their own choice.” This means that they will chose to follow the king. PSA 110 3 m1bp figs-explicit 0 on the day of your power This refers to the day that the king will lead his armies into battle. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “on the day that you lead your armies into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 110 3 nr17 figs-personification 0 from the womb of the dawn…like the dew David describes the dew as a baby to whom the dawn gives birth. Alternate translation: “in the morning…like the dew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +PSA 110 3 nr17 figs-personification 0 from the womb of the dawn … like the dew David describes the dew as a baby to whom the dawn gives birth. Alternate translation: “in the morning … like the dew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 110 3 t8fr figs-metaphor 0 from the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew David is telling the king that he will have youthful strength each morning by comparing it to how the dew appears early each morning. Alternate translation: “each morning you will be filled with youthful strength to sustain you just like each morning the dew appears to water and sustain the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 110 4 ng77 0 You are Yahweh is speaking to the lord, the one David calls “my master” in [Psalms 110:1](../110/001.md). PSA 110 4 c4te figs-explicit 0 will not change This means that he will not change what he has said. Alternate translation: “will not change his mind” or “will not change what he has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -4257,8 +4257,8 @@ PSA 113 4 s2f9 figs-metaphor 0 his glory reaches above the skies The glory of G PSA 113 5 wih3 figs-rquestion 0 Who is like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high This is the first part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 113 5 q76s 0 who has his seat on high “who is enthroned on high” or “who rules in the highest position” PSA 113 6 ig92 figs-rquestion 0 who looks down at the sky and at the earth This is the second part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement that begins a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who looks down at the sky and at the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 113 7 d8bp figs-parallelism 0 He raises up the poor…from the ash heap These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of Yahweh helping and honoring people who are poor as if Yahweh caused them to stand up from sitting in dirt and ashes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 113 7 rib6 translate-symaction 0 out of the dirt…from the ash heap Sitting in dirt and ashes represents either poverty or despair. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +PSA 113 7 d8bp figs-parallelism 0 He raises up the poor … from the ash heap These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of Yahweh helping and honoring people who are poor as if Yahweh caused them to stand up from sitting in dirt and ashes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 113 7 rib6 translate-symaction 0 out of the dirt … from the ash heap Sitting in dirt and ashes represents either poverty or despair. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PSA 113 8 ztn3 figs-parallelism 0 so that he may seat him with princes, with the princes of his people Here the second phrase clarifies that the first phrase refers to the princes of Yahweh’s people. These two statements can be combined. Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh may seat him next to rulers of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 113 9 c3e3 figs-metonymy 0 He gives a home to the barren woman of the house Here “home” refers to the children that live in a home. Alternate translation: “He gives children to the woman who had none” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 114 intro vu9f 0 # Psalm 114 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 114 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles in bringing the people of Israel to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
The psalmist praised God for opening up the Red Sea for the people to cross, for providing the earthquake that stopped the Jordan River so the people could cross and providing water from a rock for the people to drink. @@ -4270,7 +4270,7 @@ PSA 114 3 pq6x figs-personification 0 The sea looked and fled The writer speaks PSA 114 3 wht9 figs-personification 0 the Jordan turned back The writer speaks of the Jordan River as if it were a person who retreated as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “it was as though the Jordan retreated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 114 4 hr5q figs-personification 0 The mountains skipped like rams, the hills skipped like lambs The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. Alternate translation: “It was as if the mountains shook like jumping rams and the hills shook like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 114 5 a5rh figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Verses 5-6 contain four rhetorical questions. The expected answer to each question is found in verse 7, “because of the presence of the Lord.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 114 6 m256 figs-personification 0 skip like rams…skip like lambs The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. See how you translated similar phrases in [Psalms 114:4](./004.md). Alternate translation: “shake like jumping rams…shake like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 114 6 m256 figs-personification 0 skip like rams … skip like lambs The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. See how you translated similar phrases in [Psalms 114:4](./004.md). Alternate translation: “shake like jumping rams … shake like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 114 7 xi33 figs-parallelism 0 Tremble, earth, before the Lord, at the presence of the God of Jacob The last two phrases are parallel. The verb may be supplied in the second line. Alternate translation: “Tremble, earth, before the Lord, tremble at the presence of the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 114 7 k6tn figs-personification 0 Tremble, earth This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking to the earth as if it were a person and commands it to tremble with fear before God or (2) the word “earth” is a metonym for those who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “Tremble, everyone one earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 114 8 u6n5 figs-parallelism 0 He turned the rock into a pool of water, the hard rock into a spring of water These two phrases are parallel. The writer describes Yahweh causing water to flow from the rock as if he turned the rock into water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -4325,7 +4325,7 @@ PSA 116 10 v8l2 figs-activepassive 0 I am greatly afflicted This can be stated PSA 116 11 i5hw 0 In my confusion I said “I said too quickly” or “I said without considering” PSA 116 11 m4td 0 All men are liars “Every person is a liar” or “All people are liars” PSA 116 12 e1wh 0 General Information: The person who made this song continues to speak. -PSA 116 12 vxb4 figs-rquestion 0 How can I repay Yahweh…to me? The writer asks this leading question to introduce how he will respond to what Yahweh has done for him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how I will repay Yahweh…to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PSA 116 12 vxb4 figs-rquestion 0 How can I repay Yahweh … to me? The writer asks this leading question to introduce how he will respond to what Yahweh has done for him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how I will repay Yahweh … to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PSA 116 13 s8vs figs-explicit 0 I will raise the cup of salvation This is probably a reference to a drink offering, which was a sacrifice that involved pouring wine on the altar, and which the writer will offer in response to Yahweh saving him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will present a drink offering to Yahweh because he saved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PSA 116 13 fa8n figs-metonymy 0 call on the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 116 15 brj4 figs-explicit 0 Precious in the sight of Yahweh is the death of his faithful ones The word “Precious” here does not imply that Yahweh values the death of his saints, but that the death of his saints is costly to him and grieves him. Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh considers the death of his saints to be a costly thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -4335,7 +4335,7 @@ PSA 116 16 r6jc figs-metaphor 0 you have taken away my bonds The writer speaks PSA 116 17 nqi1 0 the sacrifice of thanksgiving “a sacrifice to express my thankfulness” PSA 116 17 qr1l figs-metonymy 0 will call on the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “will call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 116 18 tj19 0 General Information: The person who made this song continues to speak. -PSA 116 18 ttr5 0 I will fulfill…all his people See how you translated [Psalms 116:14](../116/014.md). +PSA 116 18 ttr5 0 I will fulfill … all his people See how you translated [Psalms 116:14](../116/014.md). PSA 116 19 u16b figs-metonymy 0 in the courts of Yahweh’s house The word “house” refers to Yahweh’s temple. Alternate translation: “in the courtyards of Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 116 19 hv6v figs-personification 0 in your midst, Jerusalem The writer speaks to Jerusalem as though it were a person. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 117 intro kfu1 0 # Psalm 117 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 117 is a psalm of praise.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
Everyone should praise God for his love and unending faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) @@ -4411,7 +4411,7 @@ PSA 119 10 h5t8 figs-idiom 0 With my whole heart This is an idiom. The heart re PSA 119 10 kqg2 figs-metaphor 0 Do not let me stray from your commandments Here to disobey God’s commandments is described as straying off a path. Alternate translation: “Do not let me disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 11 f3ke figs-metaphor 0 I have stored up your word in my heart “I have put your words in my heart.” This is a metaphor that means “I have memorized your word.” The heart is pictured as a container that can hold what people think. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 119 14 ktv7 0 more than in all riches “more than all the wealth” -PSA 119 15 e5hd figs-parallelism 0 I will meditate…and pay attention These are parallel thoughts that have similar meanings, which are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 119 15 e5hd figs-parallelism 0 I will meditate … and pay attention These are parallel thoughts that have similar meanings, which are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 119 15 v9ru 0 meditate on your instructions “think carefully about what you have instructed us” PSA 119 15 rb5a figs-idiom 0 pay attention This idiom refers to thinking clearly about what is being discussed. Alternate translation: “give careful thought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 119 16 il7r 0 I delight to take pleasure @@ -4594,7 +4594,7 @@ PSA 119 138 hus8 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies PSA 119 139 z79n figs-idiom 0 Anger has destroyed me This is an idiom. The phrase is an exaggeration for “I am extremely angry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PSA 119 140 r9cv figs-activepassive 0 has been tested very much This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have tested your word many times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 119 140 q5x5 figs-pronouns 0 your servant loves The writer speaks of himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “I, your servant, love” or “I love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -PSA 119 141 x2xe figs-activepassive 0 I am…despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People despise me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PSA 119 141 x2xe figs-activepassive 0 I am … despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People despise me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PSA 119 143 q6qq figs-personification 0 distress and anguish have found me The psalmist speaks of distress and anguish as if they were people. Alternate translation: “I have become distressed and anguished” or “my body and my mind are suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 119 145 fux2 figs-synecdoche 0 with my whole heart The psalmist speaks of his whole being as if it were only his heart. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 119 146 g5gk 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.”See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). @@ -4678,8 +4678,8 @@ PSA 122 4 xbf5 figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh Here “name” refers to Yah PSA 122 5 xk6c figs-metonymy 0 the house of David Here “house” refers to the descendants of David. Alternate translation: “the descendants of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 122 6 q9u2 figs-apostrophe 0 May those who love you have peace This section states the content of the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 122 7 qxx3 figs-apostrophe 0 This verse finishes the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 122 7 exb9 figs-parallelism 0 May there be peace within…may they have peace within These two phrases have the same meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “May the people in Jerusalem live in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 122 7 d4tc figs-synecdoche 0 within the walls that defend you…within your fortresses Here Jerusalem is referred to by the fortress walls that protects it. The terms “walls” and “fortress” refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “within Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 122 7 exb9 figs-parallelism 0 May there be peace within … may they have peace within These two phrases have the same meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “May the people in Jerusalem live in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 122 7 d4tc figs-synecdoche 0 within the walls that defend you … within your fortresses Here Jerusalem is referred to by the fortress walls that protects it. The terms “walls” and “fortress” refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “within Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 122 8 hz78 figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: In this section, the writer speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 122 8 i3zr 0 For the sake “For the well-being” PSA 122 8 b3mx 0 May there be peace within you “May the people in you live in peace” @@ -4688,15 +4688,15 @@ PSA 123 intro vet5 0 # Psalm 123 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psa PSA 123 1 iym8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 123 1 ja7b figs-metonymy 0 I lift up my eyes Here the author refers to his eyes because that is the part of the body used for seeing. Alternate translation: “I look to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 123 1 kx53 0 enthroned sitting on a throne and ruling as king -PSA 123 2 kyd5 figs-parallelism 0 as the eyes of servants…as the eyes of a maid…so our eyes look These three phrases have similar meanings. The third phrase, about the Israelites, is being compared to how the servants and maids look to their masters and mistresses for help. In each case “eyes” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 123 2 xe43 figs-metonymy 0 master’s hand…mistress’s hand Here “hand” refers to the provision for needs. Alternate translation: “master’s provision…mistress’s provision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 123 2 kyd5 figs-parallelism 0 as the eyes of servants … as the eyes of a maid … so our eyes look These three phrases have similar meanings. The third phrase, about the Israelites, is being compared to how the servants and maids look to their masters and mistresses for help. In each case “eyes” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PSA 123 2 xe43 figs-metonymy 0 master’s hand … mistress’s hand Here “hand” refers to the provision for needs. Alternate translation: “master’s provision … mistress’s provision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 123 2 av8s 0 maid servant girl PSA 123 2 cs6v 0 mistress woman who has authority over servant girls PSA 123 2 kj4j figs-abstractnouns 0 has mercy on us The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 123 3 e5sh figs-abstractnouns 0 Have mercy on us The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as an action. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 123:2](../123/002.md). Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PSA 123 3 rn1x figs-metaphor 0 we are filled with humiliation Here humiliation is spoken of as if it were something that could be fill up a person. “we are very disgraced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 123 4 h3h7 figs-idiom 0 We are more than full This idiom means that the amount is excessive, in a negative sense. Alternate translation: “We have had too much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 123 4 fq81 figs-parallelism 0 of the scoffing…and with the contempt There two phrases have very similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how much they have been mocked by the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 123 4 fq81 figs-parallelism 0 of the scoffing … and with the contempt There two phrases have very similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how much they have been mocked by the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 123 4 xq36 0 scoffing “mocking” or “insults” PSA 123 4 gp8j figs-nominaladj 0 the insolent This refers to the insolent people. Alternate translation: “rude and arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PSA 123 4 ugx5 figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This refers to the proud people. Alternate translation: “the people who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) @@ -4763,7 +4763,7 @@ PSA 129 3 nq4f figs-metaphor 0 they made their furrows long This is a continuat PSA 129 4 yzu9 figs-metaphor 0 he has cut the ropes of the wicked Israel is spoken of as being bound by evil people. Alternate translation: “he has freed us from our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 129 5 z781 figs-activepassive 0 May they all be put to shame and turned back Yahweh is not explicitly mentioned as the one who does these things. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame them and defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PSA 129 6 s2gl figs-simile 0 May they be like the grass on the housetops that withers before it grows up The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. Alternate translation: “May they die and may there be few of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 129 7 s57h figs-simile 0 that cannot fill…together These words finish the simile that begins in ([Psalms 129:6](../129/006.md)). The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. “May they be like the grass, which cannot fill…together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 129 7 s57h figs-simile 0 that cannot fill … together These words finish the simile that begins in ([Psalms 129:6](../129/006.md)). The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. “May they be like the grass, which cannot fill … together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 129 8 pu7b 0 the blessing of Yahweh be on you “Yahweh bless you” PSA 130 intro c2ly 0 # Psalm 130 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 130 is a psalm of praise that God forgives sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Forgive
God forgives sin and helps the sinner. So Israel should trust in God for his forgiveness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) PSA 130 1 f4r9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -4774,7 +4774,7 @@ PSA 130 3 fu8l figs-rquestion 0 who could stand? The speaker uses this question PSA 130 3 l8mj figs-metonymy 0 who could stand “Stand” often represents escaping or surviving when someone attacks. In this case, it would be to escape from being punished. Alternate translation: “no one could escape from your punishment” or “no one could survive your punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 130 6 lj6l figs-synecdoche 0 My soul “My soul” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 130 6 yb89 figs-metonymy 0 My soul waits The psalmist is spoken of as if he were waiting on something with expectation. Alternate translation: “I hope” or “I trust” or “I desire for something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 130 6 ge7s figs-simile 0 My soul waits…more than watchmen wait for the morning The psalmist speaks of his desire for the Lord to help him as being greater than the desire that those who work all night have for the morning to come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 130 6 ge7s figs-simile 0 My soul waits … more than watchmen wait for the morning The psalmist speaks of his desire for the Lord to help him as being greater than the desire that those who work all night have for the morning to come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PSA 130 6 cx47 0 watchmen These are men who guard towns or fields against enemies or robbers. Here it refers to men who have to stay awake at night doing this. PSA 130 7 ua2z figs-metaphor 0 Israel, hope in Yahweh The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel, hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 130 8 i64f figs-metaphor 0 who will redeem Israel from all his sins The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “who will redeem the people of Israel from all their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -4810,7 +4810,7 @@ PSA 132 11 l5l7 figs-metaphor 0 I will place one of your descendants on your th PSA 132 12 ir7p figs-metaphor 0 sit on your throne Ruling as king is spoken of as sitting on the throne. Alternate translation: “rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 132 12 ht92 figs-synecdoche 0 your sons Here “your sons” represents the descendants of David that would become king. Alternate translation: “your descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 132 13 ym8p figs-pronouns 0 General Information: “He”, “my” and “I” refer to Yahweh and “her” refers to Zion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -PSA 132 13 kw5c figs-personification 0 Zion…her The author writes as though the city of Zion were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +PSA 132 13 kw5c figs-personification 0 Zion … her The author writes as though the city of Zion were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 132 13 wvs3 figs-metonymy 0 he has desired her for his seat “Yahweh has desired Zion for Yahweh’s seat.” Here “seat” represents either (1) his throne where he would rule, or (2) the place where he would stay. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 132 14 t9p9 figs-personification 0 her The author writes as though the city of Zion ([Psalms 132:13](../132/013.md)) were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 132 14 y9cs figs-metaphor 0 my resting place The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where I stay” or “my tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -4850,7 +4850,7 @@ PSA 135 7 g3hj figs-metaphor 0 bringing the wind out of his storehouse A storeh PSA 135 9 pln1 figs-doublet 0 signs and wonders These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to the miraculous troubles that God had caused in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 135 9 jjz5 figs-apostrophe 0 into your midst, Egypt The psalmist speaks as if the people of Egypt were listening to him. Alternate translation: “among you people of Egypt” or “among the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) PSA 135 9 eb2x 0 against Pharaoh “to punish Pharaoh” -PSA 135 11 tnk3 translate-names 0 Sihon…Og These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PSA 135 11 tnk3 translate-names 0 Sihon … Og These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PSA 135 12 xu2g figs-metaphor 0 He gave us their land as an inheritance God’s gift of the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if it were inheritance from father to son. Alternate translation: “He gave us their land to have forever” or “He gave us their land to be ours forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 135 13 z179 figs-metonymy 0 Your name His name here represents his fame or reputation. Alternate translation: “Your fame” or “Your reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 135 18 wi2e figs-simile 0 Those who make them are like them Being ignorant and powerless is spoken of as being like idols, which cannot speak, see, hear, or breathe. Alternate translation: “Those who make them are stupid and powerless like their idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -4881,7 +4881,7 @@ PSA 136 26 vqb3 0 the God of heaven “the God who lives in heaven” or “th PSA 137 intro syg4 0 # Psalm 137 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 137 is a psalm of mourning and vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Songs of Zion
The captives are told to sing songs of Zion there in Babylon but they felt too unhappy to want to sing. The army from Babylon was cruel when it destroyed Jerusalem and the people of Edom encouraged them to destroy Jerusalem. They prayed that God will be cruel to the people of Edom and Babylon. PSA 137 1 g7si writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 137 1 kt8v 0 By the rivers of Babylon “Next to one of the rivers near Babylon” -PSA 137 1 rih5 figs-exclusive 0 we sat…wept…we thought The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +PSA 137 1 rih5 figs-exclusive 0 we sat … wept … we thought The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 137 2 j2py figs-exclusive 0 we hung The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PSA 137 2 xl9e figs-metonymy 0 On the poplars there Poplar trees do not grow in Israel. “Poplars” may here stand for all the trees in Babylon. Alternate translation: “On the trees in Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 137 3 sad7 0 our captors required songs from us “our captors required us to sing” @@ -4958,7 +4958,7 @@ PSA 140 1 gc5w 0 For the chief musician This is for the director of music to u PSA 140 2 luc4 0 they cause battles Here “battles” probably refers to conflict of any kind, including quarrels. PSA 140 3 pz2s figs-metaphor 0 Their tongues wound like serpents People who cause conflict by what they say are spoken of as if they had tongues of serpents. Of course, snakes do not do damage with their tongues, but with their bites and especially with poison. Neither can a person make his tongue sharp. Instead, here the idea of a sharp tongue stands for speaking in a way to cause trouble. And the idea the snakes have sharp tongues stands for the fact that many of them have poison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 140 4 b8fg figs-metaphor 0 the hands of the wicked That is, the power of the wicked (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 140 5 fa3u figs-metaphor 0 have set a trap…have spread a net…have set a snare The exact kinds of traps are less important than the idea that wicked and proud people are planning to make trouble for the psalmist. If your readers do not know much about different ways of trapping, you may need to reduce this to one line. Alternate translation: “have set a trap to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 140 5 fa3u figs-metaphor 0 have set a trap … have spread a net … have set a snare The exact kinds of traps are less important than the idea that wicked and proud people are planning to make trouble for the psalmist. If your readers do not know much about different ways of trapping, you may need to reduce this to one line. Alternate translation: “have set a trap to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 140 6 w5qu figs-metonymy 0 listen to my cries This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 140 7 c56x figs-synecdoche 0 you shield my head in the day of battle A person’s head is in great danger during battle. Protecting the person’s head represents protecting the whole person. Alternate translation: “you protect me when I go to war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 140 7 pz1z figs-metaphor 0 battle Here “battle” probably stands for any kind of severe trouble (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -5001,16 +5001,16 @@ PSA 141 8 cjd2 figs-synecdoche 0 my eyes are on you The eyes are a synecdoche f PSA 141 8 wm6m figs-metaphor 0 in you I take refuge “I am asking you to protect me” See how “take refuge” is translated in [Psalms 118:9](../118/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 141 8 wls6 figs-synecdoche 0 my soul The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 141 9 q9db figs-metaphor 0 the snares that they have laid for me The psalmist speaks of deceiving a good man so the good man will sin or so that the evil people can defeat him as if it were laying a trap for an animal. The word “snares” is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 141 9 y879 0 snares…traps Bible experts disagree on the exact meanings of these words. It would be best either to translate one of them with the word for a net or cage that contains the prey and the other as a rope or vine that catches the prey by the leg or neck or to translate both with the general word for “traps.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 140:5](../140/005.md). +PSA 141 9 y879 0 snares … traps Bible experts disagree on the exact meanings of these words. It would be best either to translate one of them with the word for a net or cage that contains the prey and the other as a rope or vine that catches the prey by the leg or neck or to translate both with the general word for “traps.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 140:5](../140/005.md). PSA 141 9 g9xn figs-ellipsis 0 from the traps of evildoers The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “and protect me from the traps that those who do evil have set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 141 10 zb2q 0 Let the wicked fall into their own nets The psalmist speaks of evil people deceiving good people as if hunters were trapping animals. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked fall into the net traps they have made to trap other people” or “Let the bad things the wicked planned for the righteous happen to the wicked instead” PSA 142 intro psy6 0 # Psalm 142 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 142 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
The psalmist is alone, and has many enemies surrounding him. Despite this, Yahweh will help him. Then, good people will join the author. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) PSA 142 1 j93h writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 142 1 p2w2 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). PSA 142 1 bue5 0 cave open place under the earth large enough for people to walk around in -PSA 142 1 e46x figs-doublet 0 I cry out for help to Yahweh…I plead for Yahweh’s favor If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 142 1 e46x figs-doublet 0 I cry out for help to Yahweh … I plead for Yahweh’s favor If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 142 1 gl9i 0 with my voice “using my voice” - -PSA 142 2 e15u figs-doublet 0 pour out my lament before him…I tell him my troubles If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 142 2 e15u figs-doublet 0 pour out my lament before him … I tell him my troubles If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PSA 142 2 ay1f figs-metaphor 0 pour out my lament before him The psalmist speaks of telling Yahweh why he is sad as if he were pouring all of a liquid out of a container. Alternate translation: “I tell him all about why I am sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 142 2 vh7u 0 tell him my troubles “tell him about everything that makes me worry” PSA 142 3 aks7 0 my spirit is weak within me “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged” @@ -5063,24 +5063,24 @@ PSA 144 1 kh8j writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in H PSA 144 1 lg69 figs-metaphor 0 my rock This could mean: (1) “the one who keeps me safe” or (2) “the one who gives me strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 1 r6cj figs-synecdoche 0 who trains my hands for war and my fingers for battle The words “hands” and “fingers” are synecdoches for “me.” If “war” and “battle” are the same word in your language, you can translate this as one line. Alternate translation: “who trains me for war and trains me for battle” or “who trains me for war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PSA 144 2 k7jc figs-abstractnouns 0 my covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with anadverb. This could mean: (1) “the one who faithfully loves me” or (2) “the one who faithfully protects me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 144 2 bpc6 figs-metaphor 0 my fortress…take refuge The psalmist uses many metaphors to emphasize that Yahweh will protect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 144 2 bpc6 figs-metaphor 0 my fortress … take refuge The psalmist uses many metaphors to emphasize that Yahweh will protect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 2 naw2 figs-metaphor 0 my high tower David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a fortress that protects him from attack. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 2 v4eq figs-metaphor 0 my shield David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield that protects a soldier. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 2 ig17 figs-metaphor 0 the one in whom I take refuge Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I go so he will protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 2 qyp9 0 the one who subdues nations under me “the one who enables me to defeat other nations” PSA 144 3 la8b figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, what is man that you take notice of him or the son of man that you think about him? These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Man is so small compared to everything else you have made that I am surprised that you take notice of man and that you think about the son of man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 144 3 e6zt figs-doublet 0 man…son of man two words for human beings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 144 4 hu1p figs-simile 0 like a breath…like a passing shadow The writer compares humans to these thing to emphasize how short their lives are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 144 5 cp6t 0 Cause…come down…touch…make These words should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. +PSA 144 3 e6zt figs-doublet 0 man … son of man two words for human beings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +PSA 144 4 hu1p figs-simile 0 like a breath … like a passing shadow The writer compares humans to these thing to emphasize how short their lives are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PSA 144 5 cp6t 0 Cause … come down … touch … make These words should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. PSA 144 5 as4e 0 Cause the sky to sink This could mean: (1) tear the sky open or (2) bend the heavens like a tree branch bends when someone walks on it or as one bends a bow before shooting arrows. -PSA 144 6 jip6 0 Send…scatter…shoot…drive These should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. +PSA 144 6 jip6 0 Send … scatter … shoot … drive These should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. PSA 144 6 ye36 0 in confusion “so they do not know what to think or what to do” PSA 144 7 w63l figs-metaphor 0 Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters David speaks as if God were on land above a flood and had physical hands with which he could pull David out of a flood. The flood is a metaphor for the troubles caused by the “foreigners.” Alternate translation: “You who are able to act, help me overcome my troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 7 a8fn figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of foreigners Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 144 8 i188 figs-synecdoche 0 Their mouths speak lies Here the word “mouths” represent the people who speak. Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 144 8 f1nz figs-metaphor 0 their right hand is falsehood This could mean: (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 144 9 wz6d 0 new song This could mean: (1) “a song no one has ever sung before” or (2) “a song I have never sung before.” -PSA 144 10 rad1 0 who give…kings, who rescued You may end a sentence at the end of [Psalms 144:9](../144/009.md) and start a new sentence here. “you. It is you who give…kings. It is you who rescued” +PSA 144 10 rad1 0 who give … kings, who rescued You may end a sentence at the end of [Psalms 144:9](../144/009.md) and start a new sentence here. “you. It is you who give … kings. It is you who rescued” PSA 144 10 t9g4 0 David your servant David speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “me, David, your servant” PSA 144 10 r919 figs-metonymy 0 from an evil sword David speaks of evil people as if they were the swords they use as weapons. Alternate translation: “from evil people who were trying to kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 144 11 a7t7 0 Rescue me and free me “Please rescue me and free me” @@ -5106,7 +5106,7 @@ PSA 145 8 jqk7 figs-metaphor 0 abounding in covenant faithfulness The psalmist PSA 145 9 k61r 0 his tender mercies are over all his works “people can see him showing mercy in everything he does” PSA 145 10 v1rj 0 All you have made will give thanks “All the people you have made will give thanks” or “It will be as if everything you have made will give you thanks” PSA 145 13 yys6 0 endures throughout all generations “remains forever” -PSA 145 14 f2te figs-metaphor 0 supports all who are falling…raises up all those who are bent over The psalmist speaks of Yahweh encouraging people as if he were helping people who were physically weak. You may need to translate both lines using only one line. AT “encourages those who are discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 145 14 f2te figs-metaphor 0 supports all who are falling … raises up all those who are bent over The psalmist speaks of Yahweh encouraging people as if he were helping people who were physically weak. You may need to translate both lines using only one line. AT “encourages those who are discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 145 15 w41b figs-synecdoche 0 The eyes of all wait Here the word “eyes” represents those who watch and wait for Yahweh to act. Alternate translation: “Everyone watches and waits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 145 16 xft8 0 You open your hand “You generously provide” PSA 145 16 b2bx 0 satisfy the desire of every living thing “you give everyone more than they need and as much as they want” @@ -5152,9 +5152,9 @@ PSA 147 9 hrg8 0 when they cry “whey they chirp” or “when they call” PSA 147 10 ih2w 0 He finds no delight in the strength of a horse “Strong horses do not delight him” PSA 147 10 vg8p figs-metonymy 0 the strong legs of a man This could mean: (1) “strong legs” is a metonym that represents how swiftly a man can run. Alternate translation: “men who can run swiftly” or (2) “strong legs” represents the strength of the whole man. Alternate translation: “how strong a man is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PSA 147 11 fe9n figs-abstractnouns 0 who hope in his covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with and adjective. Alternate translation: “who trust him because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 147 12 c1ra figs-personification 0 Jerusalem…Zion The writer speaks to Jerusalem, which he also calls Zion, as if it were a person. The names of the city are metonyms for the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “people of Jerusalem…people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PSA 147 12 c1ra figs-personification 0 Jerusalem … Zion The writer speaks to Jerusalem, which he also calls Zion, as if it were a person. The names of the city are metonyms for the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “people of Jerusalem … people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PSA 147 13 v5j1 figs-synecdoche 0 For he strengthens the bars of your gates The phrase “the bars of your gates” represent the city as a whole. Yahweh will make Jerusalem secure from enemy invasion. Alternate translation: “For he protects Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 147 13 kjw5 figs-metaphor 0 he blesses…among you The writer speaks of those who live in Jerusalem as if they were Jerusalem’s children. Alternate translation: “he blesses those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PSA 147 13 kjw5 figs-metaphor 0 he blesses … among you The writer speaks of those who live in Jerusalem as if they were Jerusalem’s children. Alternate translation: “he blesses those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PSA 147 14 jv5d 0 He brings prosperity “He brings peace.” This could mean: (1) Yahweh causes the people who live in Jerusalem to prosper materially and financially or (2) the word translated as “prosperity” means “peace” and Yahweh keeps Jerusalem safe from enemy attack. PSA 147 15 a37s figs-personification 0 his command runs very swiftly The writer describes God’s command as if it were a messenger that moves quickly to deliver God’s message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 147 16 c1ee figs-simile 0 He makes the snow like wool, he scatters the frost like ashes These emphasize how easy it is for him to do these things. He covers the ground with snow as easily as a person covers something with a wool blanket. And, he removes the frost as easily as the wind blows ashes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -5169,7 +5169,7 @@ PSA 147 19 c558 figs-doublet 0 his statutes and his righteous decrees The words PSA 147 20 s9ly 0 they do not know them The other nations do not know Yahweh’s decrees. PSA 148 intro ug77 0 # Psalm 148 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 148 is a worship psalm. It is the fifth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
All creation, including humans, should praise God for his greatness. PSA 148 1 hy45 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 148 1 y3gp figs-parallelism 0 Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens…you in the heights “Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens…you in the sky.” These two lines are parallel, with phrase “the heights” meaning the same thing as “the heavens” in the previous line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PSA 148 1 y3gp figs-parallelism 0 Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens … you in the heights “Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens … you in the sky.” These two lines are parallel, with phrase “the heights” meaning the same thing as “the heavens” in the previous line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PSA 148 3 ri28 figs-personification 0 Praise him, sun and moon The writer speaks to the sun and moon as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, sun and moon, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 148 3 qw9e figs-personification 0 praise him, all you shining stars The writer speaks to the shining stars as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, shining stars, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PSA 148 4 ek5l figs-personification 0 Praise him, highest heaven The phrase “highest heaven” is an idiom that refers to heaven itself. The writer speaks to heaven as if it were a person and commands it to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, highest heaven, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) diff --git a/en_tn_20-PRO.tsv b/en_tn_20-PRO.tsv index 240e04d29..28fad4b73 100644 --- a/en_tn_20-PRO.tsv +++ b/en_tn_20-PRO.tsv @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ PRO 1 11 f89h figs-hypo 0 If they say Here the speaker gives an example of what PRO 1 11 nvn9 0 lie in wait “hide and wait for the right time” PRO 1 12 b8bq 0 General Information: Verses 12-14 end the imagined statement of the sinners who are trying to entice others to sin. PRO 1 12 w4w6 figs-metaphor 0 Let us swallow them up alive, like Sheol takes away those who are healthy The sinners speak of murdering innocent people as if they were Sheol and they would take a living and healthy person down to the place where dead people go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 12 jg5z figs-personification 0 Let us swallow…like Sheol takes away This speaks of the grave as if it were a person that swallows humans and takes them down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +PRO 1 12 jg5z figs-personification 0 Let us swallow … like Sheol takes away This speaks of the grave as if it were a person that swallows humans and takes them down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PRO 1 12 kea4 0 like Sheol takes away those who are healthy The wicked expect to destroy their victims in the same way Sheol, the place of the dead, takes away even healthy people. PRO 1 12 ayt4 0 make them like those who fall into the pit This could mean: (1) this refers to travelers who fall into a deep hole where no one will ever find them or (2) here “pit” is another word that means Sheol or the place where dead people go. PRO 1 14 x2p6 figs-idiom 0 Throw in your lot with us This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Join us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ PRO 1 24 i835 figs-idiom 0 I reached out with my hand This phrase is an idiom t PRO 1 26 y4fk 0 General Information: Wisdom continues to speak, describing what happens to those who ignore her. PRO 1 26 r8lx grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 I will laugh This can be stated with the word “therefore” to show that the woman wisdom laughs at them because they ignored her. Alternate translation: “Therefore I will laugh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) PRO 1 26 p97h 0 at your calamity “when bad things happen to you” -PRO 1 27 kd9m figs-simile 0 when your fearful dread comes like a storm…like a whirlwind…come upon you Terrible things happening to the people is compared to a storm hitting them and causing fear and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PRO 1 27 kd9m figs-simile 0 when your fearful dread comes like a storm … like a whirlwind … come upon you Terrible things happening to the people is compared to a storm hitting them and causing fear and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PRO 1 27 uy59 0 whirlwind a very strong wind storm that causes damage PRO 1 28 m9t9 figs-personification 0 Wisdom continues speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PRO 1 28 g5w7 0 Then they will call upon me “Then those who ignored me will cry out to me for help” @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ PRO 2 2 gme3 figs-metonymy 0 incline your heart to understanding Here “heart PRO 2 3 j5n7 figs-parallelism 0 If you cry out for understanding and raise your voice for it Both of these phrases have the same meaning. It is implied that the person is strongly asking Yahweh for understanding. Alternate translation: “If you urgently ask God and plead for understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PRO 2 3 q192 figs-idiom 0 raise your voice This is an idiom that means to speak loudly or to shout. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PRO 2 4 ci1k figs-parallelism 0 if you seek it like you would seek silver and search for understanding as you would seek hidden treasures Both phrases have the same meaning. These similes emphasize the great effort a person should make to understand what is wise. Alternate translation: “if you seek understanding with as much effort as you search for a valuable object” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 2 4 ll3n figs-metaphor 0 you seek it…search for understanding Trying very hard to understand what is wise is spoken of as if understanding were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 2 4 ll3n figs-metaphor 0 you seek it … search for understanding Trying very hard to understand what is wise is spoken of as if understanding were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 2 5 h49h figs-metaphor 0 you will find the knowledge of God To succeed in knowing God is spoken of as if the knowledge of God were an object that a person finds after searching. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 2 6 g5bj figs-synecdoche 0 from his mouth comes knowledge and understanding Here “mouth” represents Yahweh himself or what he says. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh comes knowledge and understanding” or “Yahweh tells us what we need to know and understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 2 7 jn6b figs-metaphor 0 He stores up sound wisdom for those who please him Yahweh teaching wisdom to people is spoken of as if wisdom were an item that Yahweh stores and gives to people. Alternate translation: “He teaches what is truly wise to those who please him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -118,9 +118,9 @@ PRO 2 18 hwl4 figs-metonymy 0 to those in the grave This refers to the spirits PRO 2 19 n7tg figs-euphemism 0 go in to her This means to go into her house to sleep with her, as one would with a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PRO 2 19 zg4r 0 they will not find the paths of life This could mean: (1) “they will not return to the land of the living” or (2) “they will never live a happy life again.” PRO 2 20 ts71 0 So The writer tells the result of getting understanding and discretion. -PRO 2 20 fiw6 figs-metaphor 0 you will walk in the way…follow the paths A person’s conduct is spoken of as if it were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “you will live in the way…follow the example” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 2 20 fiw6 figs-metaphor 0 you will walk in the way … follow the paths A person’s conduct is spoken of as if it were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “you will live in the way … follow the example” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 2 22 r5sm figs-metaphor 0 the wicked will be cut off from the land The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the wicked from the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 2 22 w94m figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked…the faithless These are nominal adjectives that can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked…those who are faithless” or “wicked people…faithless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +PRO 2 22 w94m figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked … the faithless These are nominal adjectives that can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked … those who are faithless” or “wicked people … faithless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PRO 2 22 cmv9 figs-metaphor 0 the faithless will be cut off from it The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will remove the faithless from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 3 intro a94e 0 # Proverbs 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 3 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son
Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.

### Wisdom is feminine

You may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) PRO 3 1 p6r4 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The writer speaks as a father teaching his child using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ PRO 3 17 mfb4 figs-personification 0 Her ways are ways of kindness and all her PRO 3 18 le9q figs-metaphor 0 She is a tree of life to those who take hold of it The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a tree that bears life-giving fruit and of a person who benefits from wisdom as if that person ate of the fruit. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is like a tree that sustains the life of those who eat of its fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 3 18 l7hn 0 a tree of life “a tree that gives life” or “a tree whose fruit sustains life” PRO 3 18 ka8x 0 those who hold on to it “those who hold on to its fruit” -PRO 3 19 c1nf figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh founded the earth…established the heavens The writer speaks of Yahweh creating the earth and the heavens as if he were laying the foundation of a building. Alternate translation: “Yahweh created the earth…made the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 3 19 c1nf figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh founded the earth … established the heavens The writer speaks of Yahweh creating the earth and the heavens as if he were laying the foundation of a building. Alternate translation: “Yahweh created the earth … made the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 3 20 ulw3 figs-explicit 0 the depths broke open In ancient thought, water existed under the earth. This phrase refers to Yahweh causing that water to come out of the earth and make the oceans and rivers exist. Alternate translation: “he caused the rivers to flow” or “he caused the oceans to exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PRO 3 20 b6d2 0 dew water that forms on the ground at night PRO 3 21 xa9f figs-metaphor 0 do not lose sight of them The writer speaks of not forgetting something as if it were always being able to see it. Alternate translation: “do not forget them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ PRO 3 26 z3ye figs-metaphor 0 will keep your foot from being caught in a trap T PRO 3 27 yl8a 0 Do not withhold good “Do not withhold good things” or “Do not withhold good actions” PRO 3 27 sqz5 0 when it is in your power to act “when you are able to help” PRO 3 28 e1qg 0 when you have the money with you “when you have the money with you now.” The meaning here is that the person has the money to help today, but tells his neighbor to come back tomorrow. -PRO 3 31 pae7 figs-explicit 0 Do not…choose any of his ways It is implied that he is not to choose to imitate the actions of the violent person. Alternate translation: “Do not…choose to imitate any of his ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PRO 3 31 pae7 figs-explicit 0 Do not … choose any of his ways It is implied that he is not to choose to imitate the actions of the violent person. Alternate translation: “Do not … choose to imitate any of his ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PRO 3 32 eu7k 0 the devious person is detestable to Yahweh “Yahweh detests the devious person” PRO 3 32 n8ed 0 the devious person the person who is dishonest or deceitful PRO 3 32 uy1e figs-explicit 0 he brings the upright person into his confidence Yahweh shares his thoughts with the those who do right as with a close, trusted friend. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is a close friend to the upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ PRO 5 5 g7qf figs-metaphor 0 her steps go all the way to Sheol The writer speak PRO 5 6 nxc1 figs-metaphor 0 She gives no thought to the path of life The writer speaks of behavior that gives a person long life as if it were a path that leads to life. Alternate translation: “She does not think about walking along the path that leads to life” or “She is not concerned about conduct that leads to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 5 6 iki3 0 Her footsteps wander This could mean: (1) “She wanders about as if she were lost” or (2) “She walks along the wrong path.” PRO 5 7 dwp8 0 Now Here the teacher shifts from warning about the adulteress to giving advice. -PRO 5 7 ry9i figs-parallelism 0 listen to me…do not turn away from listening These two phrases express the same idea to make the student pay attention. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 5 7 ry9i figs-parallelism 0 listen to me … do not turn away from listening These two phrases express the same idea to make the student pay attention. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 5 7 e4q8 figs-metaphor 0 do not turn away from listening The writer speaks of stopping an action as if the person physically turned away from it. Alternate translation: “do not stop listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 5 7 ih1h figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth Here the word “mouth” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 5 8 y32e figs-metonymy 0 Keep your path far away from her Here the word “path” represents the person’s daily conduct and circumstances. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself far away from her” or “Stay away from her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -268,15 +268,15 @@ PRO 5 10 d9br figs-metaphor 0 strangers will not feast on your wealth The write PRO 5 10 ksf3 figs-metonymy 0 what you have worked for will not go into the house of strangers Here the word “house” represents the person’s family. Alternate translation: “the things that you have obtained will not end up belonging to the families of strangers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 5 11 la5h figs-doublet 0 your flesh and your body waste away The words “flesh” and “body” mean basically the same thing and represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “your body wastes away” or “you waste away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PRO 5 11 i4yh 0 waste away “physically wear down” or “become weak and unhealthy” -PRO 5 12 x4di figs-parallelism 0 I hated instruction…my heart despised correction These two phrases express the same idea and emphasize how much this person disliked what the teacher had said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 5 12 x4di figs-parallelism 0 I hated instruction … my heart despised correction These two phrases express the same idea and emphasize how much this person disliked what the teacher had said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 5 12 m4gr figs-exclamations 0 How I hated instruction The word “How” is an exclamation that emphasizes the strength of his hatred. The word “instruction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I hated it so much when someone would instruct me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PRO 5 12 b7lf figs-synecdoche 0 my heart despised correction Here the word “heart” represents the person and his emotions. The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I despised people when they corrected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PRO 5 13 kvf5 figs-synecdoche 0 incline my ear to my instructors Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen to those who instructed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 5 14 he4c figs-parallelism 0 in the midst of the assembly, among the gathering of the people These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the person’s community that has gathered together either (1) to worship God or (2) to judge him for his offense. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 5 15 f76j figs-parallelism 0 water from your own cistern…running water from your own well These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The writer speaks of a man sleeping only with his wife as if he drank water only from his own cistern or well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 5 15 f76j figs-parallelism 0 water from your own cistern … running water from your own well These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The writer speaks of a man sleeping only with his wife as if he drank water only from his own cistern or well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 5 15 t8av figs-metaphor 0 running water The writer speaks of fresh or flowing water as if the water were running. Alternate translation: “fresh water” or “flowing water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 16 pe1s figs-rquestion 0 Should your springs…your streams of water flow in the public squares? The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that his son should not do these things. Alternate translation: “Your springs should not…your streams of water should not flow in the public squares.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 5 16 u3ua figs-euphemism 0 Should your springs…your streams of water flow in the public squares? Here the words “springs” and “streams of water” are likely euphemisms for male reproductive fluids. Possible meanings for these metaphorical phrases are (1) sleeping with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets or (2) having children with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 5 16 pe1s figs-rquestion 0 Should your springs … your streams of water flow in the public squares? The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that his son should not do these things. Alternate translation: “Your springs should not … your streams of water should not flow in the public squares.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PRO 5 16 u3ua figs-euphemism 0 Should your springs … your streams of water flow in the public squares? Here the words “springs” and “streams of water” are likely euphemisms for male reproductive fluids. Possible meanings for these metaphorical phrases are (1) sleeping with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets or (2) having children with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 5 16 ss2w 0 public squares Open areas in a city or town where two or more streets meet. A common place for people to meet each other and talk. PRO 5 17 f7ge 0 Let them be The word “them” refers to the “springs” and “streams of water” and what they stand for. PRO 5 17 s9wf 0 not for strangers with you “do not share them with strangers” @@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ PRO 5 20 d78f figs-rquestion 0 For why should you, my son, be captivated by an PRO 5 20 z71k figs-activepassive 0 be captivated by an adulteress Intense excitement that arises from the desire for a woman is spoken of as if he were being held captive by that woman. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “allow an adulteress to captivate you” or “allow an adulteress to fascinate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 5 20 zr1u figs-synecdoche 0 why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman Here the word “breasts” represents the immoral woman and her sexual attractiveness. Alternate translation: “why should you embrace an immoral woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 5 20 x9gw 0 an immoral woman This could mean: (1) “a woman who is not your wife” or (2) “a woman who is another man’s wife.” -PRO 5 21 jh86 figs-parallelism 0 sees everything…watches all the paths These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God knows everything that everyone does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 5 21 jh86 figs-parallelism 0 sees everything … watches all the paths These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God knows everything that everyone does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 5 21 p1ar figs-metaphor 0 all the paths he takes The writer speaks of a person’s actions or lifestyle as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “everywhere he goes” or “everything he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 5 22 u9ya figs-personification 0 A wicked person will be seized by his own iniquities The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities as if those iniquities were people who capture the wicked person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A wicked person’s own iniquities will seize him” or “A wicked person will be unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 5 22 he5d figs-metaphor 0 the cords of his sin will hold him tight The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his sin as if that sin were a trap made of cords in which the person is caught. Alternate translation: “because of his sin, he will be like an animal caught in a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -307,19 +307,19 @@ PRO 6 3 d6yp 0 save yourself “protect yourself” or “help yourself out of PRO 6 3 zn5u figs-idiom 0 you have fallen into the hand of your neighbor This is a figure of speech using the term “hand” to mean “harm.” Alternate translation: “your neighbor can bring harm to you if he wants to” or “your neighbor has power over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PRO 6 3 mzx9 0 neighbor “friend” PRO 6 4 be5i figs-parallelism 0 Give your eyes no sleep and your eyelids no slumber “Do not let your eyes sleep; do not let your eyelids slumber.” These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize how important it is not to be lazy. It is also stated negatively for even more emphasis. Alternate translation: “Stay awake, and do what you can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 6 4 n831 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes…your eyelids This is a figure of speech using parts of your face to mean your whole body. Alternate translation: “yourself…yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PRO 6 4 n831 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes … your eyelids This is a figure of speech using parts of your face to mean your whole body. Alternate translation: “yourself … yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 6 5 xjb3 0 Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter “Escape from your neighbor like a gazelle that flees from a hunter” PRO 6 5 lcv3 0 gazelle This is a big, lean animal that eats grass and that people often hunt for meat. It is famous for running away quickly. PRO 6 5 ffv9 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of the hunter The hand of the hunter refers to the hunter’s control. Alternate translation: “from the control of the hunter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 6 5 fn1g 0 like a bird from the hand of the fowler “and escape like a bird that flies away from a bird-hunter” -PRO 6 6 il7a 0 Look at…consider “Study…think about” or “carefully observe…ponder” +PRO 6 6 il7a 0 Look at … consider “Study … think about” or “carefully observe … ponder” PRO 6 6 xh1r 0 ant An ant is a small insect that lives underground or in a self-built hill. They usually live in groups of thousands, and they can lift things that are much bigger than they are. PRO 6 6 uze2 figs-metonymy 0 consider her ways This is a figure of speech using the “ways” of an ant to refer to the behavior of the ant. Alternate translation: “consider how the ant behaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 6 7 tmb7 figs-doublet 0 commander, officer, or ruler These three words mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasized that no one has formal authority over an individual ant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 6 8 w9jc figs-parallelism 0 it prepares its food in the summer…during the harvest it stores up what it will eat These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are repeated to show how responsible the ant is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 6 8 w9jc figs-parallelism 0 it prepares its food in the summer … during the harvest it stores up what it will eat These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are repeated to show how responsible the ant is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 6 8 c8we 0 summer Summer is the time of the year when some trees bear their fruit. -PRO 6 9 r6u4 figs-parallelism 0 How long will you sleep…When will you rise from your sleep? The teacher uses these questions to scold the lazy person for sleeping too much. Alternate translation: “Wake up, you lazy person! Get out of your bed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 6 10 q6ab 0 A little sleep…of the hands to rest These are the kinds of things that lazy people say. +PRO 6 9 r6u4 figs-parallelism 0 How long will you sleep … When will you rise from your sleep? The teacher uses these questions to scold the lazy person for sleeping too much. Alternate translation: “Wake up, you lazy person! Get out of your bed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PRO 6 10 q6ab 0 A little sleep … of the hands to rest These are the kinds of things that lazy people say. PRO 6 10 f9h7 figs-parallelism 0 A little sleep, a little slumber Both of these statements mean the same thing. They can be stated as complete sentences. Alternate translation: “I will just sleep a little longer. Let me sleep lightly a little longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PRO 6 10 c54p figs-metonymy 0 folding of the hands to rest People often fold their hands while reclining in order to rest more comfortably. Alternate translation: “I will just cross my arms comfortably and rest a little” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 6 11 qm7m figs-explicit 0 and your poverty will come This can be stated as a new sentence to make clear that this is a result of being lazy. Alternate translation: “If you continue to be lazy, your poverty will come” or “While you sleep, poverty will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -339,24 +339,24 @@ PRO 6 15 h6bm 0 in an instant; in a moment Both mean the same thing, and one o PRO 6 16 it1e figs-parallelism 0 six things that Yahweh hates, seven that This whole verse is a parallelism that emphasizes that God hates several things and not just one. Alternate translation: “six things that Yahwah hates; seven things that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 6 16 akh6 0 that are disgusting to him “that make him feel disgust” or “that make you disgusting according to him” PRO 6 17 zib9 0 Connecting Statement: This is the list of things that Yahweh hates that was introduced in [Proverbs 6:16](./16.md). -PRO 6 17 kpi4 figs-synecdoche 0 eyes…tongue…hands All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PRO 6 17 kpi4 figs-synecdoche 0 eyes … tongue … hands All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 6 17 cip3 0 shed the blood of “kill” or “murder” -PRO 6 18 jq4t figs-synecdoche 0 heart…feet All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PRO 6 18 jq4t figs-synecdoche 0 heart … feet All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 6 18 ex5v 0 wicked schemes “evil plans” PRO 6 19 g2tz figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PRO 6 19 r9n1 0 discord See how you translated this in [Proverbs 6:14](../06/14.md). PRO 6 19 avm1 figs-metaphor 0 one who sows discord This figure of speech is using “sows” to refer to causing or bringing about discord. Alternate translation: “a person who causes discord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 6 20 e5gm figs-parallelism 0 obey the command of your father…do not forsake the teaching of your mother These two phrases on the one hand mean the same thing. On the other hand, the repeated emphasis on both “father” and “mother” explicitly includes women in the whole teaching-learning process. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 6 20 e5gm figs-parallelism 0 obey the command of your father … do not forsake the teaching of your mother These two phrases on the one hand mean the same thing. On the other hand, the repeated emphasis on both “father” and “mother” explicitly includes women in the whole teaching-learning process. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 6 20 u11d figs-litotes 0 do not forsake the teaching of your mother This figure of speech is using the negative “forsake” to mean the positive “obey.” Alternate translation: “obey the teaching of your mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PRO 6 21 qz2z figs-metaphor 0 bind them on your heart; tie them about your neck These two phrases mean basically the same thing. They describe the commands and instructions as if they are written down so that you can put it in or on your body to remind yourself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 6 21 b76k 0 bind them on your heart “love them” or “think about them” -PRO 6 22 r61q figs-parallelism 0 When you walk…when you sleep…when you wake up These three phrases are used together to emphasize that the lessons are valuable all the time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 22 hw2r figs-parallelism 0 they will guide you…they will watch over you…they will teach you The repetition of these phrases is to show that the lessons are valuable for all sorts of things. It also speaks of those lessons as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 6 23 u5p1 figs-parallelism 0 the commands…the teaching…the corrections that come by instruction These three phrases mean basically the same thing, and together they show the various types of lessons a father and a mother teach. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 23 s8lq figs-metaphor 0 a lamp…a light…the way of life All three of these mean basically the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the fact that the lessons make life better and easier. Alternate translation: “as useful as a lamp…as helpful as light in the darkness…as necessary to follow as the way of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 6 22 r61q figs-parallelism 0 When you walk … when you sleep … when you wake up These three phrases are used together to emphasize that the lessons are valuable all the time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 6 22 hw2r figs-parallelism 0 they will guide you … they will watch over you … they will teach you The repetition of these phrases is to show that the lessons are valuable for all sorts of things. It also speaks of those lessons as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +PRO 6 23 u5p1 figs-parallelism 0 the commands … the teaching … the corrections that come by instruction These three phrases mean basically the same thing, and together they show the various types of lessons a father and a mother teach. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 6 23 s8lq figs-metaphor 0 a lamp … a light … the way of life All three of these mean basically the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the fact that the lessons make life better and easier. Alternate translation: “as useful as a lamp … as helpful as light in the darkness … as necessary to follow as the way of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 6 23 n5j2 0 the way of life “the way that leads to life” or “the way of living that God approves of” PRO 6 24 p7az figs-123person 0 It keeps you from Here the word “it” refers to the lessons taught by the father and mother in [Proverbs 6:20](../06/20.md). Alternate translation: “It saves you from” or “It protects you from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PRO 6 24 sjp3 0 the immoral woman…an immoral woman These two words mean basically the same thing. See how you translated the word “adulteress” in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). +PRO 6 24 sjp3 0 the immoral woman … an immoral woman These two words mean basically the same thing. See how you translated the word “adulteress” in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). PRO 6 24 sw14 0 immoral “morally evil” PRO 6 25 ty32 figs-metaphor 0 do not let her capture you with her eyelashes The writer speaks of the woman’s eyelashes as if they were a trap into which the young man could fall. They are a synecdoche for her beauty and a metonym for the way the woman looks at the young man to make her want her. Alternate translation: “do not allow her to gain control over you by being beautiful and by the way she looks at you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 6 25 rx3p figs-metonymy 0 in your heart Here “heart” represents the mind. Alternate translation: “in your thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -421,11 +421,11 @@ PRO 7 18 h91x figs-metaphor 0 let us drink our fill of love Here the pleasures PRO 7 19 vc42 0 is not at his house “is not at home” PRO 7 20 zw96 0 full moon The moon is said to be full when it is a perfectly round disk, shining at its brightest. PRO 7 21 ptg3 figs-metaphor 0 she turned him To persuade someone to act in a certain way is spoken of as if it were changing the direction that person was walking. Alternate translation: “she persuaded him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 21 ev91 0 her…she…him The female is the married woman who wants to sleep with “him,” the young man. +PRO 7 21 ev91 0 her … she … him The female is the married woman who wants to sleep with “him,” the young man. PRO 7 21 l3nt figs-metonymy 0 smooth lips Here “lips” represents what a person says. When a person flatters someone else by saying things that are not sincere, these words are spoken of as if they were a smooth object. Alternate translation: “flattering, deceiving words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 7 21 c6k6 0 she misled him “she persuaded him to do something evil” Alternate translation: “she convinced him to sin with her” PRO 7 22 rvi9 figs-explicit 0 He went after her suddenly This seems to imply that the young man took very little time to think about what he should do. Alternate translation: “He quickly decided to go after her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 7 22 tal5 figs-simile 0 like an ox going to slaughter…a deer caught in a trap The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way two animals are unaware of the danger they are in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PRO 7 22 tal5 figs-simile 0 like an ox going to slaughter … a deer caught in a trap The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way two animals are unaware of the danger they are in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PRO 7 22 pk4m 0 slaughter This refers to killing an animal in order to eat its meat. PRO 7 22 qrn6 0 deer See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 5:19](../05/19.md). PRO 7 23 r6zr figs-simile 0 like a bird rushing into a snare The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way an animal is unaware of the danger he is in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -437,8 +437,8 @@ PRO 7 25 gk8c figs-metaphor 0 May your heart not turn aside onto her paths Here PRO 7 25 wm1h figs-synecdoche 0 your heart Here “heart” represents a person, emphasizing his desires. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 7 25 l3s9 figs-parallelism 0 do not be led astray onto her paths This means the same as the sentence before it. It strengthens the first warning. Alternate translation: “do not leave the right path in order to go on her paths” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 7 26 xx9k figs-metonymy 0 She has caused many people to fall down pierced Being pierced by spears or arrows represents being killed. Alternate translation: “She has caused many people to fall dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 7 27 g21s 0 Her house is on the paths to Sheol…they go down Here “paths” represents the kinds of behavior that foolish people participate in. Sheol was the name for the world of the dead. -PRO 7 27 ry42 figs-parallelism 0 on the paths to Sheol…down to the dark bedrooms of death These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize that the woman’s victims will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 7 27 g21s 0 Her house is on the paths to Sheol … they go down Here “paths” represents the kinds of behavior that foolish people participate in. Sheol was the name for the world of the dead. +PRO 7 27 ry42 figs-parallelism 0 on the paths to Sheol … down to the dark bedrooms of death These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize that the woman’s victims will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 7 27 prr1 figs-metaphor 0 the dark bedrooms of death This expression pictures the dead as sleeping in many different rooms in Sheol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 8 intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 8 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. These chapters operate more as a unit then many of the following chapters in this book.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Wisdom calls out

The addressee of this chapter is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her, in contrast to the adulteress mentioned in chapters 5-7. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) PRO 8 1 qsc7 figs-personification 0 General Information: In chapter 8 wisdom is spoken of as a woman who teaches people how to be wise. Many verses in chapter 8 have parallelisms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -533,24 +533,24 @@ PRO 9 3 akl3 0 She has sent out her maids These maids went out and invited peo PRO 9 3 ugn5 0 her maids Young women or girls who are in the service of a respectable, adult woman, such as Wisdom. PRO 9 3 n6ha 0 she calls out “she proclaims” or “she summons” Alternate translation: “she loudly recites her invitation” PRO 9 3 x798 0 the highest points of the city The invitation is shouted from the highest points so that it will be best heard by all the people. -PRO 9 4 h6sj 0 Who is naive? Let…the one lacking good sense These two phrases describe the same group of people, those who need more wisdom in their lives. Here the question is addressed to all such people. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is naive, let…anyone lacking good sense” +PRO 9 4 h6sj 0 Who is naive? Let … the one lacking good sense These two phrases describe the same group of people, those who need more wisdom in their lives. Here the question is addressed to all such people. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is naive, let … anyone lacking good sense” PRO 9 4 dj7m 0 is naive “is inexperienced or immature” PRO 9 4 s4da 0 turn aside here “leave his path and come into my house” PRO 9 5 h6ck 0 General Information: These verses continue the message of Wisdom. -PRO 9 5 n3eu figs-you 0 Come…eat…drink All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +PRO 9 5 n3eu figs-you 0 Come … eat … drink All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PRO 9 5 stm9 figs-explicit 0 the wine I have mixed In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 9 6 b9ma figs-you 0 Leave…live…walk All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +PRO 9 6 b9ma figs-you 0 Leave … live … walk All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) PRO 9 6 ejw3 figs-metaphor 0 Leave your naive actions Here naive actions are spoken of as if they were a place that a person could leave. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 9 6 f53k 0 naive actions “inexperienced, immature actions” PRO 9 6 lpn8 figs-metaphor 0 the path of understanding Here the process of understanding wisdom is spoken of as if it were a path that a person could follow. Alternate translation: “the manner of living that a wise person has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 9 7 x5sc 0 General Information: These verses continue the message of Wisdom. -PRO 9 7 vif7 figs-parallelism 0 Whoever disciplines…whoever rebukes These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 9 7 vif7 figs-parallelism 0 Whoever disciplines … whoever rebukes These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 9 7 kjm2 0 a mocker Someone who habitually mocks people. Alternate translation: “someone who says insulting things about other people” or “someone who likes to make other people look bad” PRO 9 7 m22a 0 receives abuse “receives harsh treatment” PRO 9 7 g88g 0 whoever rebukes “whoever corrects” PRO 9 8 fpc4 0 Do not reprove “Do not correct” -PRO 9 9 c8r2 0 Give to a wise person, and he…teach a righteous person, and he These two commands actually represent conditional statements. Alternate translation: “If you give to a wise person, he…if you teach a righteous person, he” -PRO 9 9 y95j figs-parallelism 0 Give to a wise person…teach a righteous person These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +PRO 9 9 c8r2 0 Give to a wise person, and he … teach a righteous person, and he These two commands actually represent conditional statements. Alternate translation: “If you give to a wise person, he … if you teach a righteous person, he” +PRO 9 9 y95j figs-parallelism 0 Give to a wise person … teach a righteous person These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 9 9 n1f2 figs-explicit 0 Give to a wise person This refers to giving instruction to a wise person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PRO 9 10 s7rg 0 General Information: These verses finish the message of Wisdom. PRO 9 10 l6yl 0 The fear of Yahweh See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). @@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ PRO 9 11 uv8i figs-activepassive 0 through me your days will be multiplied This PRO 9 11 wpx5 figs-personification 0 through me Wisdom, personified as a woman, continues to speak here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PRO 9 11 rk9c figs-parallelism 0 your days will be multiplied, and years of life will be added to you These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are used to emphasize the great benefits wisdom has. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 9 11 u5qf figs-metaphor 0 years of life will be added to you Wisdom speaks of years of life as if they were physical objects. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will add years of life to you” or “I will add years to your life” or “I will enable you to live longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 9 12 z3ez 0 If you are wise…and if you mock These two statements seem to mean that wise people gain advantages for themselves because of their wisdom, and mockers suffer because of their behavior. +PRO 9 12 z3ez 0 If you are wise … and if you mock These two statements seem to mean that wise people gain advantages for themselves because of their wisdom, and mockers suffer because of their behavior. PRO 9 12 zei6 figs-metaphor 0 you will carry it This speaks of the consequence of one’s bad behavior as if it were a heavy load that one had to carry on his back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 9 13 q38d figs-personification 0 General Information: These verses begin to describe foolishness, which is also personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PRO 9 13 ix9a figs-personification 0 The woman of foolishness It is possible to translate “foolishness” as a description such as “A foolish woman.” However, if a language allows wisdom to be personified, as in the previous part of this chapter, it may also allow foolishness to be personified. Alternate translation: “The woman Foolishness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ PRO 10 13 n8pk figs-metonymy 0 on the lips of a discerning person “Lips” re PRO 10 13 ww93 figs-metonymy 0 a rod is for the back “Rod” represents strong, physical punishment and “the back” represents the person who receives the punishment. Alternate translation: “a person who has no sense needs forceful punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 10 14 ej72 figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of a fool “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words from a foolish person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 10 15 fd3s figs-metaphor 0 his fortified city This represents wealth as a safe place. Alternate translation: “his safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 16 im19 figs-metaphor 0 The wage…the profit These terms normally refer to the money a worker earns. Here they represents the results of either doing what is right or doing what is wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 10 16 im19 figs-metaphor 0 The wage … the profit These terms normally refer to the money a worker earns. Here they represents the results of either doing what is right or doing what is wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 10 17 k6n3 0 There is a path to life for the one who follows discipline “The person who obeys wise instruction will have a long and happy life” PRO 10 17 st2j figs-activepassive 0 but the one who rejects correction is led astray This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but the one who does not obey wise instruction will not have a good life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 10 18 d6bj figs-metonymy 0 has lying lips “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “tells lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ PRO 11 19 ibb6 0 the one who “the person who” PRO 11 19 un2d 0 pursues evil “chases after evil” or “seeks to do evil” PRO 11 20 r5lt figs-metonymy 0 whose hearts are perverse “Heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “who have wicked thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 11 21 gh2a figs-litotes 0 will not go unpunished This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “will certainly be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 11 22 y2me figs-simile 0 Like a gold ring…without discretion A beautiful woman without discretion is compared to a useless and unsuitable golden ring in a pig’s nose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PRO 11 22 y2me figs-simile 0 Like a gold ring … without discretion A beautiful woman without discretion is compared to a useless and unsuitable golden ring in a pig’s nose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PRO 11 22 fe2p 0 without discretion “without common sense” or “who is foolish” PRO 11 24 x29n figs-metaphor 0 There is one who scatters—he will accumulate even more This is a metaphor for a person who becomes more wealthy by being generous. Alternate translation: “Some people give freely to others and yet become more wealthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 11 24 v6x4 figs-explicit 0 one who scatters You may need to make explicit that the person scatters seeds for crops to grow. Alternate translation: “one who scatters much seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ PRO 13 2 w883 0 the appetite the desire or liking for something PRO 13 2 mgn1 figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PRO 13 3 xb3d figs-metonymy 0 his mouth Here “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 13 3 bd6a figs-metaphor 0 opens wide his lips Opening the lips represents speaking, and opening them wide represents speaking too often or too much. Alternate translation: “speaks a lot” or “talks too much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 4 c7yc 0 The appetite…the appetite See how you translated this in [Proverbs 13:2](../13/02.md). +PRO 13 4 c7yc 0 The appetite … the appetite See how you translated this in [Proverbs 13:2](../13/02.md). PRO 13 4 z2sk 0 craves but gets nothing “strongly desires but gets nothing” PRO 13 4 rj8j figs-activepassive 0 the appetite of diligent people will be richly satisfied Here “appetite” represents desire. Alternate translation: “diligent people will have a richly satisfied life” or “being diligent will make people richly satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 13 4 z1wm 0 diligent people people who work with careful and continued effort @@ -763,11 +763,11 @@ PRO 14 intro gbj2 0 # Proverbs 14 General Notes
## Structure and formattin PRO 14 1 r3rp 0 builds her house “builds up her house” or “makes her house better” PRO 14 1 tv3l 0 house This could mean: (1) this may refer to her actual house, that is the building she lives in or (2) this may refer to her family. PRO 14 1 l2y8 figs-synecdoche 0 with her own hands The woman is represented by her “hands.” Alternate translation: “by herself” or “by the way she behaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 14 2 qgn4 0 The one who…the one who “The person who…the person who” +PRO 14 2 qgn4 0 The one who … the one who “The person who … the person who” PRO 14 2 qnc4 figs-metaphor 0 walks uprightly “Walks” represents the conduct of life. Alternate translation: “conducts his life in a just and honest way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 14 2 we9s 0 despises him “grossly disrespects him” or “shows that he hates him” PRO 14 2 c17i 0 in his ways despises him The word “his” refers to the dishonest man and “him” refers to Yahweh. -PRO 14 3 a16n figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of…the lips of The mouth and the lips both refer to what a person says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PRO 14 3 a16n figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of … the lips of The mouth and the lips both refer to what a person says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 14 3 ixb4 figs-metonymy 0 a rod for his back The rod with which people will punish the fool by hitting him on his back for his foolish words is a metonym for the words that come out of his mouth. Alternate translation: “words that will cause people to punish him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 14 3 c2ir 0 the wise This word is plural. “wise men” or “wise people” PRO 14 3 gru7 0 will preserve them “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe” @@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ PRO 14 18 spn1 figs-metaphor 0 are crowned with knowledge Here knowledge is spo PRO 14 19 b4i8 translate-symaction 0 bow down This means to bend over to humbly express respect and submission toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) PRO 14 19 e892 figs-metonymy 0 at the gates of the righteous The word “gates” represents an entrance to meet with another. This means the wicked will have to wait for the righteous person and beg to enter his presence. Alternate translation: “to meet with the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 14 20 h5ns figs-activepassive 0 The poor person is hated even by his own companions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone hates the poor person even his own neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 14 21 fy3m 0 The one…the one “The person…the person” +PRO 14 21 fy3m 0 The one … the one “The person … the person” PRO 14 21 d4gp 0 the poor “poor people” PRO 14 22 m1cw figs-rquestion 0 Do not those who plot evil go astray? The assumed answer to this question is “yes.” Alternate translation: “Those who plot evil will go astray.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PRO 14 22 ie8f 0 who plot evil “who make evil plans” or “who make plans to do evil things” @@ -823,9 +823,9 @@ PRO 14 28 yp94 0 the prince is ruined “the prince has nothing and his kingdo PRO 14 29 n61r 0 the quick-tempered a person who is quick to become angry PRO 14 30 lqn3 0 A tranquil heart “A peaceful mindset” or “An attitude that is at peace” PRO 14 30 l819 figs-metaphor 0 rots the bones The word “rots” represents the decay of a person and “bones” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be unhealthy in body and spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 31 k67r 0 The one who…the one who “The person who…the person who” +PRO 14 31 k67r 0 The one who … the one who “The person who … the person who” PRO 14 31 b6nz 0 curses This means to express a desire that bad things will happen to someone. -PRO 14 31 xhv2 0 the poor…the needy “a poor person…a needy person” +PRO 14 31 xhv2 0 the poor … the needy “a poor person … a needy person” PRO 14 31 k2td 0 shows favor to “is kind to” or “helps” PRO 14 32 t8gr figs-activepassive 0 is brought down by his evil actions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “evil actions push over” or “evil actions destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 14 33 axk6 figs-metaphor 0 Wisdom rests in the heart The word “heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is in the attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -875,7 +875,7 @@ PRO 15 17 m9u4 figs-activepassive 0 a fatted calf served with hatred This can b PRO 15 17 x4f2 figs-metonymy 0 a fatted calf This refers to a calf that has been fed a lot of food so that it will become fat. Here it represents a delicious meal or a feast. Alternate translation: “a luxurious meal” or “a feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 15 17 vw92 figs-abstractnouns 0 with hatred The word “hatred” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people hate one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PRO 15 18 p4ji figs-metaphor 0 stirs up arguments Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. The abstract noun “arguments” can be stated as “argue.” Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 19 awv2 figs-metaphor 0 The path of the sluggard…the path of the upright The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard…the life of the upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 15 19 awv2 figs-metaphor 0 The path of the sluggard … the path of the upright The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard … the life of the upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 15 19 gy92 figs-simile 0 The path of the sluggard is like a place with a hedge of thorns The writer compares the lifestyle of the sluggard with trying to walk through a hedge of thorns. Both cause the person to suffer pain. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard is like a person trying to walk through a hedge of thorns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PRO 15 19 zqz8 figs-metaphor 0 the path of the upright is a built-up highway The writer speaks of the blessings that upright people experience in life as if they were walking on a smooth road. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 15 19 c95z 0 built-up highway This is a road that is wide, flat, and without obstacles or potholes. @@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ PRO 15 22 re1s 0 advisors people who give recommendations as a guide to action PRO 15 22 q31z 0 they succeed “plans succeed” PRO 15 23 wg81 0 a pertinent reply “a fitting reply” or “an appropriate answer” PRO 15 23 jnm2 figs-exclamations 0 how good is a timely word This exclamation emphasizes that a word spoken at the right time is very good. Alternate translation: “a word that a person speaks at the right time is very good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PRO 15 24 b9kb figs-metaphor 0 The path of life leads upward…from Sheol beneath The writer speaks of a lifestyle that results in life as if it were a path that goes upward towards life and of a lifestyle that results in death as if it were a path that leads down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 15 24 b9kb figs-metaphor 0 The path of life leads upward … from Sheol beneath The writer speaks of a lifestyle that results in life as if it were a path that goes upward towards life and of a lifestyle that results in death as if it were a path that leads down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 15 25 h2dg figs-synecdoche 0 house This is a synecdoche for the person’s household, property, and wealth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 15 26 h9s4 0 the words of kindness are pure “kind words are pure” or “pleasant words are pure” PRO 15 28 avu5 figs-metonymy 0 The heart of the righteous person ponders before it answers Here the word “heart” is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. This represents the person who thinks. Alternate translation: “The person who does right ponders what to say before he answers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ PRO 16 29 mk94 figs-explicit 0 A man of violence lies to his neighbor It is imp PRO 16 29 i6a5 0 A man of violence “A violent man” or “A man who practices violence” PRO 16 29 f3dd figs-metaphor 0 leads him down a path that is not good The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if they were a road on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “gets him to do things that are not good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 16 29 m8qs figs-explicit 0 a path that is not good The writer uses an understatement to emphasize how bad this path is. Alternate translation: “a very bad path” or “a terrible path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 16 30 p1tu 0 The one who winks the eye…those who purse the lips Both of these are facial gestures which people might use to signal their plans to others. See how you translated “winks the eye” in [Proverbs 10:10](../10/10.md). +PRO 16 30 p1tu 0 The one who winks the eye … those who purse the lips Both of these are facial gestures which people might use to signal their plans to others. See how you translated “winks the eye” in [Proverbs 10:10](../10/10.md). PRO 16 30 wy6w 0 will bring evil to pass “will do evil things” PRO 16 31 aj89 figs-metaphor 0 Gray hair is a crown of glory The writer speaks of gray hair as if it were a crown. “Gray hair” is a metonym for old age. Alternate translation: “A person who has lived long enough to have gray hair is like one who wears a glorious crown on his head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 16 31 y1am figs-activepassive 0 it is gained This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a person gains it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ PRO 17 8 iq11 figs-idiom 0 wherever he turns Here “turning” refers to the v PRO 17 9 nk6k 0 an offense an action or word that has hurt him PRO 17 9 r2e2 figs-explicit 0 who repeats a matter This refers to bringing up a past situation in which a friend was hurt or offended. Alternate translation: “who repeats a past offense” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PRO 17 9 s8p6 0 alienates close friends “causes people to stop being close friends” or “causes close friends to stop liking each other” -PRO 17 10 dra2 figs-metaphor 0 A rebuke goes deeper into a person…than a hundred blows go into a fool This compares how a rebuke effects a man of understanding to how a beating effects a fool. This speaks of the effect on these people as if it could be measured by the depth that it goes into them. Alternate translation: “A rebuke has more effect on a person…than a hundred blows have on a fool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 17 10 dra2 figs-metaphor 0 A rebuke goes deeper into a person … than a hundred blows go into a fool This compares how a rebuke effects a man of understanding to how a beating effects a fool. This speaks of the effect on these people as if it could be measured by the depth that it goes into them. Alternate translation: “A rebuke has more effect on a person … than a hundred blows have on a fool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 17 10 fs5v figs-abstractnouns 0 a person who has understanding “a person who has good judgment.” The word “understand” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person who understands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PRO 17 10 hy6y 0 a hundred blows go “a beating of a hundred blows goes” PRO 17 11 rz73 figs-abstractnouns 0 seeks rebellion The word “rebellion” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “seeks to rebel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1015,10 +1015,10 @@ PRO 17 24 ba2e figs-metaphor 0 sets his face toward wisdom This speaks of a per PRO 17 24 r7ww figs-synecdoche 0 the eyes of a fool are This refers to a fool by his eyes to emphasize what he is focusing on. Alternate translation: “the fool is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 17 24 qef2 figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth This speaks of a fool’s impossible dreams as if they were the ends of the earth to emphasize that they are unrealistic. Alternate translation: “strive for things that are as far from him as the ends of the earth” or “focus on impossible things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 17 25 cn74 0 A foolish son is a grief to his father This speaks of a son causing his father grief as if the son himself were “grief.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son brings grief to his father” -PRO 17 25 mw1t 0 A foolish son…and bitterness to the woman This speaks of a son causing his mother bitterness as if the son himself were “bitterness.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son…and brings bitterness to the woman” +PRO 17 25 mw1t 0 A foolish son … and bitterness to the woman This speaks of a son causing his mother bitterness as if the son himself were “bitterness.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son … and brings bitterness to the woman” PRO 17 25 t9yj 0 who bore him “who gave birth to him” PRO 17 25 lm5j 0 bitterness emotional pain, sorrow -PRO 17 26 lw6w figs-litotes 0 it is never good…neither is it good These statements can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “it is always wrong…and it is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +PRO 17 26 lw6w figs-litotes 0 it is never good … neither is it good These statements can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “it is always wrong … and it is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PRO 17 26 wfd1 0 the righteous person Another possible meaning is “the innocent person,” anyone whom others have accused of a crime that he did not commit. PRO 17 26 s7mg 0 flog whip severely PRO 17 26 dj91 figs-abstractnouns 0 who have integrity The word “integrity” can be expressed with the adjective “honest.” Alternate translation: “who are honest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1039,12 +1039,12 @@ PRO 18 4 izv2 figs-parallelism 0 The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters; PRO 18 4 nv82 figs-metaphor 0 The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters This speaks of a wise man’s words being profound as if they were profound and as deep as deep waters. Alternate translation: “The words of a man’s mouth are as profound as deep waters” or “The words of a man’s mouth are deep and profound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 18 4 mk4j figs-synecdoche 0 a man’s mouth Here the man is referred to by his mouth to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “of a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 18 4 mn87 figs-metaphor 0 the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream This speaks of the source of wisdom being plentiful as if it were a gushing spring. The gushing of the spring is spoken of as if it were a flowing stream. Alternate translation: “the source of wisdom is as plentiful as the water of a gushing spring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 5 fi7d figs-litotes 0 It is not good to…to the righteous person These phrases can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “It is good to treat the wicked person as he deserves, and to be just to the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +PRO 18 5 fi7d figs-litotes 0 It is not good to … to the righteous person These phrases can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “It is good to treat the wicked person as he deserves, and to be just to the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PRO 18 6 p2qv figs-synecdoche 0 A fool’s lips bring Here the fool is referred to by his “lips” to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “what a fool says brings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 18 6 w2xd 0 bring “cause” PRO 18 6 zxu7 figs-metaphor 0 his mouth invites a beating This speaks of the fool saying things that cause people to want to beat him as if he were inviting them to beat him. Alternate translation: “his mouth makes people want to beat him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 18 6 z4ii figs-metonymy 0 his mouth Here what the fool says is referred to as his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 7 iwj7 figs-metonymy 0 A fool’s mouth…with his lips Both of these phrases refer to what a fool says. Alternate translation: “What a fool says…by what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PRO 18 7 iwj7 figs-metonymy 0 A fool’s mouth … with his lips Both of these phrases refer to what a fool says. Alternate translation: “What a fool says … by what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 18 7 v6hu 0 is his ruin “will ruin him” PRO 18 7 e4r4 figs-metaphor 0 he ensnares himself This speaks of the man causing problems and trouble for himself as if he were trapping himself like a man traps an animal. Alternate translation: “he will cause problems for himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 18 8 iu3y figs-simile 0 The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels This speaks of the words of a gossip being desirable to listen to as if they were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1090,7 +1090,7 @@ PRO 18 20 p1z6 figs-metaphor 0 one’s stomach is filled This speaks of a perso PRO 18 20 r4ee figs-metonymy 0 the harvest of his lips This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that is harvested. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 18 20 x66t 0 he is satisfied “he is pleased” PRO 18 21 flt4 figs-activepassive 0 Death and life are controlled by the tongue This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “The tongue can lead to life of death” or “What people say can lead to life or death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 18 21 n65f figs-metonymy 0 by the tongue…love the tongue Here the “tongue” refers to speech. Alternate translation: “by what people say…love speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PRO 18 21 n65f figs-metonymy 0 by the tongue … love the tongue Here the “tongue” refers to speech. Alternate translation: “by what people say … love speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 18 21 l141 figs-metaphor 0 will eat its fruit This speaks of a person receiving the consequence for what he says as if the consequences were fruit that he receives. Alternate translation: “will receive its consequences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 18 24 wg3n figs-activepassive 0 many friends is brought to ruin by them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “many friends--they will bring him to ruin” or “many friends--his friends will destroy him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 18 24 zc7f 0 comes closer than “is more faithful than” or “stays more loyal than” @@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ PRO 21 1 t1m8 figs-metonymy 0 The king’s heart The heart is a metaphor for wh PRO 21 2 yz3c figs-metaphor 0 Every person’s way is right in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if it that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “Every person thinks that what he does is good” or “Every person judges what he does as good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 21 2 xmb4 figs-metaphor 0 who weighs the hearts The writer speaks of Yahweh deciding whether a person desires to do what is right as if Yahweh were looking at a physical object and deciding whether it is of good quality. Alternate translation: “who will judge the motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 21 3 qs6t 0 To do what is right “To do what Yahweh thinks is right” -PRO 21 3 ezq6 0 To do what is…just “To treat people the way Yahweh wants people to treat other people” +PRO 21 3 ezq6 0 To do what is … just “To treat people the way Yahweh wants people to treat other people” PRO 21 3 f31f 0 just is more acceptable to Yahweh “just—Yahweh wants this more” PRO 21 4 ps7v figs-synecdoche 0 Haughty eyes and a proud heart The words “eyes” and “heart” are synecdoches for a person who considers himself better than other people and wants other people to know it. Alternate translation: “People who want others to think that they are better than other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PRO 21 4 xvr4 figs-synecdoche 0 Haughty eyes This is a synecdoche for a person who wants others to know that he thinks he is better than they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1294,7 +1294,7 @@ PRO 21 22 v5jk 0 the city of the mighty ones “a city in which mighty men are PRO 21 22 p6cm figs-idiom 0 he brings down This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he destroys” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) PRO 21 22 w292 0 the stronghold in which they trusted “the walls and towers around the city that they did not think anyone would be able to get past into the city, so they felt safe” PRO 21 23 xw3q figs-doublet 0 Whoever guards his mouth and tongue Both “mouth” and “tongue” refer to what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whoever is careful in what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 24 c77j 0 The proud and haughty person…acts with arrogant pride “You can expect a proud and haughty people to act with arrogant pride” +PRO 21 24 c77j 0 The proud and haughty person … acts with arrogant pride “You can expect a proud and haughty people to act with arrogant pride” PRO 21 24 m76a figs-doublet 0 proud and haughty These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful the person is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PRO 21 24 rf25 figs-metonymy 0 “Mocker” is his name The word “name” is a metonym for what people would call him. Alternate translation: “a mocker is what you should call him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 21 25 pzb9 figs-personification 0 The desire of the lazy kills him The writer speaks of what a person wants as if it were a person who could kill a lazy person. Here the lazy person wants to be idle and not work. Alternate translation: “A lazy person only wants to be idle, and because of that he will die” or “A lazy person will die because he does not want to work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) @@ -1321,7 +1321,7 @@ PRO 22 5 r2h1 0 snares traps to catch animals PRO 22 5 dku9 figs-nominaladj 0 the perverse This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “perverse people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PRO 22 5 f1ap figs-metaphor 0 whoever guards his life A person doing what he needs to do so he can live a long time is spoken of as if that person were keeping thieves away from a physical object. Alternate translation: “people who want to live a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 22 6 je4e figs-metaphor 0 the way he should go How a person lives is spoken of as if it were a path on which he walks. Alternate translation: “how he should live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 7 dk14 figs-explicit 0 borrows…lends You may need to make explicit what it is that is borrowed or lent. Alternate translation: “borrows money…lends money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PRO 22 7 dk14 figs-explicit 0 borrows … lends You may need to make explicit what it is that is borrowed or lent. Alternate translation: “borrows money … lends money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PRO 22 8 l36j figs-metaphor 0 He who sows injustice will reap trouble The writer speaks of a ruler or other powerful person treating those less powerful unjustly as if he were planting seeds that will give birth to plants that bring trouble. Alternate translation: “If a person treats those less powerful than he is unjustly, they will cause him trouble later on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 22 8 htf6 figs-metonymy 0 the rod of his fury will fade away The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. This could mean: (1) the unjust ruler will lose the power that he had that allowed him to treat other people unjustly or (2) when the people respond to the injustice he had done by harming him, he will have no power to stop them. Alternate translation: “he will no longer have the power that he had used to harm people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 22 8 yu9g figs-metonymy 0 rod of his fury The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. The unjust man was harming innocent people as if he were very angry with them. Alternate translation: “the rod he had used as if he were punishing people” or “the power he used to harm others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1356,10 +1356,10 @@ PRO 22 18 nl9j figs-metonymy 0 all of them are ready on your lips The person be PRO 22 19 wr39 0 today—even to you “today. Yes, I am teaching you,” The speaker is emphasizing that it is the hearer, not someone else whom he is teaching, and he is teaching the hearer because the hearer needs to learn. If it is awkward in your language to emphasize in this way, you can emphasize in another way or the words “even to you” can be left untranslated. PRO 22 20 bb5s 0 General Information: These verses continue and end the introduction that began in [Proverbs 22:17](./17.md). PRO 22 20 q77c translate-textvariants 0 thirty sayings Some translations read, “excellent sayings.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -PRO 22 21 q8xu figs-rquestion 0 to teach you…who sent you? These words end the rhetorical question that began with the words “Have I not written” in Proverbs 22:20. It can be translated as a statement. “You need to know that I have written…to teach you…who sent you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PRO 22 21 q8xu figs-rquestion 0 to teach you … who sent you? These words end the rhetorical question that began with the words “Have I not written” in Proverbs 22:20. It can be translated as a statement. “You need to know that I have written … to teach you … who sent you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PRO 22 21 l5jf 0 to those who sent you This implies that the hearer is or will be one whom others send to gain and bring back information. PRO 22 22 y27s 0 General Information: These verses begin the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 22 22 aq5t 0 Do not rob…or crush If your language has a way of showing that this is the way one person would speak strongly to another, different from a general rule that people are supposed to obey, you should use it here. +PRO 22 22 aq5t 0 Do not rob … or crush If your language has a way of showing that this is the way one person would speak strongly to another, different from a general rule that people are supposed to obey, you should use it here. PRO 22 22 su1v figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any poor person” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PRO 22 22 tq59 figs-metaphor 0 crush grind into powder. This is a metaphor for “treat unjustly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 22 22 ws7l figs-nominaladj 0 the needy This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any needy person” or “any person who does not have what he needs to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) @@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@ PRO 23 13 c9zs 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayi PRO 23 13 qfa7 figs-abstractnouns 0 Do not withhold instruction from a child The abstract noun “instruction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Do not neglect to instruct a child” or “Do not refuse to instruct a child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PRO 23 13 r8dq 0 withhold refuse to give something that one knows another person needs PRO 23 14 jx2r 0 rod piece of wood -PRO 23 14 e27r 0 It is you who must beat him…and save his soul “You are the one who must beat him…and save his soul.” No one else will do it. The hearer is responsible to save the child’s soul from Sheol, and the way to save him is to beat him. +PRO 23 14 e27r 0 It is you who must beat him … and save his soul “You are the one who must beat him … and save his soul.” No one else will do it. The hearer is responsible to save the child’s soul from Sheol, and the way to save him is to beat him. PRO 23 14 z89f figs-metonymy 0 save his soul from Sheol If the hearer beats his children with the rod, they will not die young because they have done foolish or evil things. The word “soul” is a metonym for the person. Sheol is the world of the dead; going to the world of the dead is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: “you will keep him from the world of the dead” or “you will keep him from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) PRO 23 15 h5yu 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). PRO 23 16 sij3 figs-synecdoche 0 when your lips speak “Your lips” means the whole person. Alternate translation: “when you speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1435,10 +1435,10 @@ PRO 23 24 b6a9 0 will be glad in him “will be glad because of him” PRO 23 26 c77m 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). PRO 23 26 ds3t figs-metonymy 0 give me your heart The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and decides to do. This could mean: (1) “pay careful attention” or (2) “trust me completely.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 23 26 zdk9 figs-synecdoche 0 let your eyes observe The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “observe” or “look carefully at” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 27 b64j figs-merism 0 prostitute…immoral woman There are two types of sexually immoral women. The “prostitute” is unmarried, “another man’s wife” is married. Together they form a merism for any kind of sexually immoral woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +PRO 23 27 b64j figs-merism 0 prostitute … immoral woman There are two types of sexually immoral women. The “prostitute” is unmarried, “another man’s wife” is married. Together they form a merism for any kind of sexually immoral woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) PRO 23 27 y9ln figs-metaphor 0 a prostitute is a deep pit The word “pit” is a metaphor for what happens to men who sleep with prostitutes. Alternate translation: “sleeping with a prostitute is like falling into a deep pit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 23 27 i17l 0 prostitute Here the word refers to any unmarried woman who engages in sexual activity, not only those who do so for money. -PRO 23 27 zt34 0 deep pit…narrow well These are two places easy to fall into and hard to get out of, the “pit” because it is “deep” and the “well” because it is “narrow.” +PRO 23 27 zt34 0 deep pit … narrow well These are two places easy to fall into and hard to get out of, the “pit” because it is “deep” and the “well” because it is “narrow.” PRO 23 27 fys1 figs-metaphor 0 an immoral woman is a narrow well Doing evil for which one will be punished is spoken of as falling into a narrow place from which one cannot escape. Alternate translation: “Sleeping with another man’s wife is like falling into a narrow well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 23 27 ezr3 0 well a hole in the ground that people have dug to get to water PRO 23 28 x4yu 0 lies in wait stays hidden, ready to attack when a victim approaches @@ -1451,7 +1451,7 @@ PRO 23 30 g2tp figs-euphemism 0 linger over wine spend much time drinking wine PRO 23 30 t96n 0 the mixed wine This could mean: (1) different wines mixed together or (2) other drinks that are stronger than wine. PRO 23 31 v5x1 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). PRO 23 32 ip9z 0 In the last “After you drink it” -PRO 23 32 cr4n figs-metaphor 0 it bites like a serpent…it stings like an adder The word “it” refers to “the wine when it is red.” “Bites” and “stings” are metaphors for the way too much wine makes people feel. Alternate translation: “it makes you feel as bad as if a serpent had bitten you or an adder had stung you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PRO 23 32 cr4n figs-metaphor 0 it bites like a serpent … it stings like an adder The word “it” refers to “the wine when it is red.” “Bites” and “stings” are metaphors for the way too much wine makes people feel. Alternate translation: “it makes you feel as bad as if a serpent had bitten you or an adder had stung you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PRO 23 32 q4ct 0 adder a type of poisonous snake PRO 23 33 qfg7 figs-synecdoche 0 your heart will utter perverse things The “heart” represents the person and emphasize what he thinks and decides to do. Alternate translation: “you will think about and decide to do perverse things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 23 33 d1kc 0 perverse things things that God says are morally wrong and bad; things that are wicked @@ -1517,7 +1517,7 @@ PRO 24 22 ub7e 0 both of them these words refer to Yahweh and the king PRO 24 23 jq5s 0 These also are sayings of the wise This sentence starts a new collection of proverbs. PRO 24 23 ci6n 0 a case at law a situation that is brought before a judge in which someone is accused of breaking the law PRO 24 24 lma6 0 Whoever says to the wicked person,…will be cursed by peoples and hated by nations The word “nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will curse whoever says to the wicked person,…, and the people of other nations will hate him” -PRO 24 24 rfb9 0 the wicked person…a righteous person This could mean: (1) people should never call any wicked person a righteous person or (2) no one should say of a person guilty of a crime that he is innocent. Alternate translation: “a person guilty of a crime…innocent” +PRO 24 24 rfb9 0 the wicked person … a righteous person This could mean: (1) people should never call any wicked person a righteous person or (2) no one should say of a person guilty of a crime that he is innocent. Alternate translation: “a person guilty of a crime … innocent” PRO 24 25 xwv5 0 will have delight “will be very happy” PRO 24 25 ufh1 figs-personification 0 gifts of goodness will come to them Gifts are spoken of as if they were people who could move by themselves. The abstract noun “goodness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “people will give them good gifts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PRO 24 25 uy7d 0 gifts of goodness “good things” or “blessings” @@ -1554,7 +1554,7 @@ PRO 25 13 tc4q figs-simile 0 Like the cold of snow at harvest time is a faithfu PRO 25 13 sxk7 figs-metaphor 0 the cold of snow Snow only fell on the tops of mountains, and the harvest took place in hot weather, so this is probably a metaphor for cool, fresh water from a clean stream. If your language has no word for snow, consider “cool, fresh, clean water.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 25 13 v57a 0 snow white flakes of ice that fall from the sky like rain PRO 25 13 z9pn 0 brings back the life of his masters This means he makes his masters, who are weak and tired, to be strong and rested again. -PRO 25 14 hbd4 figs-metaphor 0 Clouds and wind without rain is the one who boasts…not give Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Rain was important to the Israelites because only small amounts of it fell, so a cloud without rain was useless and brought disappointment to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The one who boasts…not give is like clouds and wind without rain” or “The one who boasts…not give is useless and a disappointment, like clouds and wind without rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PRO 25 14 hbd4 figs-metaphor 0 Clouds and wind without rain is the one who boasts … not give Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Rain was important to the Israelites because only small amounts of it fell, so a cloud without rain was useless and brought disappointment to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The one who boasts … not give is like clouds and wind without rain” or “The one who boasts … not give is useless and a disappointment, like clouds and wind without rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PRO 25 15 v2wv figs-activepassive 0 With patience a ruler can be persuaded These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone who is patient can persuade a ruler” or “Someone who is patient can speak to a ruler and change his mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 25 15 eed7 figs-metaphor 0 a soft tongue can break a bone The word “tongue” is a metonym for the words the person speaks using the tongue. The word “bone” is a metaphor for strong opposition. Alternate translation: “gentle speech can overcome strong opposition” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 25 16 dc7b figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Verse 16 states a general principle, and verse 17 gives one specific example. The idea of eating too much honey and then vomiting it up is a metaphor for taking too much of any good thing and regretting it later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1592,19 +1592,19 @@ PRO 26 5 q48w figs-metaphor 0 so he will not become wise in his own eyes The ey PRO 26 6 ang1 figs-metonymy 0 Whoever sends a message by the hand of a fool Here the hand represents the fool’s responsibility to deliver the message. Alternate translation: “Whoever sends a fool to deliver a message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 26 6 ife4 figs-metaphor 0 cuts off his own feet Cutting off one’s own feet is an exaggeration for harming one’s self. Alternate translation: “harms himself like a person who cuts off his own feet and drinks violence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) PRO 26 6 a1zc figs-metaphor 0 drinks violence Violence is spoken of as if it were a poisonous liquid that someone might drink. Alternate translation: “harms himself by being violent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 7 h8yx figs-simile 0 Like the legs…is a proverb in the mouth of fools The phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is like the legs of a paralytic which hang down” or “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as useless as the legs of a paralytic which hang down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PRO 26 7 h8yx figs-simile 0 Like the legs … is a proverb in the mouth of fools The phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is like the legs of a paralytic which hang down” or “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as useless as the legs of a paralytic which hang down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PRO 26 7 m6mr 0 a paralytic a person who is unable to move or feel all or part of his body PRO 26 7 nq9k figs-metonymy 0 in the mouth of fools Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 26 8 vhn4 figs-explicit 0 tying a stone in a sling In order to throw a stone very far, people put it into a sling and swing the sling so that the stone will fly from it very quickly. The result of tying a stone in a sling can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tying a stone in a sling so that it cannot be thrown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PRO 26 8 fy3g 0 giving honor to a fool “honoring a fool” -PRO 26 9 l82z figs-simile 0 Like a thorn…is a proverb in the mouth of fools How the two are alike can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as dangerous as a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +PRO 26 9 l82z figs-simile 0 Like a thorn … is a proverb in the mouth of fools How the two are alike can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as dangerous as a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) PRO 26 9 z794 figs-synecdoche 0 a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard This could mean: (1) if a drunk person holds a thornbush, a thorn will prick his hand, or (2) if a drunk person is angry, he will pick up a thornbush and swing it at people. For the second meaning, the word “thorn” represents a thornbush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 26 9 q3gg figs-metonymy 0 in the mouth of fools Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PRO 26 10 lu8m 0 hires a fool “gives a job to a fool” PRO 26 11 dgd2 0 As a dog returns to his own vomit “As a dog eats its own vomit” PRO 26 12 cxr5 figs-rquestion 0 Do you see someone who is wise in his own eyes? This question is used to lead the reader to think about someone who is wise in his own eyes. The phrase “is wise in his own eyes” means “thinks he is wise,” and here it implies that the person is not truly wise. Alternate translation: “Consider the person who thinks he is wise but is not.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 26 12 n43z 0 There is more hope for a fool than for him “A fool can become wise more easily than he can” -PRO 26 13 y1yv 0 The lazy person says, “There is a lion…between the open places!” The lazy person lies and says that he cannot go outside and work because there is a lion on the road or between the open places. +PRO 26 13 y1yv 0 The lazy person says, “There is a lion … between the open places!” The lazy person lies and says that he cannot go outside and work because there is a lion on the road or between the open places. PRO 26 13 xyz8 0 There is a lion on the road See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:13](../22/13.md). PRO 26 13 ufn8 0 the open places This refers to the places in town where there is a lot of room for people to walk around or where people gather. Alternate translation: “the town plazas” or “the streets” PRO 26 14 bfi2 0 hinges metal pieces that attach a door to something and allow it to open and close @@ -1643,7 +1643,7 @@ PRO 26 28 qp8a 0 flattering praising someone in a manner that is not sincere, PRO 27 intro ec7g 0 # Proverbs 27 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 27 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) PRO 27 1 f85w figs-explicit 0 Do not boast about tomorrow This is a warning not to brag about what you expect to happen tomorrow. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak proudly about your plans for tomorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PRO 27 1 t368 figs-metaphor 0 what a day may bring Something happening on a certain day is spoken of as if the day were to bring that event. Alternate translation: “what will happen on a day” or “what will happen tomorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 2 cyj6 figs-ellipsis 0 and not your own mouth…and not your own lips The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated. Here a person is represented by his “mouth” and “lips” because those are the parts of the body used to speak. Alternate translation: “and do not let your own mouth praise you…and do not let your own lips praise you” or “and do not praise yourself…and do not praise yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PRO 27 2 cyj6 figs-ellipsis 0 and not your own mouth … and not your own lips The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated. Here a person is represented by his “mouth” and “lips” because those are the parts of the body used to speak. Alternate translation: “and do not let your own mouth praise you … and do not let your own lips praise you” or “and do not praise yourself … and do not praise yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PRO 27 2 jhl7 figs-ellipsis 0 a stranger The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. The words can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “let a stranger praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) PRO 27 3 snl3 figs-metaphor 0 the provocation of a fool is heavier than both The difficulty of being patient with a fool who provokes you is spoken of as if that difficulty were heavy. Alternate translation: “the provocation of a fool is harder to tolerate than either of them” or “It is harder to be patient when a fool provokes you than it is to be patient while carrying them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 27 3 hs8d 0 the provocation of a fool “the trouble caused by a fool.” “Provocation” means actions or words that cause anger or irritation. @@ -1696,7 +1696,7 @@ PRO 27 21 c4r4 figs-explicit 0 A crucible is for silver and a furnace is for go PRO 27 21 eg8j translate-unknown 0 crucible a container used for heating substances to very high temperatures (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PRO 27 21 eza1 translate-unknown 0 furnace an oven that can be made extremely hot (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PRO 27 21 b7qd figs-activepassive 0 a person is tested when he is praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when one praises a person, they are also testing that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 27 22 m5zv figs-metaphor 0 Even if you crush a fool…yet his foolishness will not leave him This means that even if a fool is made to suffer hardship or pain (being crushed is often a metaphor for suffering in Hebrew), he will remain foolish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 27 22 m5zv figs-metaphor 0 Even if you crush a fool … yet his foolishness will not leave him This means that even if a fool is made to suffer hardship or pain (being crushed is often a metaphor for suffering in Hebrew), he will remain foolish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 27 22 ir3k translate-unknown 0 pestle a hard tool with a rounded end, used for crushing things in a bowl (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) PRO 27 23 ixh6 figs-parallelism 0 Be sure you know the condition of your flocks and be concerned about your herds These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PRO 27 23 de7k 0 your flocks “flocks of sheep” @@ -1723,7 +1723,7 @@ PRO 28 5 pi7r figs-gendernotations 0 Evil men Here “men” means people in ge PRO 28 5 t38q figs-abstractnouns 0 do not understand justice The abstract noun “justice” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “do not understand what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PRO 28 5 k5mh figs-metaphor 0 those who seek Yahweh Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 28 5 ru6t figs-explicit 0 understand everything The implied information is that those who seek Yahweh understand all about justice. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 28 6 q4ty 0 It is better for a poor person…than for a rich person “It is better to be a poor person…than it is to be a rich person” +PRO 28 6 q4ty 0 It is better for a poor person … than for a rich person “It is better to be a poor person … than it is to be a rich person” PRO 28 6 pfi9 figs-metaphor 0 walks in his integrity This represents a person living a life of integrity. The abstract noun “integrity” can be expressed as an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PRO 28 6 jdf4 figs-metaphor 0 who is crooked in his ways Rich people who are dishonest are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “who is not honest in what he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 28 7 b5pv figs-metaphor 0 He who keeps the law To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “He who obeys God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1741,7 +1741,7 @@ PRO 28 9 s7cf figs-synecdoche 0 turns away his ear from hearing the law This re PRO 28 9 ztw6 figs-activepassive 0 even his prayer is detestable “even his prayer is offensive to God.” This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “God detests even his prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 28 9 a3bi 0 detestable See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). PRO 28 10 hgy2 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever misleads the upright into an evil way This is a metaphor for leading upright people in an evil direction. Alternate translation: “Whoever causes the upright to go in an evil direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 10 pv8z 0 Whoever misleads…evil way will fall “If anyone misleads…evil way, he will fall” +PRO 28 10 pv8z 0 Whoever misleads … evil way will fall “If anyone misleads … evil way, he will fall” PRO 28 10 m6rz figs-nominaladj 0 the upright This refers to upright persons in general. Alternate translation: “upright persons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) PRO 28 10 tw7h figs-metaphor 0 will fall into his own pit “will fall into the trap that he has dug.” This is a metaphor for ending up in the same bad place as others had been led toward. Alternate translation: “will end up in the same evil place toward which he guided other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 28 10 yg55 figs-nominaladj 0 the blameless This refers to blameless persons in general. Alternate translation: “blameless persons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) @@ -1854,14 +1854,14 @@ PRO 29 26 sa3k figs-metonymy 0 Many are those who seek the face of the ruler Th PRO 29 26 w96b figs-abstractnouns 0 from Yahweh is justice for a person It is Yahweh, not human rulers, who will see that people treat a person justly. The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as “just.” Alternate translation: “it is Yahweh who is truly just towards a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PRO 29 27 c4s9 0 detestable a person who should be hated. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). PRO 30 intro aud8 0 # Proverbs 30 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Agur

His full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means “gatherer” and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name.

### Three things and four

From verses 15 through 32, the author uses a specific technique to explain some things. He says there are three things and even four and lists items that exemplify a feature like “small and yet wise.” The numbering is not meant to be so literal, but as a memory device that introduces the items. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

### Themes
There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 30 1 u8l9 translate-names 0 Agur…Jakeh…Ithiel…Ucal These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +PRO 30 1 u8l9 translate-names 0 Agur … Jakeh … Ithiel … Ucal These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PRO 30 1 v8qt 0 Agur son of Jakeh This is the literal son of Jakeh, not a grandchild. PRO 30 1 ic3d 0 the utterance “the message” PRO 30 1 y7qf 0 to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal “to Ithiel—that is, to Ithiel and Ucal” PRO 30 2 n4d9 0 Surely “Certainly” or “There is no doubt that” PRO 30 2 ij38 figs-abstractnouns 0 I do not have the understanding of a human being The abstract noun “understanding” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I do not understand anything the way human beings are supposed to understand them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PRO 30 3 ln5f figs-abstractnouns 0 nor do I have knowledge of the Holy One The abstract noun “knowledge” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “nor do I really know anything about the Holy One” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 30 4 kw1a figs-rquestion 0 Who has…down? Who has…hands? Who has…cloak? Who has…earth? The writer asks these questions to get the reader thinking about how much greater Yahweh is than people. Alternate translation: “No person has ever…down. No person has ever…hands. No person has ever…cloak. No person has ever…earth.” or “Who has…down? Who has…hands? Who has…cloak? Who has…earth? No one has ever done any of these things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +PRO 30 4 kw1a figs-rquestion 0 Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? The writer asks these questions to get the reader thinking about how much greater Yahweh is than people. Alternate translation: “No person has ever … down. No person has ever … hands. No person has ever … cloak. No person has ever … earth.” or “Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? No one has ever done any of these things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) PRO 30 4 eb1b 0 heaven where God lives PRO 30 4 bz7z figs-metaphor 0 gathered up the wind in the hollow of his hands The writer speaks of the wind as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in his hand. Alternate translation: “has caught the wind in his hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 30 4 g4i7 0 the hollow of his hands the way his hands are shaped when he is scooping up, for example, water or sand. “his cupped hands” @@ -1882,14 +1882,14 @@ PRO 30 9 f4ah 0 I might steal and profane the name of my God “I might make p PRO 30 10 rz4a 0 slander speak falsely about another person with the desire to harm him PRO 30 10 ycc9 0 he will curse “the servant will curse” PRO 30 10 u5fu figs-activepassive 0 you will be held guilty This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will hold you guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 11 sz6e 0 a generation that curses…and does not bless “a generation of people who curse…and do not bless” +PRO 30 11 sz6e 0 a generation that curses … and does not bless “a generation of people who curse … and do not bless” PRO 30 11 z4bb 0 generation type or class or group PRO 30 12 h8cq 0 a generation that is “a generation of people that are” PRO 30 12 dp6p figs-metaphor 0 is pure in their own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “considers themselves pure” or “believes they are pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 30 12 re7r figs-metaphor 0 they are not washed of their filth The words “washed” and “filth” speak of God forgiving people who sin as if he were washing physical filth off of the people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has not forgiven them of their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 30 12 fyp5 0 filth This should be translated with a polite term that includes human or animal vomit and waste. -PRO 30 13 ey4d figs-metonymy 0 eyes are raised up…their eyelids lifted up This describes people who think that they are better than other people. Their eyes show that they are proud, and the way they look at others shows that they think they are better than those other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 30 14 zca7 figs-metaphor 0 There is a generation whose teeth are swords, and their jawbones are like knives, so they may devour the poor…and the needy The people of the generation who speak very harmful things is spoken of as if they were wild animals with teeth and jawbones made of swords and knives, and they eat the poor and needy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +PRO 30 13 ey4d figs-metonymy 0 eyes are raised up … their eyelids lifted up This describes people who think that they are better than other people. Their eyes show that they are proud, and the way they look at others shows that they think they are better than those other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +PRO 30 14 zca7 figs-metaphor 0 There is a generation whose teeth are swords, and their jawbones are like knives, so they may devour the poor … and the needy The people of the generation who speak very harmful things is spoken of as if they were wild animals with teeth and jawbones made of swords and knives, and they eat the poor and needy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 30 14 z22j 0 jawbones the bones of the face where teeth grow PRO 30 15 yr92 figs-metaphor 0 The leech has two daughters This is an example of something that always wants more. Alternate translation: “Greed has two daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 30 15 ik61 0 leech a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin and sucks blood @@ -1898,12 +1898,12 @@ PRO 30 15 snu6 writing-poetry 0 There are three things that are never satisfied PRO 30 15 xlu4 figs-litotes 0 are never satisfied This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “always want more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) PRO 30 16 d8p5 figs-personification 0 land that is never satisfied with water Land that is no longer producing food because there has been no rain is spoken of as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) PRO 30 17 hr1j figs-abstractnouns 0 scorns obedience to a mother The word “obedience” is a metonym for the mother herself. It is also an abstract noun that can be stated as “obey.” Alternate translation: “considers his mother worthless and will not obey her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 30 17 pr2u 0 his eyes…the vultures The writer says that the person will die by giving two pictures of what happens to people who die away from where people live. +PRO 30 17 pr2u 0 his eyes … the vultures The writer says that the person will die by giving two pictures of what happens to people who die away from where people live. PRO 30 17 l9a8 figs-activepassive 0 his eyes will be pecked out by the ravens of the valley This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the ravens of the valley will peck out his eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 30 17 x3vs 0 ravens large, shiny, black birds that eat plants and dead animals PRO 30 17 sxz9 figs-activepassive 0 he will be eaten by the vultures This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the vultures will eat him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PRO 30 17 k8je 0 vultures any one of several large birds that eat dead animals and have small, featherless heads -PRO 30 18 njh2 0 There are three things that are…four that I do not understand: The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that are too wonderful for me that I do not understand—four of them are:” +PRO 30 18 njh2 0 There are three things that are … four that I do not understand: The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that are too wonderful for me that I do not understand—four of them are:” PRO 30 19 u9rp figs-metaphor 0 in the heart of the sea The “heart” refers to the middle. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” or “on the open sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 30 20 h26k figs-euphemism 0 she eats and she wipes her mouth This seems to be both a euphemism and a metaphor for committing adultery and then taking a bath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PRO 30 21 s3e3 0 Under three things the earth trembles, and under four it cannot bear up The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. “There are some things that make the earth tremble, that it cannot endure. Four of these are:” @@ -1912,14 +1912,14 @@ PRO 30 23 l8m1 figs-activepassive 0 a hated woman when she marries That is, peo PRO 30 23 dwd5 0 takes the place of her mistress rules the household PRO 30 26 p11p 0 rock badgers an animal with small, rounded ears, short legs, and no tail PRO 30 28 l4zb 0 lizard a small reptile that has four legs, a long, slender body, and a tail -PRO 30 29 u31f 0 There are three things that are…four that are stately in how they walk The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that walk stately. Four of these are” +PRO 30 29 u31f 0 There are three things that are … four that are stately in how they walk The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that walk stately. Four of these are” PRO 30 29 dc44 0 stately majestic or dignified, like a king PRO 30 31 e3z8 0 strutting rooster an adult male chicken that walks proudly PRO 30 33 kgm4 0 churning strongly stirring PRO 30 33 nj7p 0 butter Animal milk that someone has stirred and made thick. PRO 31 intro dd9p 0 # Proverbs 31 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

### King Lemuel

This person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### An acrostic poem

Verse 10 through 31 is tightly formed as a poem in the original language. There are 22 lines in the Hebrew language that each begin with a successive letter of the alphabet. However, each language will have a different set of letters. Therefore, it is important to realize this was a single composition with a single theme of a noble or godly wife.

### Themes
There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) PRO 31 2 nw5l figs-rquestion 0 What, my son? What is it, son of my womb? What do you want, son of my vows? Possible meanings of the rhetorical question “What” are (1) “What are you doing?” or “You should not be doing what you are doing” or (2) “What shall I tell you?” or “Listen to what I am telling you” or (3) “Do not do the things I am about to warn you against.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 31 2 ag7f 0 my son…son of my womb…son of my vows The speaker wants the hearer to notice carefully and to respect the one who is talking to him. +PRO 31 2 ag7f 0 my son … son of my womb … son of my vows The speaker wants the hearer to notice carefully and to respect the one who is talking to him. PRO 31 2 ye5f 0 son of my womb The womb is a synecdoche for the person. It is best to use a polite term for the body part in which babies grow before they are born. PRO 31 2 p2hh 0 son of my vows The “vows” could be (1) the mother’s marriage vows or (2) a vow after she married that if God allowed her to have a child she would dedicate him to God. PRO 31 3 irw8 0 Do not give your strength to women “Do not work hard trying to have sex with women,” either outside of marriage or with concubines. diff --git a/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv b/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv index eeb87ee3d..15c08d21e 100644 --- a/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv +++ b/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo ECC front intro d82s 0 # Introduction to Ecclesiastes
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Ecclesiastes

1. The author questions the nature of life and the limits of human wisdom (1:1–6:12)
1. The author teaches about making wise choices in how one lives (7:1–12:7)
1. The conclusion and ending (12:8–14)

### What is the Book of Ecclesiastes about?

Ecclesiastes is a group of short teachings that try to answer questions such as “What do people gain from all their labor?” Ecclesiastes is a series of thoughts about a variety of subjects, all of them about the purpose and worth of various actions and events. The author concludes that all the work we perform and all the knowledge and skill we gain is like a vapor that disappears, and that we must fear Yahweh and keep his commandments.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

The traditional title for this book is “Ecclesiastes.” Its meaning is similar to “religious assembly.” Translators might decide on a title that better describes the content of the book, such as “Words of a Teacher” or “Teachings of a Wise Man.”

### Who wrote the Book of Ecclesiastes?

The author appears to be Solomon, “the Teacher, the descendant of David and king in Jerusalem.” This is consistent with what Solomon was known for:
* his wisdom ([Ecclesiastes 1:16](../../ecc/01/16.md) and twenty-six other references to wisdom);
* his vast wealth ([Ecclesiastes 2:8](../../ecc/02/08.md)), and the pain that comes from wealth ([Ecclesiastes 5:13-14](../05/13.md); [Ecclesiastes 4:8](../../ecc/04/08.md); and [Ecclesiastes 9:11](../../ecc/09/11.md));
* his large number of servants ([Ecclesiastes 2:7](../../ecc/02/07.md) and [Ecclesiastes 10:7](../../ecc/10/07.md));
* his limitless opportunities for worldly pleasures ([Ecclesiastes 2:1-2](../02/01.md), [Ecclesiastes 10](../02/09.md); [Ecclesiastes 3:13](../../ecc/03/13.md); [Ecclesiastes 4:8](../../ecc/04/08.md); [Ecclesiastes 5:4](../../ecc/05/04.md); and [Ecclesiastes 12:1](../../ecc/12/01.md)); and
* the wide range of his many building projects ([Ecclesiastes 2:4-6](../02/04.md)).

Solomon appears to have written the Book of Ecclesiastes near the end of his life, as he reflected on what he gained from all that he did.

### Why are there so many apparent contradictions in the Book of Ecclesiastes?

Some scholars think the author was a faithful man. Other scholars think that the author made bad decisions and was sorrowful when he wrote this book. Apparent contradictions in the book may indicate that Solomon’s faith was sometimes weak. Or, it is also possible that the teachings in the book differ from each other in order to relate to different things happening in the lives of readers.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What does this book teach about how God repays people?

In the ancient Near East, people were concerned with why they were being punished or blessed. They often connected these things to their gods. The writer of Ecclesiastes explains that Yahweh will bless and reward people for the right things they do and punish people for the evil things they do. But this might not happen in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

### What value did the Israelites place on the Book of Ecclesiastes?

The Israelites have often questioned the value of this book. This is due in large part to its unusual wording and teachings. At times, it appears to disagree with the rest of Scripture. While many have questioned its authority, it has been affirmed to be Scripture. It gives valuable lessons concerning the uselessness of pursuing any goal other than to give Yahweh glory.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is the meaning of “under the sun?”

“Under the sun” here is another way of saying “on the earth.” When the author says that there is “nothing new under the sun,” this means that every kind of thing has already happened before on the earth. While a particular event may not have specifically occurred before, something similar has already occurred.

### How do I translate harsh or shocking passages?

Parts of the Book of Ecclesiastes can be shocking or surprising to read in Scripture. For example, “If a man fathers a hundred children and lives many years, so that the days of his years are many, but if his heart is not satisfied with good and he is not buried with honor, then I say that a baby that is born dead is better off than he is” (6:3). The translator should allow these difficulties to remain and not try to make them less surprising.

### How is life described in the Book of Ecclesiastes?

The author of Ecclesiastes concludes that everything in this life quickly passes away, like a vapor that disappears. A person’s circumstances or character and even all of the things of this world have little or no significance apart from God. That is because God gives meaning to everything.

At the end of their life, people often say that the years of their life seemed short. The author of Ecclesiastes used the metaphor of vapor or breath to describe how life ends while it seems to be just beginning. ECC 1 intro g7jr 0 # Ecclesiastes 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-11 and 15.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Tone
The tone of this chapter is sad, or depressing. The author believes that everything in life is pointless. The metaphors in this chapter all describe the idea that nothing ever changes. This is also known as “fatalism.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 1 2 x2dt figs-simile 0 Like a vapor of mist, like a breeze in the wind, everything vanishes This speaks of how everything in life vanishes and has no lasting value as if everything were like a disappearing vapor or breeze. Alternate translation: “Like a vapor of mist vanishes and like a breeze in the wind disappears, everything vanishes and has no lasting value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 1 3 bsv3 figs-rquestion 0 What profit does mankind gain…under the sun? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that man’s work is pointless and has no lasting benefit. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Mankind gains no profit…under the sun.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 1 3 bsv3 figs-rquestion 0 What profit does mankind gain … under the sun? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that man’s work is pointless and has no lasting benefit. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Mankind gains no profit … under the sun.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 1 3 r9j3 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 1 4 fj3a 0 General Information: The writer is presenting the natural order of life as he understands it. ECC 1 5 n9ia figs-personification 0 hurries back to the place This speaks of how the sun sets at the end of the day and is soon ready to rise again, as if it were a person that quickly ran from the place where it sets to the place from which it rises. Alternate translation: “quickly returns to the place” or “quickly goes to the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ ECC 1 13 a36k 0 children of mankind “human beings” ECC 1 14 d4rw figs-activepassive 0 all the deeds that are done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 1 14 h2f6 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 1 14 fw3m figs-idiom 0 look The author uses this word to draw attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “indeed” or “really” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 1 14 xq7t figs-parallelism 0 amount to vapor…chasing the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 1 14 xq7t figs-parallelism 0 amount to vapor … chasing the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 1 14 jpp7 figs-metaphor 0 amount to vapor “are only mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” Just as vapor disappears and does not last, things have no lasting value. Alternate translation: “are as useless as vapor” or “are meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 1 14 i9d5 figs-metaphor 0 chasing the wind The author says that everything that people do is as useless as if they were trying to control the wind. Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 1 15 s638 figs-activepassive 0 The twisted cannot be straightened! The missing cannot be counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People cannot straighten things that are twisted! They cannot count what is not there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -58,19 +58,19 @@ ECC 2 8 z349 figs-metonymy 0 provinces Here “provinces” represents the rule ECC 2 8 sng5 figs-explicit 0 the delights of the children of humanity—and many concubines This means that he had many concubines that he enjoyed sleeping with, as any man enjoys sleeping with women. Alternate translation: “I greatly enjoyed many concubines, as would delight any man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ECC 2 9 v6ku figs-explicit 0 than all who were before me in Jerusalem This refers to all the previous rulers of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “than all the kings who had ruled before me in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ECC 2 9 hz3n figs-idiom 0 my wisdom remained with me This is an idiom. “I continued to act wisely” or “I continued to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 2 10 ner1 figs-synecdoche 0 Whatever my eyes desired…from them Here the author refers to himself by his “eyes” to emphasize what he sees. Alternate translation: “Whatever I saw and desired…from myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ECC 2 10 ner1 figs-synecdoche 0 Whatever my eyes desired … from them Here the author refers to himself by his “eyes” to emphasize what he sees. Alternate translation: “Whatever I saw and desired … from myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ECC 2 10 v74v 0 I did not withhold from them This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “I got for them” ECC 2 10 vdf1 figs-synecdoche 0 I did not withhold my heart from any pleasure Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his desires. This can be stated positively and the word “pleasure” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “I did not keep myself from any pleasure” or “I allowed myself to enjoy everything that made me happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ECC 2 10 bsh6 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart rejoiced Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his desires. Alternate translation: “I rejoiced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ECC 2 11 p9rs figs-synecdoche 0 all the deeds that my hands had accomplished Here the author refers to himself by his “hands.” Alternate translation: “all that I had accomplished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 2 11 s4rm figs-parallelism 0 vapor…an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 2 11 s4rm figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 2 11 bmh2 figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 2 11 g17w figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author says that everything that people do is as useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 2 11 ce6q 0 There was no profit under the sun in it “But it had no profit under the sun” ECC 2 11 wz2f figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 2 12 l7xp figs-doublet 0 madness and folly The words “madness” and “folly” have similar meanings and refer to foolish thinking and behavior, respectively. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ECC 2 12 u6br figs-rquestion 0 For what can the next king do who comes after the king, which has not already been done? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize his point that the next king will not be able to do anything more valuable that what he had already done. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “For the next king who comes after the king can do nothing that a king before him has not already done.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 2 12 f76d 0 the next king…who comes after the king “the king…who succeeds the current king” or “the next king…who comes after me” +ECC 2 12 f76d 0 the next king … who comes after the king “the king … who succeeds the current king” or “the next king … who comes after me” ECC 2 13 p1yi figs-simile 0 wisdom has advantages over folly, just as light is better than darkness This speaks of how wisdom is better than folly by comparing it to how light is better than darkness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ECC 2 14 ml2f figs-metaphor 0 The wise man uses his eyes in his head to see where he is going This speaks of a wise man making wise decisions as walking and paying attention to where he is going. Alternate translation: “The wise man is like a person who uses his eyes to see where he is going” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 2 14 dub9 figs-idiom 0 uses his eyes in his head to see This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “pays attention and looks to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ ECC 2 16 ybg8 figs-activepassive 0 For the wise man, like the fool, is not reme ECC 2 16 h7gz figs-activepassive 0 everything will have been long forgotten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will have long forgotten everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 2 17 few8 figs-activepassive 0 all the work done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all the work that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 2 17 sek4 0 was evil to me “troubled me” -ECC 2 17 l4jf figs-parallelism 0 vapor…an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 2 17 l4jf figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 2 17 a874 figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 2 17 i7pa figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author says everything that people do is as useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 2 17 y4bh figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ ECC 2 21 j6ge 0 who works with wisdom, with knowledge, and skill “who works ECC 2 21 y72q 0 who has not made any of it “who has not worked for any of it” ECC 2 21 klw5 figs-metaphor 0 vapor The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were mist. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 2 21 j6ur 0 a great tragedy “a great disaster” -ECC 2 22 k62m figs-rquestion 0 For what profit does the person gain who works so hard and tries in his heart to complete his labors under the sun? The author uses a rhetorical question to emphasize that the man who works hard gains nothing. Translate “what profit does…gain” as you did in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “For the person who works so hard and tries in his heart to complete his labors under the sun gains nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 2 22 k62m figs-rquestion 0 For what profit does the person gain who works so hard and tries in his heart to complete his labors under the sun? The author uses a rhetorical question to emphasize that the man who works hard gains nothing. Translate “what profit does … gain” as you did in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “For the person who works so hard and tries in his heart to complete his labors under the sun gains nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 2 22 g69d figs-parallelism 0 works so hard and tries in his heart These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how strenuously the person works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 2 22 t8lp figs-idiom 0 tries in his heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “tries anxiously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 2 22 v87n figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ ECC 2 23 f3zg figs-idiom 0 his soul does not find rest Here man’s mind is ref ECC 2 24 xa3q figs-metonymy 0 God’s hand Here God is represented by his “hand” to emphasize how he provides for people. Alternate translation: “from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 2 25 x4m8 figs-rquestion 0 For who can eat or who can have any kind of pleasure apart from God? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no pleasure can be had without God’s provision. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “For no one can eat or have any kind of pleasure apart from God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 2 26 s16q 0 so that he may give it away to someone who pleases God Possible meanings for the word “he” are (1) God or (2) the sinner. This also can be translated without making it clear who it is that gives the things that the sinner stored. Alternate translation: “so that the one who pleases God may have it” -ECC 2 26 fs9n figs-parallelism 0 vapor…an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 2 26 fs9n figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 2 26 v8zn figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 2 26 e7hm figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author speaks of everything that people do as being useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 3 intro a9c1 0 # Ecclesiastes 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-8 and 3:15.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Parallelism
The chapter uses parallelism with the phrase, “a time to.” This gives the quotation a poetic style. Their overall purpose is to show that Yahweh directs the events of the world and therefore, they have purpose. @@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ ECC 3 4 a5em figs-merism 0 General Information: The writer continues with meris ECC 3 5 yg8l 0 embrace to hold someone in your arms to show love or friendship ECC 3 6 az59 figs-merism 0 General Information: The writer continues with merisms to describe various aspects of life from one extreme to the other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ECC 3 8 f1fu figs-merism 0 General Information: The writer concludes using merisms to describe various aspects of life from one extreme to the other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 3 9 q3gk figs-rquestion 0 What profit does the worker gain in his labor? This is a thought provoking question to focus the reader on the next discussion topic. Translate “what profit does…gain” as you did in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “The worker gains no profit for his labor.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 3 9 q3gk figs-rquestion 0 What profit does the worker gain in his labor? This is a thought provoking question to focus the reader on the next discussion topic. Translate “what profit does … gain” as you did in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “The worker gains no profit for his labor.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 3 11 z9kk 0 God has made everything suitable for its own time “God has fixed a time that is right for everything to happen” or “God has set a time that is right for each thing to happen: ECC 3 11 k5de figs-metonymy 0 placed eternity in their hearts Here the word “their” refers to human beings. Here the “hearts” of the people represent their thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “placed eternity in the hearts of human beings” or “caused people to think about eternal things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 3 11 jac1 figs-merism 0 from their beginning all the way to their end This refers to the beginning and the end and all that is in between. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ECC 3 13 cyl8 0 should understand how to enjoy “should learn how to enjoy” or “should enjoy” ECC 3 14 w9c2 figs-activepassive 0 Nothing can be added to it or taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one can add anything to or take anything away from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 3 16 iyt8 figs-parallelism 0 I have seen the wickedness…wickedness was there These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how common wicked behavior is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 3 16 iyt8 figs-parallelism 0 I have seen the wickedness … wickedness was there These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how common wicked behavior is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 3 16 i932 0 in place of righteousness “where there should be righteousness” ECC 3 16 ib3m figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 3 17 h7j6 figs-synecdoche 0 I said in my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I said to myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ ECC 3 19 y2nd 0 There is no advantage for mankind over the animals “Mankind ECC 3 19 q66p figs-metaphor 0 is not everything just a breath? Here the author speaks of everything being as temporary as if it were a breath of air. The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that everything is temporary. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Everything is just a breath.” or “Everything is as temporary as a breath.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 3 20 gi8h figs-explicit 0 Everything is going to the same place This means that all people and all animals die and decay and become part of the soil. Alternate translation: “Everything dies and goes to the same place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ECC 3 20 d4km 0 dust soil -ECC 3 21 h8x9 figs-rquestion 0 Who knows whether the spirit…into the earth? The author asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one truly knows what happens after people and animals die. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows whether the spirit…into the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 3 21 h8x9 figs-rquestion 0 Who knows whether the spirit … into the earth? The author asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one truly knows what happens after people and animals die. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows whether the spirit … into the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 3 22 h5jm 0 there is nothing better for anyone than to See how you translated this phrase in [Ecclesiastes 3:12](../03/12.md). ECC 3 22 lqg2 figs-rquestion 0 Who can bring him back to see what happens after him? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one will see what happens after he dies. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one of us knows what happens to us after we die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 4 intro ev1x 0 # Ecclesiastes 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 4:1-3, 4:5-6, and 4:8-12.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Irony
The teacher looks at the oppression in the world and is saddened by it, but he is the king and has the power to change things. He also laments being alone even though he has many wives, children, and concubines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ ECC 4 3 q72x figs-explicit 0 both of them This refers to those who are dead and ECC 4 3 hua5 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 4 4 y7i7 figs-abstractnouns 0 became the envy of one’s neighbor The word “envy” may be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “made one’s neighbor envious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ECC 4 4 u7wt 0 the envy of one’s neighbor This could mean: (1) The neighbor envies the object his neighbor made, or (2) the neighbor envies the skills his neighbor has. -ECC 4 4 e19x figs-parallelism 0 vapor…an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 4 4 e19x figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 4 4 u3t7 figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were vapor. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 4 4 m36w figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author speaks of everything that people do as being useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 4 5 vfv8 translate-symaction 0 The fool folds his hands and does not work To fold the hands is a gesture of laziness and is another way of saying that the person refuses to work. Alternate translation: “The fool refuses to work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -182,15 +182,15 @@ ECC 4 13 uye4 figs-metonymy 0 who no longer knows how Here knowing represents w ECC 4 14 k5lm 0 from prison “after being in prison” ECC 4 14 xu6r figs-explicit 0 he was born poor in his kingdom This means that he had poor parents. Alternate translation: “he was born to poor parents who lived in the land that he will someday rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ECC 4 15 l8cp 0 General Information: Instead of choosing the wise youth, the people choose the king’s son, who may not be any wiser. -ECC 4 15 pj25 figs-parallelism 0 alive…walking around The words “alive” and “walking around” mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize living people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 4 15 pj25 figs-parallelism 0 alive … walking around The words “alive” and “walking around” mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize living people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 4 15 s7r7 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 4 16 rru3 figs-hyperbole 0 There is no end to all the people This is an exaggeration used to emphasize a large number of people. Alternate translation: “There are very many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ECC 4 16 xk33 figs-parallelism 0 vapor…an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 4 16 xk33 figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 4 16 xp58 figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were vapor. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 4 16 l1y1 figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author speaks of everything that people do as being useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 5 intro p4zf 0 # Ecclesiastes 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 5:2-3, and 5:10-17.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Materialism
The author describes the pointlessness of pursuing material things. This is known as “materialism.” Those who pursue after things will always want more. At the end of their life, they will not be able to use these things. ECC 5 1 h4uf figs-metonymy 0 Guard your steps Here “steps” are a metonym for a person’s conduct. Alternate translation: “Be careful how you conduct yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 5 2 k5is figs-parallelism 0 Do not be too quick…do not let your heart be too quick These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that you should think first before you speak to God about a matter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 5 2 k5is figs-parallelism 0 Do not be too quick … do not let your heart be too quick These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that you should think first before you speak to God about a matter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 5 2 s9ue 0 to speak with your mouth Here the phrase “with your mouth” emphasizes and describes a person speaking. Alternate translation: “to speak” ECC 5 2 ucz2 figs-synecdoche 0 do not let your heart Here a person is represented by his “heart” to emphasize his emotions and desires. Alternate translation: “do not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ECC 5 2 g7vv 0 let your words be few “do not say too much” @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ ECC 5 8 h98m figs-doublet 0 just and right treatment The words “just” and ECC 5 8 d57b 0 do not be astonished as if no one knows, because there are people “do not be surprised, for there are people ECC 5 8 kr4z 0 there are people in power “there are people with authority” ECC 5 8 v44r figs-idiom 0 even higher ones over them There are other men who rule over the men in authority. Alternate translation: “men who have even more authority than they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 5 9 uc5e figs-abstractnouns 0 the produce of the land…produce from the fields The word “produce” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “the food that the land produces…crops from the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ECC 5 9 uc5e figs-abstractnouns 0 the produce of the land … produce from the fields The word “produce” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “the food that the land produces … crops from the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ECC 5 10 kh3l figs-metaphor 0 vapor The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were mist. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 5 11 md9b figs-abstractnouns 0 As prosperity increases The word “prosperity” may be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “As a person becomes more prosperous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ECC 5 11 xh2w 0 so also do the people who consume it This could mean: (1) “so also the person spends more money” or (2) “so also there will be more people who use his wealth.” @@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ ECC 5 13 m4vd figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on ECC 5 13 j6b2 figs-activepassive 0 riches hoarded by the owner This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “an owner hoards riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 5 14 d5n4 0 through bad luck This could mean: (1) “through misfortune” or (2) “through a bad business deal.” ECC 5 14 zb1u figs-metonymy 0 his own son, one whom he has fathered, is left with nothing in his hands Here the phrase “in his hands” represents ownership. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he leaves no possession for his own son” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 5 15 it6k figs-metaphor 0 As a man comes from his mother’s womb…he will leave naked It is implied that a man is naked when he is born. In addition to being without clothing, here the word “naked” emphasizes that people are born without any possessions. Alternate translation: “As a man is naked and owns nothing when he is born…he will leave this life the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ECC 5 15 it6k figs-metaphor 0 As a man comes from his mother’s womb … he will leave naked It is implied that a man is naked when he is born. In addition to being without clothing, here the word “naked” emphasizes that people are born without any possessions. Alternate translation: “As a man is naked and owns nothing when he is born … he will leave this life the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 5 15 wl6z 0 comes from his mother’s womb “is born” ECC 5 15 zl7h figs-euphemism 0 he will leave This refers to dying. Alternate translation: “he will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ECC 5 15 fe51 figs-metonymy 0 He can take none of the fruits of his labor in his hand Here a man’s possessions are spoken of as if they are fruit that he grew with his labor. Alternate translation: “He can not take any of his possessions with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ ECC 6 8 gse4 figs-rquestion 0 What advantage does the poor man have even if he ECC 6 8 zy1l 0 how to act “how to conduct himself” ECC 6 9 ays9 figs-metonymy 0 what the eyes see A person can see these things because he already has them. Alternate translation: “what a person has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 6 9 xhe8 figs-metonymy 0 to desire what a wandering appetite craves This refers to things that a person wants but does not have. Alternate translation: “to want what he does not have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 6 9 n6mw figs-parallelism 0 vapor…an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 6 9 n6mw figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 6 9 f92y figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were vapor. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 6 9 qai8 figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author speaks of everything that people do as being useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 6 10 vs8g figs-activepassive 0 Whatever has existed has already been given its name This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have already named everything that exists” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -271,9 +271,9 @@ ECC 6 11 l9d5 figs-activepassive 0 The more words that are spoken This can be s ECC 6 11 pz7h 0 the more futility increases The more a person speaks, the more likely he will speak about meaningless things. Alternate translation: “the more meaningless those words are” ECC 6 11 s51v 0 futility being useless, without profit ECC 6 11 pq2r figs-rquestion 0 what advantage is that to a man? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no advantage for a man to talk a lot. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “that is no advantage to a man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 6 12 cb4r figs-rquestion 0 For who knows what is good for man…he passes like a shadow? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no person truly knows what is good for man. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows what is good for man…he passes like a shadow.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 6 12 cb4r figs-rquestion 0 For who knows what is good for man … he passes like a shadow? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no person truly knows what is good for man. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows what is good for man … he passes like a shadow.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 6 12 jj23 figs-simile 0 in his life during his futile, numbered days through which he passes like a shadow This speaks of how life passes quickly by saying that it is like a shadow that quickly disappears. The phrase “numbered days” emphasizes that a person’s life is short. Alternate translation: “during his futile, short life, which he passes through as quickly as a shadow passes by” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 6 12 ka2l figs-rquestion 0 Who can tell a man…after he passes? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one knows what will happen after a person dies. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can tell a man…after he passes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ECC 6 12 ka2l figs-rquestion 0 Who can tell a man … after he passes? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one knows what will happen after a person dies. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can tell a man … after he passes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ECC 6 12 pjl3 figs-idiom 0 what will come under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated “under the sun” in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “what will happen on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 6 12 k2ab figs-euphemism 0 after he passes This is a polite expression for death. Alternate translation: “after he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ECC 7 intro fp2g 0 # Ecclesiastes 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:1-26.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Advice
This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as “good ideas.” @@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ ECC 7 3 g9c7 figs-idiom 0 sadness of face This refers to being sad. Alternate t ECC 7 3 rsl9 figs-metonymy 0 gladness of heart Here the word “heart” refers to a person’s thoughts and emotions. “Gladness” describes either (1) the state of the emotions of being happy and peaceful or (2) the ability to understand the truth. Alternate translation: “right thinking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 7 4 pli9 figs-synecdoche 0 The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning Here wise people are referred to by their “hearts.” This speaks of the wise person mourning as being in a house of mourning. Alternate translation: “Wise people think deeply about death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 7 4 lly7 figs-synecdoche 0 but the heart of fools is in the house of feasting Here foolish people are referred to by their “hearts.” This speaks of foolish people thinking only about what makes them happy as being in a house of feasting. Alternate translation: “but foolish people think only about enjoying themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 7 4 ux5g 0 the house of mourning…the house of feasting These phrases refer to what happens in these places. +ECC 7 4 ux5g 0 the house of mourning … the house of feasting These phrases refer to what happens in these places. ECC 7 5 wm3y figs-abstractnouns 0 to the rebuke of the wise The word “rebuke” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “when wise people rebuke you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ECC 7 5 lal6 0 to listen to the song of fools “to listen to fools sing” ECC 7 6 bh8q figs-simile 0 For like the crackling of thorns burning under a pot, so also is the laughter of fools This speaks of how listening to fools talk and laugh will teach you nothing, as if their speech and laughter were the sound of burning thorns. Alternate translation: “For listening to the laughter of fools will not teach a man any more than if he were listening to the crackling of thorns burning under a pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ ECC 7 11 w53h figs-idiom 0 those who see the sun This is an idiom. Alternate tr ECC 7 12 wt8d 0 the advantage of knowledge is that wisdom gives life This could mean: (1) that the writer uses the words “knowledge” and “wisdom” to mean the same thing, or (2) “the advantage of knowing wisdom is that it gives life.” ECC 7 12 erb5 figs-personification 0 gives life to whoever has it This speaks of how wisdom helps to preserve a person’s life as if it gave life to that person. When a person is wise he makes good decisions that help him to live a more prosperous and longer life. Alternate translation: “preserves a person’s life” or “helps a person to make good decisions and to live a longer life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ECC 7 13 x6a8 figs-rquestion 0 Who can straighten out anything he has made crooked? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one can change something that God has done. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can straighten out anything he has made crooked.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 7 14 iig7 figs-idiom 0 When times are good…when times are bad The word “times” is an idiom for “things happening.” Alternate translation: “When good things happen…when bad things happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ECC 7 14 iig7 figs-idiom 0 When times are good … when times are bad The word “times” is an idiom for “things happening.” Alternate translation: “When good things happen … when bad things happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 7 14 ab9b 0 live happily in that good “be happy about those good things” ECC 7 14 c4j4 figs-idiom 0 both to exist side by side The phrase “side by side” is an idiom that means “this one” and “this one.” Alternate translation: “both to exist” or “there to be both good and bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 7 14 ey3r 0 anything that is coming after him This could mean: (1) “anything that happens in the future” or (2) “anything that happens to him after he dies.” @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ ECC 8 4 fn4s figs-rquestion 0 What are you doing? This rhetorical question is a ECC 8 5 v9wu figs-synecdoche 0 A wise man’s heart recognizes Here a man is represented by his “heart” to emphasize his thoughts. Alternate translation: “A wise man recognizes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ECC 8 5 qc3y 0 the proper course and time of action “the correct time to do things and the right way to do them” ECC 8 7 l5bd figs-rquestion 0 Who can tell him what is coming? This rhetorical question emphasizes that no one knows what will happen in the future. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can tell him what is coming.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 8 8 md5b figs-simile 0 No one is ruler over his breath so as to stop the breath…no one has power over the day of his death Just as no one has the ability to stop himself from breathing, no one can continue living when it is time to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ECC 8 8 md5b figs-simile 0 No one is ruler over his breath so as to stop the breath … no one has power over the day of his death Just as no one has the ability to stop himself from breathing, no one can continue living when it is time to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ECC 8 8 vd1v 0 No one is ruler The word “ruler” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “No one has control” ECC 8 8 np67 figs-idiom 0 the day of his death This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “when he will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 8 8 blf2 figs-activepassive 0 No one is discharged from the army This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “No army discharges anyone” or “No army allows soldiers to leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ ECC 8 11 fl29 figs-activepassive 0 When a sentence against an evil crime is not ECC 8 11 k6a9 figs-synecdoche 0 entices the hearts of human beings Here people are represented by their “hearts” to emphasize their will and desires. Alternate translation: “entices human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ECC 8 12 ty8m translate-numbers 0 a hundred times “100 times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ECC 8 12 mh1j figs-idiom 0 it will be better for those who respect God The phrase “it will be better” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “life will be better for those who respect God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 8 12 x5tl figs-parallelism 0 who respect God…who stand before him and show him respect These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize people respecting God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ECC 8 12 x5tl figs-parallelism 0 who respect God … who stand before him and show him respect These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize people respecting God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ECC 8 13 y6mk figs-activepassive 0 his life will not be prolonged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not prolong his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 8 13 jsa6 figs-simile 0 His days are like a fleeting shadow This speaks of how the wicked man’s life passes quickly by saying that it is like a shadow that quickly disappears. Alternate translation: “His days will pass as quickly as a shadow disappears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ECC 8 13 e7yl 0 His days are “His life is” @@ -383,14 +383,14 @@ ECC 9 1 dt8e 0 They are all in God’s hands Here the word “they” refers t ECC 9 1 l7sr figs-metonymy 0 in God’s hands Here the word “hands” refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: “under God’s control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 9 1 ubx9 figs-personification 0 whether love or hate will come to someone This speaks of “love” and “hate” as if they are people that may come to visit someone else. Alternate translation: “whether someone will experience love or hate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ECC 9 2 j1u2 figs-merism 0 righteous people and wicked This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of righteous and wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 9 2 pff6 figs-nominaladj 0 wicked…the good…the clean and the unclean All of these phrases refer to people. Alternate translation: “wicked people…good people…clean people and unclean people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +ECC 9 2 pff6 figs-nominaladj 0 wicked … the good … the clean and the unclean All of these phrases refer to people. Alternate translation: “wicked people … good people … clean people and unclean people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ECC 9 2 y27f figs-merism 0 the clean and the unclean This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of clean and unclean people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ECC 9 2 yje9 figs-metaphor 0 the clean A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 9 2 k7ls figs-metaphor 0 the unclean A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 9 2 vsk6 figs-merism 0 the one who sacrifices and the one who does not sacrifice This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of those who sacrifice and those who do not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 9 2 lu29 figs-merism 0 As good people…so also will the sinner This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of good people and sinners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 9 2 d65f figs-ellipsis 0 will the sinner…will the man who fears to make an oath It is understood that this refers to people dying. Alternate translation: “the sinner will die…the man who fears to make an oath will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ECC 9 2 v2sh figs-merism 0 the one who swears…so also will the man who fears to make an oath This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of those who swear oaths and those who do not.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +ECC 9 2 lu29 figs-merism 0 As good people … so also will the sinner This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of good people and sinners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +ECC 9 2 d65f figs-ellipsis 0 will the sinner … will the man who fears to make an oath It is understood that this refers to people dying. Alternate translation: “the sinner will die … the man who fears to make an oath will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ECC 9 2 v2sh figs-merism 0 the one who swears … so also will the man who fears to make an oath This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of those who swear oaths and those who do not.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ECC 9 3 f3q9 figs-activepassive 0 everything that is done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that happens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 9 3 cz36 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 9 3 ex39 0 the same event death @@ -416,12 +416,12 @@ ECC 9 9 vd3d 0 That is your reward The word “that” refers to living happil ECC 9 10 dt8t figs-synecdoche 0 Whatever your hand finds to do Here a person is represented by his “hand” since a person often uses his hands to work. Alternate translation: “Whatever you are able to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ECC 9 10 nrd5 figs-abstractnouns 0 there is no work or explanation or knowledge or wisdom The nouns “work, “explanation,” and “knowledge” can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “the dead do not work or explain or know or have wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ECC 9 11 xi11 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 9 11 k49c 0 The race does not belong to…The battle does not belong to “The race is not always won by…The battle is not always won by” +ECC 9 11 k49c 0 The race does not belong to … The battle does not belong to “The race is not always won by … The battle is not always won by” ECC 9 11 u2xl figs-metonymy 0 Bread Here “Bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “Food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 9 11 l8sx figs-idiom 0 time and chance affect them all This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “what happens and when it happens affect them all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 9 11 dqc6 0 affect them all “affects all these things.” Here the words “them all” refer to race, battle, bread, riches, and favor. ECC 9 12 ku8a figs-euphemism 0 when his time will come This refers to when a person dies. Alternate translation: “when he will die” or “when the time of his death will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ECC 9 12 u9td figs-simile 0 fish are caught…birds are caught…the children of human beings are ensnared This speaks of people dying when they do not expect it, in the same way that people catch animals and kill them when they do not expect it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ECC 9 12 u9td figs-simile 0 fish are caught … birds are caught … the children of human beings are ensnared This speaks of people dying when they do not expect it, in the same way that people catch animals and kill them when they do not expect it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ECC 9 12 u32n figs-activepassive 0 the children of human beings are ensnared by evil times This can be stated in active form. Also, this speaks of people experiencing disaster and unfortunate times as if they were being imprisoned or trapped. Alternate translation: “evil times are coming upon the children of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 9 12 k3ka figs-idiom 0 that suddenly fall upon them This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “at times when they do not expect them to happen” or “that suddenly happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 9 13 us6g figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -432,10 +432,10 @@ ECC 9 16 k3fl figs-activepassive 0 the poor man’s wisdom is despised This can ECC 9 16 i9hl figs-activepassive 0 his words are not heard this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they do not listen to what he says” or “they do not take his advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 9 17 h8wq figs-activepassive 0 The words of wise people spoken quietly are heard better Here “heard” represents understanding. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It is easier to understands the words that wise people speak quietly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 10 intro awi8 0 # Ecclesiastes 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in all of chapter 10.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Advice
This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as “good ideas.” -ECC 10 1 m6u5 figs-simile 0 As dead flies…so a little folly Just as flies can ruin perfume, so folly can ruin a person’s reputation for wisdom and honor. This speaks of how a little folly can ruin a person’s reputation in the same way that a few dead flies ruin perfume. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ECC 10 1 m6u5 figs-simile 0 As dead flies … so a little folly Just as flies can ruin perfume, so folly can ruin a person’s reputation for wisdom and honor. This speaks of how a little folly can ruin a person’s reputation in the same way that a few dead flies ruin perfume. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ECC 10 1 u5bv figs-personification 0 a little folly can overpower wisdom and honor This speaks of how a person acting foolishly can ruin his reputation as if his “folly” and “wisdom and honor” were people and that his folly overpowered his wisdom and honor. Alternate translation: “committing a little folly can ruin a person’s wisdom and honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 10 2 rs5s figs-metonymy 0 The heart of a wise person…the heart of a fool Here the word “heart” refers to the mind or will. Alternate translation: “The way a wise person thinks…the way a fool thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 10 2 h1fr figs-idiom 0 tends to the right…tends to the left Here the words “right” and “left” refer to what is right and wrong. Alternate translation: “tends to doing what is right…tends to doing what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ECC 10 2 rs5s figs-metonymy 0 The heart of a wise person … the heart of a fool Here the word “heart” refers to the mind or will. Alternate translation: “The way a wise person thinks … the way a fool thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ECC 10 2 h1fr figs-idiom 0 tends to the right … tends to the left Here the words “right” and “left” refer to what is right and wrong. Alternate translation: “tends to doing what is right … tends to doing what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 10 3 fe16 figs-explicit 0 his thinking is deficient This refers to the way that he acts. Alternate translation: “he is stupid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ECC 10 4 r1x8 figs-metonymy 0 If the emotions of a ruler rise up against you Here a ruler is represented by his “emotions” Alternate translation: “If a ruler becomes angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 10 4 vup7 0 Calm can quiet down great outrage “By remaining calm you may cause an outraged person to become quiet” @@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ ECC 10 19 jw2q figs-abstractnouns 0 wine brings enjoyment to life The word “e ECC 10 19 fsx4 0 money fills the need for everything This could mean: (1) “money provides for every need” or (2) “money provides for both food and wine” ECC 10 20 yf3x figs-metonymy 0 not even in your mind A person’s thoughts are represented by the person’s “mind.” Alternate translation: “not even in your thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ECC 10 20 qbv8 0 rich people in your bedroom “rich people when you are in your bedroom.” This means that you should not curse rich people even when you are in a private place where no one else will hear. -ECC 10 20 ba7r figs-parallelism 0 For a bird of the sky…can spread the matter These two lines mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. This speaks of people finding out what you have said as if a small bird would hear what you say and tell other people. Alternate translation: “For a bird may hear what you say and tell the matter to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ECC 10 20 ba7r figs-parallelism 0 For a bird of the sky … can spread the matter These two lines mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. This speaks of people finding out what you have said as if a small bird would hear what you say and tell other people. Alternate translation: “For a bird may hear what you say and tell the matter to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 11 intro byx8 0 # Ecclesiastes 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in all of chapter 11.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Advice
This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as “good ideas.” ECC 11 1 iuj7 figs-metaphor 0 Send out your bread on the waters, for you will find it again after many days This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor that means a person should be generous with his possessions and will then receive generously from others , or (2) that a person should invest his resources overseas and will make a profit from it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 11 2 gt4a 0 Share it with seven, even eight people This could mean: (1) to share your possessions with many people, or (2) to invest your resources in multiple places. @@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ ECC 12 intro qx5w 0 # Ecclesiastes 12 General Notes
## Structure and forma ECC 12 1 jq6t figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ECC 12 1 r69h figs-metaphor 0 before the days of difficulty come Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming” Alternate translation: “before you experience difficult times” or “before bad things happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 12 1 f747 figs-metaphor 0 before the years arrive when you say, “I have no pleasure in them,” Future time is spoken of as if “years arrive” Alternate translation: “before you become old when you say, ‘I no longer enjoy being alive,’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 2 n1tx figs-metaphor 0 do this before the light of the sun…after the rain Growing old and dying is spoken of as if the sun and moon go dark and dark clouds return. Alternate translation: “do this before it seems to you that the light of the sun…after the rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ECC 12 2 n1tx figs-metaphor 0 do this before the light of the sun … after the rain Growing old and dying is spoken of as if the sun and moon go dark and dark clouds return. Alternate translation: “do this before it seems to you that the light of the sun … after the rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 12 3 ric4 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: The writer describes a house in which various activities stop. This appears to be a metaphor for the human body as it becomes old. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 12 3 kzg1 0 strong men are bent over “strong men become weak” ECC 12 3 qs1x 0 the women who grind cease because they are few “the women who grind grain stop grinding grain because there are few of them” @@ -521,17 +521,17 @@ ECC 12 5 zjw9 figs-abstractnouns 0 when natural desires fail The abstract noun ECC 12 5 tea9 figs-euphemism 0 Then man goes to his eternal home This refers to death. Alternate translation: “Then man goes to the place of the dead forever” or “Then a person dies and never returns to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ECC 12 5 m24n 0 the mourners go down the streets This could mean: (1) that mourners go down the streets to attend a funeral, or (2) that mourners go down the streets to the house of the person who is about to die. ECC 12 6 buj9 figs-idiom 0 Call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 12 6 tl6u figs-metaphor 0 before the silver cord is cut…or the water wheel is broken at the well The writer speaks of dying as if it were one of these various broken items. Death will break the body just as suddenly as people accidentally break these items while they are using them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ECC 12 6 tl6u figs-metaphor 0 before the silver cord is cut … or the water wheel is broken at the well The writer speaks of dying as if it were one of these various broken items. Death will break the body just as suddenly as people accidentally break these items while they are using them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 12 6 e18g figs-activepassive 0 the silver cord is cut This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone cuts the silver cord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 12 6 n7k8 figs-activepassive 0 the golden bowl is crushed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone crushes the golden bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 12 6 ghm8 figs-activepassive 0 the pitcher is shattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone shatters the pitcher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 12 6 h9gc figs-activepassive 0 the water wheel is broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone breaks the water wheel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ECC 12 7 hd1s figs-metonymy 0 dust returns to the earth Here the word “dust” refers to the human body that has decomposed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 12 8 rep2 figs-metaphor 0 A mist of vapor…everything is vanishing vapor The Teacher speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were “vapor.” Just as vapor disappears and does not last, the author speaks of things having no lasting value. See how you translated “vapor” in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “Temporary and useless…everything is temporary and useless” or “Meaningless…everything is meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ECC 12 8 rep2 figs-metaphor 0 A mist of vapor … everything is vanishing vapor The Teacher speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were “vapor.” Just as vapor disappears and does not last, the author speaks of things having no lasting value. See how you translated “vapor” in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “Temporary and useless … everything is temporary and useless” or “Meaningless … everything is meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 12 8 tnp3 0 the Teacher See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:1](../01/01.md). ECC 12 9 i4bz 0 contemplated and set in order “thought much about and arranged” or “thought much about and wrote down” -ECC 12 10 a9qt 0 using vivid…words The Teacher wanted the words to be pleasurable to the listener. They bring pleasure because they are well written, not because they are comforting. -ECC 12 11 k55m figs-metaphor 0 The words of wise people…taught by one shepherd The writer speaks of the teacher who uses his words to instruct people as if the teacher were a shepherd who uses his tools to lead his flock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ECC 12 10 a9qt 0 using vivid … words The Teacher wanted the words to be pleasurable to the listener. They bring pleasure because they are well written, not because they are comforting. +ECC 12 11 k55m figs-metaphor 0 The words of wise people … taught by one shepherd The writer speaks of the teacher who uses his words to instruct people as if the teacher were a shepherd who uses his tools to lead his flock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ECC 12 11 klc6 figs-simile 0 The words of wise people are like goads This is a simile. Alternate translation: “Wise people encourage people to act, like a sharp stick encourages an animal to move” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ECC 12 11 f4e5 figs-simile 0 Like nails driven deeply are the words of the masters in collections of their proverbs This is a simile. Alternate translation: “Like you can depend on a nail that a person drives firmly into a piece of wood, so you can depend on the words of the masters in collections of their proverbs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ECC 12 11 l699 0 the words of the masters in collections of their proverbs “the wise words collected in their proverbs” or “the sayings of the wise” diff --git a/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv b/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv index 86564d012..deb0674ba 100644 --- a/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv +++ b/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SNG 1 3 z9t3 figs-simile 0 your name is like flowing perfume Perfume has a good SNG 1 4 v83t figs-you 0 with you “The word “you” refers to the man and so is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) SNG 1 4 gec8 figs-metaphor 0 Take “Pull” or “Drag.” Here the woman described as being like a captive who is willing to follow her captor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 1 4 ty2p figs-exclusive 0 we will run The word “we” refers to the young woman together with the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -SNG 1 4 isr6 figs-pronouns 0 We are glad…We rejoice…let us celebrate The woman speaks of herself as if she were more than one person. Many versions change the pronoun to “I” as the UST does. Other versions present these as the words of the woman’s friends speaking about either the woman or the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +SNG 1 4 isr6 figs-pronouns 0 We are glad … We rejoice … let us celebrate The woman speaks of herself as if she were more than one person. Many versions change the pronoun to “I” as the UST does. Other versions present these as the words of the woman’s friends speaking about either the woman or the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) SNG 1 4 at7l 0 about you “because of you” SNG 1 4 geq4 0 let us celebrate “let us praise” SNG 1 4 ag8r 0 It is natural for the other women to adore you “Women who adore you are doing as they should do” @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ SNG 1 11 bp6l 0 with silver studs “with spots of silver” SNG 1 12 zt7d 0 lay on his couch “sat eating his special meal.” This probably refers to one of the couches on which people would lie around a table at a banquet. You could translate using the common word for what people do with their bodies when they eat special meals. SNG 1 12 ur66 0 nard an oil that people got from the expensive nard or spikenard (valerian plant with small pink or white flowers) and used to make their skin soft and to have a pleasant odor. SNG 1 12 lp8f 0 emitted its fragrance “gave off its good smell” -SNG 1 13 vc5v figs-simile 0 My beloved is to me like a bag of myrrh…breasts Women would place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would lie between their breasts and they could enjoy its pleasant fragrance. This woman enjoys having her beloved close to her. She adds “to me” to show that she does not expect anyone else to enjoy her beloved in this way. Alternate translation: “I enjoy my beloved as much as I enjoy having a bag of myrrh…breasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +SNG 1 13 vc5v figs-simile 0 My beloved is to me like a bag of myrrh … breasts Women would place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would lie between their breasts and they could enjoy its pleasant fragrance. This woman enjoys having her beloved close to her. She adds “to me” to show that she does not expect anyone else to enjoy her beloved in this way. Alternate translation: “I enjoy my beloved as much as I enjoy having a bag of myrrh … breasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 1 13 bzs7 0 My beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover” SNG 1 13 f8y8 figs-euphemism 0 lying between my breasts If this phrase would offend your readers, you could use a euphemism. Alternate translation: “close to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) SNG 1 14 zh75 figs-simile 0 My beloved is to me like a cluster of henna flowers Henna flowers have a fragrance that people enjoy. The woman enjoys her beloved. She adds “to me” to show that she does not expect anyone else to enjoy her beloved in this way. Alternate translation: “I enjoy my beloved as much as I enjoy the smell of clusters of henna flowers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ SNG 1 16 x3pr 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. SNG 1 16 q43e figs-metaphor 0 lush plants are our bed This speaks of the lush plants as if they were a bed. Alternate translation: “lush plants are what we lie down on to sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 1 16 xed8 0 The lush plants plants that are green, moist, and grow abundantly SNG 1 17 v14z figs-metaphor 0 The beams of our house are cedars; our rafters are firs The woman describes the forest as though it were a house in which they were lying down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 1 17 q6r8 0 beams…rafters This could mean: (1) “beams” refers to large logs used to support everything above the walls and “rafters” refers to the large pieces of wood to which the roof is attached or (2) “beams” refers to the rafters and “rafters” refers to the strips attached to the beams, onto which the builders attached the roofing materials. -SNG 1 17 c3e5 translate-unknown 0 cedars…firs Cedars were large and strong trees. The word translated “firs” is a general term for trees like cedars but smaller. If cedar and fir trees are unknown in your area, you could use general terms for the tallest and strongest trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +SNG 1 17 q6r8 0 beams … rafters This could mean: (1) “beams” refers to large logs used to support everything above the walls and “rafters” refers to the large pieces of wood to which the roof is attached or (2) “beams” refers to the rafters and “rafters” refers to the strips attached to the beams, onto which the builders attached the roofing materials. +SNG 1 17 c3e5 translate-unknown 0 cedars … firs Cedars were large and strong trees. The word translated “firs” is a general term for trees like cedars but smaller. If cedar and fir trees are unknown in your area, you could use general terms for the tallest and strongest trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) SNG 2 intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 02 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
Women are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

### Euphemisms
It is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) SNG 2 1 bw25 writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] SNG 2 1 cne2 figs-metaphor 0 I am a meadow flower of Sharon The woman speaks as if she were one of many flowers in a land known for beautiful flowers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ SNG 2 1 ni5p 0 Sharon the name of a land that is flat, has no trees, and grows SNG 2 1 vve6 figs-metaphor 0 lily of the valleys The woman speaks as if she were one of many flowers in a land known for beautiful flowers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 2 1 nt8f 0 lily a sweet smelling flower that grows in places where there is much water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:1-2](./01.md). SNG 2 1 e9ke 0 valleys flat areas between mountains and near water -SNG 2 2 ibi6 figs-simile 0 As a lily among thorns…young women A flower is much more beautiful than a thorn bush. The man thinks the woman is much more beautiful than the other women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +SNG 2 2 ibi6 figs-simile 0 As a lily among thorns … young women A flower is much more beautiful than a thorn bush. The man thinks the woman is much more beautiful than the other women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 2 2 bi45 0 my love “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md). SNG 2 2 y9bu 0 the young women “the other young women” -SNG 2 3 xz7y figs-simile 0 As an apricot tree…the young men People enjoy the fruit of an apricot tree, but the trees of the forest do not bear fruit. The woman enjoys being with the man, but not with the other young men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +SNG 2 3 xz7y figs-simile 0 As an apricot tree … the young men People enjoy the fruit of an apricot tree, but the trees of the forest do not bear fruit. The woman enjoys being with the man, but not with the other young men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 2 3 yr6x 0 apricot tree a tree that produces a small yellow fruit that is very sweet. If your readers will not know what this is, you could use the word for another fruit tree or the general word “fruit tree.” SNG 2 3 wf4u 0 the forest The Hebrew word here refers to land where trees grow for which people have no use. SNG 2 3 q7kl 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ SNG 2 5 uxb2 0 Revive me “Return my strength” or “Give me energy” SNG 2 5 khc1 0 with raisin cakes “by giving me raisin cakes to eat.” Raisin cakes were cakes made of dried grapes pressed together. SNG 2 5 gs2a 0 refresh me with apricots “support me by giving me apricots” or “help me by giving me apricots” SNG 2 5 y4qy figs-metaphor 0 for I am weak with love The woman speaks of feeling weak because her love is so strong as if love were a kind of sickness. Alternate translation: “because my love is so strong that I feel feeble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 6 m6ys 0 left hand…right hand “left arm…right arm” +SNG 2 6 m6ys 0 left hand … right hand “left arm … right arm” SNG 2 6 fq8w 0 embraces me “holds me” SNG 2 7 l67b figs-apostrophe 0 daughters of Jerusalem “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) SNG 2 7 n4wq figs-apostrophe 0 by the gazelles and the does of the fields Although the daughters of Jerusalem could not hear her, the woman speaks to them as if they could hear saying that the gazelles and the does will punish them they break their promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) @@ -93,15 +93,15 @@ SNG 2 7 fz3j figs-doublet 0 will not awaken or arouse If your language has only SNG 2 8 aay2 0 General Information: The second part of the book begins here. It is not clear whether the woman is speaking to herself or to the daughters of Jerusalem. SNG 2 8 j2nl 0 Listen This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.” SNG 2 8 rn51 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 2 8 dm9e 0 leaping…jumping The woman shows that she is excited to see the man come by using as few words as possible to describe what he is doing. Your language may have a different way of showing that the speaker is excited about what is happening. +SNG 2 8 dm9e 0 leaping … jumping The woman shows that she is excited to see the man come by using as few words as possible to describe what he is doing. Your language may have a different way of showing that the speaker is excited about what is happening. SNG 2 8 fr67 figs-metaphor 0 leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills “leaping on the mountains, running quickly on the hills.” The woman speaks of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” (verse 9) coming quickly toward her over rough ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 9 l5ni 0 gazing…peering The woman shows that she is excited to see the man come by using as few words as possible to describe what he is doing. Your language may have a different way of showing that the speaker is excited about what is happening. +SNG 2 9 l5ni 0 gazing … peering The woman shows that she is excited to see the man come by using as few words as possible to describe what he is doing. Your language may have a different way of showing that the speaker is excited about what is happening. SNG 2 9 f2lu figs-simile 0 like a gazelle or a young stag Gazelles and young stags move quickly over rough ground. The woman imagines the man coming as fast as he can to be with her. You could translate using animals in your language that people think of as fast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 2 9 kq5f 0 a gazelle This is an animal that looks like a deer and moves quickly. Translate as the singular of “the gazelles” as in [Song of Songs 2:7](./07.md). SNG 2 9 qbs9 0 a young stag “a young male deer” SNG 2 9 s6z4 0 look “listen carefully” or “what I am about to say is important.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully. SNG 2 9 umf5 0 behind our wall “on the other side of our wall.” The woman is in a house and the man is outside the house. -SNG 2 9 be2w figs-exclusive 0 our wall The word “our” refers to the woman and the other people in the house with her. If she is speaking to herself, it is inclusive, but if she is speaking to the daughters of Jerusalem, whether she is referring to herself and her companions or to herself only in plural, as in “We are glad…We rejoice…let us celebrate” ([Song of Songs 1:4](../01/01.md)), it is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +SNG 2 9 be2w figs-exclusive 0 our wall The word “our” refers to the woman and the other people in the house with her. If she is speaking to herself, it is inclusive, but if she is speaking to the daughters of Jerusalem, whether she is referring to herself and her companions or to herself only in plural, as in “We are glad … We rejoice … let us celebrate” ([Song of Songs 1:4](../01/01.md)), it is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) SNG 2 9 kf9u 0 gazing through the window “he stares in through the windows” SNG 2 9 s9xt 0 peering through the lattice “he peeks through the lattice” SNG 2 9 z1bl 0 lattice a cover for a window or some other entrance that someone has made by weaving long strips of wood together. Lattices have holes that people can look through. @@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ SNG 2 14 afg5 0 the mountain crags “the steep rocks on the sides of the moun SNG 2 14 bhl6 0 your face Some versions translate this as “your appearance” or “your form” or “what you look like.” SNG 2 15 pu8l figs-you 0 Catch This is plural, as if the woman is speaking to more than one man, but most versions translate who she is speaking to as the man, so you could translate this as singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) SNG 2 15 xns5 figs-metaphor 0 the foxes These animals look like small dogs and were often used in love poetry to represent eager young men who would spoil a young woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 15 v31m figs-exclusive 0 for us…our vineyard The words “us” and “our” could possibly be (1) exclusive, referring to the woman herself, as in [Song of Songs 1:4](../01/01.md), or (2) inclusive, referring to the woman and the man, or (3) exclusive, referring to the woman and the rest of her family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +SNG 2 15 v31m figs-exclusive 0 for us … our vineyard The words “us” and “our” could possibly be (1) exclusive, referring to the woman herself, as in [Song of Songs 1:4](../01/01.md), or (2) inclusive, referring to the woman and the man, or (3) exclusive, referring to the woman and the rest of her family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) SNG 2 15 dac9 0 foxes Another possible meaning is “jackals.” A jackal is a type of thin wild dog with long legs. SNG 2 15 wl95 figs-metaphor 0 the little foxes that spoil Foxes spoil or destroy vineyards by digging holes and eating vines and grapes. This could be a metaphor for young men who spoil young women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 2 15 r16k figs-metaphor 0 in blossom This implies that the vineyard is healthy and the grapes have appeared, but they are not ready for harvest. This could be a metaphor for a young lady ready for marriage and bearing children. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ SNG 2 17 vlw3 0 gazelle an animal that looks like a deer and moves quickly. Tr SNG 2 17 l8dz 0 stag an adult male deer SNG 2 17 ia1r 0 rugged mountains “rocky mountains” or “rough mountains” SNG 3 intro t72h 0 # Song of Songs 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Longing
This chapter describes a feeling of longing, or the waiting in anticipation of the one you love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Metaphors
In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 3 1 l1kv 0 I was longing for him…could not find him “I had a strong desire to be with him…loves, but he was not there” +SNG 3 1 l1kv 0 I was longing for him … could not find him “I had a strong desire to be with him … loves, but he was not there” SNG 3 1 hu3u figs-metonymy 0 him whom my soul loves The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Here it makes a stronger statement of the woman’s love for the man than “my beloved” ([Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) SNG 3 2 uyu7 0 go through the city “walk through the city” SNG 3 2 x9ki 0 through the streets and squares The word “squares” indicates the center area of a town where streets or roads come together. It is often an area where people sell items, a market, and a place where people come together to talk. @@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ SNG 4 10 v1gy figs-idiom 0 my sister This is an idiom of affection. They are no SNG 4 10 ibb8 0 my bride This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md). SNG 4 10 td9x 0 How much better is your love than wine “Your love is much better than wine.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 1:2](../01/01.md). SNG 4 10 ts8k figs-ellipsis 0 the fragrance of your perfume than any spice The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “how much better is the fragrance of your perfume than the fragrance of any spice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -SNG 4 10 wzb4 0 fragrance…perfume See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md). +SNG 4 10 wzb4 0 fragrance … perfume See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md). SNG 4 10 r5ni 0 spice dried plants or seeds that have a good smell or taste -SNG 4 11 fw88 figs-metaphor 0 Your lips…drip honey Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +SNG 4 11 fw88 figs-metaphor 0 Your lips … drip honey Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 4 11 vc6y figs-metaphor 0 honey and milk are under your tongue Because “milk and honey” is a common phrase in the Bible, you should translate literally. Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. Milk is a metaphor for luxury, owning many things that help people enjoy life. When the woman kisses the man, he enjoys life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 4 11 nyc9 0 the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon “the smell of your clothes is like the smell of Lebanon.” Many cedar trees grew in Lebanon. Cedar trees smell very good, so Lebanon would have smelled sweet and fresh. SNG 4 12 sks3 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. @@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ SNG 4 16 jv5g figs-personification 0 Awake, north wind; come, south wind; blow SNG 4 16 x71g 0 Awake, north wind “North wind, start blowing” SNG 4 16 l273 figs-metaphor 0 blow on my garden The garden is a metaphor for her body, which she has covered with sweet-smelling oils ([Song of Songs 4:14](./12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 4 16 kdi9 0 may give off their fragrance “may send out their good smells” -SNG 4 16 lqh1 figs-metaphor 0 May my beloved…choice fruit The woman is inviting the man to make love to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +SNG 4 16 lqh1 figs-metaphor 0 May my beloved … choice fruit The woman is inviting the man to make love to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 4 16 dp46 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” SNG 4 16 mbn7 0 choice fruit “wonderful fruit” SNG 5 intro kdw4 0 # Song of Songs 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Verses 2-7 describe a dream the woman had.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Beauty
The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “My sister, my bride”
The woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite. @@ -283,9 +283,9 @@ SNG 5 1 m575 0 I have come It is clearly the woman’s lover who is speaking. SNG 5 1 f2qr figs-metaphor 0 have come into my garden The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) SNG 5 1 tgd7 figs-idiom 0 my sister This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) SNG 5 1 psq4 0 my bride This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md). -SNG 5 1 lgr1 figs-metaphor 0 myrrh…spice…honeycomb…honey…wine…milk These are all metaphors for the man enjoying the woman’s body ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md), [Song of Songs 2:4](../02/03.md), [Song of Songs 4:11](../04/10.md), and [Song of Songs 4:14](../04/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +SNG 5 1 lgr1 figs-metaphor 0 myrrh … spice … honeycomb … honey … wine … milk These are all metaphors for the man enjoying the woman’s body ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md), [Song of Songs 2:4](../02/03.md), [Song of Songs 4:11](../04/10.md), and [Song of Songs 4:14](../04/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 5 1 sq9d 0 spice plants that have a strong smell or taste -SNG 5 1 i16q figs-metaphor 0 Eat…drink…be drunk with love Eating and drinking are metaphors for making love. Alternate translation: “Make love…make love…make love until you are fully satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +SNG 5 1 i16q figs-metaphor 0 Eat … drink … be drunk with love Eating and drinking are metaphors for making love. Alternate translation: “Make love … make love … make love until you are fully satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 5 2 a7v6 figs-euphemism 0 General Information: The fourth part of the book begins here. The young woman uses euphemisms to describe her dream so that it can be interpreted in two different ways: (1) the woman describes a dream about a night when the man came to visit her at her house; and (2) the woman describes a dream about starting to sleep with the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) SNG 5 2 biy3 figs-idiom 0 but my heart was awake The heart is the center of thought and feeling. Alternate translation: “but I could think clearly” or “but I knew what I was feeling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) SNG 5 2 tk43 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” @@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ SNG 5 2 c27j 0 my dove See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../ SNG 5 2 gaj1 0 undefiled one “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one” SNG 5 2 yh2r 0 dew drops of water or mist that form as the night becomes cool SNG 5 2 d3gt figs-ellipsis 0 my hair with the night’s dampness The words “is wet” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “my hair is wet with the night’s dampness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -SNG 5 3 tr8w figs-quotations 0 “I have taken off my robe…dirty?” This is what the woman thought to herself when she heard the man speak. ([Song of Songs 5:2](./02.md)). This could be translated with the woman saying that this is what she was thinking, or the woman could just explain the situation and her thoughts as in the UST. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself, ‘I have taken off my robe…dirty?’” or “I had taken off my robe and I did not want to put it on again. I had washed my feet and I did not want to get them dirty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +SNG 5 3 tr8w figs-quotations 0 “I have taken off my robe … dirty?” This is what the woman thought to herself when she heard the man speak. ([Song of Songs 5:2](./02.md)). This could be translated with the woman saying that this is what she was thinking, or the woman could just explain the situation and her thoughts as in the UST. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself, ‘I have taken off my robe … dirty?’” or “I had taken off my robe and I did not want to put it on again. I had washed my feet and I did not want to get them dirty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) SNG 5 3 am4r 0 robe thin linen clothing that people wore on their skin SNG 5 3 g6z2 figs-rquestion 0 must I put it on again? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to put it on again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) SNG 5 3 r5cm figs-euphemism 0 I have washed my feet While the word “feet” can be a euphemism for private parts, this probably refers to literal feet. The woman seems more likely to want to make love than to want to refrain from lovemaking because she has just bathed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ SNG 5 4 w3ff figs-euphemism 0 My beloved put in his hand through the opening of SNG 5 4 hqn5 0 My beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover” SNG 5 4 nns1 0 door latch “door lock” SNG 5 5 w3k2 figs-metaphor 0 I got up to open the door for my beloved This could mean: (1) literal, the young woman got out of bed in order to let the man into the house, or (2) metaphorical. Alternate translation: “I prepared myself to make love with my beloved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 5 q3qx figs-euphemism 0 my hands…my fingers…door handle While these may be euphemisms for the woman’s and man’s bodies, it is best to translate literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +SNG 5 5 q3qx figs-euphemism 0 my hands … my fingers … door handle While these may be euphemisms for the woman’s and man’s bodies, it is best to translate literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) SNG 5 5 ycr1 0 with moist myrrh “with liquid myrrh” SNG 5 6 vgj4 0 General Information: The woman continues to describe her dream. SNG 5 6 b7qk 0 my beloved See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md). @@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ SNG 5 12 xp2d 0 streams of water “gently flowing water” SNG 5 12 tr46 figs-metaphor 0 bathed in milk Milk is a metaphor for the whiteness of the doves. Alternate translation: (1) “doves that are white like milk” or (2) milk is a metaphor for the white part of the man’s eyes. Alternate translation: “his pupils are like doves bathing in white milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 5 12 qe85 figs-simile 0 mounted like jewels His eyes are beautiful. Jewels that a craftsman has carefully put in place are beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 5 13 p7dj 0 General Information: The young woman continues to describe the man. -SNG 5 13 ip4j figs-simile 0 His cheeks…aromatic scents This explains that his cheeks are like beds of spices because they both give off wonderful smells. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +SNG 5 13 ip4j figs-simile 0 His cheeks … aromatic scents This explains that his cheeks are like beds of spices because they both give off wonderful smells. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 5 13 mtt8 figs-metaphor 0 beds of spices gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. Spices give people pleasure. The man’s body gives the woman pleasure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 5 13 mem2 0 yielding aromatic scents “that give off wonderful smells.” SNG 5 13 a4hu figs-metaphor 0 His lips are lilies The woman probably compares his lips with lilies because they are beautiful and smell wonderful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ SNG 6 4 rjr5 0 lovely See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:5](../01 SNG 6 4 uwd8 0 as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners The beauty of the woman is so powerful that it makes the man feel helpless, as if an army were approaching him. SNG 6 5 l78a 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. SNG 6 5 e85g 0 overwhelm me “terrify me.” The eyes of the woman are so beautiful that it makes the man feel weak and afraid because he cannot resist their power. -SNG 6 5 lbz1 0 Your hair…from the slopes of Gilead Translate “Your hair…from Mount Gilead” as in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md). +SNG 6 5 lbz1 0 Your hair … from the slopes of Gilead Translate “Your hair … from Mount Gilead” as in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md). SNG 6 6 zz3k 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. SNG 6 6 lxi1 figs-simile 0 Your teeth are like a flock of ewes After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. See how “Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes” is translated in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 6 6 j7se figs-explicit 0 coming up from the washing place The ewes are coming up out of the water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -392,15 +392,15 @@ SNG 6 6 s4qj 0 none among them is bereaved Each of the woman’s teeth has a m SNG 6 6 j4u3 0 bereaved lost a loved one who has died. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). SNG 6 7 zid1 figs-simile 0 are like pomegranate halves Pomegranates are smooth, round, and rich red. The man thinks the woman’s cheeks are beautiful and show that she is healthy. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “are red and round like two halves of a pomegranate” or “are red and full and healthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 6 7 z88b 0 behind your veil See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md). -SNG 6 8 g963 translate-numbers 0 There are sixty queens, eighty concubines…young women without number These numbers are to be large, then larger, and then beyond counting. Alternate translation: “There are 60 queens, 80 concubines…more young women than anyone could count” or “There are many queens, even more concubines, and more young women than anyone could count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +SNG 6 8 g963 translate-numbers 0 There are sixty queens, eighty concubines … young women without number These numbers are to be large, then larger, and then beyond counting. Alternate translation: “There are 60 queens, 80 concubines … more young women than anyone could count” or “There are many queens, even more concubines, and more young women than anyone could count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) SNG 6 9 a2hh figs-metaphor 0 My dove The Israelites considered doves beautiful birds with pleasant voices. The man thinks the woman’s face and voice are beautiful. If calling a woman a “dove” would be offensive, you could leave out the metaphor. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “You beautiful woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 6 9 dk9e 0 my undefiled “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:2](../05/02.md). SNG 6 9 m138 figs-hyperbole 0 the only daughter of her mother This is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “her mother’s special daughter” or “completely different from her mother’s other daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) SNG 6 9 tej6 0 the woman who bore her “the woman who gave birth to her.” This phrase refers to her mother. -SNG 6 9 wmx6 0 young women…queens…concubines the women spoken of in [Song of Songs 6:8](./08.md). +SNG 6 9 wmx6 0 young women … queens … concubines the women spoken of in [Song of Songs 6:8](./08.md). SNG 6 9 al8y 0 called her blessed “said that things had gone especially well for her” SNG 6 10 cw4k 0 General Information: The ULT understands this to be what the queens and the concubines said about the woman. However, some versions understand these to be the words of the man. -SNG 6 10 g6e9 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who appears like the dawn…banners? They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. Alternate translation: “This is an amazing woman! She comes into view like the dawn…banners!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +SNG 6 10 g6e9 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who appears like the dawn … banners? They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. Alternate translation: “This is an amazing woman! She comes into view like the dawn … banners!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) SNG 6 10 y3dp figs-simile 0 who appears like the dawn The dawn is beautiful. The woman is beautiful. Alternate translation: “who comes into view like the dawn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 6 10 vb8c figs-simile 0 as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners The beauty of the woman is so powerful that it makes the other women feel helpless, as if an army were approaching them. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 6:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 6 11 x84j figs-metaphor 0 General Information: The man finishes speaking to himself. Looking to see if plants had matured is probably a metaphor for enjoying the sight of the woman’s body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -410,11 +410,11 @@ SNG 6 11 qw4q 0 had budded “had grown their buds.” Buds are the small roun SNG 6 11 w8xh 0 were in bloom “were opening their flowers” SNG 6 12 lt9y figs-simile 0 I was so happy that I felt I was riding in the chariot of a prince The man uses this image to express how happy he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 6 13 u681 0 General Information: This is 7:1, the first verse of chapter seven, in some versions. The ULT understands this to be the friends and the woman talking to each other. Some versions understand this to be the man speaking to the woman. -SNG 6 13 sm5j figs-pronouns 0 Turn back…gaze on you Possible interpretations are (1) the friends are speaking to the woman or (2) the man is referring to himself in plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +SNG 6 13 sm5j figs-pronouns 0 Turn back … gaze on you Possible interpretations are (1) the friends are speaking to the woman or (2) the man is referring to himself in plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) SNG 6 13 x9hk 0 Turn back, turn back “Come back, come back.” This is repeated for emphasis. SNG 6 13 za54 figs-pronouns 0 we may gaze Some versions understand the plural to refer to the man speaking of himself. Alternate translation: “I may gaze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) SNG 6 13 c258 0 gaze look intently for a long time -SNG 6 13 e2bm figs-pronouns 0 Why do you gaze on the perfect woman…armies Possible interpretations are (1) the woman refers to herself as another person and is speaking to the friends or (2) the woman is speaking to the man as if he were many men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +SNG 6 13 e2bm figs-pronouns 0 Why do you gaze on the perfect woman … armies Possible interpretations are (1) the woman refers to herself as another person and is speaking to the friends or (2) the woman is speaking to the man as if he were many men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) SNG 6 13 iqb9 0 as if on the dance between two armies “as if she were dancing between two armies” SNG 7 intro hqv7 0 # Song of Songs 07 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Beauty
The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Similes
There are many similes in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 7 1 z7jk 0 General Information: This is 7:2, the second verse of chapter seven, in some versions. @@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ SNG 7 7 jy1s figs-simile 0 Your height is like that of a date palm tree “You SNG 7 7 f6me 0 date palm tree a tall, straight tree that produces a sweet, brown, and sticky fruit that grows in groups SNG 7 7 jr1v figs-simile 0 your breasts like clusters of fruit The dates on a palm tree grow soft and round in large bunches that hang from the tree just below the branches, which are all at the top. The woman’s breasts are soft and round and are just lower than her arms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 7 8 p7ge 0 I said “I thought” or “I said to myself.” The man said this silently. -SNG 7 8 r1b3 figs-metaphor 0 I want to climb…its branches The man wants to embrace the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +SNG 7 8 r1b3 figs-metaphor 0 I want to climb … its branches The man wants to embrace the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 7 8 w5g3 figs-simile 0 May your breasts be like clusters of grapes The man wants to touch her breasts. Clusters of grapes are round and soft. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 7 8 zfb8 figs-simile 0 may the fragrance of your nose be like apricots The word “nose” is a metonym for the breath coming out of the nose. Alternate translation: “may the breath coming from your nose smell sweet like apricots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 7 8 f9is 0 apricots sweet yellow fruit @@ -491,12 +491,12 @@ SNG 8 2 apj4 0 General Information: The young woman continues to speak to the SNG 8 2 i6ch figs-explicit 0 she who taught me taught her how to make love (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) SNG 8 2 s68s figs-metaphor 0 I would give you spiced wine to drink and some of the juice of my pomegranates The woman uses these images to say that she will give herself to the man and make love with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 8 2 au41 figs-metaphor 0 spiced wine “wine with spices” or “wine that has spices in it.” This represents the intoxicating power of lovemaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 3 s92v 0 His left hand…embraces me See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:6](../02/05.md). -SNG 8 3 e5cp 0 left hand…right hand “left arm…right arm” +SNG 8 3 s92v 0 His left hand … embraces me See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:6](../02/05.md). +SNG 8 3 e5cp 0 left hand … right hand “left arm … right arm” SNG 8 3 v65k 0 embraces me “holds me” SNG 8 4 z8a4 0 I want you to swear See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md) SNG 8 4 rk33 figs-apostrophe 0 daughters of Jerusalem “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -SNG 8 4 qg8i 0 that you will…until it pleases See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). +SNG 8 4 qg8i 0 that you will … until it pleases See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). SNG 8 5 a5w5 0 General Information: The fifth part of the book begins here. SNG 8 5 xxv3 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who is coming up They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. A similar phrase was translated in [Song of Songs 6:10](../06/10.md). Alternate translation: “Look at this amazing woman as she comes up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) SNG 8 5 p4rr 0 I awakened you “I woke you up” or “I aroused you” @@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ SNG 8 6 y4fz 0 General Information: The young woman continues to speak to the SNG 8 6 jr5m figs-metaphor 0 Set me as a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm This could mean: (1) because seals were very important, people always kept them around their neck or on their hand. The woman wants to be with the man constantly like a seal, or (2) a seal shows who owns the thing that has the seal on it, and the woman wants herself as the seal on the man’s heart and arm to show that all of his thoughts, emotions, and actions belong to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 8 6 yzj4 figs-simile 0 for love is as strong as death Death is very strong because it overcomes even the most powerful people of the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) SNG 8 6 tci8 figs-simile 0 as unrelenting as Sheol “as tough as Sheol.” Sheol never allows people to come back to life after they have already died. Love is as persistent as Sheol because it never changes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 8 6 fvz9 figs-metaphor 0 its flames burst out…any other fire Love is very powerful like fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +SNG 8 6 fvz9 figs-metaphor 0 its flames burst out … any other fire Love is very powerful like fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 8 6 tw71 0 burst out “burn suddenly” SNG 8 7 ir3s 0 General Information: The young woman continues to speak to the man. SNG 8 7 baf6 figs-metaphor 0 Surging waters cannot quench love Love is so strong that it is like a fire that is so hot that it cannot be put out even with an ocean full of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -516,17 +516,17 @@ SNG 8 7 dd1i 0 cannot quench “cannot extinguish” or “cannot put out” SNG 8 7 e1ej figs-metaphor 0 nor can floods sweep it away Love never changes and always stays the same so it is like something that not even a powerful flood can move. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 8 7 dju9 0 floods In Israel, water from the rain flows into deep and narrow valleys. This creates a flood of water so powerful that it can move huge boulders and trees. SNG 8 7 kqk9 0 sweep it away “carry it away” or “wash it away” -SNG 8 7 jwh1 figs-hypo 0 If a man gave…the offer would utterly be despised This is something that could possibly happen. Alternate translation: “Even if a man…he would be utterly despised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +SNG 8 7 jwh1 figs-hypo 0 If a man gave … the offer would utterly be despised This is something that could possibly happen. Alternate translation: “Even if a man … he would be utterly despised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) SNG 8 7 g5ja 0 gave offered to give SNG 8 7 l4u3 0 all the possessions in his house “everything he owns” SNG 8 7 n3pn 0 for love “in order to get love” or “in order to buy love” SNG 8 7 nt2s figs-activepassive 0 the offer would utterly be despised This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people would completely despise him” or “people would harshly ridicule him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) SNG 8 8 au5a 0 little sister “young sister” -SNG 8 8 t852 figs-rquestion 0 What can we do…in marriage? The speaker uses this question to introduce what he wants to say. Alternate translation: “This is what we will do…in marriage.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +SNG 8 8 t852 figs-rquestion 0 What can we do … in marriage? The speaker uses this question to introduce what he wants to say. Alternate translation: “This is what we will do … in marriage.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) SNG 8 8 g5fp figs-idiom 0 she will be promised in marriage This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a man comes and wants to marry her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) SNG 8 9 mpf5 0 General Information: The young woman’s brothers continue to speak among themselves. -SNG 8 9 x3j1 figs-metaphor 0 If she is a wall…If she is a door The little sister ([Song of Songs 8:8](./08.md)) has very small breasts that either have not grown or are very small. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 9 am5u figs-metaphor 0 we will build on her a tower of silver…we will adorn her with boards of cedar The brothers decide to decorate the little sister with silver and cedar, symbols of riches, so that she will be more likely to attract a good husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +SNG 8 9 x3j1 figs-metaphor 0 If she is a wall … If she is a door The little sister ([Song of Songs 8:8](./08.md)) has very small breasts that either have not grown or are very small. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +SNG 8 9 am5u figs-metaphor 0 we will build on her a tower of silver … we will adorn her with boards of cedar The brothers decide to decorate the little sister with silver and cedar, symbols of riches, so that she will be more likely to attract a good husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 8 9 cnw3 0 will adorn her “will decorate her” SNG 8 10 n2vy figs-metaphor 0 I was a wall The wall is a metaphor for a woman with small breasts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) SNG 8 10 mc78 figs-simile 0 my breasts are now like fortress towers Fortress towers are tall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv b/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv index 122e405bc..b23b298b9 100644 --- a/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv +++ b/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote ISA front intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Isaiah

1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)
1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)
1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)
1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)
1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)
1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)
1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)
1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)
1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)
1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)
1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)
1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)


### What is the Book of Isaiah about?

The first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.

The second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### When was the Book of Isaiah written?

Isaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?

Jews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.

### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?

Isaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?

The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])

### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?

Most of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered.

Sometimes Isaiah’s messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah’s basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God’s people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them.

Isaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the “Four Servant Songs.” Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1-9; 49:1-7; 50:4-9; and 52:13-53:12. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ISA 1 intro q326 0 # Isaiah 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Woe
The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Rhetorical Questions
Yahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 1 1 qur5 0 The vision of Isaiah…that he saw “This is the vision of Isaiah…that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah” +ISA 1 1 qur5 0 The vision of Isaiah … that he saw “This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah” ISA 1 1 zfq5 translate-names 0 Amoz Amoz was the father of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 1 1 i66y figs-metonymy 0 Judah and Jerusalem “Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. “Jerusalem” was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” or “the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 1 1 qsh3 figs-idiom 0 in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah This is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. They reigned one after the other, not all at the same time. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah were kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 1 2 qju5 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 2 m42x figs-apostrophe 0 Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth Although these prophecies were meant for the people of Jerusalem and Judah to hear, Isaiah knows they will not listen. This could mean: (1) he speaks in apostrophe, as though the “heavens” and “earth” would be able to listen to what Yahweh said, or (2) the words “heavens” and “earth” are metonyms and a merism for all living beings everywhere. Alternate translation: “you who live in the heavens…you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +ISA 1 2 m42x figs-apostrophe 0 Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth Although these prophecies were meant for the people of Jerusalem and Judah to hear, Isaiah knows they will not listen. This could mean: (1) he speaks in apostrophe, as though the “heavens” and “earth” would be able to listen to what Yahweh said, or (2) the words “heavens” and “earth” are metonyms and a merism for all living beings everywhere. Alternate translation: “you who live in the heavens … you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 1 2 v1jh 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. ISA 1 2 q3lw 0 I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh. ISA 1 2 nn1n figs-metaphor 0 I have nourished and brought up children Yahweh speaks as if his words were food and as if the Israelites were his children. Alternate translation: “I have taken care of the people living in Judah like they were my children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 3 hsf5 0 The ox knows…does not understand Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh. +ISA 1 3 hsf5 0 The ox knows … does not understand Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh. ISA 1 3 k1dl figs-ellipsis 0 the donkey his master’s feeding trough You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the donkey knows his master’s feeding trough” or “the donkey knows where his master gives him food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 1 3 i9j2 0 but Israel does not know, Israel does not understand This probably means “but the people of Israel do not know me, they do not understand that I am the one who cares for them.” ISA 1 3 gxd1 figs-metonymy 0 Israel This is a metonym for the people of Israel. Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ ISA 1 7 ygn5 figs-activepassive 0 overthrown by strangers This can be stated in ISA 1 8 c1rf figs-activepassive 0 The daughter of Zion is left This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have left the daughter of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 8 lkv3 figs-idiom 0 The daughter of Zion The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion” or “The people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 1 8 xl8k figs-simile 0 is left like a hut in a vineyard, like a shed in a garden of cucumbers This could mean: (1) “has become as small as a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers” or (2) “is left the way a farmer leaves a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers when he is finished with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 1 8 qnb3 0 like…cucumbers, like a besieged city Another possible meaning is “like…cucumbers. She is a besieged city” +ISA 1 8 qnb3 0 like … cucumbers, like a besieged city Another possible meaning is “like … cucumbers. She is a besieged city” ISA 1 9 cf1d figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 9 a3aq figs-hypo 0 If Yahweh This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ISA 1 9 cy37 0 a small remnant “a few survivors” -ISA 1 9 qe2a figs-exclusive 0 us…we Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +ISA 1 9 qe2a figs-exclusive 0 us … we Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 1 9 y4cq figs-explicit 0 we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 10 p3g9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 10 vtc9 figs-metaphor 0 you rulers of Sodom…you people of Gomorrah Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom…you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 1 10 vtc9 figs-metaphor 0 you rulers of Sodom … you people of Gomorrah Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom … you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 11 r739 figs-rquestion 0 What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me? God is using a question to scold the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 1 12 z32c figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 12 p91g figs-rquestion 0 who has required this of you, to trample my courts? The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -83,12 +83,12 @@ ISA 1 21 bhm8 figs-metonymy 0 How the faithful city This exclamation shows Isai ISA 1 21 v446 figs-metaphor 0 has become a prostitute Isaiah compared the people to a woman who is not loyal to her husband but who sleeps with other men for money. The people were no longer loyal to God but were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “acts like a prostitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 21 v25z figs-metaphor 0 but now she is full of murderers The word “she” refers to Jerusalem and its people. Those who wrote the Bible often refer to cities as women. Alternate translation: “but now the people of Jerusalem are murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 22 n46w figs-metaphor 0 Your silver has become impure, your wine mixed with water Possible meanings are that Isaiah uses silver and wine as metaphors for (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You are like silver that is no longer pure, and like wine that is mixed with water” or (2) the good deeds that the people formerly did. Alternate translation: “You used to do good deeds, but now your bad deeds make your good deeds worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 22 tbh7 0 silver…impure Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly. -ISA 1 22 b14q 0 wine…water Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water. +ISA 1 22 tbh7 0 silver … impure Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly. +ISA 1 22 b14q 0 wine … water Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water. ISA 1 23 jw4m figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 23 z59p 0 Your princes are rebels “Your leaders rebel against God” ISA 1 23 r6i3 0 companions of thieves “they are friends with people who steal from others” -ISA 1 23 auk9 0 bribes…payoffs People give “bribes” as gifts to dishonest rulers so the rulers will then act unjustly. Rulers receive “payoffs” as gifts from those who make profits from unjust laws that the ruler has passed. +ISA 1 23 auk9 0 bribes … payoffs People give “bribes” as gifts to dishonest rulers so the rulers will then act unjustly. Rulers receive “payoffs” as gifts from those who make profits from unjust laws that the ruler has passed. ISA 1 23 q1cz figs-metaphor 0 runs after payoffs A person eagerly desiring for someone to give him a bribe is spoken of as if the payoff were running away and the person were running after it. Alternate translation: “everyone desires for someone to pay money to them to make dishonest decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 23 qzn3 0 They do not defend the fatherless “they do not protect those who do not have fathers” ISA 1 23 yi82 0 nor does the widow’s legal plea come before them “nor do they listen when widows go to them for help against those who break the law” or “and they do not help widows who go to them for help against those who break the law” @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ ISA 1 25 f62p figs-metonymy 0 I will turn my hand against you Here “hand” r ISA 1 25 z1i3 figs-metaphor 0 refine away your dross as with lye Here the process in which God removes his people’s sin is spoken of as if her were separating metal from the bad things mixed with it. The words “as with lye” adds another metaphor, because lye is used in soap, not in refining metal. Alternate translation: “and like fire removing the dirt from silver, I will remove all the evil from among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 25 iah6 0 dross This is the dirt and other things that people remove from metals so the metal will be pure. ISA 1 26 y8y2 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 26 usx1 0 at the first…at the beginning These are two ways of speaking of the first part or beginning of Israel’s history, when Israel first became a nation. +ISA 1 26 usx1 0 at the first … at the beginning These are two ways of speaking of the first part or beginning of Israel’s history, when Israel first became a nation. ISA 1 26 i1s1 figs-activepassive 0 you will be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 26 d4ji figs-metonymy 0 the city of righteousness, a faithful town Here “city” and “town” refer to the people living in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the city where the people are righteous and loyal to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 1 27 glh4 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ ISA 1 27 z5g9 figs-metonymy 0 Zion This is a metonym for the people who live on ISA 1 28 fi96 figs-activepassive 0 Rebels and sinners will be crushed together This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will destroy those who rebel and sin against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 28 ekb3 figs-activepassive 0 those who abandon Yahweh will be done away with This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will completely do away with those who turn away from him” or “and Yahweh will kill all who reject him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 29 aa8s figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 29 rnp2 0 the sacred oak trees…gardens These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols. +ISA 1 29 rnp2 0 the sacred oak trees … gardens These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols. ISA 1 29 q2lw 0 you will be embarrassed by Some versions read, “you will blush because of.” A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong. ISA 1 30 sp75 figs-simile 0 For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades, and like a garden that has no water Water gives life to trees and gardens. The people have cut themselves off from Yahweh, who gives them life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 31 sh9k figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ ISA 2 2 h16p figs-metaphor 0 it will be raised up above the hills Isaiah speaks ISA 2 2 p88m figs-metonymy 0 all the nations Here “nations” is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “people from all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 2 p7rl figs-metaphor 0 will flow to it The people around the world going to the mountain of Yahweh is compared to how a river flows. This emphasizes that many people will come, not just a few people. Alternate translation: “will flow like a river to it” or “will go to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 3 nl4z figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 3 f679 0 Jacob, so he may teach…and we may walk Another possible meaning is “Jacob. He will teach…and we will walk” +ISA 2 3 f679 0 Jacob, so he may teach … and we may walk Another possible meaning is “Jacob. He will teach … and we will walk” ISA 2 3 u8i5 figs-parallelism 0 he may teach us some of his ways, and we may walk in his paths The words “ways” and “paths” are metaphors for the way a person lives. If your language has only one word for the ground on which people walk, you may combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “he may teach us his will so that we may obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 3 qq6t figs-parallelism 0 For out of Zion will go the law, and the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem These phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah was emphasizing that all nations will understand that the truth is found in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “People in Zion will teach God’s law, and people in Jerusalem will teach the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 3 w2vd figs-metaphor 0 For out of Zion will go the law “For the law will go out from Zion.” Isaiah speaks as if the law were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the law will go out from Zion” or “Yahweh will proclaim his law from Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ ISA 2 4 u4wn figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the peopl ISA 2 4 d9yw 0 He will judge “Yahweh will judge” ISA 2 4 xfs3 0 will render decisions “will solve disputes” ISA 2 4 htf9 0 they will hammer their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks The people of the nations will turn their weapons of war into tools for farming. -ISA 2 4 j77g figs-synecdoche 0 swords…spears…sword These words are synecdoches for weapons of any kind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 2 4 i5uh figs-synecdoche 0 plowshares…pruning hooks These words are synecdoches for tools of any kind that people use in peaceful activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ISA 2 4 j77g figs-synecdoche 0 swords … spears … sword These words are synecdoches for weapons of any kind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ISA 2 4 i5uh figs-synecdoche 0 plowshares … pruning hooks These words are synecdoches for tools of any kind that people use in peaceful activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 2 4 fq2w 0 they will hammer their swords into plowshares “they will make their swords into tools for planting seeds.” A plowshare is a blade that people use to dig into soil so they can plant seeds there. ISA 2 4 d586 0 their spears into pruning hooks “they will hammer their spears into pruning hooks” or “they will make their spears into tools for caring for plants.” A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut unwanted branches off of plants. ISA 2 4 u818 figs-metonymy 0 nation will not lift up sword against nation “no nation will lift up its sword against another nation.” The sword is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “one nation will not fight wars against another nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ ISA 2 6 uh4h figs-metaphor 0 they are filled with customs from the east Isaiah ISA 2 6 n11d 0 they practice divination they try to tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves ISA 2 6 n8bj translate-symaction 0 they shake hands with sons of foreigners Clasping hands together is the symbol of friendship and peace. Alternate translation: “they make peace and work together with people who are not from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 2 7 fld8 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to Yahweh in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 7 t4r6 figs-metaphor 0 Their land is full of silver and gold…their land also is full of horses Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They possess much silver and gold…they also possess many horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 2 7 t4r6 figs-metaphor 0 Their land is full of silver and gold … their land also is full of horses Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They possess much silver and gold … they also possess many horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 8 cyh2 figs-metaphor 0 Their land also is full of idols Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They also possess many idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 2 8 zic5 figs-parallelism 0 the craftsmanship of their own hands, things that their own fingers have made These two phrases mean almost the same thing and emphasize that these are not real gods. If your language has no general word for something someone has made, you can combine these two phrases into one. Alternate translation: “things that they themselves have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 8 au6k figs-synecdoche 0 craftsmanship of their own hands The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “their own craftsmanship” or “their own work” or “things they have made with their hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -170,23 +170,23 @@ ISA 2 11 f7iq figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh alone will be exalted This can be sta ISA 2 11 akb4 figs-idiom 0 on that day This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “on the day that Yahweh judges everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 2 12 u89l figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 12 ypp7 figs-activepassive 0 who is proud and raised up One who is “raised up” is proud and considers himself better than other people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who is proud and who raises himself above other people” or “who is proud and thinks that he is better than other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 12 ew97 figs-doublet 0 who is proud…who is arrogant Someone who is arrogant speaks and acts as if he is better than other people. These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ISA 2 12 ew97 figs-doublet 0 who is proud … who is arrogant Someone who is arrogant speaks and acts as if he is better than other people. These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 2 12 t5zf figs-activepassive 0 he will be brought down “every proud person will be brought down.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will humble him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 2 13 icm3 figs-metaphor 0 against all the cedars of Lebanon…against all the oaks of Bashan The “day of Yahweh of Hosts” will be against the cedars and oaks. This could mean: (1) these trees are a metaphor for the proud people whom God will judge or (2) God will actually destroy these mighty trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 2 13 icm3 figs-metaphor 0 against all the cedars of Lebanon … against all the oaks of Bashan The “day of Yahweh of Hosts” will be against the cedars and oaks. This could mean: (1) these trees are a metaphor for the proud people whom God will judge or (2) God will actually destroy these mighty trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 14 rx5g figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 14 d97m 0 against In 2:14-16 Isaiah lists things that God will destroy. This could mean: (1) these refer to prideful people that God will humble or (2) God will actually destroy all these things in the list. -ISA 2 14 mud8 figs-metaphor 0 mountains…hills These words are metaphors for the pride of the Israelites. They also appear in [Isaiah 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 2 14 mud8 figs-metaphor 0 mountains … hills These words are metaphors for the pride of the Israelites. They also appear in [Isaiah 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 14 td8x figs-idiom 0 that are lifted up This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that are very high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 2 15 u56r figs-metaphor 0 high tower…impregnable wall These refer to things people would build around their cities so they could defend themselves against their enemies. They are a metaphor for the Israelites’ pride and belief that they had no need for Yahweh and could stand against any punishment Yahweh would mete out to them for their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 2 15 u56r figs-metaphor 0 high tower … impregnable wall These refer to things people would build around their cities so they could defend themselves against their enemies. They are a metaphor for the Israelites’ pride and belief that they had no need for Yahweh and could stand against any punishment Yahweh would mete out to them for their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 15 y975 0 impregnable wall “wall that nothing can break down or go through” -ISA 2 16 ns89 0 ships of Tarshish…beautiful sailing vessels These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities. +ISA 2 16 ns89 0 ships of Tarshish … beautiful sailing vessels These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities. ISA 2 16 a8gz 0 ships of Tarshish “ships on which they go to Tarshish” ISA 2 17 q2z3 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 17 dx3l figs-activepassive 0 The pride of man will be brought low This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will bring low every proud man” or “He will humiliate every proud man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 17 sjb9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the haughtiness of men will fall The abstract noun “haughtiness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those people who are haughty will stop being haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 2 17 ij1n figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh alone will be exalted This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 18 t75w 0 The idols will completely pass away “All idols will disappear” or “There will be no more idols” -ISA 2 19 ii4y figs-explicit 0 Men will go…from the terror The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Men will go…to hide from the terror” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ISA 2 19 ii4y figs-explicit 0 Men will go … from the terror The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Men will go … to hide from the terror” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 2 19 w4lw 0 the caves of the rocks “the caves in the rocks.” These are large rocks, not small stones that can be held in the hand. ISA 2 19 r7kz 0 from the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). ISA 2 19 ul48 0 from the terror of Yahweh because they are very afraid of Yahweh @@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ ISA 2 19 dm1h figs-hendiadys 0 the glory of his majesty Here the word “glory ISA 2 19 p1ch 0 when he rises to terrify the earth “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him” ISA 2 20 dw5p figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 20 x4cz translate-unknown 0 to the moles and bats Moles are small animals that dig and live underground. Bats are small flying animals that sometimes live in caves. Alternate translation: “to the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 2 21 hs4f 0 the crevices in the rocks…the clefts of the ragged rocks If your language does not have two different words for “crevice” and “cleft,” the space that appears between the two parts of a rock when it splits, you can combine these two phrases into one. +ISA 2 21 hs4f 0 the crevices in the rocks … the clefts of the ragged rocks If your language does not have two different words for “crevice” and “cleft,” the space that appears between the two parts of a rock when it splits, you can combine these two phrases into one. ISA 2 21 ikz7 0 from the terror of Yahweh because they are very afraid of Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md). ISA 2 21 rn5i 0 the glory of his majesty “the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal majesty.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). ISA 2 21 nz4j 0 when he rises to terrify the earth “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md). @@ -204,9 +204,9 @@ ISA 2 22 hw38 figs-rquestion 0 for what does he amount to? Isaiah uses a questi ISA 3 intro bgn6 0 # Isaiah 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.

### Judgment
This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Exile
While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) ISA 3 1 li2r 0 See The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. It can also be translated as “Listen” or “Indeed.” ISA 3 1 b6ce figs-metaphor 0 support and staff Both of these words refer to a walking stick, on which someone leans for support. This idea here stands for the things that people need the most in order to live: food and water. Alternate translation: “everything that supports you” or “everything that you depend on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 2 c9rl figs-genericnoun 0 the mighty man…the warrior…the judge…the prophet…the one who practices divination…the elder This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the mighty men…the warriors…the judges…the prophets…the ones who practices divination…the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +ISA 3 2 c9rl figs-genericnoun 0 the mighty man … the warrior … the judge … the prophet … the one who practices divination … the elder This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the mighty men … the warriors … the judges … the prophets … the ones who practices divination … the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 3 2 zv6c 0 the one who practices divination This is a person who claims that he can tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:6](../02/06.md). -ISA 3 3 q6s4 figs-genericnoun 0 the captain of fifty…the respected citizen…the counselor…the expert craftsman…the skillful enchanter This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the captains of fifty…the respected citizens…the counselors…the expert craftsmen…the skillful enchanters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +ISA 3 3 q6s4 figs-genericnoun 0 the captain of fifty … the respected citizen … the counselor … the expert craftsman … the skillful enchanter This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the captains of fifty … the respected citizens … the counselors … the expert craftsmen … the skillful enchanters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 3 3 kui6 translate-numbers 0 the captain of fifty This could mean: (1) the word “fifty” represents the exact amount of soldiers that the captain led. Alternate translation: “the captains of 50 soldiers” or (2) the word translated as “fifty” does not represent an exact number, but is the name of a small military unit. Alternate translation: “the captain of a small military unit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 3 3 jms3 translate-numbers 0 fifty “50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 3 4 y5ha figs-parallelism 0 I will place mere youths as their leaders, and the young will rule over them These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) “I will place young people as their leaders, and those young people will rule over them” or (2) “youths” is a metaphor for simple and foolish men. Alternate translation: “I will place over them leaders who are immature, like young people, and those bad leaders will rule over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ ISA 3 10 yki9 figs-genericnoun 0 the righteous person This refers to righteous ISA 3 10 s5vz figs-metaphor 0 for they will eat the fruit of their deeds Deeds are spoken of as if they were trees giving fruit that can be eaten. The fruit stands for the reward for doing good deeds. Alternate translation: “for they will receive their reward for their good deeds” or “for they will receive their reward for the good things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 10 i1nt 0 they will eat the fruit of their deeds The Hebrew text has these plural pronouns here, but they refer to any righteous person. Translators can choose to translate them as singular: “he will eat the fruit of his deeds.” ISA 3 11 ti8h figs-metonymy 0 for the recompense of his hands will be done to him Here “hands” stands for the deeds that the person has done. Alternate translation: “for what the wicked person has done to others will be done to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 3 12 yn5p 0 My people…My people This could mean: (1) Isaiah is talking and “My” refers to Isaiah, or (2) Yahweh is talking and “My” refers to Yahweh. +ISA 3 12 yn5p 0 My people … My people This could mean: (1) Isaiah is talking and “My” refers to Isaiah, or (2) Yahweh is talking and “My” refers to Yahweh. ISA 3 12 zg6p figs-metaphor 0 children are their oppressors This could mean: (1) “young people have become their leaders and they oppress the people” or (2) “their leaders are immature like children and oppress the people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 12 j52r 0 women rule over them This could mean: (1) “women rule over the people” or (2) “their leaders are weak like women.” ISA 3 12 t5bp figs-metaphor 0 those who guide you lead you astray and confuse the direction of your path It was common in the Ancient Middle East to speak of a nation’s leaders as if they were shepherds. As shepherds lead the sheep along good paths to safety, leaders should teach the people the truth and help them do what is right. Judah’s leaders were not doing this. Alternate translation: “your leaders are like bad shepherds who lead you away from good paths and do not show you where to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ ISA 5 2 qfu3 0 built a winepress “dug a pit to squeeze out the grape juice. ISA 5 2 feu4 0 wild grapes “worthless grapes” or “bad tasting grapes” ISA 5 3 crw5 figs-parables 0 General Information: In Isaiah’s parable of the vineyard, the owner of the vineyard, who represents God, speaks to the people of Jerusalem and Judah about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 5 3 x6tw figs-genericnoun 0 inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah These expressions refer in general to all people living in Jerusalem and Judah, so they can be translated with plural nouns. Alternate translation: “all of you who live in Jerusalem and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 5 3 v4cu 0 Jerusalem…Judah “Judah” was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city. +ISA 5 3 v4cu 0 Jerusalem … Judah “Judah” was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city. ISA 5 3 c6vk figs-metaphor 0 judge between me and my vineyard The idea of a space separating two things is often used to express the idea of choosing one or the other of those things. Alternate translation: “decide who has acted right, I or my vineyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 4 cy5z figs-rquestion 0 What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? The owner uses this question to make a statement about his vineyard. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a stataement. Alternate translation: “I have done all that I could do for my vineyard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 5 4 ka3q figs-rquestion 0 When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? The owner uses a question to say that his vineyard should have produced good grapes. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I wanted it to make good grapes, but it only produced worthless grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ ISA 5 9 f6yx 0 without any inhabitant “without anyone living in it” ISA 5 10 x1d1 figs-explicit 0 a ten-yoke vineyard The size of the vineyard is represented by the number of pairs of oxen that could plow it in one day. Each pair of oxen would be connected by a yoke. Alternate translation: “a vineyard that is large enough for ten pairs of oxen to plow it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 5 10 xm5c translate-bvolume 0 one bath “one bath of wine” or “22 liters of wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) ISA 5 10 wyg4 translate-bvolume 0 one homer of seed will yield only an ephah “220 liters of seed will produce only 22 liters of grain.” One homer equals ten ephahs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) -ISA 5 11 w596 figs-merism 0 those who rise up early in the morning…who linger late into the night This refers to people who do nothing all day but drink alcoholic drinks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +ISA 5 11 w596 figs-merism 0 those who rise up early in the morning … who linger late into the night This refers to people who do nothing all day but drink alcoholic drinks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 5 11 e3cu figs-metaphor 0 until wine inflames them Here the power of wine to make its drinkers drunk is spoken of as if it were inflaming them, that is, setting them on fire. Alternate translation: “until they are drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 12 uj2g 0 harp, lute, tambourine, flute, and wine These musical instruments and the wine imply that the people enjoying these things are celebrating very much. ISA 5 12 rum8 translate-unknown 0 tambourine A musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be beaten with the hand. It probably had pieces of metal around the side that sounded when the player shook it. The tambourine was small enough for the player to hold it and shake it with one hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ ISA 5 18 w5kt figs-parallelism 0 Woe to those who pull along iniquity with usel ISA 5 19 fje3 figs-irony 0 those who say This refers to those who continue to sin (verse 18) and then mockingly challenge God to stop them. Alternate translation: “those mockers who say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 5 19 fg4f figs-metaphor 0 let the plans of the Holy One of Israel come God’s plans are spoken of as if they were objects that could come by themselves. Alternate translation: “let the Holy One of Israel accomplish his plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 19 czd2 0 the Holy One of Israel Translate “the Holy One” as in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md). -ISA 5 20 wfp3 figs-metaphor 0 who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness…bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter Those who do these things are the same as those “who call evil good, and good evil.” These things are opposites and people know the difference between them, but some people lie and say that bad things are good. Alternate translation: “They are like people who call darkness light and light darkness. They are like people who call bitter things sweet and sweet things bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 5 20 wfp3 figs-metaphor 0 who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness … bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter Those who do these things are the same as those “who call evil good, and good evil.” These things are opposites and people know the difference between them, but some people lie and say that bad things are good. Alternate translation: “They are like people who call darkness light and light darkness. They are like people who call bitter things sweet and sweet things bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 21 ivi4 figs-metonymy 0 to those who are wise in their own eyes Here the metonym “eyes” refers to their thoughts. Alternate translation: “to those who consider themselves to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 5 21 k28f 0 prudent in their own understanding “think they understand everything” ISA 5 23 cpy5 0 who acquit the wicked for payment This passage is speaking about corrupt judges in courts of law. @@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ ISA 5 26 abj6 0 whistle a loud, high pitched noise a person makes with their m ISA 5 26 pqh3 0 they will come “the enemy army will come” ISA 5 26 i94d figs-doublet 0 speedily and promptly These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how quickly they will come. Alternate translation: “very quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 5 27 m2qf 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the army that will attack Judah. He describes it as if it were already existing ([Isaiah 5:26](../05/26.md)). -ISA 5 27 q27w 0 tire…stumble…slumbers…sleeps These four words progress from being tired from work to being unable to walk well, to being unable to stay awake, to full sleep, so all four should appear in the translation. +ISA 5 27 q27w 0 tire … stumble … slumbers … sleeps These four words progress from being tired from work to being unable to walk well, to being unable to stay awake, to full sleep, so all four should appear in the translation. ISA 5 27 hac2 0 Nor are their belts loose The soldiers kept their clothes tight so it would easier to move and fight. ISA 5 27 xx4t 0 the thongs of their sandals “the straps of their sandals” ISA 5 28 j18k figs-simile 0 their horses’ hooves are like flint “their hooves are like hard stone.” Isaiah compares the hard part of a horse’s foot to flint, which is a hard stone that can cause sparks when struck. This could mean: (1) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint so to describe the frightening image of their feet causing sparks as they run or (2) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint to emphasize how strong their hooves are which enables the horse to do whatever their master want them to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ ISA 5 29 dv1u figs-metonymy 0 young lions A young age is a metonym for strength ISA 5 29 jhq5 figs-metaphor 0 They will growl and seize the prey Isaiah compares the enemy killing the people of Judah to a lion killing a weaker animal. This could mean: (1) lions make a sound not as loud as a roar just before they strike, or (2) the writer is using two words to mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 5 29 kw8f 0 prey animals that another animal wants to catch and kill ISA 5 29 ixb3 0 with none to rescue “and no one will be able to save them” -ISA 5 30 x52f 0 will roar…sea roars The word “roar” here is translated “growl” in verse 29. Use your language’s word for the sound of waves in a storm or heavy rain or some other frightening natural sound. +ISA 5 30 x52f 0 will roar … sea roars The word “roar” here is translated “growl” in verse 29. Use your language’s word for the sound of waves in a storm or heavy rain or some other frightening natural sound. ISA 5 30 rw65 figs-metaphor 0 even the light will be made dark by the clouds Here darkness represents suffering and disaster. This metaphor can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the dark clouds will completely block the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 intro g9bq 0 # Isaiah 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Heaven
This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

### Isaiah’s call
This chapter record Isaiah’s call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Inevitability
The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ISA 6 1 fpg5 figs-doublet 0 he was high and elevated The words “high” and “elevated” emphasize that the throne was very high and above everything around it. The height of the throne represents how great and powerful the Lord is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ ISA 6 9 m1yh figs-ellipsis 0 Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not per ISA 6 10 j69r 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he must do when Yahweh sends him to preach to the people. ISA 6 10 q3as figs-metonymy 0 Make the heart of this people insensitive Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. A person who does not think clearly and is unable to understand and care about what is happening is spoken of as if his heart were insensitive. Alternate translation: “Make these people unable to understand” or “Make the minds of these people dull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 10 wd4q 0 Make the heart of this people It may be more natural to translate “heart” and “this” as plurals. Alternate translation: “Make the hearts of these people” -ISA 6 10 ffe8 0 Make the heart…insensitive This command means that Yahweh will use Isaiah’s message to cause the people to understand even less and to make them less sensitive to what Yahweh is doing. +ISA 6 10 ffe8 0 Make the heart … insensitive This command means that Yahweh will use Isaiah’s message to cause the people to understand even less and to make them less sensitive to what Yahweh is doing. ISA 6 10 pqr2 figs-metaphor 0 their ears dull, and blind their eyes “make it so that they cannot hear, and make it so that they cannot see.” Isaiah making people to not understand Yahweh’s message or what he is doing is spoken of as if Isaiah were making them deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 10 qi8r figs-metaphor 0 they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears People being able to understand Yahweh’s message and what he is doing is spoken of as if the people were able physically to see and hear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 10 sbg9 figs-metonymy 0 understand with their heart Here “heart” represents as person’s mind. Truly understanding something and caring about what is happening is spoken of as if the people were to understand with their hearts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -434,12 +434,12 @@ ISA 6 12 wed8 figs-123person 0 until Yahweh has sent the people far away, and t ISA 6 13 p7xa figs-activepassive 0 it will again be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies will again destroy the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 13 r74f figs-simile 0 as a terebinth or an oak is cut down and whose trunk remains, the holy seed is in its stump This simile means that even after Yahweh destroys Israel, he will still set apart people from among the Israelites to serve him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 6 13 h3vb translate-unknown 0 terebinth a kind of oak tree (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 6 13 tbt2 0 trunk…stump A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down. +ISA 6 13 tbt2 0 trunk … stump A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down. ISA 6 13 p9id figs-metaphor 0 the holy seed The people who will serve Yahweh after armies destroy Israel are spoken of as if they were set apart as a holy seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 7 intro kcq7 0 # Isaiah 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7-9, 18-25.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “Young woman”
Some translations choose to translate this as “virgin” and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Israel
In this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe. -ISA 7 1 u9lp figs-idiom 0 During the days of Ahaz…king of Judah “When Ahaz…was king of Judah” This was when the events happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 7 1 e4tt translate-names 0 Rezin…Pekah…Remaliah men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 7 1 vuv8 figs-synecdoche 0 Rezin…and Pekah…went up The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: “Rezin…and Pekah…led their armies up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ISA 7 1 u9lp figs-idiom 0 During the days of Ahaz … king of Judah “When Ahaz … was king of Judah” This was when the events happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ISA 7 1 e4tt translate-names 0 Rezin … Pekah … Remaliah men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 7 1 vuv8 figs-synecdoche 0 Rezin … and Pekah … went up The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: “Rezin … and Pekah … led their armies up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 7 1 py2k figs-metonymy 0 to war against it The author speaks as if the city itself were the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “to war against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 7 2 fs5m figs-activepassive 0 It was reported to the house of David This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the house of David heard the report” or “someone reported to the house of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 7 2 lbv6 figs-metonymy 0 the house of David The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. Alternate translation: “King Ahaz and his counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ ISA 7 9 el5p figs-explicit 0 the head of Samaria is Remaliah’s son This means ISA 7 9 z477 figs-doublenegatives 0 If you do not remain firm in faith, surely you will not remain secure This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “If you continue to believe in me, you will certainly remain safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ISA 7 9 nt63 0 If you do not remain “Unless you remain” ISA 7 11 f2n6 figs-merism 0 ask for it in the depths or in the height above Yahweh uses the word “depths” and “height” to mean Ahaz could ask him for anything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 7 11 li4c figs-abstractnouns 0 depths…height The abstract nouns “depths” and “height” can be translated with prepositions. “places far below you…places far above you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ISA 7 11 li4c figs-abstractnouns 0 depths … height The abstract nouns “depths” and “height” can be translated with prepositions. “places far below you … places far above you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 7 12 cr1k 0 will not ask “will not ask Yahweh for a sign” ISA 7 13 zw34 figs-metonymy 0 house of David The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “King Ahaz, you and your counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 7 13 v36u figs-rquestion 0 Is it not enough for you people to test the patience of people? Must you also test the patience of my God? These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: “You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -487,14 +487,14 @@ ISA 7 18 qve8 figs-metaphor 0 for a fly from the distant streams of Egypt, and ISA 7 20 l6c2 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army of Assyria will attack Israel. ISA 7 20 v8kp figs-metaphor 0 the Lord will shave with a razor that was hired beyond the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria The word “razor” is a metaphor for the king of Assyria and his army, and Yahweh speaks of the king as if the king were a man who would do Yahweh’s work and then receive money from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call the king of Assyria from beyond the Euphrates River to work for him to shave you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 7 20 d2rx figs-activepassive 0 that was hired This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he bought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 7 20 yli5 0 the head…the hair of the legs…also…the beard It was bad to have someone shave the top of the head; it was worse to have someone shave “the hair of the legs”; it was worst of all to have someone shave the beard. -ISA 7 20 y3tv figs-metaphor 0 the head…the hair of the legs…the beard Isaiah does not say whose head, hair, and beard the Lord is going to shave, but Ahaz and the reader would understand that this is a man; the man is a metaphor for the people living in the land of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 7 20 yli5 0 the head … the hair of the legs … also … the beard It was bad to have someone shave the top of the head; it was worse to have someone shave “the hair of the legs”; it was worst of all to have someone shave the beard. +ISA 7 20 y3tv figs-metaphor 0 the head … the hair of the legs … the beard Isaiah does not say whose head, hair, and beard the Lord is going to shave, but Ahaz and the reader would understand that this is a man; the man is a metaphor for the people living in the land of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 7 20 tyl9 figs-metonymy 0 the head Here “the head” represents the hair that grows on it. Alternate translation: “the hair on the head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 7 20 tkw6 figs-euphemism 0 the hair of the legs This could mean: (1) this is a polite way to speak of the hair on the lower body or (2) this speaks of the hair on the legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ISA 7 20 a1pl 0 it will also sweep “the razor will also sweep.” If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will…sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.” +ISA 7 20 a1pl 0 it will also sweep “the razor will also sweep.” If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will … sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.” ISA 7 22 tsx4 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abundance of milk which they shall give The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated as a clause. Alternate translation: “because they will give so much milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 7 23 h6cj 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army from Assyria will attack the land of Israel. -ISA 7 23 b3ry translate-numbers 0 there were a thousand vines…briers and thorns “there were 1,000 vines.” That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +ISA 7 23 b3ry translate-numbers 0 there were a thousand vines … briers and thorns “there were 1,000 vines.” That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 7 23 y1fr translate-numbers 0 a thousand silver shekels “1000 silver shekels.” A shekel is a silver coin worth 4 days wage. Alternate translation: “1,000 silver coins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) ISA 7 23 hu8n figs-doublet 0 briers and thorns The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants. It is not necessary to translate both words. Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” or “brier bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 7 24 sr7t figs-explicit 0 because all the land will be briers and thorns Why the hunters come to these lands can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because there will be nothing in these lands but briers, thorns, and wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ ISA 8 2 x1fq 0 I will summon faithful witnesses to attest for me This could me ISA 8 3 j2ld figs-euphemism 0 I went to the prophetess It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: “I slept with my wife, the prophetess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 8 4 g5hy figs-activepassive 0 the riches of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 6 k9mk figs-metaphor 0 Because this people has refused the gentle waters of Shiloah The words “gentle waters” are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: “Because this people has rejected Yahweh’s law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 8 6 x9t3 0 this people “this people group.” If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused…are happy.” +ISA 8 6 x9t3 0 this people “this people group.” If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.” ISA 8 6 mbx4 figs-explicit 0 is happy over Rezin and Remaliah’s son The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah’s son, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 8 7 l4ii figs-pronouns 0 therefore the Lord is Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: “therefore I, the Lord, am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) ISA 8 7 pbf5 0 bring up on them The verb is “bring up”; the adverb is “on them.” @@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ ISA 8 9 qq71 figs-activepassive 0 You peoples will be broken to pieces This can ISA 8 9 qzg7 figs-apostrophe 0 Listen, all you distant countries Isaiah speaks as if people in other countries can hear him. Alternate translation: “Listen, all you people in far away places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 8 9 rer3 figs-parallelism 0 arm yourselves for war and be broken in pieces; arm yourselves and be broken in pieces This is basically the same thing, stated twice for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you can prepare yourselves for battle, but I will defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 10 q9aj figs-activepassive 0 Form a plan, but it will not be carried out; issue the command, but it will not be carried out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You can prepare to attack Judah, but you will not succeed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 8 10 mfw3 figs-activepassive 0 it will not be carried out…it will not be carried out To “carry out” a plan or command is to do what the person who makes the plan or command wants the hearer to do. These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to do what you plan to do…your soldiers will not be able to do what their commanders tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 8 10 mfw3 figs-activepassive 0 it will not be carried out … it will not be carried out To “carry out” a plan or command is to do what the person who makes the plan or command wants the hearer to do. These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to do what you plan to do … your soldiers will not be able to do what their commanders tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 11 svz5 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh spoke to me, with his strong hand upon me Here “his strong hand upon me” is an idiom that refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke to me in a very powerful way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 8 11 pq3u figs-quotations 0 warned me not to walk in the way of this people. This is an indirect quote that ends in 8:17. Alternate translation: “warned me and said, ‘Do not act like this people.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ISA 8 12 zbg2 figs-explicit 0 Do not call conspiracy anything that this people calls conspiracy The people imagine there are conspiracies, and it makes them anxious. Alternate translation: “Do not worry like this people who think someone is always trying to harm them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ ISA 8 14 uuy2 0 snare a trap that catches and holds an animal’s leg or nose ISA 8 15 nj22 figs-activepassive 0 Many will stumble over it and fall and be broken, and be ensnared and captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Many people will stumble over the stone, and when they fall they will not get up. And many people will step into the trap, and they will not be able to get out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 15 q3r6 figs-doublet 0 ensnared and captured These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they will be caught in the trap. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 8 16 uss4 figs-parallelism 0 Bind up my testimony, seal the official record These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Close up tightly the scroll with this message written on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 8 16 qg84 0 my testimony…my disciples It is unclear to whom the word “my” refers. It could be Isaiah or Yahweh. It is best to leave the pronouns ambiguous if your language will allow it. +ISA 8 16 qg84 0 my testimony … my disciples It is unclear to whom the word “my” refers. It could be Isaiah or Yahweh. It is best to leave the pronouns ambiguous if your language will allow it. ISA 8 17 vl67 0 I will wait for Yahweh Here “I” refers to Isaiah. ISA 8 17 y59u figs-metonymy 0 who hides his face from the house of Jacob Yahweh’s “face” is a metonym for his blessing or favor. Alternate translation: “who has taken away his blessing from the house of Jacob” or “who no longer looks with favor on the house of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 8 17 p16z 0 house of Jacob people of Israel @@ -559,15 +559,15 @@ ISA 9 1 q9g1 figs-metaphor 0 her who was in anguish “her who was suffering gr ISA 9 1 y275 figs-metonymy 0 In an earlier time he humiliated the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali “Land” refers to the people who live in an area. Alternate translation: “In the past, the Lord humbled those living in Zebulun and Naphtali” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 9 1 wtc7 figs-metonymy 0 but in the later time he will make it glorious, the way to the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations Here “it” refers to Galilee which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but in the future, the Lord will honor the people of Galilee of the nations, which is on the road between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 9 1 rv6s figs-metonymy 0 Galilee of the nations Here “nations” represents the people from other nations that live in Galilee. Alternate translation: “Galilee, where many foreigners live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 9 2 emm3 figs-metaphor 0 walked in darkness…lived in the land of the shadow of death Isaiah speaks of the people living sinful lives and suffering because of it as if they had been walking in a dark or living in a land of shadow of death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 2 y2l2 figs-metaphor 0 a great light…light has shone Here “light” represents hope and deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 9 2 emm3 figs-metaphor 0 walked in darkness … lived in the land of the shadow of death Isaiah speaks of the people living sinful lives and suffering because of it as if they had been walking in a dark or living in a land of shadow of death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 9 2 y2l2 figs-metaphor 0 a great light … light has shone Here “light” represents hope and deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 2 x5ah figs-idiom 0 the land of the shadow of death The phrase “shadow of death” is an idiom that means absolute darkness. Alternate translation: “the land of deepest darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 9 3 cz7j figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future ([Isaiah 9:1](../09/01.md)), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 9 3 fxk4 figs-you 0 You have multiplied the nation; you have increased their joy The word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “their” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah includes himself as part of Israel. Alternate translation: “Lord, you will greatly increase our people and our joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 9 3 i1jr figs-simile 0 They rejoice before you like the joy at harvest time, as men rejoice when they divide the plunder The joy that Yahweh will give Israel is described as the same kind of joy people have when they bring in a harvest or divide valuable plunder. Alternate translation: “They will rejoice before you as people rejoice when they gather their crops or when a battle is over and soldiers divide what they took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 9 4 zgk3 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future ([Isaiah 9:1](./01.md)), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 9 4 i6r4 figs-metaphor 0 For the yoke of his burden…you have shattered as on the day of Midian Isaiah speaks of the Israelites, who are the Assyrians’ slaves, as if they were an ox wearing a yoke. This will happen in the future, but he speaks as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “For as on the day of Midian you will set the people of Israel free from being slaves to their oppressors like a person removes a yoke from the shoulders of an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 9 4 k2hi figs-metaphor 0 For the yoke of his burden…his shoulder…his oppressor Isaiah speaks of the people of Israel as if they were one man. Alternate translation: “For the yoke of their burden…their shoulders…their oppressor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 9 4 i6r4 figs-metaphor 0 For the yoke of his burden … you have shattered as on the day of Midian Isaiah speaks of the Israelites, who are the Assyrians’ slaves, as if they were an ox wearing a yoke. This will happen in the future, but he speaks as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “For as on the day of Midian you will set the people of Israel free from being slaves to their oppressors like a person removes a yoke from the shoulders of an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +ISA 9 4 k2hi figs-metaphor 0 For the yoke of his burden … his shoulder … his oppressor Isaiah speaks of the people of Israel as if they were one man. Alternate translation: “For the yoke of their burden … their shoulders … their oppressor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 4 eh66 0 the beam across his shoulder The beam is the part of the yoke that goes over the shoulders of the ox. ISA 9 4 hfq6 0 beam Another possible meaning is “staff,” a long piece of wood that a person uses to beat the oxen so they will work and a symbol of one person’s power to rule other people. ISA 9 4 d1k8 figs-metaphor 0 the rod of his oppressor Isaiah speaks of the power the oppressor has over the people of Judah as if it were the piece of wood used by a person to beat oxen so they will work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -583,8 +583,8 @@ ISA 9 7 yu3r figs-metonymy 0 rules on the throne of David Sitting on the “thr ISA 9 7 k8w3 0 his kingdom, to establish it and sustain it with justice and with righteousness This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his kingdom. He will establish and protect his kingdom, and he will do what is fair and just” ISA 9 7 ge32 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 9 8 x9c9 figs-idiom 0 The Lord sent a word against Jacob, and it fell on Israel “Send a word” means to speak. Alternate translation: “The Lord has spoken against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 9 8 nuf4 0 Jacob…Israel These names refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. -ISA 9 9 w3k1 0 Ephraim…Samaria These names all refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. +ISA 9 8 nuf4 0 Jacob … Israel These names refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. +ISA 9 9 w3k1 0 Ephraim … Samaria These names all refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. ISA 9 9 qbl6 figs-explicit 0 All the people will know, even Ephraim and the inhabitants of Samaria What they will know can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “All the people will know that the Lord has judged them, even those in Ephraim and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 9 10 gj6i figs-explicit 0 The bricks have fallen, but we will rebuild with chiseled stone; the sycamores have been cut down, but we will put cedars in their place The full meaning can be made explicit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “We will replace the common bricks of our destroyed cities with expensive cut stone, and we will plant great cedar trees where ordinary sycamore trees grew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 9 11 f9f7 figs-synecdoche 0 Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary Here “Rezin” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Therefore, Yahweh will bring Rezin and his army against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -602,10 +602,10 @@ ISA 9 17 w5bb figs-synecdoche 0 every mouth speaks foolish things The word “m ISA 9 17 b4un 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). ISA 9 17 v3li figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 18 kf1q figs-metaphor 0 Wickedness burns like a fire; it devours the briers and thorns; it even burns the thickets of the forest The people’s evil deeds are spoken of as if they were a very destructive fire. This fire burns even the briers and thorns, plants that grow in places where people no longer live, and “the thickets of the forest” where no one has ever lived, because it has already destroyed the places where people were living. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 18 ee5n figs-doublet 0 briers…thorns The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ISA 9 18 ee5n figs-doublet 0 briers … thorns The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 9 19 ctw3 figs-activepassive 0 Through the fury of Yahweh of hosts the land is scorched Translate “Yahweh of hosts” as in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Like fire that scorches the land, the Lord’s intense anger will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 19 bg78 figs-idiom 0 No man spares his brother To “spare” someone means to save them from harm. Alternate translation: “No one does anything to help his own brother escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 9 20 e6kn figs-metonymy 0 They will grab food on the right hand…on the left hand This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 9 20 e6kn figs-metonymy 0 They will grab food on the right hand … on the left hand This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 9 20 sl21 figs-metaphor 0 Each will even eat the flesh of his own arm This could mean: (1) people will be so hungry that they will want to eat or will actually eat their own arms or (2) the word “arm” is a metaphor for the person’s neighbor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 21 y7rj 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). ISA 9 21 gxv7 figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ ISA 10 2 rlv2 0 the needy “poor people” ISA 10 2 mv4z 0 plunder widows “take everything from women whose husbands have died” ISA 10 2 w83u figs-metaphor 0 make the fatherless their prey Isaiah compares orphans to animals that other animals hunt and eat. This emphasizes that orphans are powerless and judges can easily harm them. Alternate translation: “harm children who do not have parents like an animal that goes after its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 2 jwk2 0 prey Translated “prey” as in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md). -ISA 10 3 gdt3 figs-rquestion 0 What will you do on judgment day…away? Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You will be able to do nothing on judgment day…away!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 10 3 gdt3 figs-rquestion 0 What will you do on judgment day … away? Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You will be able to do nothing on judgment day … away!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 3 xh3w 0 judgment day “the day when Yahweh comes to judge you” or “the day when Yahweh punishes you” ISA 10 3 u4fv figs-rquestion 0 To whom will you flee for help, and where will you leave your wealth? Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You have nowhere to run for help, and you will have nowhere to hide your riches!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 4 iw4t 0 Nothing remains, and you crouch This could mean: (1) “None of your wealth remains as you crouch” or (2) “You can do nothing else but crouch.” @@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ ISA 10 4 dg4p figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as ISA 10 5 fhx7 0 Woe This word marks the beginning of God’s announcement about a severe punishment against Assyria. ISA 10 5 e1zg 0 the Assyrian This refers to the king of Assyria. ISA 10 5 rrc2 figs-parallelism 0 the club of my anger, the rod by whom I wield my fury Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh compares the king of Assyria to a weapon a person holds in his hand and hits other people with. It emphasizes that the king of Assyria and his army are a tool that Yahweh uses to punish Israel. Alternate translation: “who will be like a weapon in my hands that I will use to show my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 6 bn37 figs-synecdoche 0 I send him…I order him The word “him” here also refers to the king of Assyria. But it does not mean God is only sending the king; he is sending with him the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I send the army of Assyria…I order them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ISA 10 6 bn37 figs-synecdoche 0 I send him … I order him The word “him” here also refers to the king of Assyria. But it does not mean God is only sending the king; he is sending with him the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I send the army of Assyria … I order them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 10 6 nvq3 0 against an arrogant nation and against the people who bear my overflowing wrath “to attack a nation full of proud people who have made me very angry” ISA 10 6 i3fl figs-metaphor 0 who bear my overflowing wrath Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; “the people” are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: “at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 6 tam5 0 to take the spoil “to take everything they have” @@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ ISA 10 7 y94n figs-explicit 0 But this is not what he intends, nor does he thin ISA 10 7 qn96 figs-doublet 0 It is in his heart to destroy and eliminate many nations The words “destroy” and “eliminate” mean basically the same thing. They are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He wants to completely destroy many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 10 8 pc5q figs-rquestion 0 Are not all my princes kings? The king of Assyria uses a question to emphasize what he believes everyone should already know. Alternate translation: “I have made captains of my army kings over lands I have conquered!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 9 y1s2 figs-rquestion 0 Is not Kalno like Carchemish? Is not Hamath like Arpad? Is not Samaria like Damascus? The king of Assyria uses these questions for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Kalno is no different from Carchemish. Hamath is no different from Arpad. Samaria is no different from Damascus. I have conquered them all!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 10 9 gl7w translate-names 0 Kalno…Carchemish…Hamath…Arpad These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 10 9 gl7w translate-names 0 Kalno … Carchemish … Hamath … Arpad These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 10 hfe3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to quote what the king of Assyria says ([Isaiah 10:8](../10/08.md)). ISA 10 10 nda6 figs-metonymy 0 As my hand has overcome “Hand” here is a reference to military strength. Alternate translation: “As my powerful army has defeated” or “As I have conquered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 10 tpk7 0 my This refers to the king of Assyria. @@ -644,10 +644,10 @@ ISA 10 10 zf5l 0 whose carved figures were greater During this time people bel ISA 10 11 g79t figs-metonymy 0 just as I did to Samaria and her worthless idols The word “Samaria” refers to the people who lived there, and “her” refers to the city of Samaria. Cities and nations were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “just as I did to the people of Samaria and their worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 11 y8en figs-rquestion 0 will I not also do the same to Jerusalem and to her idols? The king of Assyria used this question to emphasize the certainty that he will conquer the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will certainly do the same to Jerusalem and her idols!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 12 g3hp 0 When the Lord has finished his work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “When I, the Lord, have finished my work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish” -ISA 10 12 yv7l 0 his work on…and on his work of punishing. “punishing…and punishing” +ISA 10 12 yv7l 0 his work on … and on his work of punishing. “punishing … and punishing” ISA 10 12 ly8r 0 I will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and his prideful looks “I will punish the king of Assyria for the arrogant things he said and the look of pride on his face” ISA 10 13 ty9n 0 For he says “For the king of Assyria says” -ISA 10 13 f9lx figs-metonymy 0 I have removed…I have stolen Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “my army has removed…They have stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 10 13 f9lx figs-metonymy 0 I have removed … I have stolen Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “my army has removed … They have stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 13 bqh5 figs-simile 0 like a bull “as strong as a bull.” Some ancient texts read, “like a mighty man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 10 13 y4e1 figs-metaphor 0 I have brought down the inhabitants This could mean: (1) the king of Assyria has shamed the people of the countries he conquered or (2) he has removed the kings of the nations so they no longer rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 13 l61t figs-synecdoche 0 I have brought Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “I and my army have brought” or “we have brought (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ ISA 10 16 h9uv figs-simile 0 under his glory there will be kindled a burning li ISA 10 17 xf7a figs-metaphor 0 The light of Israel will become a fire The phrase “light of Israel” refers to Yahweh. It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, the light of Israel, will become like a fire, able to destroy everyone that does not honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 17 x81s 0 his Holy One a flame “I, Yahweh, the Holy one of Israel, will become like a flame.” See how you translated “Holy One” in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 10 17 nh6j figs-metaphor 0 it will burn and devour his thorns and briers “The fire will burn and devour the king of Assyria’s thorns and briars.” The speaker compares the king of Assyria’s army to thorns and briers. This emphasizes how easily God will destroy them. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the Assyrians like a fire burning thorns and briers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 17 a8i4 figs-doublet 0 thorns…briers The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one expression. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ISA 10 17 a8i4 figs-doublet 0 thorns … briers The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one expression. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 10 18 e4pz figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will consume the glory of his forest and of his fruitful land Possible meaning are (1) “Yahweh will destroy the great forests and farmlands in the nation of Assyria” or (2) “Yahweh will destroy the army of Assyria as a fire burns up great forests and farmlands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 18 ice3 figs-merism 0 both soul and body This could mean: (1) this emphasizes that God will completely destroy the forests and farmlands. Alternate translation: “completely” or (2) this means God will completely destroy the people of Assyria. The phrase “soul and body” refers to the spiritual part and the physical part of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 10 18 r1h9 figs-simile 0 it will be like when a sick man’s life wastes away This compares either the forests and farmlands of Assyria or the army of Assyria to a sick man as he lies in bed dying. This emphasizes how something so great can become weak and dying. Alternate translation: “they will be like a sick man who grows weak and dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -690,59 +690,59 @@ ISA 10 26 zpq7 translate-names 0 as when he defeated Midian at the rock of Oreb ISA 10 26 vx2h figs-metaphor 0 He will raise his rod over the sea and lift it up as he did in Egypt This speaks of God rescuing the people from the Assyrians as if they were the Egyptian army. This refers to when God caused the water of the Red Sea to split so the people of Israel could escape from the Egyptian army and so that the Egyptian army would drown in it. Alternate translation: “He will help you escape from the army of Assyria as he helped your ancestors escape the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 27 e1j7 figs-activepassive 0 his burden is lifted from your shoulder and his yoke from off your neck “Yahweh will lift the burden that Assyria has put on your shoulder, and he will remove the yoke that they have put on your neck.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “burden” and “yoke” refer to slavery. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the Assyrians who oppress you and will stop them from making you their slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 27 x77u figs-activepassive 0 the yoke will be destroyed because of fatness This expression suggests that the neck of the animal that is wearing the yoke will become too fat to fit the yoke any longer. This is a metaphor for Israel becoming so strong that the Assyrians can no longer rule them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your neck will become so fat that it will break the yoke” or “you will become so strong that you will no longer be the Assyrians’ slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 28 dh9d figs-pastforfuture 0 has come…has passed…has stored Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 10 28 c6sg translate-names 0 Aiath…Migron…Michmash These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 10 29 nvp6 figs-pastforfuture 0 have crossed…lodge…trembles…has fled Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 10 29 fay6 translate-names 0 Geba…Ramah…Gibeah These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 10 28 dh9d figs-pastforfuture 0 has come … has passed … has stored Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +ISA 10 28 c6sg translate-names 0 Aiath … Migron … Michmash These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 10 29 nvp6 figs-pastforfuture 0 have crossed … lodge … trembles … has fled Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +ISA 10 29 fay6 translate-names 0 Geba … Ramah … Gibeah These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 29 b3vg figs-metonymy 0 Ramah trembles and Gibeah of Saul has fled Here “Ramah” and “Gibeah of Saul” refer to the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “The people of Ramah tremble and the people of Gibeah of Saul have fled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 30 y4ej figs-idiom 0 daughter of Gallim The word “daughter” here refers to the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “Gallim” or “people of Gallim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 10 30 ybe1 figs-metonymy 0 Gallim…Laishah…Anathoth These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 10 31 dv9p figs-metonymy 0 Madmenah…Gebim These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 10 30 ybe1 figs-metonymy 0 Gallim … Laishah … Anathoth These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 10 31 dv9p figs-metonymy 0 Madmenah … Gebim These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 32 dub4 figs-metonymy 0 Nob This is the name of a village or city near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. It refers to the people who live in this place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 10 32 bf9q figs-idiom 0 he will halt at Nob and shake his fist Here “he” and “his” refer to the king of Assyria and his soldiers. People would shake their fists at people whom they were threatening. Alternate translation: “the army of Assyria will stop at Nob and threaten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 10 32 crq2 figs-metonymy 0 the mountain of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem The words “mount” and “hill” are metonyms for the people who live on them. The words “mount of the daughter of Zion” mean almost the same thing as the words “hill of Jerusalem.” See how they are translated in [Isaiah 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Mount Zion and the people living on the hill in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 10 33 fn7x 0 Behold This can be translated as “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” ISA 10 33 a8t9 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 10 33 bh4r figs-metaphor 0 will lop off the boughs…the lofty will be brought low Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 10 33 bh4r figs-metaphor 0 will lop off the boughs … the lofty will be brought low Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 33 qb4e figs-metaphor 0 will lop off the boughs “will cut off the big branches of the trees.” In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 33 xxu4 figs-abstractnouns 0 with a terrifying crash This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “crash” is expressed as the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 10 33 jg1h figs-activepassive 0 the tallest trees will be cut down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will cut down the tallest trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 10 33 uza4 figs-metaphor 0 the tallest trees This is a metaphor for “the strongest soldiers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 33 n2ts figs-activepassive 0 the lofty will be brought low This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will bring down the lofty people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 10 33 bra5 0 lofty proud -ISA 10 34 f4p6 figs-metaphor 0 He will chop down the thickets…and Lebanon in his majesty will fall Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 10 34 f4p6 figs-metaphor 0 He will chop down the thickets … and Lebanon in his majesty will fall Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 34 xu8i figs-metaphor 0 the thickets of the forest “the dense shrubs in the forest.” This is possibly a metaphor for those people who are not well known. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 34 g78z figs-metaphor 0 Lebanon in his majesty will fall “the forests of Lebanon will no longer be so grand.” This is possibly a metaphor for the Assyrian army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defeat the army of Assyria, as mighty as it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 intro v1l2 0 # Isaiah 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Messiah
The prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Ambiguity
It is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 11 1 fxf2 figs-parallelism 0 A shoot will sprout from the stump of Jesse…a branch out of his roots will bear fruit Isaiah speaks of Jesse and his descendants as if they were a tree that had been cut down. Both of these phrases tell about a descendant of Jesse who would be king. Alternate translation: “As a shoot sprouts out of a tree stump, so a descendant of Jesse will become king over what remains of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 11 1 fxf2 figs-parallelism 0 A shoot will sprout from the stump of Jesse … a branch out of his roots will bear fruit Isaiah speaks of Jesse and his descendants as if they were a tree that had been cut down. Both of these phrases tell about a descendant of Jesse who would be king. Alternate translation: “As a shoot sprouts out of a tree stump, so a descendant of Jesse will become king over what remains of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 1 b412 figs-metaphor 0 the stump of Jesse A stump is what remains of a tree after it is chopped down. The “stump of Jesse” represents what was left of the kingdom that Jesse’s son David was once king of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 2 ptc5 figs-metaphor 0 The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him Resting upon him represents being with him and helping him. The word “him” refers to the one who would become king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 2 jsu4 figs-metonymy 0 the Spirit of wisdom…the Spirit of instruction…the Spirit of knowledge…the fear of Yahweh Here the word “Spirit” refers to an ability or quality that the Spirit of Yahweh would give him. Alternate translation: “and he will cause him to have wisdom and understanding, instruction and might, knowledge and the fear of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 11 2 jsu4 figs-metonymy 0 the Spirit of wisdom … the Spirit of instruction … the Spirit of knowledge … the fear of Yahweh Here the word “Spirit” refers to an ability or quality that the Spirit of Yahweh would give him. Alternate translation: “and he will cause him to have wisdom and understanding, instruction and might, knowledge and the fear of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 11 3 dks6 0 Connecting Statement: Isaiah continues to describe the king. ISA 11 3 euz8 figs-explicit 0 he will not judge by what his eyes see The phrase “what his eyes see” refers to seeing things that are not important for judging a person rightly. Alternate translation: “he will not judge a person simply by seeing what the person looks like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 11 3 vff3 figs-explicit 0 nor decide by what his ears hear “and he will not decide by what his ears hear.” The phrase “what his ears hear” refers to hearing what people say about someone. Alternate translation: “and he will not judge a person simply by hearing what others say about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 11 4 qt3z figs-nominaladj 0 the poor…the humble…the wicked These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “poor people…humble people…wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 11 4 i8ls figs-parallelism 0 He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth…with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 11 4 qt3z figs-nominaladj 0 the poor … the humble … the wicked These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “poor people … humble people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +ISA 11 4 i8ls figs-parallelism 0 He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth … with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 11 4 t6i4 figs-metonymy 0 He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth The word “earth” here represents the people on earth. Striking them with the rod of his mouth represents judging them, and that judgement will lead to punishment. Alternate translation: “He will judge the people of the earth, and they will be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 11 4 ud4k figs-metonymy 0 with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked The “breath of his lips” represents him judging them. Alternate translation: “he will judge wicked people, and they will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 11 5 izw4 0 the belt of his waist…the belt around his hips This could mean: (1) the belt is used to secure one’s clothes so he can work, or (2) the belt is an undergarment, or (3) the belt is a sash that a king wears to show his authority. +ISA 11 5 izw4 0 the belt of his waist … the belt around his hips This could mean: (1) the belt is used to secure one’s clothes so he can work, or (2) the belt is an undergarment, or (3) the belt is a sash that a king wears to show his authority. ISA 11 5 d2b4 figs-metaphor 0 Righteousness will be the belt of his waist Wearing righteousness like a belt represents being righteous. This could mean: (1) the king’s righteousness will enable him to rule. Alternate translation: “His righteousness will be a like a belt around his waist” or (2) the king’s righteousness would show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “He will rule righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 5 xpa4 figs-ellipsis 0 faithfulness the belt around his hips The words “will be” are understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “faithfulness will be the belt around his hips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 11 5 z7kt figs-metaphor 0 faithfulness the belt around his hips Wearing faithfulness like a belt represents being faithful. This could mean: (1) the king’s faithfulness will enable him to rule, or (2) the king’s faithfulness will show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “his faithfulness will be a like a belt around his hips” or “he will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 6 x4db 0 General Information: Isaiah describes what the world will be like when the king rules. There will be complete peace in the world. This is shown by the peace that there will be even among animals. Animals that normally kill other animals will not kill them, and they will all be safe together. -ISA 11 6 vib1 figs-genericnoun 0 The wolf…the leopard…the young lion These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves…leopards…young lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 11 6 ns1s figs-genericnoun 0 the lamb…the young goat…the calf…the fattened calf The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs…young goats…calves…fattened calves…Cows…oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +ISA 11 6 vib1 figs-genericnoun 0 The wolf … the leopard … the young lion These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +ISA 11 6 ns1s figs-genericnoun 0 the lamb … the young goat … the calf … the fattened calf The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 11 6 uz7p translate-unknown 0 leopard a large cat with yellow fur and black spots that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 11 6 z3nc figs-ellipsis 0 the calf, the young lion and the fattened calf, together The phrase “will be” is understood. Alternate translation: “the calf, the lion, and the fattened calf will be together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 11 6 z96c 0 A little child will lead them A child will take care of them and lead them to good places to drink water and eat grass or hay. -ISA 11 7 u4nf figs-genericnoun 0 the bear…The lion These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves…leopards…young lions…bears…Lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 11 7 i5nr figs-genericnoun 0 The cow…the ox The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs…young goats…calves…fattened calves…Cows…oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +ISA 11 7 u4nf figs-genericnoun 0 the bear … The lion These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions … bears … Lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +ISA 11 7 i5nr figs-genericnoun 0 The cow … the ox The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 11 7 u76u translate-unknown 0 bear a very large animal with thick hair and sharp claws that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 11 7 jf3m 0 will graze together “will eat grass together” ISA 11 7 shd9 0 their young This refers to the animals’ offspring shortly after they are born. ISA 11 8 hu82 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the complete peace in the world when the king rules. ISA 11 8 bkr7 figs-explicit 0 A baby will play over the hole of the snake It can be stated clearly that the baby will be safe because the snake will not bite it. Alternate translation: “Babies will play safely over the hole of the snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 11 8 nmp6 figs-genericnoun 0 the snake…the serpent’s den These phrases refer to poisonous snakes in general. Alternate translation: “snakes…serpents’ dens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +ISA 11 8 nmp6 figs-genericnoun 0 the snake … the serpent’s den These phrases refer to poisonous snakes in general. Alternate translation: “snakes … serpents’ dens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 11 8 c4md 0 the weaned child a child who no longer drinks its mother’s milk ISA 11 9 czb2 0 on all my holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “on all of Yahweh’s holy mountain” ISA 11 9 zv3a figs-metonymy 0 the earth will be full of knowledge of Yahweh The phrase “knowledge of Yahweh” represents people who know Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the earth will be full of those who know Yahweh” or “those who know Yahweh will cover the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ ISA 11 10 b699 figs-metonymy 0 the root of Jesse This refers to Jesse’s and K ISA 11 10 x6gn figs-simile 0 will stand as a banner for the peoples A banner is a flag that a king would raise as a sign for people to see it and come to him. Alternate translation: “will be like a sign for the peoples” or “will attract the peoples to come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 11 10 e7wp 0 The nations “The people of the nations” ISA 11 11 g27p figs-metonymy 0 the Lord will again extend his hand to recover the remnant of his people The hand is a reference to God’s power. Alternate translation: “the Lord will again use his power to bring back the remnant of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 11 11 nr2i translate-names 0 Pathros…Elam…Hamath These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 11 11 nr2i translate-names 0 Pathros … Elam … Hamath These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 11 12 f68i figs-metaphor 0 He will set up a banner for the nations This could mean: (1) “The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations” or (2) “The king will set up a banner for the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 12 n5uv 0 a banner for the nations “a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself” ISA 11 12 wg94 0 the dispersed of Judah “the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world” @@ -809,17 +809,17 @@ ISA 13 10 njr5 figs-idiom 0 will not give their light Giving light represents ISA 13 10 mgq5 figs-activepassive 0 The sun will be darkened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will darken the sun” or “The sun will be dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 11 s3b1 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to talk about what he will do on the day of Yahweh. ISA 13 11 n1em figs-metonymy 0 the world This refers to people. Alternate translation: “the people of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 13 11 e48c figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked…the proud…the ruthless These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “wicked people…proud people…ruthless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +ISA 13 11 e48c figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked … the proud … the ruthless These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “wicked people … proud people … ruthless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 13 11 d1ab 0 the ruthless “cruel people” ISA 13 11 j6vq figs-metaphor 0 will bring down the arrogance of the ruthless Being low often represents being humble. Bringing down people’s arrogance represents making them humble. Alternate translation: “will humble the ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 13 12 myy1 figs-explicit 0 I will make men more rare than fine gold Why there will be so few people can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will cause so many people to die that living people will be more rare than fine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 13 12 fe8w figs-parallelism 0 men more rare than fine gold…mankind harder to find than the pure gold of Ophir These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 13 12 fe8w figs-parallelism 0 men more rare than fine gold … mankind harder to find than the pure gold of Ophir These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 13 12 bwf1 translate-names 0 pure gold of Ophir Ophir was the name of a place where there was pure gold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 13 13 k82m 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 13 14 d26d translate-unknown 0 Like a hunted gazelle or like a sheep with no shepherd Yahweh speaks of the defenseless people of Israel as if they were a gazelle or a sheep that was being chased by hunters or wild animals. Alternate translation: “Like gazelles that run away swiftly when people hunt them, and like sheep that have no shepherd run away from wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 13 14 mn88 translate-unknown 0 gazelle an animal that is similar to a deer. People hunt them, and wild animals sometimes attack and kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 13 14 x7hp 0 like a sheep with no shepherd Sheep that have no shepherd have no one to protect them from wild animals that attack and kill them. -ISA 13 15 e18y figs-parallelism 0 Every one who is found will be killed…every one who is captured will die by the sword These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will kill with the sword everyone they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 13 15 e18y figs-parallelism 0 Every one who is found will be killed … every one who is captured will die by the sword These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will kill with the sword everyone they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 16 zj38 figs-activepassive 0 Their infants also will be dashed in pieces This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will also dash their infants to pieces” or “The enemy will beat their infants until they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 16 hv3v figs-explicit 0 before their eyes Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. It can be stated clearly that the parents are unable to help their infants. Alternate translation: “in front of them” or “while their parents helplessly watch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 13 16 j6pn figs-activepassive 0 Their houses will be plundered This means that everything valuable will be stolen from their houses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will plunder the people’s houses” or “The enemy will steal everything valuable from the people’s houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ ISA 13 17 nqb5 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to stir up the Medes to attack them M ISA 13 18 xh97 figs-metonymy 0 Their bows will strike down Here “their bows” is a metonym for the soldiers who use the bows. Alternate translation: “Their soldiers will use bows and arrows to kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 19 fu8y 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 13 19 cz67 figs-activepassive 0 the most admired of kingdoms This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the kingdom that people most admire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 13 19 z4ui figs-activepassive 0 Then Babylon…will be overthrown by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean pride, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 13 19 z4ui figs-activepassive 0 Then Babylon … will be overthrown by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean pride, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 19 qt9e figs-abstractnouns 0 the splendor of Chaldean pride The abstract nouns “splendor” and “pride” can be translated with adjectives. The word “splendor” refers to the beautiful appearance of Babylon. Alternate translation: “the beautiful city that the Chaldeans are so proud of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 13 20 lb19 figs-doublet 0 It will not be inhabited or lived in The two verbs mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will live in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 20 zgq2 figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. Alternate translation: “for ever” or “ever again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -910,8 +910,8 @@ ISA 14 25 bf5r figs-synecdoche 0 the Assyrian This represents the Assyrian king ISA 14 25 w75i figs-metaphor 0 trample him underfoot This represents completely defeating him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 25 a5nv figs-activepassive 0 Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “Then I will lift his yoke from them and his burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 14 25 tr41 figs-parallelism 0 Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Lifting the yoke and burden represents setting people free from slavery. Alternate translation: “Then I will set the Israelites free from slavery to Assyria like removing a heavy burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 25 zbe7 0 his yoke…his burden The word “his” refers to Assyria. -ISA 14 25 un4r 0 from off them…from off their shoulder The words “them” and “their” refer to the people of Israel. +ISA 14 25 zbe7 0 his yoke … his burden The word “his” refers to Assyria. +ISA 14 25 un4r 0 from off them … from off their shoulder The words “them” and “their” refer to the people of Israel. ISA 14 26 e4pl 0 General Information: This may be Isaiah speaking or it may be Yahweh speaking. ISA 14 26 zf8b figs-activepassive 0 This is the plan that is intended for the whole earth The idea of “is intended” can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “This is the plan that God intends for the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 14 26 vlj3 figs-metaphor 0 this is the hand that is raised over all the nations God being ready to punish the nations is spoken of as if he raised his hand in order to hit them. The word “hand” may also represent his power. Alternate translation: “this is Yahweh’s power to punish all the nations” or “this is how Yahweh will punish the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ ISA 14 27 q2yi 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](. ISA 14 27 g997 figs-metaphor 0 His hand is raised This represents Yahweh being ready to punish the nations. Alternate translation: “He is ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 27 s25e figs-rquestion 0 who will turn it back? This question is used to say that no one can turn back God’s hand. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from punishing the nations. Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop him from punishing them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 29 erk5 figs-metaphor 0 the rod that struck you is broken The rod that struck Philistia represents a king who sent his army to attack them. Being broken represents either being dead or being defeated. Alternate translation: “the king that sent his army against you is dead” or “the army that attacked you is defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 29 f3g7 figs-parallelism 0 For out of the serpent’s root will grow out an adder…his offspring will be a fiery flying serpent These two phrases are both the image of a serpent’s offspring being even more harmful than the serpent. They represent a king’s successor being more powerful and cruel than the first king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 14 29 f3g7 figs-parallelism 0 For out of the serpent’s root will grow out an adder … his offspring will be a fiery flying serpent These two phrases are both the image of a serpent’s offspring being even more harmful than the serpent. They represent a king’s successor being more powerful and cruel than the first king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 29 pl9y 0 an adder a kind of poisonous snake ISA 14 29 i1ui figs-metaphor 0 a fiery flying serpent Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite, and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. Alternate translation: “a quickly moving poisonous snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 30 c4km figs-metaphor 0 The firstborn of the poor This represents the poorest people. Alternate translation: “The poorest people” or “The poorest of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -937,21 +937,21 @@ ISA 14 32 k8ir 0 the afflicted of his people “those of his people who have b ISA 15 intro u6k8 0 # Isaiah 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter shifts from discussing Judah to the nation of Moab. Moab is punished by Yahweh, even though he is not a god they worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/god]]) ISA 15 1 ss3j figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Often in prophecy events that will happen in future are described as happening now or in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 15 1 y2ws 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” -ISA 15 1 y4g4 translate-names 0 Ar…Kir These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 15 1 y4g4 translate-names 0 Ar … Kir These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 1 x1z2 figs-doublet 0 Ar of Moab is laid waste and destroyed The words “laid waste” and “destroyed” mean the same thing and emphasize that the city was completely ruined. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemy armies will completely destroy Ar of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 15 2 z4py translate-names 0 Dibon…Nebo…Medeba These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 15 2 z4py translate-names 0 Dibon … Nebo … Medeba These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 2 bsv6 figs-idiom 0 went up to the heights to weep Here “up to the heights” refers to a temple or altar that was built on high ground like a hill or mountain side. Alternate translation: “went up to the temple on the hilltop to weep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 15 2 kq2g figs-metonymy 0 Moab laments over Nebo and over Medeba These place names refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab will weep because of what happened to the cities of Nebo and Medeba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 15 2 w2hx translate-symaction 0 All their heads are shaved bare and all their beards are cut off They do this to show their extreme sadness. AT” “They will all shave their heads and cut off their beards and grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 15 3 cv4k 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](./01.md)). ISA 15 3 xag9 translate-symaction 0 they wear sackcloth They do this to show their extreme sadness. Alternate translation: “they wear sackcloth and mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 15 4 ad56 translate-names 0 Heshbon…Elealeh…Jahaz These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 15 4 ad56 translate-names 0 Heshbon … Elealeh … Jahaz These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 4 hfj7 figs-metonymy 0 Heshbon and Elealeh call out These city names represent the people of these cities. “The people of Heshbon and Elealeh call out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 15 4 e3i9 figs-metonymy 0 they tremble within themselves Physical trembling is a symptom of fear and represents fear. Alternate translation: “they will be completely filled with fear” or “they tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 15 5 yx87 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](./01.md)). ISA 15 5 k79u figs-synecdoche 0 My heart cries out for Moab Here God is represented by his “heart” which emphasizes his emotions. God speaks of his great sadness as if his heart cried out. Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad about what is happening to Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 15 5 ubi2 0 her fugitives flee “the fugitives from Moab will flee.” A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. -ISA 15 5 nqe8 translate-names 0 Zoar…Eglath Shelishiyah…Luhith…Horonaim These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 15 5 nqe8 translate-names 0 Zoar … Eglath Shelishiyah … Luhith … Horonaim These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 5 y7d7 figs-abstractnouns 0 over their destruction This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “destruction” is expressed as the verb “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their city is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 15 6 yr4r translate-names 0 Nimrim This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 7 t1qa 0 The abundance “Everything” @@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ ISA 15 7 cqq1 0 brook of the poplars This may refer to the river at the southe ISA 15 8 p12d 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](./01.md)). ISA 15 8 me26 figs-metaphor 0 The cry has gone around the territory of Moab People’s crying out and others hearing it is spoken of as if the cry had gone out. Alternate translation: “People all over the territory of Moab cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 15 8 teq6 0 the wailing as far as Eglaim and Beer Elim The words “has gone” are understood. People’s wailing and others hearing it is spoken of as if the wailing had gone as far away as these two places. Alternate translation: “the wailing has gone as far as Egalim and Beer Elim” or “people even as far away as Elaim and Beer Elim wail” -ISA 15 8 sc3g translate-names 0 Eglaim…Beer Elim These are names of cities and towns. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 15 8 sc3g translate-names 0 Eglaim … Beer Elim These are names of cities and towns. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 9 fd7d translate-names 0 Dimon This is the name of a city or town. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 9 i5we figs-metonymy 0 but I will bring even more upon Dimon Here “I” refers to Yahweh. Also, “Dimon” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but I will cause even more trouble for the people of Dimon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 intro ww5p 0 # Isaiah 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and is a prophecy against the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:1-12. @@ -986,13 +986,13 @@ ISA 16 7 hn3v 0 raisin cakes The Hebrew word used here means either “raisin ISA 16 7 u3tz translate-names 0 Kir Hareseth “Kir Hareseth” is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 16 8 v7h6 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it happened in the past ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)). ISA 16 8 tyy8 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md). -ISA 16 8 ce7l translate-names 0 Sibmah…Jazer These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 16 8 ce7l translate-names 0 Sibmah … Jazer These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 16 8 h33k figs-metaphor 0 The rulers of the nations have trampled the choice vines The land of Moab was known for its vineyards. Here God describes the land of Moab as one large vineyard. This emphasizes that the rulers, which refers to the armies, completely destroyed everything in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 9 p1lz 0 General Information: This continues to describe the land of Moab as one large vineyard ([Isaiah 16:8](../16/08.md)). God describes events that will happen in the future as if they are happening in the present. ISA 16 9 b6jh 0 Indeed I will weep In 16:9-10 the word “I” refers to Yahweh. ISA 16 9 r1yu figs-metaphor 0 I will water you with my tears God speaks of his deep sorrow for these places as if he would cry much and his many tears would fall on them. Alternate translation: “I will cry much for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 16 9 c583 0 Jazer…Sibmah Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 16:8](../16/08.md). -ISA 16 9 l7qj 0 Heshbon…Elealeh Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md). +ISA 16 9 c583 0 Jazer … Sibmah Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 16:8](../16/08.md). +ISA 16 9 l7qj 0 Heshbon … Elealeh Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md). ISA 16 9 uuj5 figs-metonymy 0 For on your fields of summer fruits and harvest I have ended the shouts of joy The “shouts of joy” represent people shouting for joy about the harvest of their fruit trees. Alternate translation: “Because of what I will do, you will no longer shout for joy when you harvest your fields of summer fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 10 zu17 figs-metonymy 0 I have put an end to the shouts of the one who treads Here “the shouts” refers to the joy of the people who tread the grapes to produce the wine. Alternate translation: “therefore the people who tread the grapes do not shout with joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 11 hh15 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)). @@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@ ISA 16 11 yx3n figs-synecdoche 0 So my heart sighs like a harp for Moab The phr ISA 16 11 bc51 figs-metonymy 0 Moab This refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 11 r8w1 figs-ellipsis 0 my inward being for Kir Hareseth The phrase “my inward being” represents Yahweh. The word “sighs” is understood from the previous phrase. See how you translated Kir Hareseth in [Isaiah 16:7](../16/07.md). Alternate translation: “my inward being sighs for Kir Hareseth” or “I am very sad for the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 16 11 q54t figs-metonymy 0 Kir Hareseth This is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 12 r3gm figs-metonymy 0 Moab…himself…his All of these words refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 16 12 r3gm figs-metonymy 0 Moab … himself … his All of these words refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 12 i9ei 0 his prayers will accomplish nothing “his prayers will not be answered” ISA 16 13 q3qj 0 This is the word “This is the message.” This refers to all he said in 15:1-16:12. ISA 16 13 t123 figs-metonymy 0 concerning Moab The word “Moab” refers to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1015,20 +1015,20 @@ ISA 17 3 iyi9 figs-ellipsis 0 the kingdom from Damascus The words “will disap ISA 17 3 p2wt figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 14:22](../14/22.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 17 4 d7vw 0 It will come about This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ISA 17 4 zp66 figs-metonymy 0 the glory of Jacob will become thin, and the fatness of his flesh will become lean Here “Jacob” refers to the kingdom of Israel. Israel would no longer be glorious. Rather it would be weak and poor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 17 5 xe3f figs-simile 0 It will be as when a harvester gathers the standing grain…in the Valley of Rephaim There will be nothing left in the land after God punishes the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 17 5 xe3f figs-simile 0 It will be as when a harvester gathers the standing grain … in the Valley of Rephaim There will be nothing left in the land after God punishes the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 5 m9mp translate-names 0 the Valley of Rephaim This is a valley where people normally grew and harvested much food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 17 6 t6d1 0 General Information: This continues to compare the nation of Israel with a field after it is harvested ([Isaiah 17:4-5](./04.md)). ISA 17 6 l99v figs-metaphor 0 Gleanings will be left The word “Gleanings” here represents the people who will still live in Israel. Alternate translation: “But there will be a few people left in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 17 6 jq39 figs-simile 0 as when the olive tree is shaken People harvested olive trees by shaking them so that the olives would fall out. Alternate translation: “like the few olives that remain on the olive trees after people harvest them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 6 ghf6 figs-ellipsis 0 four or five The word “olives” is understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: “four or five olives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 17 6 j9w2 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh, the God of Israel Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh, the God of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the God of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 17 7 srr9 figs-idiom 0 men will look toward their Maker…will look to the Holy One of Israel Looking toward God here represents hoping that he will help them. Alternate translation: “men will hope that their Maker, the Holy One of Israel, will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ISA 17 7 srr9 figs-idiom 0 men will look toward their Maker … will look to the Holy One of Israel Looking toward God here represents hoping that he will help them. Alternate translation: “men will hope that their Maker, the Holy One of Israel, will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 17 7 yg6i figs-synecdoche 0 men will look The word “men” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “people will look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 17 7 ab45 figs-synecdoche 0 their eyes will look Here “eyes” represents the people who look. Alternate translation: “they will look” or “the people will look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 17 7 wn3u 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 17 8 ci52 figs-metonymy 0 They will not look to the altars Looking to the altars represents worshiping idols with the hope that the idols will help them. Alternate translation: “They will not worship idols at their altars” or “The people of Israel will not go to their altars and ask their idols to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 17 8 gg5j figs-synecdoche 0 the work of their hands Here the people are represented by their “hands” to emphasize that they made the altars or idols. Alternate translation: “that they made with their hands” or “which they themselves built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 17 8 g7l9 figs-metonymy 0 what their fingers have made…the Asherah poles or the sun images The second phrase identifies the things that the people made. Speaking of the fingers here emphasizes that the people made them, so these things are not real gods. Alternate translation: “the Asherah poles or the sun images, which they themselves made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 17 8 g7l9 figs-metonymy 0 what their fingers have made … the Asherah poles or the sun images The second phrase identifies the things that the people made. Speaking of the fingers here emphasizes that the people made them, so these things are not real gods. Alternate translation: “the Asherah poles or the sun images, which they themselves made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 17 9 c6p6 figs-explicit 0 that were forsaken because of the people of Israel It can be made explicit who left these lands. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the Hivites and Amorites left after the people of Israel came” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 17 10 y72p 0 For you have forgotten Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The word “forgotten” does not mean they have no memory of God. It means they no longer obey him. Alternate translation: “For you no longer obey” ISA 17 10 y983 0 the God of your salvation “the God who saves you” @@ -1037,20 +1037,20 @@ ISA 17 11 mec4 0 the harvest will fail “there will not be much fruit for you ISA 17 12 kh1i figs-simile 0 The uproar of many peoples, that roar like the roaring of the seas An uproar is a very loud noise. Alternate translation: “The sound of many people, that is very loud like the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 12 cbz3 figs-simile 0 the rushing of nations, that rush like the rushing of mighty waters The enemy armies appear to be a powerful force that no one can stop. Alternate translation: “the nations come rushing in like the mighty waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 12 u4ze figs-synecdoche 0 the rushing of nations The word “nations” refers to the armies of those nations. Alternate translation: “the rushing of the enemy armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 17 13 ls6k figs-parallelism 0 before the wind like chaff on the mountains…like weeds whirling before a storm These two phrases mean the same thing. The enemy armies seem powerful but God will easily stop them and send them away. Alternate translation: “like chaff on the mountains that the wind blows away…like weeds that whirl and blow away as a storm approaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 17 13 ls6k figs-parallelism 0 before the wind like chaff on the mountains … like weeds whirling before a storm These two phrases mean the same thing. The enemy armies seem powerful but God will easily stop them and send them away. Alternate translation: “like chaff on the mountains that the wind blows away … like weeds that whirl and blow away as a storm approaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 14 jpf9 figs-metaphor 0 This is the portion of those What happens to them is spoken of as if it is a portion that they inherit. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 17 14 i9ms 0 loot us…rob us The word “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Judah. +ISA 17 14 i9ms 0 loot us … rob us The word “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Judah. ISA 18 intro qz72 0 # Isaiah 18 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Cush
This chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
This chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 18 1 w55y figs-metaphor 0 Woe to the land of the rustling of wings, which is along the rivers of Cush Possible meanings of “the rustling of wings” are (1) the boats that have sails are spoken of as having wings. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who live in the land beyond the rivers of Cush, whose many ships look like insects on the water” or (2) the rustling of wings refers to the noise of insects that have wings, perhaps locusts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 18 2 fa3r figs-metaphor 0 by the sea The Nile River was very wide, and people in Egypt and Cush referred to it as “the sea.” Alternate translation: “on the great river” or “along the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 18 2 na6w translate-unknown 0 vessels of papyrus Papyrus is a tall plant that grows along the side of the Nile River. People bound together papyrus bundles to make boats. Alternate translation: “papyrus boats” or “boats made of reeds” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 18 2 v2kg 0 a nation tall and smooth…a people feared far and near…a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide These phrases all describe the people of one nation. +ISA 18 2 v2kg 0 a nation tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide These phrases all describe the people of one nation. ISA 18 2 zul8 figs-metonymy 0 a nation tall and smooth The word “nation” here refers to the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “a nation whose people are tall and have smooth skin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 18 2 x6y2 figs-merism 0 a people feared far and near The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 18 2 s5qq figs-metonymy 0 a nation strong and trampling down Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 18 2 r4hc 0 the rivers divide This probably refers to many rivers that flow through the nation so they divide it into different parts. ISA 18 3 mj1l 0 Connecting Statement: Verse 3 tells what the messengers in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md) must say to the people of the world. -ISA 18 3 bil8 figs-parallelism 0 All you inhabitants of the world…you who live on the earth These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “All you people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 18 3 bil8 figs-parallelism 0 All you inhabitants of the world … you who live on the earth These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “All you people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 18 3 ru4b 0 when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look; and when the trumpet is blown, listen The signal and trumpet were to call people to battle. The commands to look and listen are commands to pay attention and prepare for battle. Alternate translation: “pay attention when the signal is lifted up on the mountains and the trumpet is blown” ISA 18 3 fd8p figs-explicit 0 when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look The signal was a flag used to call people to battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you see the battle flag on the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 18 3 art9 figs-explicit 0 when the trumpet is blown, listen The trumpets were used to call people to battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you hear the sound of the battle trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ ISA 18 6 dev6 figs-parables 0 They will be left together God seems to change fr ISA 18 6 f1vz 0 The birds will summer on them “The birds will eat them during the summer.” The word “birds” refers to birds that eat the flesh of dead bodies. ISA 18 6 dh75 0 all the animals of the earth “all kinds of wild animals” ISA 18 6 lpf3 0 will winter on them “will eat them in the winter” -ISA 18 7 y8hc 0 a people tall and smooth…a people feared far and near…a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide These phrases all describe the people of one nation. See how you translated these phrases in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md). +ISA 18 7 y8hc 0 a people tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide These phrases all describe the people of one nation. See how you translated these phrases in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md). ISA 18 7 ggw4 0 a people tall and smooth “a people who are tall and have smooth skin” ISA 18 7 gc7i figs-merism 0 a people feared far and near The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 18 7 n6h8 figs-metonymy 0 a nation strong and trampling down Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1083,9 +1083,9 @@ ISA 19 2 k42s figs-ellipsis 0 kingdom against kingdom The words “will be” o ISA 19 2 usw7 figs-metonymy 0 kingdom against kingdom The word “kingdom” refers to a smaller kingdom within Egypt. It may also be called a province. It represents the people of that kingdom or province. Alternate translation: “the people of one province will be against the people of another province” or “people from different provinces will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 3 k6nj figs-personification 0 The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within. I will destroy his advice The nation of Egypt is spoken of here as if it was a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 19 3 h9az figs-activepassive 0 The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “I will weaken the spirit of Egypt from within” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 19 3 t2yv 0 I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of…spiritualists “They sought the advice of…spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice” +ISA 19 3 t2yv 0 I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of … spiritualists “They sought the advice of … spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice” ISA 19 3 j1kh figs-abstractnouns 0 I will destroy his advice This could mean: (1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or (2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “advice” is expressed as the verb “advise.” Alternate translation: “I will confuse those who advise the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 19 3 cz3n 0 mediums…spiritualists These are people who claim to speak with those who have died. +ISA 19 3 cz3n 0 mediums … spiritualists These are people who claim to speak with those who have died. ISA 19 4 e7zd figs-metonymy 0 I will give the Egyptians into the hand of a harsh master Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “I will give the Egyptians over to the control of a harsh master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 4 f37v figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 3:15](../03/15.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 19 5 buc6 figs-parallelism 0 The waters of the sea will dry up, and the river will dry up and become empty Egyptians referred to the Nile River as “the sea.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The Nile River will completely dry up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ ISA 19 10 fl3d 0 work for hire “work for pay” ISA 19 10 mg9w 0 will be grieved within themselves “will feel very sad” ISA 19 11 tj8g figs-parallelism 0 The princes of Zoan are completely foolish. The advice of the wisest advisors of Pharaoh has become senseless These two phrases are similar in meaning. Either the princes of Zoan are also the wisest advisors or Pharaoh, or they are another group of people that also are shown to be foolish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 19 11 ut1b translate-names 0 Zoan This is a city in northern Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 19 11 hg6z figs-rquestion 0 How can you say to Pharaoh…kings? Isaiah uses a question to mock those in Egypt who claim to be wise. Alternate translation: “You foolishly say to Pharaoh…kings.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 19 11 hg6z figs-rquestion 0 How can you say to Pharaoh … kings? Isaiah uses a question to mock those in Egypt who claim to be wise. Alternate translation: “You foolishly say to Pharaoh … kings.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 19 12 vn7v figs-rquestion 0 Where then are your wise men? Isaiah uses a question to mock the wise men. The word “your” refers to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “You do not have any wise men.” or “Your wise men are fools.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 19 12 yi3f figs-irony 0 Let them tell you and make known what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt Isaiah is implying that wise men should be able to understand God’s plans, but Isaiah does not really believe they are wise. Alternate translation: “If they were really wise, they would be able to tell you what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 19 13 xcx6 figs-metaphor 0 they have made Egypt go astray, who are the cornerstones of her tribes The princes of Zoan and Memphis are spoken of as if they are the cornerstones of buildings because they are an important part of the community. Alternate translation: “the leaders have made Egypt go astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ ISA 21 2 rpn1 0 the treacherous man deals treacherously “those who deceive w ISA 21 2 ue2c 0 the destroyer destroys “those who destroy will destroy” ISA 21 2 y49p figs-apostrophe 0 Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media In the vision given to Isaiah, Yahweh speaks to the armies of Elam and Media as if they are there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 21 2 n5ct figs-ellipsis 0 Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media It is understood that they are to attack the Babylonians. Alternate translation: “Go up and attack the Babylonians, you soldiers of Elam; go and besiege the Babylonians, you soldiers of Media” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 21 2 x1bk figs-metonymy 0 Elam…Media Here “Elam” and “Media” represent the soldiers from these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 21 2 x1bk figs-metonymy 0 Elam … Media Here “Elam” and “Media” represent the soldiers from these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 2 ic7h figs-metonymy 0 I will stop all her groaning Here “her” represents all the people who are suffering because of the Babylonians. Yahweh will cause them to stop groaning when he sends the armies of Elam and Media to destroy the Babylonians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 3 sy98 0 my loins are filled with pain The vision that Isaiah sees is so troubling it causes him physical pain. Here he describes the pain and cramping in the middle part of his body. ISA 21 3 lm8g figs-simile 0 pains like the pains of a woman in labor have taken hold of me Isaiah compares his pain to the pain of a woman giving birth. This emphasizes the great pain he is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1254,8 +1254,8 @@ ISA 22 14 g3sh figs-activepassive 0 Surely this iniquity will not be forgiven y ISA 22 14 bmu5 0 even when you die This could mean: (1) Yahweh will never forgive them, even after they die or (2) Yahweh will not forgive them until they die. ISA 22 15 v7mw translate-names 0 Shebna This is the name of the manager of the king’s palace in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 22 15 lkg6 figs-metonymy 0 who is over the house Here “house” represents those in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “who is in charge of all those who work in the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 16 ly8w figs-rquestion 0 What are you doing here and who gave you permission…in the rock? Yahweh uses this question to scold Shebna. Alternate translation: “You have no right…in the rock!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 22 16 kv47 figs-parallelism 0 cut out a tomb…hewing out a grave…carving out a resting place These three phrases all refer to making a burial tomb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 22 16 ly8w figs-rquestion 0 What are you doing here and who gave you permission … in the rock? Yahweh uses this question to scold Shebna. Alternate translation: “You have no right … in the rock!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 22 16 kv47 figs-parallelism 0 cut out a tomb … hewing out a grave … carving out a resting place These three phrases all refer to making a burial tomb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 22 16 ux5x figs-explicit 0 on the heights The most important people in Israel had tombs in the highest places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 22 17 di6f 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak God’s message to Shebna. ISA 22 18 g81e figs-metaphor 0 He will surely wind you round and round, and toss you like a ball into a vast country The enemy soldiers coming and taking Shebna as a captive to a foreign land is spoken of as if Yahweh were throwing him like a ball into another land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1264,14 +1264,14 @@ ISA 22 19 jhf3 figs-metaphor 0 I will thrust you from your office and from your ISA 22 19 gg54 figs-activepassive 0 You will be pulled down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bring you down from your honored position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 20 mt6s 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak God’s message to Shebna. ISA 22 20 pfi1 0 It will come about on that day “It will happen at that time” -ISA 22 20 t9nz translate-names 0 Eliakim…Hilkiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 22 20 t9nz translate-names 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 22 21 hnw8 figs-metaphor 0 I will clothe him with your tunic and put on him your sash Yahweh causing Eliakim to take Shebna’s place in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will dress Eliakim in Shebna’s clothes that represent his authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 22 21 rpb7 figs-metonymy 0 your tunic…your sash Here the tunic and sash represent authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 22 21 rpb7 figs-metonymy 0 your tunic … your sash Here the tunic and sash represent authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 21 e26e 0 sash This is a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md). ISA 22 21 xz46 figs-metonymy 0 into his hand Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 21 h2he figs-metaphor 0 He will be a father Eliakim caring for and protecting the people of Judah is spoken of as if he would be their father. Alternate translation: “He will be like a father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 21 y2lj figs-metonymy 0 to the house of Judah Here “house” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 22 q3km figs-metonymy 0 I will place the key of the house of David on his shoulder…none will open Here “key” represents authority. This speaks of Eliakim having authority that no one can oppose as if he had the key to the palace and no one else could lock or unlock the door. Alternate translation: “I will put him in charge of those who work in the king’s palace, and when he makes a decision no one will be able to oppose him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 22 22 q3km figs-metonymy 0 I will place the key of the house of David on his shoulder … none will open Here “key” represents authority. This speaks of Eliakim having authority that no one can oppose as if he had the key to the palace and no one else could lock or unlock the door. Alternate translation: “I will put him in charge of those who work in the king’s palace, and when he makes a decision no one will be able to oppose him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 23 yx5j 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to describe Eliakim, who will replace Shebna in the king’s palace. ISA 22 23 h3j8 figs-metaphor 0 I will fasten him, a peg in a secure place Yahweh causing Eliakim’s authority to be strong and secure in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg and Yahweh will set him firmly in the palace wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 23 re2x figs-metonymy 0 he will become a seat of glory for his father’s house Here “seat of glory” represents a place of honor. Alternate translation: “Eliakim will bring honor to his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1280,7 +1280,7 @@ ISA 22 24 gzh4 figs-metaphor 0 They will hang on him all the glory of his fathe ISA 22 24 p4as figs-metaphor 0 every small container from the cups to all the jugs This continues to speak of Eliakim as a peg. His offspring will be like cups that hang on the peg. This means his descendants will be honored because of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 24 y52b 0 the cups to all the jugs A cup is a small container that holds water. A jug is a larger container that holds water. ISA 22 25 nw7j 0 General Information: This continues the imagery from [Isaiah 22:23-24](./23.md). -ISA 22 25 tll3 figs-metaphor 0 the peg driven in a firm place…will be cut off Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his authority in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Shebna were a peg in the wall that breaks off and falls to the ground. This emphasizes that Shebna thought his authority was secure but God will remove him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 22 25 tll3 figs-metaphor 0 the peg driven in a firm place … will be cut off Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his authority in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Shebna were a peg in the wall that breaks off and falls to the ground. This emphasizes that Shebna thought his authority was secure but God will remove him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 25 l3m8 figs-metonymy 0 the weight that was on it will be cut off Here “weight” represents Shebna’s power and authority. It is spoken of as if it were an object hanging on the peg that represents Shebna. Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his power and authority is spoken of as if someone were to cut off the object that was hanging on the peg. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 intro zw88 0 # Isaiah 23 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Phoenicia
This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ISA 23 1 jb83 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to tell what God has judged against the nations in 13:1-23:18. @@ -1296,18 +1296,18 @@ ISA 23 3 z18x translate-names 0 Upon the great waters was the grain of Shihor S ISA 23 3 jsl4 figs-possession 0 the harvest of the Nile was her produce The “harvest of the Nile” refers to the grain that was harvested near the Nile River and transported on the river and then to Phoenicia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ISA 23 3 yvg2 0 her produce “its produce.” It was common to refer to the river as “her.” ISA 23 3 hf67 figs-metonymy 0 it became the commerce of the nations Commerce is the activity of buying and selling goods. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you were where people from other nations came to buy and sell goods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 4 er55 figs-personification 0 for the sea has spoken, the mighty one of the sea…nor brought up young women This could mean: (1) Yahweh describes the city of Tyre as a mother who speaks about the people who live in the city as her children, or (2) Yahweh is describing the Mediterranean Sea as speaking. The people of Tyre considered the sea their god and father. In either meaning the speaker mourns because its children are destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ISA 23 4 er55 figs-personification 0 for the sea has spoken, the mighty one of the sea … nor brought up young women This could mean: (1) Yahweh describes the city of Tyre as a mother who speaks about the people who live in the city as her children, or (2) Yahweh is describing the Mediterranean Sea as speaking. The people of Tyre considered the sea their god and father. In either meaning the speaker mourns because its children are destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 23 6 bk9d 0 Cross over to Tarshish “Make your way to Tarshish.” Tarshish was the farthest land the people of Tyre traveled to do business. It will be the only place of safety for those who escape from Tyre. -ISA 23 7 m498 figs-rquestion 0 Has this happened to you, the joyful city, whose origin is from ancient times…to settle? Yahweh uses a question to mock Tyre. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This has indeed happened to you who were full of joy in the ancient city of Tyre…to settle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 23 7 m498 figs-rquestion 0 Has this happened to you, the joyful city, whose origin is from ancient times … to settle? Yahweh uses a question to mock Tyre. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This has indeed happened to you who were full of joy in the ancient city of Tyre … to settle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 23 7 md2c figs-metonymy 0 the joyful city Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the joyful people who live in the city of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 7 qlk4 figs-synecdoche 0 whose feet carried her far away to foreign places to settle Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “who went to distant places to live and make money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 23 7 ws35 figs-metonymy 0 her far away Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 8 q8gu figs-rquestion 0 Who has planned this against Tyre…of the earth? Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word “this” refers to God’s plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, “Tyre” refers to the people who live in Tyre. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre…of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 23 8 q8gu figs-rquestion 0 Who has planned this against Tyre … of the earth? Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word “this” refers to God’s plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, “Tyre” refers to the people who live in Tyre. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre … of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 8 lz33 figs-metonymy 0 the giver of crowns Here “crown” refers to the power a person has as a ruler over people. Alternate translation: “who gives people power to rule over others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 8 irz8 figs-metaphor 0 whose merchants are princes The merchants are compared to princes to emphasize how much power they had when they went to different lands. Alternate translation: “whose merchants are like princes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 8 qwj2 figs-activepassive 0 whose traders are the honored ones of the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose traders the people of the earth give the highest honors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 23 9 h693 0 to dishonor her pride and all her glory “to dishonor them because they were proud of their own glory” -ISA 23 9 fxa3 figs-metonymy 0 her pride…her glory…her honored ones Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their pride…their glory…their honored one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 23 9 fxa3 figs-metonymy 0 her pride … her glory … her honored ones Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their pride … their glory … their honored one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 10 h9st figs-simile 0 Plow your land, as one plows the Nile, daughter of Tarshish. There is no longer a marketplace in Tyre This could mean: (1) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish to start planting crops since they can no longer trade with Tyre or (2) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish they are free from Tyre’s control. Alternate translation: “Pass through your land like a river, daughter of Tarshish. The people of Tyre no longer have any power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 23 10 kfi3 figs-metonymy 0 daughter of Tarshish The “daughter” of a city represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Tarshish” or “the people who live in Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 11 tv4t figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has reached out with his hand over the sea, and he has shaken the kingdoms Yahweh using his power to control the sea and the people of mighty kingdoms is spoken of as if Yahweh reached out his hand and shook kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1322,34 +1322,34 @@ ISA 23 15 j3vb figs-activepassive 0 Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years Si ISA 23 15 sm6g translate-numbers 0 for seventy years “for 70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 23 15 eq3d 0 like the days of a king “like the years of a king” or “which is about as long as a king lives” ISA 23 15 y1ei figs-metaphor 0 like in the song of the prostitute This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 23 16 q76p figs-metaphor 0 Take a harp, go about the city, you forgotten prostitute…so that you may be remembered This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute (verse 15). Just as a prostitute who is no longer popular may sing in the streets to regain her former lovers, the people of Tyre will try to get people from other nations to return to them to continue trading so that the people of Tyre will be rich and powerful again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 23 16 q76p figs-metaphor 0 Take a harp, go about the city, you forgotten prostitute … so that you may be remembered This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute (verse 15). Just as a prostitute who is no longer popular may sing in the streets to regain her former lovers, the people of Tyre will try to get people from other nations to return to them to continue trading so that the people of Tyre will be rich and powerful again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 16 sp8f figs-activepassive 0 so that you may be remembered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that people remember you” or “so that people return to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 23 17 ri8p 0 It will come about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ISA 23 17 b4c1 translate-numbers 0 seventy years “70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 23 17 bpr9 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will help Tyre Here “Tyre” represents the people who live in Tyre. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will help the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 17 au66 figs-metaphor 0 she will start making money again by doing the work of a prostitute…of the earth Isaiah compares the people of Tyre with a prostitute. Just as the prostitute sells herself for money to any man, the people of Tyre will again buy and sell to all kingdoms. Alternate translation: “And like a prostitute they will buy and sell will all the kingdoms of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 23 17 au66 figs-metaphor 0 she will start making money again by doing the work of a prostitute … of the earth Isaiah compares the people of Tyre with a prostitute. Just as the prostitute sells herself for money to any man, the people of Tyre will again buy and sell to all kingdoms. Alternate translation: “And like a prostitute they will buy and sell will all the kingdoms of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 18 jdj2 figs-activepassive 0 They will not be stored up or kept This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The merchants will not store away their money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 23 18 if24 0 those who live in Yahweh’s presence “those who obey and serve Yahweh” ISA 23 18 y9rb 0 to supply them with abundant food “so they will have enough food to eat” ISA 24 intro a6m4 0 # Isaiah 24 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh’s punishment on the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Covenant
The mention of an “everlasting covenant” in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Reign of Yahweh
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ISA 24 1 itu1 0 to empty the earth “to make the earth desolate” or “to destroy everything on the earth” ISA 24 2 v1j9 0 It will come about that This phrase marks an important event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -ISA 24 2 b89l figs-ellipsis 0 as with…so with What Yahweh will do is not stated here, but it is understood. This shows that God will treat all people the same way. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh scatters…so he will scatter”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 24 2 h3vp figs-genericnoun 0 the priest…the giver of interest In 24:2 Isaiah lists several classes of people. They can be expressed as plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the priests…those who give interest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +ISA 24 2 b89l figs-ellipsis 0 as with … so with What Yahweh will do is not stated here, but it is understood. This shows that God will treat all people the same way. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh scatters … so he will scatter”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ISA 24 2 h3vp figs-genericnoun 0 the priest … the giver of interest In 24:2 Isaiah lists several classes of people. They can be expressed as plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the priests … those who give interest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 24 2 bb46 0 the receiver of interest “the one who owes money.” The word “interest” means the extra money someone has to pay so that he may borrow money. ISA 24 2 i24e 0 the giver of interest “the one who is owed money” ISA 24 3 w1xb figs-activepassive 0 The earth will be completely devastated and completely stripped This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will completely devastate the earth and he will remove everything with value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 3 ie7i 0 Yahweh has spoken this word “Yahweh has said he would” ISA 24 3 fpt4 figs-metonymy 0 The earth everything that is on the earth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 24 4 br27 figs-parallelism 0 The earth dries up and withers, the world shrivels up and fades away These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Everything on earth will dry up and die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 24 4 hpm9 figs-metonymy 0 The earth…the world Both of these represent everything that is on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 24 4 hpm9 figs-metonymy 0 The earth … the world Both of these represent everything that is on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 24 5 me5f figs-metaphor 0 The earth is polluted by its inhabitants The people sinning and making the earth unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the people made the earth physically unclean. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people have polluted the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 5 mw6f 0 they have transgressed the laws, violated the statutes, and broken the everlasting covenant “they have not obeyed God’s laws and statutes, and they have broken God’s eternal covenant” ISA 24 6 nq79 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 24 6 kcu7 figs-metaphor 0 a curse devours the earth Yahweh cursing the earth and destroying it is spoken of as if a curse were either a wild animal that completely eats the earth or a fire that completely burns up the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 24 6 an7c figs-activepassive 0 its inhabitants are found guilty This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will declare that the people are guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 8 aw8w figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 24 8 bpd3 0 tambourines…lyre These are musical instruments. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md). +ISA 24 8 bpd3 0 tambourines … lyre These are musical instruments. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md). ISA 24 10 cw66 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 24 10 nje8 figs-activepassive 0 The city of chaos has been broken down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will break down the city of chaos” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 10 q3a5 0 The city of chaos This could mean: (1) the city was in chaos before the Lord breaks it down; the people did not obey God, the government was corrupt, and the city was full of drinking and parties, or (2) the city will be in chaos after God breaks it down. The walls and buildings that were once built strong and tall are now in ruins on the ground. With either meaning it does not mean one city. It refers to cities in general. @@ -1393,12 +1393,12 @@ ISA 25 1 th82 figs-abstractnouns 0 in perfect faithfulness The abstract noun ISA 25 2 a6p6 figs-genericnoun 0 the city This is not referring to a certain city. It means cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 25 2 f62g 0 a fortress of strangers “a fortress belonging to foreigners” ISA 25 3 s2dv figs-metonymy 0 a city of ruthless nations Here “city” and “nations” represent the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 25 4 c6es figs-metaphor 0 you have been a place of safety…a shelter…a shelter from the storm…a shade from the heat Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a place that the people could go to be safe and comforted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 25 4 c6es figs-metaphor 0 you have been a place of safety … a shelter … a shelter from the storm … a shade from the heat Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a place that the people could go to be safe and comforted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 25 4 n142 figs-simile 0 When the breath of the ruthless was like a storm against a wall Ruthless people oppressing the people of God is spoken of as if they were a storm beating against a wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 4 nhn3 0 When the breath “When the wind” or “When the blast” ISA 25 4 y8cs figs-nominaladj 0 the ruthless This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “ruthless people” or “those who are ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 25 5 bf3r figs-simile 0 like heat in a dry land This compares the enemies of God’s people to the heat that dries up the land. This emphasizes how much the enemies cause the people of God to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 25 5 t81k figs-simile 0 as the heat is subdued…ruthless ones is answered Yahweh stopping ruthless people from singing and boasting is compared to a cloud providing shade on a hot day. This emphasizes that Yahweh comforts his people by stopping those who cause them to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 25 5 t81k figs-simile 0 as the heat is subdued … ruthless ones is answered Yahweh stopping ruthless people from singing and boasting is compared to a cloud providing shade on a hot day. This emphasizes that Yahweh comforts his people by stopping those who cause them to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 5 pqi6 figs-activepassive 0 as the heat is subdued by the shade of a cloud This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just like when a cloud passes overhead and subdues the heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 25 5 adv7 figs-activepassive 0 the song of the ruthless ones is answered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will stop the ruthless people from singing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 25 6 gbd9 0 On this mountain This refers to Jerusalem or Mount Zion. @@ -1413,7 +1413,7 @@ ISA 25 9 g6gj 0 on that day “at that time” ISA 25 10 d1jb figs-metonymy 0 For on this mountain the hand of Yahweh will rest The “hand” represents God’s power. For Yahweh’s hand to rest on “this mountain” means he will protect his people Alternate translation: “The power of Yahweh will be on this mountain” or “For on Mount Zion Yahweh will protect his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 25 10 zd1u figs-metaphor 0 Moab will be trampled down in his place, even as straw is trampled down in a pit filled with manure Yahweh destroying the people of Moab is spoken of as if he would step on them and crush them. This is compared to how people trampled on straw to mix it with manure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 10 liv7 figs-metonymy 0 Moab will be trampled down in his place Here Moab represents the people of Moab. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will trample the people in the land of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 25 11 dsp1 figs-simile 0 They will spread their hands…his hands to swim This simile emphasizes how badly Yahweh will humiliate the people of Moab. They will spread their hands in dung like a swimmer spreads his hands in water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 25 11 dsp1 figs-simile 0 They will spread their hands … his hands to swim This simile emphasizes how badly Yahweh will humiliate the people of Moab. They will spread their hands in dung like a swimmer spreads his hands in water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 11 y282 0 They will spread their hands in the midst of it “The people of Moab will push their hands through the dung” ISA 25 11 zg36 0 as a swimmer spreads his hands to swim “as if they were swimming” ISA 25 11 kk8y figs-metaphor 0 will bring down their pride Yahweh humiliating a proud person is spoken of as if pride were something high and Yahweh would cause it to be low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1431,9 +1431,9 @@ ISA 26 4 rlm9 0 Yah, Yahweh Yah is another name for Yahweh. ISA 26 4 k4ey figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, is an everlasting rock Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a tall rock where people could go to escape from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 5 vry8 figs-metaphor 0 he will bring down those who live proudly Yahweh humiliating those who are proud is spoken of as if proud people were up high and he would cause them to come down low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 5 lh5m figs-genericnoun 0 the fortified city This means fortified cities in general not a specific city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 26 5 mc9n figs-metonymy 0 he will lay low…he will level Yahweh causing an army to destroy fortified cities is spoken of as if Yahweh would do it himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 26 5 mc9n figs-metonymy 0 he will lay low … he will level Yahweh causing an army to destroy fortified cities is spoken of as if Yahweh would do it himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 6 uu7e figs-parallelism 0 It will be trampled down by the feet of the poor and the treading of the needy Both statements mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will trample on the ruins of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 26 7 a6cq figs-parallelism 0 The path of the righteous is level…the path of the righteous you make straight These two phrases mean basically the same thing. People obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking on his path. Yahweh ensuring the people that what they do is right is spoken of as if he were making the path level and straight for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 26 7 a6cq figs-parallelism 0 The path of the righteous is level … the path of the righteous you make straight These two phrases mean basically the same thing. People obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking on his path. Yahweh ensuring the people that what they do is right is spoken of as if he were making the path level and straight for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 8 xz29 figs-metaphor 0 in the path of your judgments, Yahweh, we wait for you Doing what Yahweh judged to be right is spoken of walking on his path. Alternate translation: “we wait for you, Yahweh, as we continue to do what you judged to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 8 xu1v 0 of your judgments “of your laws” or “of your teachings” ISA 26 8 xk92 figs-exclusive 0 we wait Here “we” refers to Isaiah and all righteous people who are speaking to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) @@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ ISA 26 15 mic5 figs-parallelism 0 You have increased the nation, Yahweh, you ha ISA 26 16 m26y figs-123person 0 they looked to you Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. This would include Isaiah. Alternate translation: “we looked to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 26 16 vn3a figs-idiom 0 looked to you This idiom means they asked Yahweh for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 26 16 q3db figs-abstractnouns 0 when your discipline was on them The abstract noun “discipline” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “when you disciplined them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 26 17 w2a9 figs-simile 0 As a pregnant woman…cries out in her labor pains This compares the people to a woman giving birth. This emphasizes their suffering and crying when Yahweh disciplined them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 26 17 w2a9 figs-simile 0 As a pregnant woman … cries out in her labor pains This compares the people to a woman giving birth. This emphasizes their suffering and crying when Yahweh disciplined them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 26 18 z3re figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to compare the suffering of the people of Judah to a woman giving birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 18 j8g2 figs-simile 0 but it is as if we have only given birth to wind “but it is as if we have only given birth to air” or “it is like we gave birth to nothing.” This is a simile that emphasizes that the people’s suffering resulted in nothing. Alternate translation: “but nothing good resulted from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 26 18 qd8n figs-metonymy 0 We have not brought salvation to the earth, and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen Here “earth” represents the people who live on the earth. The meaning is unclear, but it seems to mean that the people of Israel have not been able to save themselves or other people by defeating their enemy in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1494,25 +1494,25 @@ ISA 27 5 je5d 0 make peace with me; let them make peace with me “they ask to ISA 27 6 n2nh 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking. He continues to describe the people of Israel as a vineyard ([Isaiah 27:2](../27/02.md)). ISA 27 6 cx3i figs-metaphor 0 In the coming day This speaks about a day as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “In the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 6 f8jg figs-metaphor 0 Jacob will take root; Israel will blossom and bud Yahweh blessing the people of Israel and causing them to prosper is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows roots and blossoms. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel will prosper like a vine that has taken root and blossomed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 6 jk11 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob…Israel Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms that represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 27 6 jk11 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob … Israel Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms that represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 27 6 eia2 figs-metaphor 0 they will fill the surface of the ground with fruit Yahweh causing the people of Israel to prosper greatly so that they can help other people is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows so much fruit that it would cover the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 7 am12 figs-rquestion 0 Has Yahweh attacked Jacob and Israel as he attacked those nations who attacked them? The question is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has certainly punished the enemy nations more severely than he punished the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 27 7 r118 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob…Israel These represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 27 7 r118 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob … Israel These represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 27 7 ukm8 figs-activepassive 0 Have Jacob and Israel been killed as in the slaughter of those nations that were killed by them? This question too is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has not killed the people of Israel like they killed their enemies from other nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 27 8 f4he figs-you 0 In exact measure you have contended Here “you” refers to God. Yahweh punishing his people as much as they needed is spoken of as if God’s punishment were something that could be measured. Alternate translation: “But you did punish them as much as was needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 8 kfc2 figs-metonymy 0 sending Jacob and Israel away This represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “sending the Israelites away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 27 8 rqg2 figs-metaphor 0 he drove them away with his fierce breath in the day of the east wind Yahweh’s power to send his people away to a foreign country is spoken of as if Yahweh used his breath to blow them to a foreign country. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh drove them out like a fierce wind from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 9 nf4r 0 So in this way This could mean: (1) “this” refers to Yahweh sending the people into exile as Isaiah mentioned in the previous verse or (2) “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will mention in the next part of verse 9. ISA 27 9 l9b7 figs-activepassive 0 the iniquity of Jacob will be atoned for This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will purge the sin from the Israelites” or “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 27 9 yjh1 figs-metonymy 0 iniquity of Jacob…removal of his sin Here “Jacob” represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “iniquity of the Israelites…removal of their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 27 9 yjh1 figs-metonymy 0 iniquity of Jacob … removal of his sin Here “Jacob” represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “iniquity of the Israelites … removal of their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 27 9 mn35 0 for this will be Here “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will describe in the next part of verse 9. ISA 27 9 zy5g figs-metaphor 0 the full fruit This speaks of the results of an action as if it were the fruit that grows as on a tree or vine. Alternate translation: “the result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 9 x5ca figs-metonymy 0 he will make all the altar stones as chalk and crushed to pieces, and no Asherah poles or incense altars will remain standing Here “he” refers to Jacob who represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “They will completely destroy all the altars on which they sacrifice to false gods, and they will remove all the Asherah idols and the altars on which they burn incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 27 10 fw6l figs-pastforfuture 0 For the fortified city is…consumes its branches Here Isaiah describes an event that will happen in the future as if it already happened. This emphasizes that it certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +ISA 27 10 fw6l figs-pastforfuture 0 For the fortified city is … consumes its branches Here Isaiah describes an event that will happen in the future as if it already happened. This emphasizes that it certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 27 10 na1y figs-activepassive 0 For the fortified city is desolate, the habitation is deserted and forsaken like the wilderness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The cities that were strong and had many people living in them will become empty like a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 27 10 b7hh figs-genericnoun 0 the fortified city…the habitation This does not refer to a specific city or habitation but to cities and habitations in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +ISA 27 10 b7hh figs-genericnoun 0 the fortified city … the habitation This does not refer to a specific city or habitation but to cities and habitations in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 27 10 mv1s figs-genericnoun 0 a calf feeds, and there he lies down and consumes Here “calf” represents calves or cattle in general. Alternate translation: “calves feed, and there they lie down and consume” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 27 11 k9fn figs-metaphor 0 When the boughs…not a people of understanding The people becoming so weak because they disobey Yahweh so that enemies can easily destroy them is spoken of as if they are dry branches that women break off of a tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 27 11 k9fn figs-metaphor 0 When the boughs … not a people of understanding The people becoming so weak because they disobey Yahweh so that enemies can easily destroy them is spoken of as if they are dry branches that women break off of a tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 11 k85z figs-activepassive 0 When the boughs are withered, they will be broken off. Women will come and make fires with them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When the branches wither, women will come and break them off and make fires with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 27 11 pi5e figs-explicit 0 this is not a people of understanding This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “this is not a people who understands Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 27 11 js5n 0 a people This could mean: (1) “people” refers to the people of Israel or (2) “people” refers the people of foreign nations who oppress the people of Israel. @@ -1522,12 +1522,12 @@ ISA 27 12 g87l 0 on that day “at that time” ISA 27 12 n43h figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will thresh Yahweh gathering his people to bring them back from the foreign nations to the land of Israel is spoken of as if he were threshing wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 12 nx3t 0 from the Euphrates River to the Wadi of Egypt Isaiah mentions the Euphrates River and the Wadi of Egypt to mean that Yahweh will bring back the people of Israel who were exiled in lands near those waters, that is, Assyria and Egypt. The Euphrates River is northeast of Israel, and the Wadi of Egypt is southwest of Israel. ISA 27 12 v8t2 0 the Wadi of Egypt “the brook of Egypt” -ISA 27 12 gz3e figs-activepassive 0 you…will be gathered together one by one This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather you together one by one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 27 12 gz3e figs-activepassive 0 you … will be gathered together one by one This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather you together one by one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 27 13 i56v figs-activepassive 0 a great trumpet will be blown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone will blow a trumpet loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 27 13 qs1g figs-ellipsis 0 the perishing ones in the land of Assyria will come, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “those who are in exile and dying in the land of Assyria and the land of Egypt will return to the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 27 13 bdq2 0 holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). ISA 28 intro np8h 0 # Isaiah 28 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh’s punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 28 1 j6gg figs-metaphor 0 Woe to the proud garland…on the head of the lush Valley of those who are overcome with wine A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. Samaria and its people being destroyed is spoken of as if the flowers in the garland will grow old and stop being beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 28 1 j6gg figs-metaphor 0 Woe to the proud garland … on the head of the lush Valley of those who are overcome with wine A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. Samaria and its people being destroyed is spoken of as if the flowers in the garland will grow old and stop being beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 1 i15u 0 who are overcome with wine “who are drunk with wine” ISA 28 2 yjl9 0 Behold “Listen” or “Pay attention” ISA 28 2 s6hx figs-synecdoche 0 the Lord sends one who is mighty and strong Here “one” refers to a mighty king who also represents his powerful army. Alternate translation: “the Lord sends a king with his powerful army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1535,9 +1535,9 @@ ISA 28 2 xf11 figs-simile 0 storm of hail A “storm of hail” or hailstorm ha ISA 28 2 ew8c figs-metaphor 0 he will throw each garland crown down to the ground The king and his powerful army destroying the people of Samaria and their city is spoken of as if the king will throw the people’s garlands onto the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 3 vm68 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak about the people and the city of Samaria as if they were a garland ([Isaiah 28:1-2](./01.md)). ISA 28 3 pp4k figs-activepassive 0 The proud garland of the drunkards of Ephraim will be trodden underfoot This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will crush the proud drunkards of Samaria as if they were crushing flowers under their feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 3 wtt6 figs-metaphor 0 proud garland…of Ephraim A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 28 3 wtt6 figs-metaphor 0 proud garland … of Ephraim A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 4 qq5i figs-metaphor 0 that is on the head of the rich valley The city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 4 yw2k figs-simile 0 will be as the first ripe fig…gulps it down This speaks of the enemy soldiers seeing the beauty of Samaria and quickly plundering it as if they were a person who sees the first fig of the season and quickly eats it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 28 4 yw2k figs-simile 0 will be as the first ripe fig … gulps it down This speaks of the enemy soldiers seeing the beauty of Samaria and quickly plundering it as if they were a person who sees the first fig of the season and quickly eats it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 28 5 s84s 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 28 5 twb7 figs-metaphor 0 will become a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty Yahweh is spoken of as if he were to become a beautiful crown that the people who honor him as their true king would wear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 5 llj8 figs-doublet 0 a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty These mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “a beautiful crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -1567,9 +1567,9 @@ ISA 28 14 y37t 0 So listen to the word of Yahweh “So listen to Yahweh’s me ISA 28 15 u1bd figs-parallelism 0 We have made a covenant with death, and with Sheol we have reached an agreement Both of these statements mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem have used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 15 x2p3 figs-metaphor 0 So when the overwhelming whip passes through, it will not reach us This speaks of Yahweh’s judgment and punishment as if it were a whip that would strike the people. And the whip is spoken of as if it were a flood that would pass through Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “As a result, when everyone else is suffering and dying, nothing will harm us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 15 r8ix figs-parallelism 0 For we have made a lie our refuge, and taken shelter in falsehood These two phrases mean basically the same thing. A “lie” and “falsehood” are spoken of as if they were places where a person could go to hide. The leaders in Jerusalem would not have said they trust in a lie. They believed they were truly safe. But Isaiah knows they are not safe, because they trust in lies. Alternate translation: “For lies and falsehoods have become like a place where we can hide from danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 15 ux1b 0 a lie our refuge…taken shelter in falsehood This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. +ISA 28 15 ux1b 0 a lie our refuge … taken shelter in falsehood This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. ISA 28 16 ff3c 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” -ISA 28 16 tf5e figs-metaphor 0 I will lay in Zion a foundation stone…sure foundation Yahweh sending a strong person to help the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh is constructing a strong foundation for a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 28 16 tf5e figs-metaphor 0 I will lay in Zion a foundation stone … sure foundation Yahweh sending a strong person to help the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh is constructing a strong foundation for a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 16 js3j 0 a tried stone “a stone that is solid” ISA 28 16 mc8y 0 a sure foundation “a firm support” ISA 28 16 pkf8 0 He who believes will not be ashamed “Anyone who trusts in this foundation stone will not be sorry” @@ -1578,12 +1578,12 @@ ISA 28 17 yd66 figs-metaphor 0 I will make justice the measuring stick, and rig ISA 28 17 xhn1 0 the measuring stick A builder uses a measuring stick to determine if something is the correct length. ISA 28 17 l2vf 0 the plumbline A builder uses a plumbline to determine if something is straight and level. ISA 28 17 xg82 figs-metaphor 0 Hail will sweep away Yahweh causing a large amount of hail to fall is spoken of as if it would be an overwhelming flood. Alternate translation: “Hailstorms will destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 17 gv6t figs-synecdoche 0 Hail…the floodwaters This could mean: (1) these are a synecdoche representing anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) these are a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 28 17 gv6t figs-synecdoche 0 Hail … the floodwaters This could mean: (1) these are a synecdoche representing anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) these are a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 17 hi3p 0 Hail hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky -ISA 28 17 adc4 figs-metaphor 0 the refuge of lies…the hiding place This speaks about “lies” as if they were a place a person could go to hide. They represent what the leaders of Jerusalem trusted in to keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment. This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ISA 28 17 adc4 figs-metaphor 0 the refuge of lies … the hiding place This speaks about “lies” as if they were a place a person could go to hide. They represent what the leaders of Jerusalem trusted in to keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment. This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 28 18 l9w6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem. ISA 28 18 ah82 figs-activepassive 0 Your covenant with death will be dissolved, and your agreement with Sheol will not stand This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cancel the covenant you have with death, and I will cancel the agreement you have with Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 18 fvw2 figs-metaphor 0 covenant with death…agreement with Sheol This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem had used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 28 18 fvw2 figs-metaphor 0 covenant with death … agreement with Sheol This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem had used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 18 n9he 0 will not stand “will not last” ISA 28 18 mry1 figs-synecdoche 0 When the raging flood passes through This could mean: (1) “flood” is a synecdoche that represents anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) “flood” is a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 18 var2 figs-activepassive 0 you will be overwhelmed by it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will overwhelm you” or “it will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1592,9 +1592,9 @@ ISA 28 19 g4wk figs-merism 0 by day and night This means “throughout the enti ISA 28 20 xx4i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem. ISA 28 20 ex86 writing-proverbs 0 For the bed is too short for a man to stretch out on, and the blanket too narrow for him to wrap himself in This was probably a proverb that the people knew at the time. It means that what they believe will keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment will disappoint them like a bed that is too short or a blanket that is too narrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) ISA 28 21 pp9n figs-idiom 0 Yahweh will rise up Yahweh preparing to act is spoken of as if he were sitting and then rising up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 28 21 e2cw figs-explicit 0 Mount Perazim…Valley of Gibeon These refer to places where God miraculously defeated enemy armies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 28 21 e2cw figs-explicit 0 Mount Perazim … Valley of Gibeon These refer to places where God miraculously defeated enemy armies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 28 21 l5tw 0 he will rouse himself “he will become very angry” -ISA 28 21 l963 figs-doublet 0 his strange work…his strange deed These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ISA 28 21 l963 figs-doublet 0 his strange work … his strange deed These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 28 22 w3au 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. ISA 28 22 upp3 figs-metaphor 0 your bonds will be tightened Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 22 tpu3 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). @@ -1607,8 +1607,8 @@ ISA 28 24 nvu3 figs-rquestion 0 Does a farmer who plows all day to sow, only pl ISA 28 25 dam8 figs-parables 0 General Information: Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 28 25 uq3a 0 When he has prepared the ground “When the farmer has plowed the soil” ISA 28 25 fsr6 figs-rquestion 0 does he not scatter caraway seed, sow the cumin, put in the wheat in rows and the barley in the right place, and the spelt at its edges? Isaiah uses a question to make the people of Jerusalem think deeply. If your language does not have a word for each of these seeds, they can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “he will certainly plant each kind of seed in the correct way and in the proper places.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 28 25 pd1v translate-unknown 0 caraway…cumin These are names of plants that are spices. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of spices used to spice food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 28 25 v8fq translate-unknown 0 wheat…barley…spelt These are all names of plants that are grains. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of grains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ISA 28 25 pd1v translate-unknown 0 caraway … cumin These are names of plants that are spices. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of spices used to spice food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ISA 28 25 v8fq translate-unknown 0 wheat … barley … spelt These are all names of plants that are grains. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of grains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 28 26 x6gc figs-parallelism 0 His God instructs him; he teaches him wisely These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps the farmer know how to care for each kind of plant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 28 27 m9hs figs-parables 0 General Information: Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 28 27 w7aj figs-activepassive 0 the caraway seed is not threshed with a sledge This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the farmer does not separate the caraway seed from the plant with a heavy club” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1617,7 +1617,7 @@ ISA 28 27 j2hy figs-activepassive 0 nor is a cartwheel rolled over the cumin Th ISA 28 27 g75f 0 cumin See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md). ISA 28 27 r6a8 figs-activepassive 0 but caraway is beaten with a stick, and cumin with a rod Isaiah describes the correct way for a farmer to separate the seed from the plant. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but he beats the caraway with a stick, and he beats cumin with a rod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 28 zb1a figs-activepassive 0 Grain is ground for bread but not too finely This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The farmer grinds the grain for bread but not so that it is too small” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 29 vw1a figs-explicit 0 This too comes…excellent in wisdom This concludes the parable started in [Isaiah 28:23](../28/23.md). The implied lesson of the parable is that farmers are wise enough to listen to Yahweh’s instructions about planting and threshing. But the leaders of Jerusalem are foolish for not listening to Yahweh’s instructions that he is speaking through Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ISA 28 29 vw1a figs-explicit 0 This too comes … excellent in wisdom This concludes the parable started in [Isaiah 28:23](../28/23.md). The implied lesson of the parable is that farmers are wise enough to listen to Yahweh’s instructions about planting and threshing. But the leaders of Jerusalem are foolish for not listening to Yahweh’s instructions that he is speaking through Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 28 29 fh5n 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 29 intro e58i 0 # Isaiah 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter begins a series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ariel
This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Prophecies
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 29 1 p34x figs-metonymy 0 Woe to Ariel Here “Ariel” represents the people who live in the city of Ariel. Alternate translation: “How terrible it will be for the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1629,7 +1629,7 @@ ISA 29 2 fh77 figs-metonymy 0 she will Here “she” refers to Ariel, which re ISA 29 2 w19k figs-doublet 0 mourning and lamenting The words “mourning” and “lamenting” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of mourning. Alternate translation: “they will mourn deeply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 29 2 uey1 figs-simile 0 like Ariel Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Ariel means ‘altar.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 29 3 aqb4 figs-metonymy 0 I will encamp against you The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to surround Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will command the army of your enemies to surround you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 3 z8vg translate-unknown 0 palisade…siege works A “palisade” is a tower armies would build to attack cities with high walls. Also “siege works” refers to other various weapons armies would build to attack cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ISA 29 3 z8vg translate-unknown 0 palisade … siege works A “palisade” is a tower armies would build to attack cities with high walls. Also “siege works” refers to other various weapons armies would build to attack cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 29 4 xp4f figs-activepassive 0 You will be brought down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your enemy will bring you down” or “Your enemy will humble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 29 4 ak9b figs-simile 0 will speak from the ground; your speech will be low from the dust. Your voice will sound like a spirit that speaks from the ground, and out of the dust your speech will whisper All of these statements mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people who once spoke with proud words will be weak and grieving after the enemy defeats them. Alternate translation: “you will only be able to speak with weak whispers like a spirit speaking from where dead people dwell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 29 5 ei77 figs-simile 0 The great number of your invaders will become like fine dust, and the multitude of the ruthless ones as chaff that passes away This emphasizes how weak and insignificant the invading army is before God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will easily remove the horde of your invaders and the multitude of the ruthless ones”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1640,7 +1640,7 @@ ISA 29 7 th7g figs-doublet 0 It will be like a dream, a vision of the night The ISA 29 7 l4s8 0 A horde of all the nations “Large armies from all the nations” ISA 29 7 t56e figs-metonymy 0 fight against Ariel The name “Ariel” is another name for Jerusalem, and it represents the people who live there. See how you translated “Ariel” in [Isaiah 29:1](../29/01.md). Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 7 h99v figs-metonymy 0 her stronghold. They will attack her and her fortifications to press upon her The word “her” refers to Ariel which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their stronghold. They will attack the city of Ariel and its defenses and cause the people to be in great distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 8 ncq1 figs-simile 0 It will be like when a hungry man dreams he is eating…his thirst not quenched These similes mean that the enemy will expect victory but they will fail because God will not allow them to conquer Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 29 8 ncq1 figs-simile 0 It will be like when a hungry man dreams he is eating … his thirst not quenched These similes mean that the enemy will expect victory but they will fail because God will not allow them to conquer Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 29 8 b3vv figs-metonymy 0 Yes, so will be the great number of nations that fights against Mount Zion Here “Mount Zion” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Yes, this will be what happens to the armies from the nations who fight against the people who live on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 9 thb7 figs-explicit 0 Astonish yourselves and be astonished The word “yourselves” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Why they are astonished can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Be astonished at what I am telling you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 29 9 un3a figs-metaphor 0 blind yourselves and be blind The people ignoring what Yahweh says is spoken of as if they would make themselves blind. Alternate translation: “keep being ignorant and spiritually blind to what I am showing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1674,9 +1674,9 @@ ISA 29 21 zp8p figs-explicit 0 who by a word make a man out to be an offender T ISA 29 21 wl2h figs-metaphor 0 They lay a snare for him who seeks justice at the gate and put the righteous down with empty lies The evil people doing anything they can to stop a good person is spoken of as if the evil people set a trap like a hunter catching his prey. Alternate translation: “They lie and try to stop those who want to do what is fair and right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 21 vb33 0 who seeks justice at the gate The city gate was often the place where the city leaders made official decisions. ISA 29 22 i8ii figs-explicit 0 who redeemed Abraham This possibly refers to when Yahweh called Abraham from his home country and sent him to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 29 22 v978 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob will no longer…his face Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer…their faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 29 22 v978 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob will no longer … his face Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 22 a47e figs-idiom 0 nor will his face be pale This is an idiom that means he will no longer be afraid. Alternate translation: “nor will he be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 29 23 j9rv figs-metonymy 0 he sees his children The words “he” and “his” speak of Jacob (verse 22) and represent his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer…their faces…they see their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 29 23 j9rv figs-metonymy 0 he sees his children The words “he” and “his” speak of Jacob (verse 22) and represent his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces … they see their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 23 ri6z figs-metonymy 0 But when he sees his children, the work of my hands Here “hands” represents Yahweh’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When they see all the children I have given them and all that I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 23 m7l3 figs-metonymy 0 they will make my name holy Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they will honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 23 k7hc figs-metonymy 0 They will make holy the name of the Holy One of Jacob Here “name” represents Yahweh. Yahweh refers to himself as “the Holy One of Jacob.” Alternate translation: “They will honor me, the Holy One of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -1696,10 +1696,10 @@ ISA 30 3 tal7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people o ISA 30 3 frg3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Therefore Pharaoh’s protection will be your shame, and the refuge in Egypt’s shade, your humiliation This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “protection,” “shame,” and “humiliation” are expressed as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “Therefore you will be ashamed because you relied on Pharaoh to protect you; you will be humiliated because you relied on the Egyptians to keep you safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 30 3 z473 figs-metaphor 0 the refuge in Egypt’s shade Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 4 l5kf 0 their princes Here “princes” mean an official or ambassador, not necessarily sons of the king. -ISA 30 4 ax9t 0 their…their belonging to the people of Judah -ISA 30 4 c3ut translate-names 0 Zoan…Hanes These were cities in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 30 4 ax9t 0 their … their belonging to the people of Judah +ISA 30 4 c3ut translate-names 0 Zoan … Hanes These were cities in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 30 4 apn6 figs-go 0 have come to Hanes Here “come” can be stated as “gone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -ISA 30 5 vs3d 0 They…them These words refer to the people of Judah. +ISA 30 5 vs3d 0 They … them These words refer to the people of Judah. ISA 30 5 pp3g 0 because of a people “because of the people of Egypt” ISA 30 6 h34s 0 General Information: This continues God’s declaration concerning the people of Judah. ISA 30 6 i8pw 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” @@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@ ISA 30 12 q3x7 0 you reject this word “you reject this message” ISA 30 12 hd23 figs-metonymy 0 trust in oppression and deceit and lean on it This could mean: (1) the leaders of Judah are trusting in the Egyptian leaders who rule by oppressing and deceiving others or (2) the leaders of Judah have oppressed and deceived their own people in order to take their money and send it to the Egyptians leaders as payment for protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 12 t871 figs-123person 0 lean on it Here the word “it” refers to “oppression and deceit.” Alternate translation: “lean on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 30 12 km37 figs-idiom 0 lean on This is an idiom that means to trust or rely on something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 30 13 f58j figs-simile 0 so this sin will be to you like a broken part…in an instant This simile means that God will destroy the people of Judah suddenly because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 30 13 f58j figs-simile 0 so this sin will be to you like a broken part … in an instant This simile means that God will destroy the people of Judah suddenly because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 13 rwu8 figs-ellipsis 0 like a broken part ready to fall It is understood that this is a broken part of a wall. Alternate translation: “like a broken part of a wall that is ready to fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 30 13 c7k8 figs-abstractnouns 0 whose fall will happen suddenly This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “fall” is expressed as the verb “fall.” Alternate translation: “that will suddenly fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 30 13 m5ka figs-doublet 0 suddenly, in an instant These mean the same thing and emphasize how quickly the wall will fall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -1740,7 +1740,7 @@ ISA 30 17 cy2g figs-ellipsis 0 One thousand will flee at the threat of one; at ISA 30 17 l2rt translate-numbers 0 One thousand “1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 30 17 g8ks figs-simile 0 until your remnant will be like a flagstaff on the top of a mountain, or like a flag on a hill This simile means there will be so few people left that they will be like a single flag on top of a hill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 18 a5tl 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 19 nsp6 0 you will…to you…answer you Here “you” refers to the people who will live in Zion. +ISA 30 19 nsp6 0 you will … to you … answer you Here “you” refers to the people who will live in Zion. ISA 30 19 k2dh 0 he will answer you “he will help you” ISA 30 20 u2ns 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. ISA 30 20 s89h figs-metonymy 0 the bread of adversity and the water of affliction Here “bread” and “water” make up the diet of a very poor person. The whole phrase represents the hard times and poverty of the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1759,13 +1759,13 @@ ISA 30 23 hjh1 figs-synecdoche 0 bread with abundance from the ground Here “b ISA 30 23 llp6 0 In that day “At that time” ISA 30 24 e7ff figs-activepassive 0 that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 25 nb4s 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 25 n5xk 0 On every high mountain…every high hill Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. +ISA 30 25 n5xk 0 On every high mountain … every high hill Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. ISA 30 25 lg8s 0 in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall “when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall” ISA 30 25 k7p7 0 in the day “at the time” ISA 30 26 bbc3 0 The light of the moon will be like the light of the sun, and the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. ISA 30 26 vup8 0 the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days “the sun will shine as bright as seven suns” or “the sun will give as much light in one day as it normally does in seven days” ISA 30 26 s1jc figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will bind up the breaking of his people and heal the bruises of his wounding them Yahweh comforting his people and causing their suffering to end is spoken of as if he would put bandages on their wounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 27 q2s3 figs-metaphor 0 the name of Yahweh…like a devouring fire Yahweh being extremely angry is spoken of as if he were a large fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 30 27 q2s3 figs-metaphor 0 the name of Yahweh … like a devouring fire Yahweh being extremely angry is spoken of as if he were a large fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 27 vs12 figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh comes Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 27 yjg9 figs-synecdoche 0 His lips are full of fury, and his tongue is like a devouring fire Here “lips” and “tongue” are metonyms that represent Yahweh speaking. And, Yahweh speaks with so much anger and power that it is spoken of as if his tongue were a fire. Alternate translation: “When he speaks his fury is like a fire that destroys everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 28 n6lp figs-simile 0 His breath is like an overflowing torrent This compares the air coming out of Yahweh’s mouth to a flood to emphasize its power to destroy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1777,7 +1777,7 @@ ISA 30 29 kpk6 0 You will have a song This can be reworded so the noun “song ISA 30 29 m8dh figs-simile 0 as in the night when a holy feast is observed This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 29 x78j figs-activepassive 0 when a holy feast is observed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when you observe a holy feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 29 guu5 figs-metonymy 0 gladness of heart Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “you will be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 30 29 esh8 figs-simile 0 as when one goes…Rock of Israel This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 30 29 esh8 figs-simile 0 as when one goes … Rock of Israel This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 29 u4kf figs-metaphor 0 to the Rock of Israel Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a rock on which the people could climb and escape from enemies. Alternate translation: “to Israel’s protective rock” or “which is like a protective rock for Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 30 h7qb figs-metonymy 0 show the motion of his arm Here “arm” represents the power of God. It is implied that Yahweh will show his power by destroying his people’s enemies. Alternate translation: “show that he is powerful by destroying your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 30 30 mr74 figs-metaphor 0 in storming anger and flames of fire Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a storm or a fire. Alternate translation: “in anger that is like a storm and flames of fire” or “in great anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1812,8 +1812,8 @@ ISA 31 3 ee2s figs-metonymy 0 When Yahweh reaches out with his hand The term ISA 31 3 b7mw figs-activepassive 0 both the one who helps will stumble, and the one who is helped will fall These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Stumbling and falling are metaphors of failing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “these two things will happen: I will destroy Egypt, who helps you, and I will destroy you, whom Egypt helps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 31 3 mv55 figs-activepassive 0 the one who is helped This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who is seeking help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 31 4 t89b 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to Isaiah. -ISA 31 4 bfb4 figs-simile 0 As a lion…thus Yahweh of hosts “A lion…in the same way Yahweh of hosts.” Here Yahweh speaks of how he will defend the people who belong to him and not be scared away by comparing himself to a lion who guards it’s prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 31 4 j6qt 0 thus Yahweh of hosts will descend…that hill It may be more clear if you move the last line to before the first line: “Yahweh of hosts will descend to fight on Mount Zion, on that hill, as a lion, even a young lion” +ISA 31 4 bfb4 figs-simile 0 As a lion … thus Yahweh of hosts “A lion … in the same way Yahweh of hosts.” Here Yahweh speaks of how he will defend the people who belong to him and not be scared away by comparing himself to a lion who guards it’s prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 31 4 j6qt 0 thus Yahweh of hosts will descend … that hill It may be more clear if you move the last line to before the first line: “Yahweh of hosts will descend to fight on Mount Zion, on that hill, as a lion, even a young lion” ISA 31 4 cwq4 figs-doublet 0 a lion, even a young lion “a female lion or killer lion.” This is a doublet with both phrase referring to a fierce lion. Alternate translation: “a lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 31 4 e9kr 0 growls warns others to stay away ISA 31 4 vef8 figs-idiom 0 when a group of shepherds is called out against it The phrase “called out against it” means to be sent out to chase the lion away. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone sends shepherds to chase the lion away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1839,10 +1839,10 @@ ISA 32 1 bfx3 0 Look This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to wh ISA 32 2 he1m figs-simile 0 Each one will be like a shelter from the wind and a refuge from the storm This compares the king and princes who protect the people to a shelter. Alternate translation: “the rulers will protect the people like a shelter does in a storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 32 2 i91q figs-simile 0 like streams of water in a dry place This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide for the needs of the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide for the people like streams of water in a dry place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 32 2 vxn9 figs-simile 0 like the shade of a great rock in a land of weariness This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide comfort and rest for the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide rest for the people like a huge rock gives shade to weary people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 32 3 d51u figs-metaphor 0 Then the eyes…attentively Both of these phrases emphasize that the leaders will enable the people to understand God’s truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 32 3 d51u figs-metaphor 0 Then the eyes … attentively Both of these phrases emphasize that the leaders will enable the people to understand God’s truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 32 3 ile5 0 will not be dim “will see clearly” ISA 32 4 v44b 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing the people after God restores righteous rulers in Judah ([Isaiah 32:1-3](./01.md)). -ISA 32 4 byg3 figs-nominaladj 0 The rash…the stutterer This refers to people who act rashly and people who stutter. Alternate translation: “The rash person…the stuttering person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +ISA 32 4 byg3 figs-nominaladj 0 The rash … the stutterer This refers to people who act rashly and people who stutter. Alternate translation: “The rash person … the stuttering person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 32 5 dap4 figs-activepassive 0 The fool will no longer be called honorable This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will give honor to the fool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 32 5 zlq8 figs-activepassive 0 nor the deceiver called principled This can be stated in active form. “The deceiver” refers to a person who is deceptive. Alternate translation: “nor will anyone show respect to the person who deceives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 32 6 zh17 figs-nominaladj 0 For the fool speaks folly, and his heart plans evil “The fool” refers to foolish people. Also, “folly” and “evil” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For the foolish person says foolish things and his heart plans evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1879,7 +1879,7 @@ ISA 32 15 m9lm figs-metaphor 0 the Spirit is poured on us This speaks of Yahweh ISA 32 15 f3x2 figs-metonymy 0 from on high Here heaven is referred to as “on high.” Alternate translation: “from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 32 15 i9yh figs-activepassive 0 the fruitful field is considered as a forest This can be written in active form. This compares how overly bountiful the fruitful fields are by comparing them to a thick, dense forest. Alternate translation: “people will say that the fruitful fields have grown thick like a forest” or “the fruitful fields will be overly bountiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 32 16 p29j 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 32 16 uzl5 figs-personification 0 justice will reside…righteousness will live Isaiah describes “justice” and “righteousness” as a person who lives in these places. This means the people who live in these places will do what is just and right. Alternate translation: “people will act justly in the wilderness and people will act righteously in the fertile fields (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ISA 32 16 uzl5 figs-personification 0 justice will reside … righteousness will live Isaiah describes “justice” and “righteousness” as a person who lives in these places. This means the people who live in these places will do what is just and right. Alternate translation: “people will act justly in the wilderness and people will act righteously in the fertile fields (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 32 17 w4zs figs-parallelism 0 The work of righteousness will be peace; and the result of righteousness, quietness and confidence forever These two phrases are parallel and both give results of righteousness. These can be combined. Alternate translation: “The result of people acting righteously is that there will be peace, and quietness, and confidence forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 32 18 q9gf 0 habitation place where people live ISA 32 19 xzc9 0 hails See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:2](../28/02.md). @@ -1911,7 +1911,7 @@ ISA 33 8 pf64 figs-parallelism 0 The highways are deserted; there are no more t ISA 33 8 ftm2 figs-activepassive 0 Covenants are broken, witnesses are despised, and mankind is not respected This passage may refer to general conditions of corruption in Israel, or it may refer to the nation’s inability to make reliable peace treaties with Assyria. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People break covenants that they have made, people ignore the testimony of witnesses, and people do not respect one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 9 czb9 figs-personification 0 The land mourns and withers away This speaks of the land becoming dry as if it were a person mourning. Alternate translation: “The land becomes dry and its plants wither away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 33 9 na5c figs-metonymy 0 Lebanon is ashamed and withers away Here “Lebanon” represents Lebanon’s trees. This speaks of the trees withering and decaying as if they were a person who is ashamed. Alternate translation: “Lebanon’s trees wither and decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 33 9 d8ct 0 Sharon…Bashan…Carmel Many trees and flowers once grew in these places. +ISA 33 9 d8ct 0 Sharon … Bashan … Carmel Many trees and flowers once grew in these places. ISA 33 9 dj2w figs-simile 0 Sharon is like a desert plain This compares how dry Sharon is to a desert plain. Alternate translation: “Sharon is as dry as a desert plain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 33 9 aiz6 figs-synecdoche 0 Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves Here Bashan and Carmel are represented by their trees. Alternate translation: “there are no more leaves on the trees in Bashan and Carmel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 33 10 d6gh figs-metaphor 0 will I arise To arise or stand up is a metaphor for no longer watching and thinking and instead beginning to act. Alternate translation: “will I begin to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1924,7 +1924,7 @@ ISA 33 12 k121 0 lime the ashes from burned bones ISA 33 13 h2cp 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak. ISA 33 13 qf2k figs-merism 0 You who are far away, hear what I have done; and, you who are near, acknowledge my might Yahweh uses the words “far away” and “near” to mean all people. The word “might” can be expressed with the adjective “mighty.” Alternate translation: “All people everywhere hear what I have done and acknowledge that I am mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 33 14 hr7p figs-personification 0 trembling has seized the godless ones This speaks of the godless people trembling as if their trembling were an enemy that had seized them. Alternate translation: “the godless ones are overwhelmed with trembling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 33 14 l4yq figs-explicit 0 Who among us…burnings? It is implied that the sinners in Zion ask these questions. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Who among us…burnings?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ISA 33 14 l4yq figs-explicit 0 Who among us … burnings? It is implied that the sinners in Zion ask these questions. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Who among us … burnings?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 33 14 p2p3 figs-rquestion 0 Who among us can sojourn with a raging fire? Who among us can sojourn with everlasting burnings? These rhetorial questions have basically the same meaning and emphasize that no one can live with fire. Here fire represents Yahweh’s judgment. Alternate translation: “No one can live with raging fire! No one can live with everylasting burns!” or “No one can live bearing Yahweh’s judgment, it is like an everlasting fire!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 33 14 n2zl 0 sojourn live in a place that is not one’s home ISA 33 15 a3sk figs-idiom 0 He who walks Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “He who lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1933,7 +1933,7 @@ ISA 33 16 jr9e figs-metaphor 0 this is the man who will dwell on the heights, h ISA 33 16 t3ae figs-metonymy 0 the heights This refers to a high hill or mountainside. Alternate translation: “the high hill” or “the mountainside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 33 16 p4zt figs-metaphor 0 the fortress among the cliffs This speaks of rocky areas that are easy to defend as if they were actually fortresses. Alternate translation: “the large piles of rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 16 v96k 0 will be in steady supply “will always be available” -ISA 33 17 vd1r figs-synecdoche 0 Your eyes will see…they will see This refers the audience by their “eyes.” Alternate translation: “You will see…you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ISA 33 17 vd1r figs-synecdoche 0 Your eyes will see … they will see This refers the audience by their “eyes.” Alternate translation: “You will see … you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 33 17 d8s5 figs-metonymy 0 the king in his beauty The king’s royal robes are referred to as “his beauty.” Alternate translation: “the king in his beautiful robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 33 18 h85u figs-synecdoche 0 Your heart will recall the terror This refers to the audience by their “hearts.” “The terror” refers to their war with the Assyrians. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will remember the terror that the Assyrians caused you when they attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 33 18 m1ib figs-rquestion 0 where is the scribe, where is he who weighed the money? Where is he who counted the towers? These rhetorical question are asked to emphasize that the Assyrian officials are gone. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “The officers of Assyria who counted the tax money that we were forced to pay to them have disappeared! Those men who counted our towers are gone!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1946,7 +1946,7 @@ ISA 33 20 tj7h figs-metaphor 0 a tent that will not be removed This speaks of Z ISA 33 20 z75i figs-metaphor 0 whose stakes will never be pulled up nor will any of its cords be broken This is part of the metaphor that compares Zion to a secure tent. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose stakes no one will ever pull up and whose cords no one will ever break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 21 js4c figs-exclusive 0 Yahweh in majesty will be with us, in a place of broad rivers and streams Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. This speaks of the safety of living with Yahweh as if it were a place that has rivers around it so that enemies cannot attack it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh who is majestic will be with us, and we will be safe as if we were in a place surrounded by broad rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 21 z6si 0 will travel it “will travel the river” -ISA 33 22 x9zc figs-exclusive 0 our…us This refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +ISA 33 22 x9zc figs-exclusive 0 our … us This refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 33 23 er96 figs-metaphor 0 Your riggings are slack; they cannot hold the mast in place; they cannot spread the sail This could mean: (1) The Assyrian army is like a boat that is unable to move through the water: the ropes that support the mast and sail have come loose and no longer support the mast, so the sail is useless ([Isaiah 33:1](../33/01.md)) or (2) the people of Judah are no longer at war: “You have loosened the cords that supported your flagpole; the flag no longer flies” ([Isaiah 33:17](./17.md)-[Isaiah 22](./22.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 23 b3bn 0 mast tall poles that support the sail ISA 33 23 l3q9 0 sail a large cloth that fills with wind and moves a boat through the water @@ -1967,7 +1967,7 @@ ISA 34 5 zep4 figs-metaphor 0 when my sword will have drunk its fill in heaven ISA 34 5 zs1y 0 look This word is used here to draw the listener’s attention and to have them imagine the things being said. Alternate translation: “listen” or “and then” ISA 34 5 dh31 figs-metaphor 0 it will now come down on Edom, on the people I am setting apart for destruction The word “it” refers to Yahweh’s sword. This continues the metaphor about Yahweh destroying things with a sword. Alternate translation: “I will come to punish the people of Edom, the people whom I have set aside for me to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 34 5 n7uq figs-metonymy 0 on Edom Edom refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “on the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 34 6 z82l figs-metaphor 0 The sword of Yahweh is dripping with blood and covered with fat…of rams This speaks of Yahweh killing the people as if he were a priest sacrificing animals. He does this by describing the sword of a priest. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sacrifices them as a priest sacrifices animals, whose sword drips with the blood and fat of lambs, goats, and rams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 34 6 z82l figs-metaphor 0 The sword of Yahweh is dripping with blood and covered with fat … of rams This speaks of Yahweh killing the people as if he were a priest sacrificing animals. He does this by describing the sword of a priest. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sacrifices them as a priest sacrifices animals, whose sword drips with the blood and fat of lambs, goats, and rams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 34 6 e9tg figs-abstractnouns 0 For Yahweh has a sacrifice in Bozrah and a great slaughter in the land of Edom The words “sacrifice” and “slaughter” may be expressed here as verbs. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will sacrifice many people in Bozrah and kill many people in the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 34 6 hx1f translate-names 0 Bozrah This is an important city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 34 7 ruc9 0 will fall “will die” @@ -1975,8 +1975,8 @@ ISA 34 7 x9xv figs-personification 0 Their land will be drunk with blood This d ISA 34 7 cw9p figs-personification 0 their dust made fat with fatness Here “dust” means the dirt on the ground. This describes the amount of fat that will soak into the dirt by comparing it to a person that has become fat from eating so much animal fat. Alternate translation: “the dirt will be full of the fat of the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 34 8 ypt1 figs-idiom 0 it will be a day of vengeance for Yahweh Here “day” is an idiom for a point in time; it is not a literal “day.” Alternate translation: “it will be the time when Yahweh gets revenge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 34 8 f6ru figs-explicit 0 he will pay them back for the cause of Zion This means that he will take revenge on them for how they had previously waged war against the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “he will give them the punishment they deserve for what they had done to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 34 9 b8cq figs-metaphor 0 The streams of Edom will be turned into pitch…become burning pitch The water and land becoming useless for drinking or growing food because it is burnt and covered in pitch and sulfur is spoken of as if their streams and land will actually become pitch and sulfur. Alternate translation: “The streams in Edom will be full of pitch and the ground will be covered with burning sulfur and burning pitch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 34 9 yfh4 0 her dust…her land “Edom’s dust…Edom’s land” +ISA 34 9 b8cq figs-metaphor 0 The streams of Edom will be turned into pitch … become burning pitch The water and land becoming useless for drinking or growing food because it is burnt and covered in pitch and sulfur is spoken of as if their streams and land will actually become pitch and sulfur. Alternate translation: “The streams in Edom will be full of pitch and the ground will be covered with burning sulfur and burning pitch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 34 9 yfh4 0 her dust … her land “Edom’s dust … Edom’s land” ISA 34 9 fd7g 0 pitch a thick, black substance that burns for a long time ISA 34 10 smi7 figs-merism 0 It will burn night and day This means all of the time. Alternate translation: “It will burn throughout the night and the day” or “It will burn constantly, all night and all day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 34 10 tvh4 figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 13:20](../13/20.md). Alternate translation: “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1985,10 +1985,10 @@ ISA 34 11 drt9 0 owl See how you translated this in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md ISA 34 11 q1gl 0 raven This is a large black bird. It is difficult to identify some of the precise kinds of birds mentioned in this passage. However, they were all birds that preferred to live in places where there were no people, so they symbolize deserted places. ISA 34 11 p68y 0 in it “there.” This refers to Edom. ISA 34 11 pgr3 figs-metaphor 0 He will stretch over it the measuring line of ruin and the plumbline of destruction This speaks of Yahweh as if he were a careful builder as he causes destruction in Edom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will measure that land carefully; he will measure it to decide where to cause ruin and destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 34 11 z1ph 0 measuring line…plumbline These are builders’ tools. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 28:17](../28/17.md). -ISA 34 12 xsb8 0 Her nobles…her princes “The nobles of Edom…the princes of Edom” +ISA 34 11 z1ph 0 measuring line … plumbline These are builders’ tools. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 28:17](../28/17.md). +ISA 34 12 xsb8 0 Her nobles … her princes “The nobles of Edom … the princes of Edom” ISA 34 12 t7ih figs-hyperbole 0 all her princes will be nothing This exaggerates the princes losing their royal status by saying that they will become nothing. Alternate translation: “all her princes will no longer rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 34 13 ayh3 0 Thorns…nettles…thistles These are all weeds with thorns. Nettles’ thorns have poison that causes itching. +ISA 34 13 ayh3 0 Thorns … nettles … thistles These are all weeds with thorns. Nettles’ thorns have poison that causes itching. ISA 34 13 pt3i 0 jackals Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md). ISA 34 13 f3r8 0 ostriches Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). ISA 34 14 je4l 0 wild animals Translate this the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). @@ -2036,22 +2036,22 @@ ISA 35 9 ns9h figs-activepassive 0 they will not be found there This can be sta ISA 35 9 aui1 figs-nominaladj 0 the redeemed This refers to people who God has redeemed. Alternate translation: “those who are redeemed” or “those who God has redeemed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 35 10 s1di figs-nominaladj 0 The ransomed of Yahweh To “ransom” means to “rescue.” This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Those whom Yahweh has rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 35 10 q3ha figs-synecdoche 0 everlasting joy will be on their heads This uses a person’s head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “they will have everlasting joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 35 10 x841 figs-doublet 0 gladness and joy…sorrow and sighing The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “sighing.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ISA 35 10 x841 figs-doublet 0 gladness and joy … sorrow and sighing The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “sighing.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 35 10 b5lz figs-personification 0 gladness and joy will overtake them This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone by force. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 35 10 d5f7 figs-personification 0 sorrow and sighing will flee away This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and sighing by giving these emotions the human ability to run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and sighing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 36 intro r5x3 0 # Isaiah 36 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The previous chapters have been constructed as prophecy and contain many poetic elements. This chapter switches to a narrative and is a discussion between the officials from Assyria and Judah. To make the meaning clear here, it may be helpful to set apart the extended quotations by setting them farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust

The people of Judah were to trust in Yahweh because only he could provide them with protection. The people of Jerusalem were protected because they trusted in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
The Assyrian commanders use rhetorical questions in this chapter to mock or insult Judah and their God, Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 1 v35t translate-ordinal 0 the fourteenth year “year 14” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) ISA 36 1 jr4c 0 King Hezekiah See how you translated the name of this king in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). ISA 36 1 np79 translate-names 0 Sennacherib This is the name of the king of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 1 y3xq figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib…attacked all the fortified cities Here Sennacherib represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army…attacked all the fortified cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ISA 36 1 y3xq figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib … attacked all the fortified cities Here Sennacherib represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army … attacked all the fortified cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 36 2 df93 0 the chief commander Some versions of the Bible translate this as “the Rabshakeh.” This is the Assyrian word for one of the highest ranking military leaders in Assyria. ISA 36 2 yz32 translate-names 0 Lachish This is a city southwest of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 2 xgl3 0 conduit man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). ISA 36 2 su6h translate-names 0 the launderers’ field This could mean: (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderers’ field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 2 ilm6 translate-names 0 the launderers’ field Launderer are either (1) men who wash wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “wool washers field,” or (2) women who wash dirty clothes, “clothes washers field.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 3 in74 translate-names 0 Hilkiah…Eliakim See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 36 3 in74 translate-names 0 Hilkiah … Eliakim See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 3 pc89 translate-names 0 Shebna See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 22:15](../22/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 3 ch95 translate-names 0 Asaph…Joah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 36 3 ch95 translate-names 0 Asaph … Joah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 4 js58 0 said to them “said to Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah” ISA 36 4 p18f figs-rquestion 0 What is the source of your confidence? The king of Assyria uses this question to challenge Hezekiah and to say that he does not have a good source for confidence. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have no reliable source for your confidence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 5 qam5 figs-metonymy 0 there is counsel and strength for war “you have the council and the strength to go to war.” The phrase “strength for war” refers to having a large enough and strong enough army with weapons. Alternate translation: “you have enough military council, strong men, and weapons to go to war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2062,17 +2062,17 @@ ISA 36 6 riv6 figs-metonymy 0 trusting in Egypt Here “Egypt” refers to the ISA 36 6 p2hf figs-metaphor 0 that splintered reed that you use as a walking staff, but if a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it This speaks of Egypt, specifically its army and its Pharaoh, as if it were a splintered reed to emphasize that relying on them would not help them but would only harm them. Alternate translation: “that is like walking with a splintered reed for a staff. If a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 36 6 ha6p 0 splintered reed A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is splintered or damaged it cannot carry any weight. ISA 36 6 d7dx 0 walking staff This is a stick that someone would use for support when walking, made of whatever kind of tree limb that is found along the way. -ISA 36 7 rnl2 figs-rquestion 0 is not he the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away…Jerusalem”? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule the people and to imply that Yahweh was angry about what Hezekiah did and would not protect them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “he is the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away…Jerusalem.” or “he is the one whom Hezekiah insulted by tearing down his high places and altars…Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ISA 36 7 rnl2 figs-rquestion 0 is not he the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem”? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule the people and to imply that Yahweh was angry about what Hezekiah did and would not protect them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “he is the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem.” or “he is the one whom Hezekiah insulted by tearing down his high places and altars … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 36 7 dd7s figs-quotations 0 has said to Judah and to Jerusalem, “You must worship before this altar in Jerusalem”? This can be written as an indirect quote. “Judah” and “Jerusalem” refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “has told the people of Judah and Jerusalem that they must worship only at this altar in Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 8 bks6 0 General Information: This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah by speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men ([Isaiah 36:4-5](./04.md)). ISA 36 8 cxf8 translate-numbers 0 two thousand horses “2,000 horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 36 8 kf72 figs-irony 0 if you are able to find riders for them The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army by implying that he did not have many soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 36 9 kd1i 0 General Information: This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah by speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men ([Isaiah 36:4-5](./04.md)). -ISA 36 9 kkc7 figs-rquestion 0 How could you resist even one captain…servants? The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. When he says “you,” referring to Hezekiah, he is actually referring to Hezekiah’s army. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your army could not even defeat one captain…servants.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 36 9 kkc7 figs-rquestion 0 How could you resist even one captain … servants? The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. When he says “you,” referring to Hezekiah, he is actually referring to Hezekiah’s army. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your army could not even defeat one captain … servants.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 10 i4d9 figs-rquestion 0 Now then, have I traveled up here without Yahweh to fight against this land and destroy it? The chief commander uses another question to ridicule Hezekiah and the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I came here with Yahweh’s command to destroy Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 10 lp4l figs-metonymy 0 without Yahweh Here “Yahweh” refers to Yahweh’s orders. Alternate translation: “without Yahweh’s command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 10 rme7 figs-metonymy 0 against this land and destroy it…Attack this land and destroy it This means to fight against the people and cause destruction in the place where they live. The land referred to here is Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “against this people and destroy their land…Attack these people and destroy their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 11 u5uf 0 Eliakim…Hilkiah…Shebnah See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). +ISA 36 10 rme7 figs-metonymy 0 against this land and destroy it … Attack this land and destroy it This means to fight against the people and cause destruction in the place where they live. The land referred to here is Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “against this people and destroy their land … Attack these people and destroy their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 36 11 u5uf 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebnah See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). ISA 36 11 gv2d 0 Shebnah See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 22:15](../22/15.md). ISA 36 11 nk7q 0 Joah See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:3](./03.md) ISA 36 11 k22v 0 chief commander See how you translated this in [Isaiah 36:2](./02.md). @@ -2081,7 +2081,7 @@ ISA 36 11 ts48 translate-names 0 the Aramean language, Aramaic “Aramean” is ISA 36 11 src6 figs-idiom 0 in the ears of the people who are on the wall The idiom “to speak in someone’s ear” means to speak where they can hear you. Alternate translation: “where the people who are on the wall may hear us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 36 11 ka86 figs-explicit 0 who are on the wall This means that they are standing on the wall. The top of the wall was wide and a place where people could sit or stand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who are standing on the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 36 12 sj4i figs-rquestion 0 Has my master sent me to your master and to you to speak these words? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize that his message is for all the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, my master has sent me to speak this message to you and to all who can hear.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 12 e31l figs-rquestion 0 Has he not sent me to the men who sit on the wall, who will have to…you? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize his insult. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My master has sent me to everyone who hears this, who will have to…you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 36 12 e31l figs-rquestion 0 Has he not sent me to the men who sit on the wall, who will have to … you? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize his insult. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My master has sent me to everyone who hears this, who will have to … you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 12 q31n figs-explicit 0 will have to eat their own dung and drink their own urine with you This is a very offensive statement. He is implying that they will need to eat these things because they will have nothing else to eat because their city will be under attack. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “will soon need to eat their own dung and drink their own urine, just as you will, because you will have nothing else to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 36 13 r755 0 the chief commander See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md). ISA 36 15 m9dz figs-activepassive 0 this city will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not give Jerusalem into the hand of the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2091,22 +2091,22 @@ ISA 36 16 jhn1 figs-idiom 0 Make peace with me This idiom means to agree offici ISA 36 16 pq46 figs-idiom 0 come out to me This idiom means to surrender. Alternate translation: “surrender to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 36 17 pl47 figs-metonymy 0 until I come and take Here the king of Assyria is referring to his army as himself. Alternate translation: “until my army comes and takes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 17 p9x3 figs-parallelism 0 a land of grain and new wine, a land of bread and vineyards These two phrase have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how prosperous the land will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 36 17 dnb3 figs-possession 0 a land of grain…a land of bread This means that they land is full of natural resources, such as grain. Alternate translation: “a land where there is plenty of grain…a land where there is plenty of bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) +ISA 36 17 dnb3 figs-possession 0 a land of grain … a land of bread This means that they land is full of natural resources, such as grain. Alternate translation: “a land where there is plenty of grain … a land where there is plenty of bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ISA 36 18 wdv8 0 General Information: The chief commander continues speaking the king of Assyria’s message to the people of Judah ([Isaiah 36:16](../36/16.md)). -ISA 36 18 u8gl figs-rquestion 0 Has any of the gods of the peoples rescued them from…Assyria? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of the gods of the peoples rescued them from…Assyria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 36 18 u8gl figs-rquestion 0 Has any of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 18 gl11 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the king The king’s control is referred to as his “hand.” Alternate translation: “the control of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 19 zj8l figs-rquestion 0 Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad? Where are the gods of Sepharvaim? Have they rescued Samaria from my power? The chief commander uses these questions to ridicule the people of Judah. These questions may be combined and written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The gods of Hamath, Arpad, Sepharvaim, and Samaria did not rescue their people from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 19 r9ju translate-names 0 Hamath…Arpad Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 10:9](../10/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 36 19 r9ju translate-names 0 Hamath … Arpad Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 10:9](../10/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 19 g5q3 translate-names 0 Sepharvaim This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 20 tl7p figs-rquestion 0 is there any god who has rescued…as if Yahweh could save Jerusalem from my power? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no god who has rescued…and Yahweh will not save you in Jerusalem from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 36 20 tl7p figs-rquestion 0 is there any god who has rescued … as if Yahweh could save Jerusalem from my power? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no god who has rescued … and Yahweh will not save you in Jerusalem from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 20 r234 figs-metonymy 0 his land This refers to the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 22 zjw1 translate-names 0 Eliakim…Hilkiah…Shebna…Joah…Asaph Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 36 22 zjw1 translate-names 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebna … Joah … Asaph Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 22 yqy8 figs-idiom 0 over the household This idiom means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 36 22 kdc7 translate-symaction 0 with their clothes torn Hezekiah’s officials tore their clothes as a sign of mourning and distress. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “with their clothes torn because they were extremely distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 37 intro vy96 0 # Isaiah 37 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 37:22-38.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth
This was a sign of great distress. While it is often accompanies repentance, in this chapter it is intended to show the king’s anger at the blasphemy of the Assyrians when they spoke against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]])

### Prayer
Hezekiah was different from the other kings because when he was threatened by Assyria, he went to Yahweh in prayer. He did not trust in his army or make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ISA 37 1 u52c writing-newevent 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ISA 37 1 qkd2 translate-symaction 0 he tore his clothes, covered himself with sackcloth This is a sign of mourning and distress. Alternate translation: “he tore his clothes and covered himself with sackcloth because he was very distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 37 2 he14 translate-names 0 Eliakim…Shebna Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 37 2 he14 translate-names 0 Eliakim … Shebna Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 2 u8m9 figs-idiom 0 over the household This is an idiom that means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 2 vd87 translate-symaction 0 all covered with sackcloth This is a sign of mourning and distress. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 37 3 vt7q 0 They said to him “The men sent by Hezekiah said to Isaiah” @@ -2129,12 +2129,12 @@ ISA 37 10 vz6u figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem will not be given into the hand of the ISA 37 11 l567 0 General Information: This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah. ISA 37 11 l934 0 See, you have heard The word “see” here is used to add emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “You have certainly heard” ISA 37 11 vik5 figs-rquestion 0 So will you be rescued? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “So you too will not be saved.” or “So of course no one will rescue you either!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 37 12 rk3v figs-rquestion 0 Have the gods of the nations rescued them…Tel Assar? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The nations’ god did not rescue the nations that my fathers destroyed…Tel Assar!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 37 12 rk3v figs-rquestion 0 Have the gods of the nations rescued them … Tel Assar? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The nations’ god did not rescue the nations that my fathers destroyed … Tel Assar!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 37 12 iz21 figs-synecdoche 0 that my fathers destroyed These men destroyed the cities listed by conquering them with their armies. Here the word “fathers” refers to his father and his other ancestors who were kings. Alternate translation: “that my fathers destroyed with their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 12 k8xm translate-names 0 Gozan…Haran…Rezeph…Eden…Tel Assar These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 13 aku4 translate-names 0 Hena…Ivvah These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 13 ib9s figs-rquestion 0 Where is the king…Ivvah? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We also conquered the king…Ivvah!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 37 13 t5zc translate-names 0 Hamath…Arpad…Sepharvaim Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:19](../36/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 37 12 k8xm translate-names 0 Gozan … Haran … Rezeph … Eden … Tel Assar These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 37 13 aku4 translate-names 0 Hena … Ivvah These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 37 13 ib9s figs-rquestion 0 Where is the king … Ivvah? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We also conquered the king … Ivvah!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 37 13 t5zc translate-names 0 Hamath … Arpad … Sepharvaim Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:19](../36/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 14 ex2e figs-synecdoche 0 from hand of the messengers Here the messengers are referred to by their “hand” to emphasize that they personally gave it to the king. Alternate translation: “that the messengers gave him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 14 a1u4 0 he went up to the house of Yahweh The house of Yahweh was at the highest place in Jerusalem, so it is spoken of as “up.” ISA 37 14 c2pf 0 spread it before him “spread out the letter in front of Yahweh.” Being in the house of Yahweh is considered the same as being in Yahweh’s presence. The letter was a scroll that could be unrolled and spread out. @@ -2156,19 +2156,19 @@ ISA 37 21 rbj3 figs-metonymy 0 sent a message This means that he sent a messeng ISA 37 22 ha6t 0 is the word that Yahweh has spoken “is what Yahweh has said” ISA 37 22 hdv5 0 laughs you to scorn “laughs at you” or “makes fun of you” ISA 37 22 d2ht translate-symaction 0 shakes her head This is a gesture of scorn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 37 22 f4jf figs-idiom 0 The virgin daughter of Zion…the daughter of Jerusalem These are idioms. Both of these phrases have the same meaning. The “daughter” of a city means the people who live in the city. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “The people of Zion…the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ISA 37 22 f4jf figs-idiom 0 The virgin daughter of Zion … the daughter of Jerusalem These are idioms. Both of these phrases have the same meaning. The “daughter” of a city means the people who live in the city. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “The people of Zion … the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 23 xes7 figs-rquestion 0 Whom have you defied and insulted?…Against the Holy One of Israel. Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to ridicule the king of Assyria. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You have defied and insulted Yahweh, you have shouted at and acted pridefully against the Holy One of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 37 23 m83m figs-metaphor 0 have you exalted your voice This refers to speaking loudly as if the person’s voice were an object that they lifted high. Alternate translation: “have you shouted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 23 xz28 figs-idiom 0 lifted up your eyes in pride This is an idiom that means to look at something pridefully, considering yourself more important that you should. Alternate translation: “looked at pridefully” or “acted pridefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 24 f2gc 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria. ISA 37 24 dt18 figs-explicit 0 By your servants This refers to the servants that he had sent to Hezekiah with a message. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “In the messages you sent with your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 37 24 k4e1 figs-synecdoche 0 I have gone…I will cut…I will enter Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have gone…We will cut…we will enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ISA 37 24 k4e1 figs-synecdoche 0 I have gone … I will cut … I will enter Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have gone … We will cut … we will enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 24 wv8g 0 its tall cedars “Lebanon’s tall cedars” ISA 37 24 vey3 figs-ellipsis 0 its most fruitful forest Here the word “fruitful” refers to the forest being dense and full of healthy trees. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “and into its most fruitful forest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 37 25 gwm7 figs-synecdoche 0 I have dug…I dried…my feet Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have dug…we dried…our feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ISA 37 25 gwm7 figs-synecdoche 0 I have dug … I dried … my feet Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have dug … we dried … our feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 25 u9gt figs-hyperbole 0 I dried up all the rivers of Egypt under the soles of my feet Here Sennachrib is exaggerating his conquest and travels across the rivers of Egypt by claiming to have dried up the rivers when he marched his army through them. Alternate translation: “I have marched through all the rivers of Egypt as if they were dry under my feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 37 26 vd5w 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria. -ISA 37 26 k4vl figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard how…times? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to remind Sennacherib of information that he should already be aware of. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly you have heard how…times.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 37 26 k4vl figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard how … times? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to remind Sennacherib of information that he should already be aware of. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly you have heard how … times.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 37 26 vpm5 figs-explicit 0 You are here to reduce impregnable cities into heaps of ruins Yahweh had planned for Sennacherib’s army to destroy the cities that they had destroyed. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I planned that your army would destroy cities and cause them to become piles of rubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 26 ru16 0 impregnable strong and heavily guarded ISA 37 26 lbt8 figs-idiom 0 I am bringing it to pass The idiom “to bring something to pass” means to cause a specific thing to happen. Alternate translation: “I am causing it to happen” or “I am causing these things to take place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -2185,7 +2185,7 @@ ISA 37 29 r8sq figs-metaphor 0 I will put my hook in your nose, and my bit in y ISA 37 29 wye1 figs-explicit 0 I will turn you back the way you came This refers to causing the king to return to his own home country. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I will force you to return to your own country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 30 cu1m 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah ([Isaiah 37:21](../37/21.md)). ISA 37 30 hyd8 figs-you 0 sign for you “sign for you, Hezekiah.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 37 30 c1n3 figs-you 0 you will eat…you must plant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ISA 37 30 c1n3 figs-you 0 you will eat … you must plant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 37 30 hw94 figs-ellipsis 0 in the second year what grows This describes what the people will eat. The words “you will eat” are understood from the previous phrase Alternate translation: “in the second year you will eat what grows” or “next year you will eat what grows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) ISA 37 30 b6di 0 what grows from that “what grows wild from that” or “what grows wild” ISA 37 30 ipd7 translate-ordinal 0 in the third year This refers to the year after the second year. Alternate translation: “the year after that” or “in the following year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) @@ -2195,10 +2195,10 @@ ISA 37 31 ngd5 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah Here Judah’s “house” re ISA 37 31 jez8 figs-metaphor 0 will again take root and bear fruit This speaks of the people of Judah becoming prosperous as if they were plants that would root and bear fruit. Alternate translation: “will prosper like a plant that takes root and produces fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 32 sc29 figs-parallelism 0 For from Jerusalem a remnant will come out; from Mount Zion survivors will come These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize the remnant of people who will survive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 37 32 vre3 figs-metonymy 0 The zeal of Yahweh of hosts will do this This speaks of Yahweh doing something because of his zeal as if his “zeal” were actually doing the action. Alternate translation: “Because of his zeal, Yahweh of hosts will do this” or “Yahweh of hosts will do this because of his zeal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 37 33 i11q figs-synecdoche 0 He will not come…He will not come Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “His army will not come…They will not come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ISA 37 33 i11q figs-synecdoche 0 He will not come … He will not come Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “His army will not come … They will not come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 33 gun8 0 with shield “with shields” ISA 37 33 vdw6 0 siege ramp a large mound of dirt built against the wall of a city that better enables an army to attach the city -ISA 37 34 yz62 figs-synecdoche 0 he came…he will not enter Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “they came…they will not enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ISA 37 34 yz62 figs-synecdoche 0 he came … he will not enter Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “they came … they will not enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 34 zq4h figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 37 35 vmq8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 37 35 fz1d 0 for my own sake and for David my servant’s sake “so that things will be better for me and for my servant David” @@ -2208,7 +2208,7 @@ ISA 37 37 x3e4 figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib king of Assyria left Israel and we ISA 37 37 ft9a translate-names 0 Sennacherib See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 38 m18l 0 as he was worshiping “as Sennacherib was worshiping” ISA 37 38 m2c7 translate-names 0 Nisrok This is the name of a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 38 id3l translate-names 0 Adrammelek…Sharezer…Esarhaddon These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 37 38 id3l translate-names 0 Adrammelek … Sharezer … Esarhaddon These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 38 fbz6 0 with the sword “with their swords” ISA 38 intro s3fq 0 # Isaiah 38 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 38:10-20.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Poetry
This chapter is written as a narrative, but the section including Hezekiah’s prayer is written as poetry. The tone of this prayer shifts from sorrow to praise. ISA 38 1 g1p4 figs-explicit 0 Set your house in order This means to prepare your family and those in charge of your affairs so that they know what to do after you die. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: “You should tell the people in your palace what you want them to do after you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -2260,7 +2260,7 @@ ISA 38 21 x8d3 0 Let them “Let Hezekiah’s servants” ISA 38 21 drf6 figs-explicit 0 a lump of figs This was used as an ointment. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “use an ointment of mashed figs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 21 t3l6 0 boil a painful area on the skin that is infected ISA 39 intro lz5x 0 # Isaiah 39 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pride
Although it is not said why it was sinful for Hezekiah to show the king of Babylon his riches, the sin was probably because of his pride. It can be viewed as bragging to another king about how rich and powerful he was without giving proper credit to Yahweh. Because of this sin, Yahweh punished him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Babylon
At this time, Babylon was not very powerful, but was little more than a city. In a short time, however, Babylon became a very powerful nation and conquered Assyria. -ISA 39 1 z1d1 translate-names 0 Marduk-Baladan…Baladan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 39 1 z1d1 translate-names 0 Marduk-Baladan … Baladan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 39 2 x7xe figs-explicit 0 Hezekiah was pleased by these things This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “When the king’s messengers arrived, Hezekiah was pleased with what they brought to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 39 2 ig2z 0 showed the messengers his storehouse of valuable things “he showed the messengers everything of value he had” ISA 39 2 i69i 0 storehouse a building where goods are kept @@ -2272,7 +2272,7 @@ ISA 39 4 k738 figs-doublenegatives 0 There is nothing among my valuable things ISA 39 5 rsm5 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 39 5 hh3d 0 the word “the message” ISA 39 6 w6ck 0 Look This word is used here to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” -ISA 39 6 y5e5 figs-activepassive 0 when everything in your palace…will be carried to Babylon This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “when the enemy army will take everything in your palace…back to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 39 6 y5e5 figs-activepassive 0 when everything in your palace … will be carried to Babylon This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “when the enemy army will take everything in your palace … back to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 39 7 wtl9 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah. ISA 39 7 mls8 0 The sons born from you “Your sons” ISA 39 7 tb9y 0 they will take them “the Babylonians will take them” @@ -2280,7 +2280,7 @@ ISA 40 intro xc5h 0 # Isaiah 40 General Notes
## Structure and formatting< ISA 40 1 uzv6 0 Comfort, comfort The word “comfort” is repeated for emphasis. ISA 40 1 wa9a figs-you 0 says your God Here “your” is plural and refers to those whom the prophet tells to comfort God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 40 2 f6th figs-personification 0 Speak tenderly to Jerusalem The prophet speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman whom Yahweh has forgiven. As such, Jerusalem represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: Speak tenderly to the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 40 2 v29s figs-123person 0 proclaim to her…her warfare…her iniquity…she has received…her sins These pronouns refer to Jerusalem but may be changed if “the people of Jerusalem” is adopted as a translation. Alternate translation: “proclaim to them…their warfare…their iniquity…they have received…their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +ISA 40 2 v29s figs-123person 0 proclaim to her … her warfare … her iniquity … she has received … her sins These pronouns refer to Jerusalem but may be changed if “the people of Jerusalem” is adopted as a translation. Alternate translation: “proclaim to them … their warfare … their iniquity … they have received … their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 40 2 rrl8 0 her warfare Possible meanings are that the word “warfare” refers (1) to military battle or (2) to forced labor. ISA 40 2 ux5w figs-activepassive 0 her iniquity is pardoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has pardoned her iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 2 xkm6 figs-synecdoche 0 from Yahweh’s hand Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -2303,9 +2303,9 @@ ISA 40 9 w2hr figs-explicit 0 Go up on a high mountain Messengers would often s ISA 40 9 v9yl figs-metonymy 0 Zion This refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “you people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 40 9 i6vj figs-personification 0 Jerusalem. You who bring good news The writer speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a messenger who declares good news. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 40 10 gme1 figs-metonymy 0 his strong arm rules for him Here the word “arm” represents God’s power. Alternate translation: “he rules with great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 40 10 j4yu figs-parallelism 0 his reward is with him…those he has rescued go before him These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The ones he rescued are his “reward.” Alternate translation: “he is bringing those he rescued with him as his reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 40 10 j4yu figs-parallelism 0 his reward is with him … those he has rescued go before him These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The ones he rescued are his “reward.” Alternate translation: “he is bringing those he rescued with him as his reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 40 11 m6wg figs-metaphor 0 He will feed his flock like a shepherd The writer speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were sheep and of Yahweh as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “He will care for his people like a shepherd feeds his flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 12 qkx7 figs-rquestion 0 Who has measured…or the hills in a balance? These rhetorical questions anticipate a negative answer and emphasize that only Yahweh is able to do these things. Alternate translation: “No one but Yahweh has measured…and the hills in a balance.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 40 12 qkx7 figs-rquestion 0 Who has measured … or the hills in a balance? These rhetorical questions anticipate a negative answer and emphasize that only Yahweh is able to do these things. Alternate translation: “No one but Yahweh has measured … and the hills in a balance.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 12 n98i figs-metaphor 0 measured the waters in the hollow of his hand Yahweh knowing how much water is in the oceans is spoken of as if Yahweh held the water in his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 12 r9wq figs-metaphor 0 measured the sky with the span of his hand A “span” is the measure of length between the thumb and little finger when the hand is outstretched. Yahweh knowing the length of the sky is spoken of as if he measured it with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 12 hal4 figs-metaphor 0 held the dust of the earth in a basket Yahweh knowing how much dust there is on the earth is spoken of as if he carried it in a basket. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2315,7 +2315,7 @@ ISA 40 13 j8t8 figs-rquestion 0 Who has comprehended the mind of Yahweh, or ins ISA 40 13 vc3q 0 comprehended the mind of Yahweh Here the word “mind” refers not only to Yahweh’s thoughts, but also to his desires and motivations. ISA 40 14 e7e8 figs-rquestion 0 From whom did he ever receive instruction? This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done this. Alternate translation: “He has never received instruction from anyone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 14 h7pz figs-rquestion 0 Who taught him the correct way to do things, and taught him knowledge, or showed to him the way of understanding? This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done these things. Alternate translation: “No one taught him the correct way to do things. No one taught him knowledge. No one showed to him the way of understanding.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 40 15 xu1z 0 Look…see These words add emphasis to what follows. +ISA 40 15 xu1z 0 Look … see These words add emphasis to what follows. ISA 40 15 m437 figs-simile 0 the nations are like a drop in a bucket, and are regarded like the dust on the scales The prophet compares the nations to a drop of water and to dust in order to emphasize how small and insignificant they are to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 40 15 bl7h 0 like a drop in a bucket This could mean: (1) a drop of water that falls into a bucket or (2) a drop of water that drops out of a bucket. ISA 40 15 c6k1 figs-activepassive 0 are regarded like the dust on the scales This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh regards them as dust on the scales” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2331,8 +2331,8 @@ ISA 40 22 vwb7 figs-metaphor 0 He is the one who sits above the horizon of the ISA 40 22 r4cn figs-simile 0 the inhabitants are like grasshoppers before him The prophet compares the way Yahweh considers humans to the way humans would consider grasshoppers. Just as grasshoppers are small to humans, humans are small and weak before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 40 22 jtu6 figs-parallelism 0 He stretches out the heavens like a curtain and spreads them out as a tent to live in These two lines share similar meanings. The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens as if he had erected a tent in which to live. Alternate translation: “He spreads out the heavens as easily as a person would stretch out a curtain or erect a tent in which to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 40 23 sfc9 0 He reduces “Yahweh reduces” -ISA 40 24 d2lf figs-metaphor 0 They are barely planted…and they wither The prophet speaks of rulers being helpless before Yahweh as if they were new plants that wither away when a hot wind blows on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 24 n61k figs-parallelism 0 They are barely planted, barely sown These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the point at which the plants or seeds are placed into the ground. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “As soon as someone plants them…as soon as someone sows them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 40 24 d2lf figs-metaphor 0 They are barely planted … and they wither The prophet speaks of rulers being helpless before Yahweh as if they were new plants that wither away when a hot wind blows on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 40 24 n61k figs-parallelism 0 They are barely planted, barely sown These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the point at which the plants or seeds are placed into the ground. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “As soon as someone plants them … as soon as someone sows them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 24 pcb5 figs-metaphor 0 he blows upon them The prophet speaks of Yahweh removing the rulers from power as if Yahweh were a scorching wind that blows upon the plants and causes them to wither. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 24 d8bi figs-simile 0 the wind carries them away like straw This simile extends the metaphor of the rulers as plants and Yahweh as the wind that causes them to wither. The wind of Yahweh’s judgement will remove the withered plants as easily as wind blows away straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 40 25 pts1 figs-rquestion 0 To whom then will you compare me, whom do I resemble? Yahweh uses two similar rhetorical questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare me. There is no one whom I resemble.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2340,7 +2340,7 @@ ISA 40 26 t53r figs-rquestion 0 Who has created all these stars? This is a lead ISA 40 26 aiw3 figs-metaphor 0 He leads out their formations Here the word “formations” refers to military formations. The prophet speaks of the stars as if they were soldiers whom Yahweh commands to appear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 26 y52j figs-doublet 0 By the greatness of his might and by the strength of his power The phrases “the greatness of his might” and “the strength of his power” form a doublet that emphasizes Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “By his great might and powerful strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 40 26 w46r figs-litotes 0 not one is missing This negative statement emphasizes the positive. Alternate translation: “every one is present” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ISA 40 27 p5my figs-rquestion 0 Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel…vindication”? The question emphasizes that they should not say what they say. Alternate translation: “‘You should not say, O people of Israel…vindication’.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 40 27 p5my figs-rquestion 0 Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel … vindication”? The question emphasizes that they should not say what they say. Alternate translation: “‘You should not say, O people of Israel … vindication’.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 27 s7bb figs-doublet 0 Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel These two phrases both refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Why do you say, O people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 40 27 tsn1 figs-metaphor 0 My way is hidden from Yahweh Yahweh not knowing what happens to them is spoken of as if Yahweh could not see the road upon which they travel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not know what happens to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 27 r58k 0 my God is not concerned about my vindication This could mean: (1) “my God is not concerned about others treating me unjustly” or (2) “my God is not concerned about treating me justly.” @@ -2366,7 +2366,7 @@ ISA 41 4 lw9z figs-rquestion 0 Who has summoned the generations from the beginn ISA 41 4 z51k figs-doublet 0 performed and accomplished These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 41 4 rvp7 0 the first, and with the last ones This could mean: (1) that Yahweh existed before creation and will exist at the end of creation or (2) that Yahweh was before the first generation of humanity and will be at the last generation of humanity. ISA 41 5 xi3d 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 41 5 n6gc figs-metonymy 0 The isles…the ends of the earth These phrases represent the people who live in those places. Alternate translation: “People who live on the isles…people who live at the ends of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 41 5 n6gc figs-metonymy 0 The isles … the ends of the earth These phrases represent the people who live in those places. Alternate translation: “People who live on the isles … people who live at the ends of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 41 5 z1m3 0 The isles You can translate “isles” the same way you translated “coastlands” in [Isaiah 41:1](../41/01.md). ISA 41 5 yg5y figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. AT “the farthest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 5 rd3y figs-doublet 0 they approach and come This doublet means that the people gather together. Alternate translation: “they come together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -2385,23 +2385,23 @@ ISA 41 11 i38z 0 they will be ashamed and disgraced, all who have been angry w ISA 41 11 acy9 figs-doublet 0 ashamed and disgraced These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of their shame. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 41 11 bm8s 0 they will be as nothing and will perish, those who oppose you “those who oppose you will be as nothing and will perish” ISA 41 12 rr8g 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 41 13 mcq1 figs-metaphor 0 I…will hold your right hand Yahweh helping the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were holding their right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 41 13 mcq1 figs-metaphor 0 I … will hold your right hand Yahweh helping the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were holding their right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 14 nw9b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 41 14 d1xa figs-doublet 0 Jacob you worm, and you men of Israel Here “Jacob” and “men of Israel” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “you people of Israel who are like worms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 41 14 x6h1 figs-metaphor 0 Jacob you worm This could mean: (1) that this refers to the opinions of other nations regarding the people of Israel or (2) that this refers to Israel’s own opinion of themselves. Yahweh speaks of their insignificance as if they were a worm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 14 vga7 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 41 14 s6u3 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 41 15 dv6j figs-metaphor 0 I am making you like a sharp threshing sledge…you will make the hills like chaff Yahweh speaks of enabling Israel to defeat their enemies as if he were making the nation a threshing sledge that will level mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 41 15 dv6j figs-metaphor 0 I am making you like a sharp threshing sledge … you will make the hills like chaff Yahweh speaks of enabling Israel to defeat their enemies as if he were making the nation a threshing sledge that will level mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 15 v5bt 0 a sharp threshing sledge A threshing sledge was a board with sharp spikes that someone would drag over the wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. ISA 41 15 s3j3 0 two-edged This refers to the edges of the spikes that were attached to the threshing sledge. That they are “two-edged” means that they are very sharp. ISA 41 15 im62 figs-metaphor 0 you will thresh the mountains and crush them This is a double metaphor. The mountains are a metaphor for grain, and threshing grain is a metaphor for the Israelites defeating the powerful enemy nations near them. Alternate translation: “you will thresh your enemies and crush them as if they were grain, even though they appear to be as strong as mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 41 15 ulv1 figs-metaphor 0 you will make the hills like chaff The hills are a metaphor for the powerful enemy nations near Israel. People having the wind blow the chaff away after they have threshed the grain is a metaphor for them allowing Yahweh to destroy their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 41 16 ii6a 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to use the metaphor of separating grain from chaff to describe how Israel will defeat their enemies. -ISA 41 16 z22h figs-metaphor 0 You will winnow them…the wind will scatter them Here the word “them” refers to the mountains and hill in [Isaiah 41:15](../41/15.md). This represents the next step in the process of threshing grain, in which the grain is winnowed to get rid of the chaff. Israel’s enemies will disappear like chaff blown away by the wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 41 16 z22h figs-metaphor 0 You will winnow them … the wind will scatter them Here the word “them” refers to the mountains and hill in [Isaiah 41:15](../41/15.md). This represents the next step in the process of threshing grain, in which the grain is winnowed to get rid of the chaff. Israel’s enemies will disappear like chaff blown away by the wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 16 mzr8 figs-parallelism 0 the wind will carry them away; the wind will scatter them These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the wind will blow them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 41 17 f1vc figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of people who are in extreme need as if they are extremely thirsty, and of his provision for them as if he caused water to appear in places where it normally would not appear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 19 n27t 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 41 19 g4uv translate-unknown 0 the myrtle…the pines and the cypress box trees These are types of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ISA 41 19 g4uv translate-unknown 0 the myrtle … the pines and the cypress box trees These are types of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 41 20 b7ez figs-synecdoche 0 the hand of Yahweh has done this Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has done this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 41 21 bhd2 figs-irony 0 General Information: In these verses, Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He is challenging the idols to tell what will happen in the future, but he knows they cannot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 41 23 icg9 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to mock the idols and the people who worship them ([Isaiah 41:21-22](./21.md)). @@ -2430,7 +2430,7 @@ ISA 42 4 dhd4 figs-metonymy 0 the coastlands This refers to the people who live ISA 42 5 kf3j figs-metaphor 0 the one who created the heavens and stretched them out, the one who made the earth The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens and the earth as if the heavens and earth were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 5 jxn4 figs-parallelism 0 gives breath to the people on it and life to those who live on it These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gives life to every person. The word “breath” is a metonym for life. Alternate translation: “gives life to the people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 42 6 hg7t figs-you 0 have called you Here “you” is singular and refers to Yahweh’s servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 42 6 l1kx figs-metonymy 0 I will…set you as a covenant for the people Here the word “covenant” is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. Alternate translation: “I will…make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 42 6 l1kx figs-metonymy 0 I will … set you as a covenant for the people Here the word “covenant” is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. Alternate translation: “I will … make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 42 6 t6si figs-metaphor 0 a light for the Gentiles Yahweh speaks of making his servant the one who delivers the nations from bondage as if he were making him a light that shines in dark places for the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 7 v24a 0 General Information: Yahweh continues describing what his servant will do. ISA 42 7 tip7 figs-metaphor 0 to open the eyes of the blind Causing blind people to see is spoken of as if it were opening their eyes. Also, Yahweh speaks of his servant delivering those who have been wrongly imprisoned as if his servant were restoring sight to blind people. Alternate translation: “to enable the blind to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2451,7 +2451,7 @@ ISA 42 14 tc93 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 42 14 ej6j figs-parallelism 0 I have kept quiet for a long time; I have been still and restrained myself These two lines share similar meanings. Yahweh’s inactivity is described as quietness and stillness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 42 14 x3e1 figs-doublet 0 I have been still and restrained myself These two phrases mean basically the same thing and indicate that Yahweh has kept himself from acting. Alternate translation: “I have kept myself from doing anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 42 14 sj5x figs-simile 0 I will cry out like a woman in labor; I will gasp and pant Yahweh’s activity as a shouting warrior is compared with a pregnant woman who cries from labor pains. This emphasizes sudden unavoidable action after a period of inactivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 42 15 c5ek figs-metaphor 0 I will lay waste mountains…will dry up the marshes Yahweh uses this metaphorical language to describe his great power to conquer his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 42 15 c5ek figs-metaphor 0 I will lay waste mountains … will dry up the marshes Yahweh uses this metaphorical language to describe his great power to conquer his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 15 qi5p 0 the marshes A marsh is an area of soft, wet land with pools of water. ISA 42 16 hck4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 42 16 d8u8 figs-parallelism 0 I will bring the blind by a way that they do not know; in paths that they do not know I will lead them These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will lead the blind in paths that they do not know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2461,7 +2461,7 @@ ISA 42 16 jc1b figs-metaphor 0 I will turn the darkness into light before them ISA 42 17 tfv2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 42 17 ayv4 figs-metaphor 0 They will be turned back, they will be completely put to shame Rejecting those who worship idols is spoken of as if it is forcing them to turn back and move the opposite direction. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will reject them and put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 42 18 j331 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 18 q3rs figs-you 0 you deaf…you blind Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. Yahweh speaks of their failure to listen to him and obey him as if they are deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 42 18 q3rs figs-you 0 you deaf … you blind Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. Yahweh speaks of their failure to listen to him and obey him as if they are deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 19 lx6z figs-rquestion 0 Who is blind but my servant? Or deaf like my messenger I send? Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my servant. No one is as deaf as my messenger whom I send.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 42 19 y1c1 figs-rquestion 0 Who is as blind as my covenant partner, or blind as Yahweh’s servant? Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my covenant partner. No one is as blind as Yahweh’s servant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 42 20 u76d 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. @@ -2475,7 +2475,7 @@ ISA 42 22 xx18 figs-parallelism 0 they are all trapped in pits, held captive in ISA 42 23 zs76 0 General Information: Here Isaiah begins speaking. ISA 42 23 gp1t figs-you 0 Who among you Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 42 24 p2dz figs-rquestion 0 Who gave Jacob over to the robber, and Israel to the looters? These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah uses this as a leading question in order to emphasize the answer that he will give in the next phrase. Alternate translation: “I will tell you who gave the people of Israel over to robbers and looters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 42 24 q9du figs-rquestion 0 Was it not Yahweh…refused to obey? Isaiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that Yahweh alone was responsible for Israel’s situation, and to explain the reason that Yahweh did it. Alternate translation: “It was certainly Yahweh…refused to obey.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 42 24 q9du figs-rquestion 0 Was it not Yahweh … refused to obey? Isaiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that Yahweh alone was responsible for Israel’s situation, and to explain the reason that Yahweh did it. Alternate translation: “It was certainly Yahweh … refused to obey.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 42 24 e8z2 figs-exclusive 0 against whom we have sinned Here the word “we” refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 42 24 dla2 figs-parallelism 0 in whose ways they refused to walk, and whose law they refused to obey The word “they” also refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. The two phrases mean the same thing. In the first, obeying Yahweh’s laws is spoken of as if it were walking in the paths in which Yahweh commanded them to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 25 al3a 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. @@ -2483,12 +2483,12 @@ ISA 42 25 r4nh 0 Therefore he “Therefore Yahweh” ISA 42 25 uby1 figs-metaphor 0 he poured out on them his fierce anger Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that could be poured out. Alternate translation: “he showed them just how angry he was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 25 dqe8 0 on them “against us.” Here “them” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah still included himself as part of the people. ISA 42 25 x8pk figs-abstractnouns 0 and the violence of war The word “devastation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “by devastating them with war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 42 25 ym86 figs-metaphor 0 Its flames encircled them…it consumed them Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s fierce anger as if it were a fire that burned the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 42 25 ym86 figs-metaphor 0 Its flames encircled them … it consumed them Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s fierce anger as if it were a fire that burned the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 25 q8m2 figs-metaphor 0 they did not take it to heart Paying attention to something and learning from it is spoken of as if it were placing that thing on one’s heart. Alternate translation: “they did not pay attention” or “they did not learn from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 43 intro bc7l 0 # Isaiah 43 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Exodus
This chapter pictures Judah’s eventual return from exile in Babylon as a kind of second exodus. It was reminiscent of their exodus from Egypt.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Exile
This chapter prophesies about the Jews return from Babylon, but the exile has yet to happen and is still more than a hundred years in the future. These events will show that Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 1 ce9y figs-parallelism 0 he who created you, Jacob, and he who formed you, Israel Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the one who created you, O people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 43 2 kq19 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 2 q1vm figs-metaphor 0 When you pass through the waters…the flames will not destroy you Yahweh speaks of suffering and difficult experiences as if they are deep waters and fires through which the people walk. The words “waters” and “flames” form a merism and emphasize any difficult circumstance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +ISA 43 2 q1vm figs-metaphor 0 When you pass through the waters … the flames will not destroy you Yahweh speaks of suffering and difficult experiences as if they are deep waters and fires through which the people walk. The words “waters” and “flames” form a merism and emphasize any difficult circumstance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 43 2 j81j figs-parallelism 0 When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; and through the rivers, they will not overwhelm you These two statements mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people will experience no harm because Yahweh is with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 43 2 wdj7 figs-activepassive 0 you will not be burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will not burn you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 3 eyx6 figs-parallelism 0 I have given Egypt as your ransom, Cush and Seba in exchange for you These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh will allow Israel’s enemy to conquer these nations instead of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2498,16 +2498,16 @@ ISA 43 4 z7p1 figs-doublet 0 Since you are precious and special in my sight The ISA 43 4 gpe4 figs-parallelism 0 therefore I will give people in exchange for you, and other peoples in exchange for your life Both phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “therefore I will let the enemy conquer other peoples instead of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 43 5 lxw5 figs-merism 0 I will bring your offspring from the east, and gather you from the west The directions “east” and “west” form a merism and represent from every direction. Alternate translation: “I will bring you and your offspring from every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 43 6 gtn5 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 6 l7c3 figs-personification 0 say to the north…to the south Yahweh speaks to “the north” and “the south” as if commanding the nations in those locations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 43 6 l9k3 figs-metaphor 0 my sons…my daughters Yahweh speaks of the people who belong to him as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 43 6 l7c3 figs-personification 0 say to the north … to the south Yahweh speaks to “the north” and “the south” as if commanding the nations in those locations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 43 6 l9k3 figs-metaphor 0 my sons … my daughters Yahweh speaks of the people who belong to him as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 43 7 yc6h figs-metonymy 0 everyone who is called by my name Here to be called by someone’s name represents belonging to that person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone whom I have called by my name” or “everyone who belongs to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 7 l8wb figs-doublet 0 whom I have formed, yes, whom I have made Both of these mean the same thing and emphasize that it is God who made the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 43 8 r5rz figs-metaphor 0 the people who are blind…the deaf Yahweh speaks of those who do not listen to him or obey him as if they were blind and deaf. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 43 8 r5rz figs-metaphor 0 the people who are blind … the deaf Yahweh speaks of those who do not listen to him or obey him as if they were blind and deaf. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 43 9 j9gd figs-explicit 0 Who among them could have declared this and announced to us earlier events? This rhetorical question applies to the gods whom the people of the nations worship. The implied answer is that none of them could do this. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of their gods could have declared this or announced to us earlier events.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 43 9 wm6d figs-explicit 0 announced to us earlier events This phrase refers to their ability to tell about events that happened in the past before they happened. Alternate translation: “announced to us earlier events before they happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 9 n7pl figs-irony 0 Let them bring their witnesses to prove themselves right, let them listen and affirm, ‘It is true.’ Yahweh challenges the gods whom the nations worship to provide witnesses who will testify that they have been able to do these things, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “These gods have no witnesses who will prove them right, witnesses who will listen and affirm, ‘It is true’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 43 10 zvu7 figs-you 0 You…my servant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “my servant” refers to the nation, as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 43 10 ja9r 0 Before me…after me In speaking this way, Yahweh is not saying that there was a time before which he did not exist or a time after which he will not exist. He is asserting that he is eternal and that the gods whom the people of other nations worship are not. +ISA 43 10 zvu7 figs-you 0 You … my servant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “my servant” refers to the nation, as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ISA 43 10 ja9r 0 Before me … after me In speaking this way, Yahweh is not saying that there was a time before which he did not exist or a time after which he will not exist. He is asserting that he is eternal and that the gods whom the people of other nations worship are not. ISA 43 10 x2gj figs-explicit 0 Before me there was no god formed Here the word “formed” indicates that Yahweh is speaking of idols that people have made. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “None of the gods whom people have formed existed before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 10 v98y 0 there will be none after me “none of those gods will exist after me” ISA 43 11 f73s figs-doublet 0 I, I am Yahweh The word “I” is repeated to emphasize the focus on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I alone am Yahweh” or “I myself am Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -2520,8 +2520,8 @@ ISA 43 14 e4rv 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isa ISA 43 14 ly8f figs-explicit 0 I send to Babylon and lead them all down The object of the verb “send” may be supplied in translation. Alternate translation: “I send an army to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 14 jrg7 0 lead them all down as fugitives “lead all of the Babylonians down as fugitives” ISA 43 14 lpy3 0 fugitives A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. -ISA 43 16 qd5j figs-explicit 0 who opened a way…mighty waters Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 43 17 a8pu figs-explicit 0 who led out…a burning wick Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ISA 43 16 qd5j figs-explicit 0 who opened a way … mighty waters Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ISA 43 17 a8pu figs-explicit 0 who led out … a burning wick Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 17 u8ru figs-metaphor 0 They fell down together; they will never rise again Dying is spoken of as if it were falling down to the ground. Alternate translation: “They all died together; they will never live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ISA 43 17 v5sn figs-metaphor 0 they are extinguished, quenched like a burning wick The people dying is spoken of as if they were burning candle wicks that someone has extinguished. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their lives have ended, like a person extinguishes the flame of a burning candle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 18 h6ya 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. @@ -2595,7 +2595,7 @@ ISA 44 15 pw7t figs-parallelism 0 he makes an idol and bows down to it This par ISA 44 18 pm8e figs-metaphor 0 for their eyes are blind and cannot see Yahweh speaks of those who cannot understand the foolishness of worshiping idols as if they were blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 18 w7kp figs-synecdoche 0 for their eyes are blind Here “their eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “for they are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 44 18 eri6 figs-synecdoche 0 their hearts cannot perceive Here the people are represented by their “hearts.” Alternate translation: “they cannot understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 44 19 zz51 figs-rquestion 0 Now should I make…something disgusting to worship? Should I bow down to a block of wood? Yahweh says that these people should be asking themselves these rhetorical questions. The questions anticipate negative answers and emphasize how foolish it would be for a person to do these things. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I should not now make…something disgusting to worship. I should not bow down to a block of wood.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 44 19 zz51 figs-rquestion 0 Now should I make … something disgusting to worship? Should I bow down to a block of wood? Yahweh says that these people should be asking themselves these rhetorical questions. The questions anticipate negative answers and emphasize how foolish it would be for a person to do these things. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I should not now make … something disgusting to worship. I should not bow down to a block of wood.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 20 w2em figs-metaphor 0 It is as if he were eating ashes Yahweh speaks of a person worshiping an idol as if that person were eating the burned ashes of the wood from which he made the idol. Just as eating ashes does not benefit a person, neither does worshiping an idol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 20 lnq9 figs-metonymy 0 his deceived heart misleads him The heart represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “he misleads himself because he is deceived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 44 20 e7xc 0 He cannot rescue himself “The person who worships idols cannot save himself” @@ -2604,7 +2604,7 @@ ISA 44 21 t81a figs-metonymy 0 Jacob, and Israel This refers to people descende ISA 44 21 bng6 figs-activepassive 0 you will not be forgotten by me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not forget you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 44 22 ey1y figs-parallelism 0 I have blotted out, like a thick cloud, your rebellious deeds, and like a cloud, your sins Both of these statements mean the same thing. God has removed their sins as quickly and easily as a wind can blow away a cloud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 44 22 n1fa figs-ellipsis 0 like a cloud, your sins The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “like a cloud, I have blotted out your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 44 23 p5tq figs-apostrophe 0 Sing, you heavens…glory in Israel Here Isaiah speaks various parts of creation as if they were people and commands them to praise Yawheh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ISA 44 23 p5tq figs-apostrophe 0 Sing, you heavens … glory in Israel Here Isaiah speaks various parts of creation as if they were people and commands them to praise Yawheh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 44 23 pm5m figs-merism 0 you depths of the earth “you lowest parts of the earth.” This could mean: (1) that this refers to very deep places on the earth such as caves or canyons and forms a merism with “heavens” in the previous phrase or (2) that this refers to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 44 24 c6gm 0 Redeemer See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). ISA 44 24 ye1e figs-metaphor 0 he who formed you from the womb Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother’s womb. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 44:2](../44/02.md). Alternate translation: “he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2612,7 +2612,7 @@ ISA 44 24 qcw6 figs-metaphor 0 who alone stretched out the heavens Yahweh speak ISA 44 25 nig5 0 omens These are signs that people used to attempt to predict the future. ISA 44 25 kf5f 0 the empty talkers This refers to people who say things that are meaningless. ISA 44 26 rga7 figs-parallelism 0 who confirmed the words of his servant and brings to pass the predictions of his messengers Yahweh is saying the same thing twice to emphasize that it is only he, Yahweh, who causes the prophesies to be fulfilled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 44 26 fe6v figs-abstractnouns 0 the words of his servant…the predictions of his messengers The abstract nouns “words” and “predictions” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “what his servant declares…what his messengers announce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ISA 44 26 fe6v figs-abstractnouns 0 the words of his servant … the predictions of his messengers The abstract nouns “words” and “predictions” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “what his servant declares … what his messengers announce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 44 26 eu48 figs-activepassive 0 She will be inhabited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will live there again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 44 26 ply1 figs-activepassive 0 They will be built again This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will rebuild them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 44 26 e9rr figs-metaphor 0 I will raise up their ruins The phrase “ruins” refers to places that have been destroyed. Yahweh speaks of rebuilding them as if he were raising them up. Alternate translation: “I will rebuild what others have destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2628,22 +2628,22 @@ ISA 45 2 jjq8 0 the mountains The Hebrew word used in the text is rare and is ISA 45 2 i615 0 their iron bars This refers to the iron bars on the bronze gates. ISA 45 3 j4lq figs-abstractnouns 0 the treasures of darkness Here “darkness” refers to places that are secret. Alternate translation: “treasures in dark places” or “the treasures in secret places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 45 4 lb2n 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Cyrus. -ISA 45 4 x9uf figs-doublet 0 Jacob…Israel These both refer to the descendants of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 45 4 x9uf figs-doublet 0 Jacob … Israel These both refer to the descendants of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 45 5 uj89 0 I will arm you for battle This could mean: (1) “I will strengthen you for battle” or (2) “I will equip you for battle.” ISA 45 6 rj47 figs-merism 0 from the rising of the sun, and from the west Since the sun rises in the east, this phrase forms a merism and means everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “from every place on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 45 7 w7ux 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 45 7 fa4k figs-merism 0 I form the light and create darkness; I bring peace and create disaster Both of these expressions form merisms that emphasize that Yahweh is sovereign creator of everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 45 8 bb15 figs-metaphor 0 You heavens, rain down from above…righteousness spring up together with it Yahweh speaks of his righteousness as if it were rain that falls on the earth, and of his righteousness and salvation as plants that grow on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 45 8 bb15 figs-metaphor 0 You heavens, rain down from above … righteousness spring up together with it Yahweh speaks of his righteousness as if it were rain that falls on the earth, and of his righteousness and salvation as plants that grow on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 45 8 lxn8 figs-apostrophe 0 You heavens Yahweh momentarily turns his attention from his people and begins to speak to the heavens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 45 9 ecu9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 45 9 f6zy figs-metaphor 0 any other earthen pot among all the earthen pots in the ground Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a potter, and of the one who would argue with him as if that person and the rest of humanity were all clay pots. Alternate translation: “like one piece of pottery among many other pieces of pottery scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 45 9 v32t 0 earthen pot This could mean: (1) “clay pot” or (2) “piece of broken clay pottery.” -ISA 45 9 tc19 figs-rquestion 0 Does the clay say to the potter…on it’? Yahweh asks this question to rebuke those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “The clay should not say to the potter…on it!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 45 9 tc19 figs-rquestion 0 Does the clay say to the potter … on it’? Yahweh asks this question to rebuke those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “The clay should not say to the potter … on it!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 45 10 pin2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to scold those who argue with him about what he does. ISA 45 10 m3zm figs-metaphor 0 Woe to him who says to a father,…‘What are you giving birth to?’ Yahweh speaks of those who would argue him as if they were unborn children who argue with their own parents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 45 10 d6vv figs-rquestion 0 What are you fathering?…What are you giving birth to? The unborn child asks these rhetorical questions to scold his parents for giving birth to him. These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You should not be my father…You should give birth to me.” or “You are not fathering me correctly…You are not giving birth to me correctly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 45 10 d6vv figs-rquestion 0 What are you fathering?…What are you giving birth to? The unborn child asks these rhetorical questions to scold his parents for giving birth to him. These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You should not be my father … You should give birth to me.” or “You are not fathering me correctly … You are not giving birth to me correctly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 45 11 f2x1 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 45 11 riq3 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you ask questions about what I will do for my children? Do you tell me what to do concerning the work of my hands? Yahweh uses questions to scold those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “Do not question me about what I do for my children. Do not tell me…my hands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 45 11 riq3 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you ask questions about what I will do for my children? Do you tell me what to do concerning the work of my hands? Yahweh uses questions to scold those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “Do not question me about what I do for my children. Do not tell me … my hands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 45 11 k97i 0 my children This refers to the people of Israel. ISA 45 11 kv1c figs-synecdoche 0 the work of my hands Here the word “hands” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the things that I have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 45 12 tk49 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. @@ -2681,8 +2681,8 @@ ISA 45 23 yq9q figs-synecdoche 0 To me every knee will bend, every tongue will ISA 45 24 b27g 0 They will say All the people on the earth are speaking. ISA 45 25 kxm4 figs-activepassive 0 In Yahweh all the descendants of Israel will be justified Here the word “justified” does not refer to Yahweh forgiving their sins, but to proving to the nations that Israel was right to worship him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will justify all the descendants of Israel” or “Yahweh will vindicate all the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 46 intro c5i1 0 # Isaiah 46 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

### Yahweh and the false gods
This chapter is intended to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison at all because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -ISA 46 1 dtc9 figs-metaphor 0 Bel bows down, Nebo stoops; their idols…for weary animals Isaiah speaks of people placing the idols of Bel and Nebo into a cart for animals to transport as if these gods were made to “bow down” and “stoop.” These are both postures of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 46 1 yx1v translate-names 0 Bel…Nebo These were the two primary gods whom the Babylonians worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 46 1 dtc9 figs-metaphor 0 Bel bows down, Nebo stoops; their idols … for weary animals Isaiah speaks of people placing the idols of Bel and Nebo into a cart for animals to transport as if these gods were made to “bow down” and “stoop.” These are both postures of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 46 1 yx1v translate-names 0 Bel … Nebo These were the two primary gods whom the Babylonians worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 46 1 tyx5 0 their idols the idols that represented Bel and Nebo ISA 46 2 sa1p 0 they cannot rescue the images “Bel and Nebo cannot rescue their images” ISA 46 2 wq5y figs-metaphor 0 they themselves have gone off into captivity Isaiah speaks of people carrying off these idols as if the false gods whom they represent are being carried off to captivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2704,8 +2704,8 @@ ISA 46 12 cq6x figs-metaphor 0 who are far from doing what is right Yahweh spea ISA 46 13 ykp7 figs-personification 0 my salvation does not wait Yahweh speaks of saving his people soon as if his salvation were a person who does not wait to act. The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “I will not wait to save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 47 intro ss9a 0 # Isaiah 47 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Babylon
This chapter prophesied the destruction of Babylon. At the time that the prophesy was written, Assyria was still in power and Babylon had not yet become a world power. The Chaldeans were not yet a powerful nation either. The people of Judah would become servants or slaves of Babylon and be forced to work very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ISA 47 1 h2n7 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: In this chapter, Yahweh speaks to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 47 1 qpl4 figs-parallelism 0 sit in the dust, virgin daughter of Babylon; sit on the ground…daughter of the Chaldeans. These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Sitting in the dust was a sign of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 47 1 u5gc figs-metaphor 0 virgin daughter of Babylon…daughter of the Chaldeans Both of these phrases refer to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a “daughter” indicates how people think fondly of her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 47 1 qpl4 figs-parallelism 0 sit in the dust, virgin daughter of Babylon; sit on the ground … daughter of the Chaldeans. These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Sitting in the dust was a sign of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +ISA 47 1 u5gc figs-metaphor 0 virgin daughter of Babylon … daughter of the Chaldeans Both of these phrases refer to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a “daughter” indicates how people think fondly of her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 1 iz8h figs-metonymy 0 without a throne Here “throne” refers to the power to rule. Alternate translation: “without the power to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 47 1 v7zc figs-activepassive 0 You will no longer be called dainty and delicate This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will no longer call you dainty and delicate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 47 1 gl3j figs-doublet 0 dainty and delicate These two words share similar meanings. They describe one who is beautiful and lives in luxury. Alternate translation: “very beautiful” or “very luxurious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -2729,7 +2729,7 @@ ISA 47 7 ia5g figs-metaphor 0 You did not take these things to heart Yahweh spe ISA 47 8 tb6u figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 47 8 s8dj 0 you who love pleasure “you luxurious one.” This refers to the many luxuries that Babylon enjoyed. ISA 47 8 k74f figs-idiom 0 sit securely This refers to Babylon’s false sense of security in thinking that she will never lose her position of wealth and honor. Alternate translation: “who think you are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 47 8 u9jp figs-metaphor 0 I will never sit as a widow…loss of children Babylon believing that other nations will never be able to conquer her is spoken of as if she will never become a widow or never have children die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 47 8 u9jp figs-metaphor 0 I will never sit as a widow … loss of children Babylon believing that other nations will never be able to conquer her is spoken of as if she will never become a widow or never have children die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 8 h71w 0 I will never sit as a widow “I will never become a widow” ISA 47 9 nwu5 0 in a moment in one day “suddenly at the same time” ISA 47 10 eql9 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -2738,7 +2738,7 @@ ISA 47 11 k9al figs-metaphor 0 Disaster will overcome you Yahweh speaks of disa ISA 47 11 j3z5 figs-metaphor 0 Destruction will fall on you Yahweh speaks Babylon being destroyed as if destruction were an object that falls upon the city. Alternate translation: “You will experience destruction” or “Others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 11 qe57 figs-metaphor 0 Calamity will strike you Yahweh speaks of Babylon experiencing calamity as if calamity were a person who strikes Babylon. Alternate translation: “You will experience calamity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 47 12 r46s figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 47 12 zg4g figs-irony 0 Persist in casting your spells…perhaps you will scare away disaster Yahweh mocks Babylon by telling her to continue to practice her sorcery to keep bad things away, but he knows that it will not help her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +ISA 47 12 zg4g figs-irony 0 Persist in casting your spells … perhaps you will scare away disaster Yahweh mocks Babylon by telling her to continue to practice her sorcery to keep bad things away, but he knows that it will not help her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 47 14 cm8n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 47 14 v2fe figs-simile 0 they will become like stubble. The fire will burn them up Yahweh compares the magicians and sorcerers to straw that burns quickly in a fire. This means that Yahweh will destroy them as easily as fire burns stubble, and so they are powerless to save Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 47 14 ktj7 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the flame Here the word “hand” represents strength. Alternate translation: “the power of the flame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2782,7 +2782,7 @@ ISA 48 15 u3l4 figs-doublet 0 I, I The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. A ISA 48 16 h55k 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 48 16 q1tx figs-doublenegatives 0 I have not spoken in secret This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I have spoken plainly and clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ISA 48 16 w6nj 0 sent me Here “me” refers to an unknown servant of Yahweh, maybe Isaiah or Cyrus or the promised Messiah. -ISA 48 17 x4pq figs-you 0 your Redeemer…your God Here “your” refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ISA 48 17 x4pq figs-you 0 your Redeemer … your God Here “your” refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 48 17 p3n4 0 Redeemer See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). ISA 48 17 r13i 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 48 17 zn3h figs-metaphor 0 who leads you by the way that you should go Yahweh teaching the people how they should live is spoken of as if he were leading them to walk on the correct paths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2798,7 +2798,7 @@ ISA 48 19 w43e figs-doublet 0 cut off nor blotted out These two expressions in ISA 48 20 na7u 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 48 20 lf27 figs-metaphor 0 to the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. Alternate translation: “to all the farthest places of the earth” or “to the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 48 20 kr2r figs-metonymy 0 his servant Jacob This refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 48 21 pw4g 0 They did not thirst…the waters gushed out This refers to an event in the history of the people of Israel when Yahweh took care of them while they lived in the desert after escaping Egypt. +ISA 48 21 pw4g 0 They did not thirst … the waters gushed out This refers to an event in the history of the people of Israel when Yahweh took care of them while they lived in the desert after escaping Egypt. ISA 49 intro j3n4 0 # Isaiah 49 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 49:1-6 is the second of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### A day of salvation
It is unclear if this is a reference to the gospel proclaimed by the Messiah or to the day of restoration of all things. The translator should not try to explain its reference to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ISA 49 1 pv8e 0 Listen to me Here “me” refers to Yahweh’s servant. ISA 49 1 wr47 figs-metonymy 0 you coastlands This refers to the people who live on the coastlands. Alternate translation: “you who live on the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2829,7 +2829,7 @@ ISA 49 9 zkr5 figs-metaphor 0 They will graze along the roads, and on all the b ISA 49 10 sqc7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 49 10 qew7 0 They will not Here “they” refers to God’s people. ISA 49 10 pc41 figs-hendiadys 0 nor will the heat or sun beat on them Here the word “heat” describes the word “sun.” The people suffering from the sun’s heat is spoken of as if the heat struck them. Alternate translation: “nor will they suffer from the sun’s heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 10 j8sr figs-123person 0 for he who has mercy on them…he will guide them Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. He speaks of protecting the people and caring for them as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “I, the one who has mercy on them…I will guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 49 10 j8sr figs-123person 0 for he who has mercy on them … he will guide them Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. He speaks of protecting the people and caring for them as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “I, the one who has mercy on them … I will guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 11 y1fv figs-metaphor 0 I will make all my mountains into a road, and make my highways level Yahweh speaks of guiding his people safely and removing obstacles from their path as if he turned mountains into roads and level highways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 12 xd2x translate-names 0 the land of Sinim The location of this place is uncertain, but it may refer to a region in the southern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 49 13 y77d figs-apostrophe 0 Sing, heavens, and be joyful, earth; break into singing, you mountains! Isaiah turns his attention from the people of Israel and speaks to the heavens, earth, and mountains as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -2864,7 +2864,7 @@ ISA 49 24 nrw9 figs-personification 0 General Information: Yahweh continues spe ISA 49 24 w2vc figs-rquestion 0 Can the spoils be taken from the warrior, or captives be rescued from the fierce? Isaiah uses a question to express the difficulty of taking anything from a mighty soldier or a very strong warrior. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person cannot take the spoils from a warrior or rescue captives from fierce soldiers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 49 24 c5s2 0 spoils valuable items taken from the losers in a battle ISA 49 25 kqr1 figs-activepassive 0 the captives will be taken away from the warrior, and spoils will be rescued Yahweh says that he will do what is usually impossible for people to do. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will take the captives from the warrior, and I will rescue the spoils” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 49 25 zzu8 figs-metaphor 0 I will…save your children Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 49 25 zzu8 figs-metaphor 0 I will … save your children Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 26 mu96 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a person. ISA 49 26 qp7y figs-metaphor 0 I will feed your oppressors with their own flesh This could mean: (1) the oppressors will be so hungry that they will eat the flesh of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: “I will cause your oppressors to eat their own flesh” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were eating themselves. Alternate translation: “I will cause your oppressors to destroy themselves, as if they were eating their own flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 26 l5ym figs-metaphor 0 they will get drunk on their own blood, as if it were wine This could mean: (1) the oppressors will be so thirsty that they drink the blood of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: “they will drink their friends’ blood and be like weak people who are drunk on wine” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were drinking their own blood. Alternate translation: “they will shed so much of their friends’ blood that it will be as though they were getting drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2896,19 +2896,19 @@ ISA 50 7 e3bh figs-activepassive 0 therefore I am not disgraced Even though the ISA 50 7 y168 figs-synecdoche 0 so I have made my face like flint Here “my face” refers to the servant. The servant being steadfastly determined to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if his face were as hard as flint. Alternate translation: “so I am absolutely determined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 7 di16 figs-activepassive 0 for I know that I will not be put to shame The servant looks to the future with confidence, secure in Yahweh’s calling. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for I know that my enemies will not be able to make me feel shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 50 8 bbf6 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant continues speaking. -ISA 50 8 fkm8 figs-rquestion 0 Who will oppose me? Let us stand…Who is my accuser? Let him come The servant uses these questions to emphasize that there is no one who can legitimately accuse him of wrong. Alternate translation: “If anyone would oppose me, let us stand…If anyone would accuse me, let him come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 50 8 fkm8 figs-rquestion 0 Who will oppose me? Let us stand … Who is my accuser? Let him come The servant uses these questions to emphasize that there is no one who can legitimately accuse him of wrong. Alternate translation: “If anyone would oppose me, let us stand … If anyone would accuse me, let him come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 9 ti2t figs-rquestion 0 Who will declare me guilty? The servant uses this question to assert that no one can declare him guilty. Alternate translation: “There is no one who can declare me guilty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 9 yj3u figs-metaphor 0 they will all wear out like a garment; the moth will eat them up There being no one left to accuse the servant of being guilty is spoken of as if the accusers were garments that wear thin and are eaten by moths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 10 r1ep 0 General Information: The servant continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 50 10 mki5 figs-rquestion 0 Who among you fears Yahweh? Who obeys the voice of his servant? Who walks in deep darkness without light? He should…his God. The servant uses these questions to identify those to whom he is speaking. Alternate translation: “If someone among you fears Yahweh and obeys the voice of his servant, but he walks in deep darkness without light, then he should…his God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 50 10 mki5 figs-rquestion 0 Who among you fears Yahweh? Who obeys the voice of his servant? Who walks in deep darkness without light? He should … his God. The servant uses these questions to identify those to whom he is speaking. Alternate translation: “If someone among you fears Yahweh and obeys the voice of his servant, but he walks in deep darkness without light, then he should … his God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 10 k89u figs-metonymy 0 obeys the voice of his servant Here the word “voice” represents what the servant says. Alternate translation: “obeys his servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 50 10 v35n figs-metaphor 0 walks in deep darkness without light The servant speaks of people who are suffering and feel helpless as if they were walking in a very dark place. Alternate translation: “is suffering and feels helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 10 kt5t figs-parallelism 0 trust in the name of Yahweh and lean on his God These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Trusting in God is spoken of as if it were leaning on him. Alternate translation: “trust in Yahweh, his God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 11 w57f figs-metaphor 0 all you who light fires…flames that you have ignited This continues the metaphor from the previous verse of people who walk in darkness. Here people who try to live according to their own wisdom instead of trusting in Yahweh are spoken of as if they lit their own fires and carried about torches in order to see in the dark. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 50 11 w57f figs-metaphor 0 all you who light fires … flames that you have ignited This continues the metaphor from the previous verse of people who walk in darkness. Here people who try to live according to their own wisdom instead of trusting in Yahweh are spoken of as if they lit their own fires and carried about torches in order to see in the dark. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 11 ftd9 figs-euphemism 0 You will lie down in a place of pain Here to “lie down” refers to dying. Dying painfully is spoken of as if it were lying down in a place where they will experience pain. Alternate translation: “You will die with great suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 intro lu7c 0 # Isaiah 51 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh’s point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

### Awake
In this chapter the author uses sleeping as a metaphor for sin. The people are told to “awake,” meaning they are to repent and return to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ISA 51 1 amf7 0 Listen to me Here the word “me” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 51 1 uux8 figs-metaphor 0 look at the rock…and to the quarry Looking at something represents thinking about it. Alternate translation: “think about the rock…and the quarry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 51 1 uux8 figs-metaphor 0 look at the rock … and to the quarry Looking at something represents thinking about it. Alternate translation: “think about the rock … and the quarry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 1 xs1b figs-metaphor 0 the rock from which you were chiseled and to the quarry from which you were cut God speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a building made of stones and as if their ancestors were a rock or quarry from which God cut them. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors, who are like a rock from which you were chiseled and a quarry from which you were cut” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 1 c1ct figs-activepassive 0 the rock from which you were chiseled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the rock from which I chiseled you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 51 1 p5bj 0 chiseled “cut with a chisel” or “cut” @@ -2920,12 +2920,12 @@ ISA 51 2 sx5w figs-explicit 0 when he was a lone individual This means when he ISA 51 2 n1fl figs-metonymy 0 made him many God speaks of Abraham’s descendants being many as if Abraham were many. Alternate translation: “made his descendants many” or “made him have many descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 3 s9mz figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will comfort Zion The city of Zion, which is also called Jerusalem, here represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will comfort the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 3 cg58 figs-metonymy 0 he will comfort all her waste places Here “waste places” represents the people who live in those desolate areas. Alternate translation: “he will comfort the people who live in all her waste places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 3 puy1 figs-personification 0 her waste places…her wilderness…her desert plains The word “her” refers to Zion. Cities are often spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ISA 51 3 puy1 figs-personification 0 her waste places … her wilderness … her desert plains The word “her” refers to Zion. Cities are often spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 3 v86m 0 waste places places that have been destroyed -ISA 51 3 s4bj figs-parallelism 0 her wilderness he made like Eden, and her desert plains…like the garden of Yahweh These phrases mean that God will make the empty places in Israel beautiful. In prophecy, events that will happen in the future are often described as being in the past. This emphasizes that they will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will make her wilderness like Eden and her desert plains…like the garden of Yahweh (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +ISA 51 3 s4bj figs-parallelism 0 her wilderness he made like Eden, and her desert plains … like the garden of Yahweh These phrases mean that God will make the empty places in Israel beautiful. In prophecy, events that will happen in the future are often described as being in the past. This emphasizes that they will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will make her wilderness like Eden and her desert plains … like the garden of Yahweh (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 51 3 mwq3 figs-doublet 0 joy and gladness will be found in her Joy and gladness mean the same thing. Being found there represents being there. Alternate translation: “there will be joy and gladness in Zion again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 51 4 yie3 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 4 r699 figs-parallelism 0 Be attentive to me…listen to me These two phrases mean the same thing. Together they strengthen the command to listen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 51 4 r699 figs-parallelism 0 Be attentive to me … listen to me These two phrases mean the same thing. Together they strengthen the command to listen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 51 4 lwr6 figs-metaphor 0 I will make my justice to be a light for the nations Here God’s justice represents his law, and a light represents knowledge of what is right. This means the people of the nations will understand and obey God’s law. Alternate translation: “my law will teach the nations what is right” or “the nations will know my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 5 tw5t figs-metaphor 0 My righteousness is near The idea of “near” represents “soon.” God’s righteousness being near represents him soon showing his righteousness. He will do this by fulfilling his promises and saving people. Alternate translation: “I will soon show my righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 5 g33w figs-metaphor 0 my salvation will go out God speaks of saving people as if his salvation were a thing that could go out to them. Alternate translation: “I will save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2934,7 +2934,7 @@ ISA 51 5 lfq1 figs-metonymy 0 the coastlands This refers to the people who live ISA 51 5 nf7a figs-metonymy 0 for my arm they will eagerly wait Here God’s arm represents what he will do. Here it refers to him saving people. Alternate translation: “they will eagerly wait for me to do something” or “they will eagerly wait for me to save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 51 6 w2kt 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 51 6 qs6h figs-metaphor 0 Lift up your eyes to the sky Lifting the eyes represents looking at something above. Alternate translation: “Look up at the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 6 d7zs figs-simile 0 like smoke…like a garment…like flies All of these refer to things that quickly and easily disappear or become useless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 51 6 d7zs figs-simile 0 like smoke … like a garment … like flies All of these refer to things that quickly and easily disappear or become useless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 51 6 qh98 figs-metonymy 0 my salvation will continue forever God’s “salvation” here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Alternate translation: “I will save you, you will be free forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 6 s7yc figs-metonymy 0 my righteousness will never stop working God’s “righteousness” here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: “my righteous rule will never end” or “I will rule righteously forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 7 x85p 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. @@ -2944,24 +2944,24 @@ ISA 51 8 n35v figs-metaphor 0 For the moth will eat them up like a garment, and ISA 51 8 zf7f figs-metonymy 0 my righteousness will be forever God’s “righteousness” here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: “my righteous rule will be forever” or “I will rule righteously forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 8 s8ph figs-metonymy 0 and my salvation to all generations God’s “salvation” here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Being “to all generations” represents lasting forever. Alternate translation: “I will save you, and you will be free forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 51 9 jyd6 figs-personification 0 Awake, awake, clothe yourself with strength, arm of Yahweh People urgently ask Yahweh’s arm to help them as if his arm were a person. If it would be odd to speak to the arm, this can be addressed directly to Yahweh instead. Alternate translation: “Awake, awake, Yahweh, and clothe your arm with strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 51 9 hn8n figs-synecdoche 0 Awake, awake…arm of Yahweh People speak as if Yahweh’s arm were asleep because it has not been helping them. Here the “arm of Yahweh” represents Yahweh, specifically him helping people. The word “Awake” is repeated to show that they need God’s help urgently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ISA 51 9 hn8n figs-synecdoche 0 Awake, awake … arm of Yahweh People speak as if Yahweh’s arm were asleep because it has not been helping them. Here the “arm of Yahweh” represents Yahweh, specifically him helping people. The word “Awake” is repeated to show that they need God’s help urgently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 9 ms86 figs-metaphor 0 clothe yourself with strength Strength is spoken of as if it were some kind of clothing that people would wear to strengthen themselves in battle. Alternate translation: “make yourself strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 9 ff4z figs-rquestion 0 Is it not you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster? The speaker uses a question to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. Alternate translation: “It is you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 51 9 rg6x figs-parallelism 0 Rahab…the monster Rahab was the name of this mythological serpent in the sea. Rahab can symbolize either the nation of Egypt or evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 51 10 auk6 figs-rquestion 0 Did you not dry up the sea…for the redeemed to pass through? Again, the speaker uses questions to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. This refers to Yahweh opening the Red Sea for the Israelites to cross and escape the army of Egypt. Alternate translation: “You dried up the sea…for the redeemed to pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 51 9 rg6x figs-parallelism 0 Rahab … the monster Rahab was the name of this mythological serpent in the sea. Rahab can symbolize either the nation of Egypt or evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 51 10 auk6 figs-rquestion 0 Did you not dry up the sea … for the redeemed to pass through? Again, the speaker uses questions to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. This refers to Yahweh opening the Red Sea for the Israelites to cross and escape the army of Egypt. Alternate translation: “You dried up the sea … for the redeemed to pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 11 vt9l 0 General Information: This is very similar to [Isaiah 35:10](../35/10.md). ISA 51 11 f427 figs-nominaladj 0 The ransomed of Yahweh To “ransom” means to “rescue.” This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Those whom Yahweh has rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 51 11 r918 figs-synecdoche 0 with gladness forever on their heads This uses a person’s head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “they will be glad forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 51 11 ew9a figs-doublet 0 gladness and joy…sorrow and mourning The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “mourning.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +ISA 51 11 ew9a figs-doublet 0 gladness and joy … sorrow and mourning The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “mourning.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 51 11 r6hp figs-personification 0 gladness and joy will overtake them This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” or “they will be extremely glad and joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 11 b5dr figs-personification 0 sorrow and mourning will flee away This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and mourning by speaking of these emotions as if they could run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 51 12 r4xy 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 51 12 x91f 0 I, I, am he The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. If this is unnatural in your language, the repetition does not need to be used. Alternate translation: “I am he” -ISA 51 12 rzu7 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you afraid of men…like grass? This rhetorical question emphasizes that people who have the Lord’s protection should not be afraid of human beings. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of men…like grass.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 51 12 rzu7 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you afraid of men … like grass? This rhetorical question emphasizes that people who have the Lord’s protection should not be afraid of human beings. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of men … like grass.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 12 rjp1 figs-simile 0 who are made like grass This phrase compares men to grass to emphasize that their lives are short and that they die quickly. Alternate translation: “who live and die quickly like grass” or “who will wither and disappear like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 51 12 q2ck figs-activepassive 0 who are made like This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who are like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 51 13 mp7z 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 13 ht5l figs-rquestion 0 Why have you forgotten Yahweh…earth? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that they should not forget Yahweh. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have forgotten Yahweh…earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 51 13 ht5l figs-rquestion 0 Why have you forgotten Yahweh … earth? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that they should not forget Yahweh. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have forgotten Yahweh … earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 13 q4ec 0 Maker See how you translated this name for Yahweh in [Isaiah 17:7](../17/07.md). ISA 51 13 ysh5 figs-metaphor 0 who stretched out the heavens “who spread out the sky.” This speaks of Yahweh having created the heavens as if he had stretched them out in the same way one would stretch out a large garment. Alternate translation: “who stretched out the heavens like a garment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 13 nx9y 0 the foundations of the earth The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md). @@ -2980,14 +2980,14 @@ ISA 51 16 vnh9 figs-metaphor 0 that I may plant the heavens The word “plant ISA 51 16 fa33 0 lay the foundations of the earth The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md). ISA 51 17 x64l figs-metonymy 0 Awake, awake, stand up, Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people who live there. Yahweh speaks to the people of Jerusalem as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “Awake, awake, stand up, you people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 51 17 pj9b 0 Awake, awake, stand up “Be alert and arise.” The repetition of the word “awake” emphasizes the urgency of the call to arouse the people of Israel. It is not used to wake them from literal sleep. -ISA 51 17 efp6 figs-metaphor 0 you who have drunk out of the hand of Yahweh…from the cup of staggering Yahweh speaks of having punished his people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. And when they drank from the bowl of his anger, they staggered as if they had drank a lot of wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 51 17 efp6 figs-metaphor 0 you who have drunk out of the hand of Yahweh … from the cup of staggering Yahweh speaks of having punished his people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. And when they drank from the bowl of his anger, they staggered as if they had drank a lot of wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 17 r4ck 0 down to the dregs The word “dregs” means the solid pieces at the very bottom of a container that has a liquid in it. Alternate translation: “down to the very bottom” ISA 51 17 k9wd figs-synecdoche 0 out of the hand of Yahweh Here Yahweh is referred to by his hand to emphasize that he is the one who gave the bowl to his people. Alternate translation: “that he gave to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 51 17 uw6s 0 from the cup of staggering “from the cup that caused you to stagger as if you were drunk on wine” ISA 51 17 ca4r 0 staggering not walking straight, or stumbling while walking -ISA 51 18 qz3k figs-parallelism 0 There is no one…to guide her; there is no one…to take her by the hand These two clauses have the same meaning and can be combined. This speaks of Jerusalem being helpless as if the city were a drunk woman without a son to help her walk safely. Alternate translation: “You have no one to help you! You are like a drunk old woman without a son to take her by the hand and guide her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 51 18 qz3k figs-parallelism 0 There is no one … to guide her; there is no one … to take her by the hand These two clauses have the same meaning and can be combined. This speaks of Jerusalem being helpless as if the city were a drunk woman without a son to help her walk safely. Alternate translation: “You have no one to help you! You are like a drunk old woman without a son to take her by the hand and guide her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 19 k1we 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 19 h1j1 figs-rquestion 0 who will grieve with you?…Who will comfort you? Isaiah uses questions to emphasize that now there is no one to weep with them or comfort them. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “but there is no one to grieve with you…There is no one to comfort you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 51 19 h1j1 figs-rquestion 0 who will grieve with you?…Who will comfort you? Isaiah uses questions to emphasize that now there is no one to weep with them or comfort them. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “but there is no one to grieve with you … There is no one to comfort you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 19 a7nx 0 These two troubles The two troubles refer to the following two phrases: “desolation and destruction” and “the famine and the sword.” ISA 51 19 mi81 figs-doublet 0 desolation and destruction These words have similar meanings and emphasize the destruction of the land caused by the opposing army. Alternate translation: “your enemies have left your city empty and ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 51 19 b3y4 figs-metonymy 0 the famine and the sword The words “famine” and “sword” describe the trouble that will come upon the people. The “sword” refers to “war.” Alternate translation: “many of you have died from hunger and war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -3010,7 +3010,7 @@ ISA 51 23 xv84 figs-simile 0 you made your back like the ground and like the st ISA 52 intro ac65 0 # Isaiah 52 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

The prophecies of this chapter occur after the exile in Babylon and are not in reference to the people contemporary to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

There is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah beginning in this chapter and continues through the next chapter. This prophesy begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a “suffering servant.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ISA 52 1 rzb3 figs-metaphor 0 Awake, awake This word is repeated for emphasis and shows urgency. Isaiah trying to arouse the people is spoken of as if he were trying to wake them up from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 52 1 vfg8 figs-metaphor 0 put on your strength Being strong again is spoken of as if strength were clothing that a person puts on. Alternate translation: “be strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 52 1 p8u4 figs-metonymy 0 Zion…Jerusalem Both of these refer to the people who live in Jerusalem. Isaiah is speaking to the people as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “people of Zion…people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +ISA 52 1 p8u4 figs-metonymy 0 Zion … Jerusalem Both of these refer to the people who live in Jerusalem. Isaiah is speaking to the people as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “people of Zion … people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 52 1 w8h9 figs-nominaladj 0 the uncircumcised or the unclean These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Those who are uncircumcised or those who are unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 52 1 z2jx figs-metaphor 0 the unclean This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “those who are not acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 52 1 wn2c figs-metonymy 0 enter you Here “you” refers to Jerusalem which represents the people who live there. It is understood that the uncircumcised and unclean people would enter the city to attack the people. Alternate translation: “enter your city to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -3020,9 +3020,9 @@ ISA 52 2 wey6 figs-metonymy 0 take off the chain from your neck, captive It is ISA 52 2 vg9w figs-idiom 0 daughter of Zion This is an idiom. The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “people of Zion” or “people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 52 3 f28v figs-metaphor 0 You were sold for nothing, and you will be redeemed without money This speaks about Yahweh as if he were the owner of the people of Israel. Since he is the rightful owner he can give them away or take them back whenever he wants. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I sold you for nothing, and I will redeem you without money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 52 4 bae3 0 In the beginning Here “beginning” refers to the start of Israel’s history as they were first becoming a people. -ISA 52 4 kvl7 0 went down to…Egypt “went to…Egypt.” It was common to use the phrase “went down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. +ISA 52 4 kvl7 0 went down to … Egypt “went to … Egypt.” It was common to use the phrase “went down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. ISA 52 4 jx27 figs-metonymy 0 Assyria has oppressed them Assyria refers to the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria have treated them badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 52 5 v517 figs-rquestion 0 Now what do I have here…seeing that my people are taken away for nothing? Yahweh uses a question to make the people pay attention to what he is about to say. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now look at what is happening…my people are again taken away for nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 52 5 v517 figs-rquestion 0 Now what do I have here … seeing that my people are taken away for nothing? Yahweh uses a question to make the people pay attention to what he is about to say. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now look at what is happening … my people are again taken away for nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 52 5 h4tq figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 52 5 b5in figs-activepassive 0 seeing that my people are taken away for nothing This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I see the enemy taking my people away for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 52 5 pw1c figs-metaphor 0 for nothing This could mean: (1) “for nothing” means the Babylonians took the people unjustly and without cause or (2) this continues the metaphor from [Isaiah 52:3](../52/03.md) where Yahweh is spoken of as if he owned the people of Israel and could give them away for nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3101,12 +3101,12 @@ ISA 53 12 q68p 0 the multitudes Many versions interpret this expression as “ ISA 53 12 tiu1 figs-metonymy 0 because he exposed himself to death “Exposed” means to be vulnerable or unprotected. The servant of Yahweh put himself in a situation where he would die. Alternate translation: “he willingly accepted the possibility of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 53 12 ih2g figs-activepassive 0 was numbered with the transgressors This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “allowed people to treat him as a criminal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 54 intro yq8q 0 # Isaiah 54 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness
This chapter focuses on Yahweh’s faithfulness to fulfill his covenants. It references several different covenant promises in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -ISA 54 1 z782 figs-metaphor 0 you barren woman…children of the married woman Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to rejoice because there will be many people living in Jerusalem again is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a barren women she is going to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 54 1 z782 figs-metaphor 0 you barren woman … children of the married woman Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to rejoice because there will be many people living in Jerusalem again is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a barren women she is going to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 1 qza5 figs-parallelism 0 break into joyful singing and cry aloud, you who have never been in birth labor This statement means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 54 1 zw4s figs-pastforfuture 0 For the children of the desolate one are more An event that will happen in the future is spoken of as if it happened in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “For the children of the desolate woman will be more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 54 1 vf4r 0 the desolate one Here “desolate” means that the woman’s husband had rejected and abandoned her ISA 54 2 j53q 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 54 2 u8qg figs-metaphor 0 Make your tent larger…strengthen your stakes This continues the metaphor that began in [Isaiah 54:1](../54/01.md). Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to prepare because Yahweh will greatly increase their people is spoken of as if he is telling a woman to make her tent bigger to make room for many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 54 2 u8qg figs-metaphor 0 Make your tent larger … strengthen your stakes This continues the metaphor that began in [Isaiah 54:1](../54/01.md). Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to prepare because Yahweh will greatly increase their people is spoken of as if he is telling a woman to make her tent bigger to make room for many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 3 a221 figs-you 0 For you will spread out Here “you” is singular and refers to the barren woman. She represents herself and all of her descendants. Alternate translation: “For you and your descendants will spread out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 54 3 b8xu figs-metonymy 0 will conquer nations Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “will conquer the people of other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 54 4 xjp6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. @@ -3118,7 +3118,7 @@ ISA 54 5 qmd4 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:24](. ISA 54 5 um8u 0 The Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md). ISA 54 5 nkc4 0 Redeemer See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). ISA 54 5 zf3w figs-activepassive 0 he is called the God of the whole earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he is the God of the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 54 6 mj4h figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has called you back as a wife…like a woman married young and rejected Yahweh sending his people away into exile then bringing them back is spoken of as if Yahweh were a husband who had rejected his wife but now accepts her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 54 6 mj4h figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has called you back as a wife … like a woman married young and rejected Yahweh sending his people away into exile then bringing them back is spoken of as if Yahweh were a husband who had rejected his wife but now accepts her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 54 6 c9rt figs-metonymy 0 grieved in spirit Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “grieved” or “made sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 54 7 n9cy 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. ISA 54 8 w36x figs-metaphor 0 In a flood of anger Yahweh being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a flood that overwhelms people. Alternate translation: “When I was very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3135,9 +3135,9 @@ ISA 54 11 m1w7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people ISA 54 11 dx8e figs-apostrophe 0 Afflicted one Here Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. Here Jerusalem represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “You afflicted people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 54 11 n2mb figs-metaphor 0 storm-driven Yahweh speaks of the people as if they were blown around and damaged by the winds and storms. This means the people were hurt and without stability. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 54 11 dk4c 0 uncomforted one “without comfort” -ISA 54 11 r3g9 0 I will set your pavement in turquoise…lay your foundations with sapphires Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it. -ISA 54 11 ih34 translate-unknown 0 turquoise…sapphires These are precious gemstones. Turquoise is light blue-to-green, sapphires are typically dark blue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 54 12 v6lh 0 I will make…beautiful stones Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it. +ISA 54 11 r3g9 0 I will set your pavement in turquoise … lay your foundations with sapphires Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it. +ISA 54 11 ih34 translate-unknown 0 turquoise … sapphires These are precious gemstones. Turquoise is light blue-to-green, sapphires are typically dark blue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ISA 54 12 v6lh 0 I will make … beautiful stones Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it. ISA 54 12 d32a translate-unknown 0 rubies These precious gemstones are red to pink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 54 13 via6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. ISA 54 13 zt6p figs-activepassive 0 Then all your children will be taught by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will teach all your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3154,10 +3154,10 @@ ISA 54 17 b727 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of ISA 55 intro c34c 0 # Isaiah 55 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Gentiles
Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ISA 55 1 vge8 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of blessing the people freely as if he were selling food and drink to needy people for free. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 1 y9kd 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem in exile through Isaiah. -ISA 55 1 g9yx 0 Come…Come The repetition of this word four times adds a sense of urgency to the invitation. +ISA 55 1 g9yx 0 Come … Come The repetition of this word four times adds a sense of urgency to the invitation. ISA 55 1 wtd4 figs-irony 0 buy wine and milk without money and without cost There is a sense of irony in this statement since a person usually has to use money to buy something. This emphasizes Yahweh’s amazing grace in giving these things freely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 55 2 c9ai 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 55 2 ha8z figs-rquestion 0 Why do you weigh out…bread, and why do you labor…satisfy? Yahweh asks these questions to rebuke the people. He speaks of the people seeking happiness apart from Yahweh as if they were purchasing things to eat that were not food and working for things that could not satisfy them. Alternate translation: “You should not weigh out silver…bread, and you should not labor…satisfy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 55 2 ha8z figs-rquestion 0 Why do you weigh out … bread, and why do you labor … satisfy? Yahweh asks these questions to rebuke the people. He speaks of the people seeking happiness apart from Yahweh as if they were purchasing things to eat that were not food and working for things that could not satisfy them. Alternate translation: “You should not weigh out silver … bread, and you should not labor … satisfy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 2 wil6 figs-explicit 0 weigh out silver This refers to counting silver coins in order to pay someone for something. Alternate translation: “pay money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 55 2 ua4a figs-synecdoche 0 for what is not bread Here the word “bread” represents food in general. It is implied that the people were buying things to eat that were not really food. Alternate translation: “for things to eat that are not really food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 55 2 l8h1 figs-metaphor 0 eat what is good, and delight yourselves in fatness The people trusting Yahweh for blessing and happiness is spoken of as if they are eating good food that is making them happy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3175,8 +3175,8 @@ ISA 55 7 mq71 figs-ellipsis 0 to our God The verb may be supplied from the firs ISA 55 8 faw8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. ISA 55 9 gd6x figs-metaphor 0 for as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts Yahweh speaks of the things that he does and how he thinks as being far superior to or higher than what people do and think, just like the sky is much higher than the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 10 i9uz 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 55 10 i7ei 0 For as the rain and snow…do not return there This is likely a description of the rain and snow evaporating. -ISA 55 11 xj89 figs-personification 0 so also my word…it will achieve the purpose for which I sent it Yahweh speaks of his word as if it were a person whom he sends out as his messenger to accomplish a task. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 55 10 i7ei 0 For as the rain and snow … do not return there This is likely a description of the rain and snow evaporating. +ISA 55 11 xj89 figs-personification 0 so also my word … it will achieve the purpose for which I sent it Yahweh speaks of his word as if it were a person whom he sends out as his messenger to accomplish a task. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 11 mi1p figs-synecdoche 0 my word will be that goes from my mouth Here the word “mouth” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “the word that I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 55 11 q6s2 figs-explicit 0 it will not return to me empty Here the description of the word returning to Yahweh means that it has completed the task that Yahweh had sent it to complete. That it will not return “empty” means that it will not fail to accomplish its task. Alternate translation: “it will not fail to complete its task” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 55 12 z72i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. @@ -3204,7 +3204,7 @@ ISA 56 11 tzq4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues describing the evil lea ISA 56 11 ub1k figs-metaphor 0 The dogs have big appetites Yahweh continues comparing Israel’s bad leaders to dogs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 57 intro miv3 0 # Isaiah 57 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Child sacrifice
This chapter references the killing of children. Some religions in the ancient Near East practiced the sacrificing of their children. This was considered evil by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Mocking
The people abandoned the worship of Yahweh in favor of other gods. When they needed help, he tells them to ask these false gods. This is mocking the power of the false gods and shows the people the uselessness of their worship of these gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ISA 57 1 r38x figs-abstractnouns 0 the people of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful to the covenant” or “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 57 1 mfl3 figs-euphemism 0 are gathered away…is gathered away “die and go away…dies and goes away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +ISA 57 1 mfl3 figs-euphemism 0 are gathered away … is gathered away “die and go away … dies and goes away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ISA 57 1 u6v1 figs-activepassive 0 that the righteous is gathered away from the evil This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the righteous people die, and Yahweh takes them away from all that is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 57 2 zn46 0 He enters into peace “The righteous enter into peace” ISA 57 2 gu23 figs-euphemism 0 they rest they die (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -3215,7 +3215,7 @@ ISA 57 3 z4xi 0 children of the adulterer and the woman who has prostituted he ISA 57 4 wik1 figs-rquestion 0 Whom are you merrily mocking? Against whom are you opening the mouth and sticking out the tongue? Yahweh uses questions to scold the people who are mocking him through false worship. Alternate translation: “You are mocking me and making fun of me by opening your mouth wide and sticking out the tongue!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 57 4 mbu5 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not children of rebellion, children of deceit? Yahweh uses another question to scold the people. This does not refer to their birth but to their spiritual state. Alternate translation: “You are children of rebellion, children of deceit!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 57 5 xfv6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. -ISA 57 5 zeb6 figs-explicit 0 You heat yourselves…under the rocky overhangs All of these actions are associated with worshiping idols. The oaks were sacred trees to the Canaanites. People thought such activity would increase fertility for people and the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ISA 57 5 zeb6 figs-explicit 0 You heat yourselves … under the rocky overhangs All of these actions are associated with worshiping idols. The oaks were sacred trees to the Canaanites. People thought such activity would increase fertility for people and the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 57 6 db7z 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. ISA 57 6 yy1r figs-activepassive 0 that have been assigned to you This can be stated in active form. The exact meaning in Hebrew is unclear. Alternate translation: “that is your lot” or “that is your inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 57 6 r76w figs-rquestion 0 In these things should I take pleasure? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Certainly, these things do not please me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -3227,7 +3227,7 @@ ISA 57 9 qkt8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithf ISA 57 9 ek3t figs-hyperbole 0 you went down to Sheol The people did not literally go to Sheol, the world of the dead. Instead, Yahweh is indicating by exaggeration that the people were willing to go anywhere to find new gods to worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 57 10 yn3i figs-metaphor 0 You found life in your hand After trying so hard, the idolators found they still had strength to keep going. Here “hand” equals “strength” or “capacity.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 57 11 gqf9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. -ISA 57 11 r1q1 figs-rquestion 0 Whom are you worried about? Whom do you fear so much that has caused you to act so deceitfully…about me? Yahweh uses these questions to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You must really fear these idols for you to act so deceitfully…about me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 57 11 r1q1 figs-rquestion 0 Whom are you worried about? Whom do you fear so much that has caused you to act so deceitfully … about me? Yahweh uses these questions to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You must really fear these idols for you to act so deceitfully … about me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 57 11 wq9h figs-doublet 0 so much that you would not remember me or think about me These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that, although the people should have remembered Yahweh, they did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 57 12 cld8 figs-irony 0 I will proclaim all your righteous acts and tell all that you have done Yahweh is being sarcastic, calling their evil deeds so-called righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 57 13 may9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. @@ -3237,7 +3237,7 @@ ISA 57 13 s4h7 0 holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerus ISA 57 14 d8ms figs-metaphor 0 Build, build! Clear a way! Remove all the stumbling blocks from the path of my people Yahweh is emphatic and urgent that a clear and level road be available for the people to return to him and free of obstacles to worshiping Yahweh. This echoes [Isaiah 40:3](../40/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 57 15 nf35 0 For this is what the high and elevated One says The words “high” and “elevated” have basically the same meaning here and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 6:1](../06/01.md) and [Isaiah 33:10](../33/10.md). See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 52:13](../52/13.md). ISA 57 15 y31b figs-parallelism 0 to revive the spirit of the humble ones, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will strengthen and encourage those who humble themselves before him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 57 15 z6yj figs-metonymy 0 spirit…heart Here these refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, not the spirit and heart literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 57 15 z6yj figs-metonymy 0 spirit … heart Here these refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, not the spirit and heart literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 57 16 h42q 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 57 17 kl3t figs-idiom 0 I hid my face This means God gave up on his people and no longer helped or blessed them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 57 17 n312 figs-metonymy 0 he went backward in the way of his heart This means the Israelites kept rejecting the true God for false ones. Here “backward” and “way” are location words representing motivations and feelings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -3246,7 +3246,7 @@ ISA 57 18 utk3 0 his ways “their ways.” Here “his” refers to the peopl ISA 57 18 kfr6 0 comfort and console those who mourn for him “I will soothe and calm those who feel sad for the people’s suffering because of their sinful behavior” ISA 57 19 u422 figs-metonymy 0 I create the fruit of the lips Here “fruit of the lips” refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: “I cause them to praise and thank me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 57 19 nl5v 0 Peace, peace, to those who are far off “I have made peace with them who are far off.” The word “Peace” is repeated for emphasis. -ISA 57 20 w5a6 figs-simile 0 But the wicked are like the tossing sea…mire and mud This compares the wicked to rough water on the shore that makes the water dirty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 57 20 w5a6 figs-simile 0 But the wicked are like the tossing sea … mire and mud This compares the wicked to rough water on the shore that makes the water dirty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 58 intro wkw6 0 # Isaiah 58 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fasting
The practice of fasting became more common after the exile. This was intended to bring people into a right relationship with God by creating a designated time to concentrate on him. It may have been believed that Yahweh heard people better when they fasted. The significance of fasting is derived from the faster’s attitude of repentance and faith in Yahweh and not the practice itself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “Yet they seek me daily”
The people did not truly seek Yahweh every day. They practiced the outward aspects of the Jewish religion, but their hearts were far from Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 58 1 akw2 figs-simile 0 Lift up your voice like a trumpet This means shout loudly. Here “your” refers to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 58 1 dw8k figs-parallelism 0 Confront my people with their rebellion, and the house of Jacob with their sins These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they strengthen the urgency to confront Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -3254,13 +3254,13 @@ ISA 58 3 c1tq figs-rquestion 0 ‘Why have we fasted,’ they say, ‘but you d ISA 58 4 tg4q 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel by answering their challenging question. ISA 58 4 vt4a 0 Look “Behold!” or “Pay attention.” Yahweh confronts their questioning by telling them to pay attention. ISA 58 4 i2t9 figs-metonymy 0 fist of wickedness “wicked fist.” This shows that they fight viciously. “Fist” represents anger that is physically violent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 58 5 wb5r figs-rquestion 0 Is this really the kind of fast that I would want…under himself? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. They act like they are humble before God, but they are hurting other people. Alternate translation: “This is not the kind of fast I want…under himself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 58 5 wb5r figs-rquestion 0 Is this really the kind of fast that I would want … under himself? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. They act like they are humble before God, but they are hurting other people. Alternate translation: “This is not the kind of fast I want … under himself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 58 5 acf6 figs-simile 0 A day for anybody to humble himself, for him to bow down his head like a reed This means the person is bowing down, but he is not truly humble. “A reed” represents a weak plant that bends easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 58 5 bg7s figs-rquestion 0 Do you really call this a fast, a day that pleases Yahweh? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Surely you do not think this kind of fast pleases me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 58 6 xbv6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 58 6 ba3r figs-rquestion 0 Is not this the fast that I choose…break every yoke? Yahweh uses a question to teach the people about the kind of fast that pleases him. Alternate translation: “This is the fast that I choose…break every yoke.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 58 6 ba3r figs-rquestion 0 Is not this the fast that I choose … break every yoke? Yahweh uses a question to teach the people about the kind of fast that pleases him. Alternate translation: “This is the fast that I choose … break every yoke.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 58 6 d4hx figs-metonymy 0 To release wicked bonds, to undo the ropes of the yoke, to set the crushed ones free, and to break every yoke All of these phrases mean they should help those people whom the wicked are hurting and oppressing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 58 7 mv38 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not to…your house? Yahweh uses another question to teach the people. Alternate translation: “It is to…your house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 58 7 mv38 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not to … your house? Yahweh uses another question to teach the people. Alternate translation: “It is to … your house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 58 7 g6ne figs-idiom 0 break your bread This phrase represents starting the meal by the host tearing the loaf of bread apart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 58 8 dpx1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 58 8 pk9d figs-idiom 0 Then your light would be broken open like the sunrise “Break open” here is an idiom that means when a light begins to shine brightly. This means that if they help people in need, their deeds will be like lights others will see, as when the sun comes up after a dark night. Or the light may refer to the light of the Lord, shining on them and blessing them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3283,7 +3283,7 @@ ISA 58 14 g7g6 figs-synecdoche 0 for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken The word ISA 59 intro ag3n 0 # Isaiah 59 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s deliverance
When Israel was conquered, they were being punished for their sin. Yahweh is strong enough to deliver them, but he did not because he desired to refine them through the experience of the exile. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ISA 59 1 pss8 0 Look “Behold!” or “You should know!” Yahweh tells the people to pay attention. ISA 59 1 q7gn figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s hand is not so short “Hand” represents power and ability. A “short” hand does not have power and ability. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is fully able” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 2 d3ku figs-you 0 your…you These plural pronouns refer to the people of Israel as a single group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +ISA 59 2 d3ku figs-you 0 your … you These plural pronouns refer to the people of Israel as a single group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 59 2 b6lq figs-personification 0 your sins have made him hide his face from you “Face” represents being present and looking upon. Alternate translation: “your sins have made him turn away from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 59 3 a5my 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 59 3 brc4 figs-metonymy 0 For your hands are stained with blood and your fingers with sin Here “hands” and “fingers” refers to their actions. This means they are guilty of doing violent and sinful things. “Your” is plural. Alternate translation: “For you have committed violent sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -3305,7 +3305,7 @@ ISA 59 8 lc94 figs-metaphor 0 They have made crooked paths “Crooked paths” ISA 59 9 yen4 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 59 9 ps1q figs-exclusive 0 justice is far from us Here “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. “Far” represents that justice is gone and difficult to get. Alternate translation: “justice is gone and very difficult to get” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 9 ir1h figs-parallelism 0 We wait for light, but see darkness; we look for brightness, but we walk in darkness Each of these phrases means that the people are waiting for God’s goodness, but it seems like he has abandoned them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 10 bg1w figs-simile 0 We grope for the wall like the blind…like dead men This means that because God is not coming to them, they feel helpless, not finding the right path and despairing of the future, with no hope for a vibrant life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 59 10 bg1w figs-simile 0 We grope for the wall like the blind … like dead men This means that because God is not coming to them, they feel helpless, not finding the right path and despairing of the future, with no hope for a vibrant life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 59 11 wv6x 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 59 11 jgk8 figs-simile 0 We growl like bears and moan like doves These refer to the sounds the people made because they were distressed and mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 59 12 ihk9 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. @@ -3315,7 +3315,7 @@ ISA 59 12 ujp4 figs-personification 0 our sins testify against us Isaiah descri ISA 59 12 w614 figs-metaphor 0 for our transgressions are with us “With us” represents being aware of them. Alternate translation: “for we are aware of our transgressions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 59 14 shd5 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. ISA 59 14 wi7i figs-activepassive 0 Justice is driven back This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people drive justice back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 59 14 e1d8 figs-personification 0 Justice…righteousness…truth…right These are ideas that Isaiah describes as acting like persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ISA 59 14 e1d8 figs-personification 0 Justice … righteousness … truth … right These are ideas that Isaiah describes as acting like persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 59 15 g3ak figs-personification 0 Trustworthiness Isaiah describes this idea as acting like a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 59 16 j6z8 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. ISA 59 16 qym5 0 He saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no one to intervene. “Yahweh was appalled that no one came to help those who were suffering.” or “Yahweh was astonished that no one came to help those who were suffering.” @@ -3326,7 +3326,7 @@ ISA 59 17 c42q 0 mantle a loose, flowing robe ISA 59 18 s3p1 0 He repaid them Isaiah is describing a future event as if it happened in the past. This means that it will certainly happen. ISA 59 19 hr5t 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. ISA 59 19 j5p8 figs-metonymy 0 fear the name of Yahweh Here “name” refers to Yahweh’s reputation and character. Alternate translation: “fear Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 59 19 a6vs figs-merism 0 from the west…from the sun’s rising Isaiah combines these words to mean people in all places of the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +ISA 59 19 a6vs figs-merism 0 from the west … from the sun’s rising Isaiah combines these words to mean people in all places of the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 59 19 s4n5 figs-simile 0 for he will come as a rushing stream Narrow valleys in Judah were dry most of the year until a sudden, heavy rain turned them into fast-moving water. When that happened there was a lot of noise and wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 59 19 v9b2 figs-activepassive 0 driven by the breath of Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which the breath of Yahweh drives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 59 20 sbk2 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -3347,7 +3347,7 @@ ISA 60 5 dn2d figs-metaphor 0 be poured out to you This describes that the abun ISA 60 6 s2i2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 60 6 sn7y 0 the dromedaries “the young camels” ISA 60 6 vu2u translate-names 0 Ephah an area in Arabia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 60 7 g7av translate-names 0 Kedar…Nebaioth These are the names of areas in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 60 7 g7av translate-names 0 Kedar … Nebaioth These are the names of areas in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 60 7 vl7c figs-activepassive 0 All the flocks of Kedar will be gathered together to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Kedar will gather their flocks for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 60 7 pi4p 0 the rams of Nebaioth will serve your needs This refers to their need for sacrifices. ISA 60 7 ec9a 0 they will be acceptable offerings on my altar “I, Yahweh, will accept them on my altar” @@ -3393,9 +3393,9 @@ ISA 61 2 gds9 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. ISA 61 2 pj2e figs-metonymy 0 the year of Yahweh’s favor, the day of vengeance Both of these phrases refer to the same span of time. “Year” and “day” are both specific examples that represent the greater whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 61 2 b53s 0 year of Yahweh’s favor “time when Yahweh will act kindly toward his people” ISA 61 3 c4hv 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 61 3 d5cz 0 to give…to give Isaiah repeats this for emphasis. +ISA 61 3 d5cz 0 to give … to give Isaiah repeats this for emphasis. ISA 61 3 a7bm 0 a turban “a headdress” or “a beautiful head covering.” This is a long piece of cloth that is wrapped around the head. -ISA 61 3 qss6 figs-metonymy 0 oil of joy…a mantle of praise People put oil on themselves and dressed in beautiful, long robes during times of celebration and joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ISA 61 3 qss6 figs-metonymy 0 oil of joy … a mantle of praise People put oil on themselves and dressed in beautiful, long robes during times of celebration and joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 61 3 x9dy 0 in place of a spirit of dullness “in place of sadness” or “in place of mourning” ISA 61 3 s3uu figs-metaphor 0 oaks of righteousness, the planting of Yahweh This means Yahweh has caused the people to be strong and sturdy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 61 3 d2mz figs-activepassive 0 that he may be glorified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the people’s lives may glorify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3403,7 +3403,7 @@ ISA 61 4 k3bl figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking ISA 61 6 zly8 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant continues speaking to the people of Israel with each line a parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 61 6 r8ff figs-activepassive 0 You will be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 61 7 x7le 0 you will have double This probably refers to a double portion of land. -ISA 61 7 wxd5 figs-123person 0 they will rejoice over their share…they will…their land…will be theirs This still refers to the people of Israel. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice over your share…you will…your land…will be yours” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +ISA 61 7 wxd5 figs-123person 0 they will rejoice over their share … they will … their land … will be theirs This still refers to the people of Israel. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice over your share … you will … your land … will be yours” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 61 9 p3mg figs-parallelism 0 Their descendants will be known among the nations, and their offspring among the peoples These two clauses mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People from other nations will know their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 61 9 kx41 figs-ellipsis 0 their offspring among the peoples This clause assumes the same verb as the previous one. Alternate translation: “their offspring will be known among the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 61 10 w34d 0 I will greatly rejoice in Yahweh “I” refers to the people of God speaking as one person whom Yahweh has restored. @@ -3417,7 +3417,7 @@ ISA 62 1 dja1 figs-parallelism 0 For Zion’s sake I will not be silent, and fo ISA 62 1 b9bc 0 I will not be silent It is most likely that “I” refers to Isaiah. ISA 62 1 q71s figs-simile 0 until her righteousness proceeds brightly, and her salvation as a burning torch Both clauses reassure the people that God will eventually come and save the people of Israel and that it will be as apparent as light is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 62 3 qm2v figs-parallelism 0 You will also be a crown of beauty in the hand of Yahweh, and a turban of kingship in the hand of your God These mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They say that Jerusalem will become a royal city under the power and authority of God. Yahweh’s hand is a metonym for his power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 62 4 dd4g figs-parallelism 0 It will no more…will it be said, “Desolate.” These mean the same thing are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 62 4 dd4g figs-parallelism 0 It will no more … will it be said, “Desolate.” These mean the same thing are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 62 4 uk2d figs-activepassive 0 It will no more be said of you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will no longer say about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 62 4 rz8n figs-activepassive 0 nor of your land any longer will it be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nor will people any longer say about your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 62 4 s67z figs-metaphor 0 your land will be married This means Yahweh will love the people of Israel and will always be with them as is a husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3429,8 +3429,8 @@ ISA 62 6 v43n figs-litotes 0 they are not silent day or night This means they a ISA 62 7 b9v2 0 Do not allow him to rest Here “him” refers to Yahweh. ISA 62 8 bnu9 figs-metonymy 0 by his right hand and by the arm of his strength The right hand and arm represent power and authority. Alternate translation: “by his power and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 62 8 tb4w 0 Surely I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies This means Yahweh will not let enemies conquer the people of Israel and take their grain anymore. Perhaps enemies took the grain in the past as a tax or to feed their own armies. -ISA 62 8 jw3p figs-parallelism 0 I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies…Foreigners will not drink your new wine These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 62 9 lt1b figs-parallelism 0 those who harvest the grain…those who pick the grapes These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 62 8 jw3p figs-parallelism 0 I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies … Foreigners will not drink your new wine These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 62 9 lt1b figs-parallelism 0 those who harvest the grain … those who pick the grapes These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 62 10 f159 0 Come through, come through the gates The phrase “come through” is repeated to show urgency. ISA 62 10 m5im figs-metonymy 0 Build it, build the highway The word “build” is repeated to emphasize that Yahweh urgently wants the road prepared. The “highway” represents the way the people can return. This is similar to [Isaiah 40:3](../40/03.md) and [Isaiah 57:14](../57/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 62 10 dxb2 figs-synecdoche 0 Gather out the stones “Take the stones out of the road to make it smooth.” Stones represent all the obstacles to quick travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -3441,10 +3441,10 @@ ISA 62 11 sa9m figs-idiom 0 the daughter of Zion “Daughter” represents the ISA 62 11 n3g6 figs-parallelism 0 See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him These clauses represent the same idea for emphasis. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 40:10](../40/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 62 12 q31l figs-activepassive 0 you will be called This can be stated actively, “they will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 63 intro g5yz 0 # Isaiah 63 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Imagery
The imagery of judgment in this chapter is intended to be rather vivid. The translator should avoid euphemisms, if possible. Overall, this chapter prophesies a day of great judgment and God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]]) -ISA 63 1 qz61 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who comes from Edom…Bozrah Isaiah speaks as a watchman using the question and answer format to present this information about Yahweh’s judgment on Edom, an enemy of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am coming from Edom, clothed in red from Bozrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 63 1 qz61 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who comes from Edom … Bozrah Isaiah speaks as a watchman using the question and answer format to present this information about Yahweh’s judgment on Edom, an enemy of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am coming from Edom, clothed in red from Bozrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 1 vv2a translate-names 0 Bozrah This is the capital city of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 63 1 j2ug 0 It is I Here “I” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 63 2 tzm5 figs-rquestion 0 Why are your clothes red, and why…winepress? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The red on your clothing looks makes you look like you have been treading on grapes in a winepress.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ISA 63 2 tzm5 figs-rquestion 0 Why are your clothes red, and why … winepress? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The red on your clothing looks makes you look like you have been treading on grapes in a winepress.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 2 nmf4 0 winepress A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice. ISA 63 3 ky69 figs-metaphor 0 I have trodden grapes Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This imagery refers to Yahweh destroying his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 4 ebb5 0 the day of vengeance “the time of vengeance” or “the time for vengeance” @@ -3470,7 +3470,7 @@ ISA 63 12 iq2k 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. ISA 63 12 zbm6 figs-metonymy 0 who made his glorious power go with the right hand of Moses Here “right hand” represents the power of Yahweh through Moses. This means it was God’s power that enabled Moses to divide the water of the Reed Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 63 13 ymx4 figs-simile 0 Like a horse running on flat land, they did not stumble This means that the people of Israel were sure-footed as horses in open country on their travels toward Israel from Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 63 14 d9fd 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. -ISA 63 14 vw1c figs-simile 0 As the cattle that go down into the valley…rest This image pictures cattle going into a valley where there is green grass and water and emphasizes that God led the people of Israel and took care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 63 14 vw1c figs-simile 0 As the cattle that go down into the valley … rest This image pictures cattle going into a valley where there is green grass and water and emphasizes that God led the people of Israel and took care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 63 14 mt35 figs-metonymy 0 to make yourself a name of praise Here “name of praise” refers to honor and one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “to make sure you have an honored reputation for yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 63 15 fet4 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. ISA 63 15 z3pw figs-rquestion 0 Where are your zeal and your mighty acts? The writer uses a question to express deep emotion and concern because it seems God is not helping them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not see your zeal and your mighty acts!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -3483,7 +3483,7 @@ ISA 63 17 dfb6 figs-metaphor 0 why do you make us wander from your ways To not ISA 63 17 pqt9 figs-metaphor 0 harden our hearts This means to become resistant to Yahweh’s teaching by refusing to listen and obey. Here “heart” represents their motives, feelings and desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 63 18 ka89 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. ISA 63 19 j3dn figs-activepassive 0 who were never called by your name This can be stated in active form. The word “name” refers to a family relationship. Alternate translation: “who never belonged to your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 63 19 kcq5 0 We have become…called by your name Some modern versions interpret this passage differently: “We are like the people over whom you have not ruled, like those who have not been called by your name.” +ISA 63 19 kcq5 0 We have become … called by your name Some modern versions interpret this passage differently: “We are like the people over whom you have not ruled, like those who have not been called by your name.” ISA 64 intro pn57 0 # Isaiah 64 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Repentance
This chapter records the repentance of the righteous remnant of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ISA 64 1 k72d 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh ([Isaiah 63:11](../63/11.md)). ISA 64 1 vzg6 figs-hypo 0 Oh, if you had Isaiah introduces this desire for Yahweh’s presence in their past history with a strong exclamation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) @@ -3512,7 +3512,7 @@ ISA 65 intro mm3j 0 # Isaiah 65 General Notes
## Structure and formatting< ISA 65 1 fu52 0 I was ready Here “I” refers to Yahweh. ISA 65 2 k5z1 figs-idiom 0 I have spread out my hands all day to a stubborn people “Spreading out my hands” here is a person’s gesture to show imploring or a strong request. Alternate translation: “I have continually begged a stubborn people to receive my help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 65 3 t8a2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Israel. -ISA 65 3 y6w2 figs-explicit 0 in gardens…on brick tiles These refer to Canaanite places for worshiping idols. Their sacred altars were made of bricks, which Yahweh forbid for his altars. Yahweh’s altars were made of stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ISA 65 3 y6w2 figs-explicit 0 in gardens … on brick tiles These refer to Canaanite places for worshiping idols. Their sacred altars were made of bricks, which Yahweh forbid for his altars. Yahweh’s altars were made of stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 65 4 ga3p figs-explicit 0 sit among the graves and keep watch all night This is a reference to consulting the dead, a practice that Yahweh prohibited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 65 4 u4tg figs-explicit 0 eat pork Yahweh did not allow the people of Israel to eat meat from pigs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 65 5 yf6i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to and about the people of Israel. @@ -3530,9 +3530,9 @@ ISA 65 10 pzz2 translate-names 0 Sharon This was a fertile grazing area. (See: ISA 65 10 gc1h translate-names 0 Valley of Achor This is the name of a valley that possibly ran from Jerusalem to south of Jericho. This was also a fertile grazing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 65 11 mw8c 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 65 11 cm1c 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). -ISA 65 11 h947 0 who prepare a table…and fill wine glasses of mixed wine People would bring food and drink and place it in front of the idol as part of their worship. +ISA 65 11 h947 0 who prepare a table … and fill wine glasses of mixed wine People would bring food and drink and place it in front of the idol as part of their worship. ISA 65 11 crn4 0 mixed wine wine mixed with spices -ISA 65 11 u2ws 0 Fortune…Destiny These are names of false gods. They are also called “Gad” and “Meni.” +ISA 65 11 u2ws 0 Fortune … Destiny These are names of false gods. They are also called “Gad” and “Meni.” ISA 65 12 cb1l 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols. ISA 65 12 kk9r figs-synecdoche 0 appoint you for the sword “The sword” represents various weapons of war that Yahweh will use to punish those who do not respond to Yahweh’s call. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 65 12 ah6h figs-parallelism 0 when I called, you did not answer; when I spoke, you did not listen Both clauses mean the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -3542,7 +3542,7 @@ ISA 65 14 l9nc figs-parallelism 0 but you will cry because of the pain of the h ISA 65 14 l647 figs-metaphor 0 crushing of the spirit This expression compares the feeling of terrible disappointment and sorrow to something becoming deformed due to high pressure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 65 15 mbr1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols. ISA 65 16 x8rm figs-activepassive 0 will be blessed by me, the God of truth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I, the God who always speaks the truth, will bless him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 65 16 b3zy figs-activepassive 0 the former troubles will be forgotten…will be hidden These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will forget the former troubles, for these troubles will be out of my memory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ISA 65 16 b3zy figs-activepassive 0 the former troubles will be forgotten … will be hidden These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will forget the former troubles, for these troubles will be out of my memory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 16 xcx8 figs-idiom 0 they will be hidden from my eyes “hidden from my eyes” represents the attention and memory of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will not even think about them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 65 17 ru1m 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 65 17 au5p 0 For see “Notice! Pay attention!” @@ -3567,7 +3567,7 @@ ISA 66 2 z6n3 figs-synecdoche 0 My hand has made all these things Yahweh is rep ISA 66 2 js74 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 66 2 d8bv 0 the broken and contrite in spirit Here “broken” and “contrite” refers to a person who is truly humble and who suffers for his faith. ISA 66 3 us65 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 66 3 r9v8 figs-parallelism 0 He who slaughters…also blesses wickedness These four clauses all describe different ways evil people act and come to the same meaning for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 66 3 r9v8 figs-parallelism 0 He who slaughters … also blesses wickedness These four clauses all describe different ways evil people act and come to the same meaning for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 66 3 k536 0 They have chosen their own ways “They have chosen to do evil things that violate the ways of Yahweh” ISA 66 4 m1x2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the wicked people. ISA 66 4 l9qg figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in my sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what I consider to be evil” or “what is evil in my judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3579,11 +3579,11 @@ ISA 66 7 a59i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 66 7 iy8c figs-metaphor 0 Before she goes into labor, she gives birth; before pain is upon her, she gave birth to a son Yahweh speaks about Zion as if it were a woman who is about to give birth. Although Zion was destroyed and the people no longer lived there, Yahweh promises that without delay and with little effort an entire nation will come from her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 66 8 mnx2 figs-rquestion 0 Who has heard of such a thing? Who has seen such things? Will a land be born in one day? Can a nation be established in one moment? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize how unique this event will be. The series of questions builds tension until Zion is finally mentioned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 66 9 prd7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother ([Isaiah 66:7-8](./07.md)). -ISA 66 9 ykq2 figs-rquestion 0 Do I bring a baby to the birth opening…born? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he will not fail to fulfill his promises to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ISA 66 9 ykq2 figs-rquestion 0 Do I bring a baby to the birth opening … born? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he will not fail to fulfill his promises to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 66 10 jpw5 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother and the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were newly born children ([Isaiah 66:7-8](./07.md)). ISA 66 11 m27u figs-metaphor 0 For you will nurse and be satisfied; with her breasts you will be comforted This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God’s people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For she will satisfy you with her milk; she will comfort you with her breasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 66 12 di1p 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother ([Isaiah 66:7-8](./07.md)). -ISA 66 12 j2n7 figs-simile 0 like a river…like an overflowing stream This means God will cause the people of the nations to bring a very large amount of riches, which will be permanent like a river and abundant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 66 12 j2n7 figs-simile 0 like a river … like an overflowing stream This means God will cause the people of the nations to bring a very large amount of riches, which will be permanent like a river and abundant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 66 12 l5d2 figs-metaphor 0 You will nurse at her side, be carried in her arms, and be dandled on her knees This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 66 12 u5js figs-activepassive 0 be carried in her arms, and be dandled on her knees This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she will carry you in her arms and bounce you on her knees with delight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 66 13 w86z figs-activepassive 0 so I will comfort you, and you will be comforted in Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so I will comfort you in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3602,14 +3602,14 @@ ISA 66 17 nv79 figs-explicit 0 enter the gardens This is a place where people w ISA 66 17 jx7b 0 the one in the middle This describes the leader of those of go to worship idols. ISA 66 17 bs95 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 66 18 nhd3 0 For I know Here “I” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 66 18 ej4u 0 their deeds…their thoughts Here “their” refers to the worshipers that are hypocrites whom Yahweh has described before. -ISA 66 19 k1r5 translate-names 0 Put…Lud…Tubal…Javan These are names of areas that are far from the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ISA 66 18 ej4u 0 their deeds … their thoughts Here “their” refers to the worshipers that are hypocrites whom Yahweh has described before. +ISA 66 19 k1r5 translate-names 0 Put … Lud … Tubal … Javan These are names of areas that are far from the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 66 20 m4dq 0 They will bring Here “they” refers to the foreigners who survived and witnessed to the nations. They will return to Jerusalem with exiled Israelites. ISA 66 20 lip4 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). ISA 66 22 g5ni 0 the new heavens and the new earth See how you translated this in [Isaiah 65:17](../65/17.md). ISA 66 24 ju6e 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes speaking. ISA 66 24 ivj5 0 They will go out Here “they” refers to all the people, the faithful Israelites and foreigners, who come to worship Yahweh. -ISA 66 24 a8i9 figs-parallelism 0 the worms…and the fire Both clauses describe the same idea to emphasize Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ISA 66 24 a8i9 figs-parallelism 0 the worms … and the fire Both clauses describe the same idea to emphasize Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 66 24 le39 figs-metonymy 0 the worms that eat them The worms represent the horror of decay and rot that are Yahweh’s punishment on the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 66 24 md8u figs-metonymy 0 the fire that consumes Fire also represents Yahweh’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 66 24 t9vq figs-litotes 0 will not be quenched This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “will burn forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) diff --git a/en_tn_24-JER.tsv b/en_tn_24-JER.tsv index 5b6425de8..16c83f3fe 100644 --- a/en_tn_24-JER.tsv +++ b/en_tn_24-JER.tsv @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ JER 1 8 jk96 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration The word “this” refers to wh JER 1 8 tfp9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 1 9 gq1r figs-metaphor 0 Then Yahweh reached out with his hand, touched my mouth This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor representing Yahweh giving Jeremiah special authority to speak. Alternate translation: “Then it was as though Yahweh touched my mouth” or (2) Jeremiah was seeing a vision and Yahweh actually did this as a symbolic act of giving Jeremiah authority to speak. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh touched my mouth with his hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 1 9 sw5r figs-metaphor 0 I have placed my word in your mouth This phrase represents giving Jeremiah his message. Alternate translation: “I have given you my message for you to speak to the people” or “I have enabled you to tell the people my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 10 xz7w 0 I am appointing you…to uproot and break down, to destroy and overthrow, to build and plant Jeremiah would do these things to various nations by saying that they would happen. +JER 1 10 xz7w 0 I am appointing you … to uproot and break down, to destroy and overthrow, to build and plant Jeremiah would do these things to various nations by saying that they would happen. JER 1 10 k126 0 to uproot and break down, to destroy and overthrow, to build and plant He would uproot, break down, destroy and overthrow some nations, and he would build and plant other nations. JER 1 10 hzc6 figs-metaphor 0 to uproot God speaks of Jeremiah destroying the nations by what he says as if the nations were plants and he were to pull them up out of the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 1 10 vgg1 figs-doublet 0 to destroy and overthrow Jeremiah uses these words, which mean almost the same thing, to show that this will certainly happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ JER 1 16 gg7p 0 I will pronounce sentence against them “I will announce how JER 1 16 wrh7 0 I will pronounce sentence against them “I will pronounce sentence against the people of Judah” JER 1 16 s442 0 worshiping what they made with their own hands Since the people had made the idols with their own hands, they should have known that the idols are not worthy of worship. JER 1 17 k94h 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah. -JER 1 17 qw4v figs-metaphor 0 Do not be shattered…I will shatter you Here “be shattered” represents being extremely afraid, and “shatter” represents causing Jeremiah to be extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “Do not be terrified…I will terrify you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 1 17 qw4v figs-metaphor 0 Do not be shattered … I will shatter you Here “be shattered” represents being extremely afraid, and “shatter” represents causing Jeremiah to be extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “Do not be terrified … I will terrify you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 1 18 q32g 0 Behold! “Pay attention!” JER 1 18 k16n figs-metaphor 0 Today I have made you a fortified city, an iron pillar, and bronze walls against the whole land Being strong like these things represents being confident and unchanging in saying what God had told him to say. Alternate translation: “I have made you strong against the whole land like a fortified city, an iron pillar, and bronze walls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 18 l1sl figs-metaphor 0 iron…bronze These were the strongest materials known at that time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 1 18 l1sl figs-metaphor 0 iron … bronze These were the strongest materials known at that time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 1 18 u7cf figs-metonymy 0 the whole land This represents all the people of the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 1 19 zp53 0 They will fight against you This refers to the people of Judah. JER 1 19 c3xx figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ JER 2 5 k654 figs-metaphor 0 they went far from following me This represents re JER 2 5 p2c2 figs-metaphor 0 they went after useless idols This represents choosing to be loyal to idols and worship them. Alternate translation: “they worshiped useless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 5 ea5y 0 useless idols idols that people can use for nothing good. The translation should not make people think that there are some idols that are useful. JER 2 6 qj82 figs-explicit 0 They did not say It is implied that they should have said what follows. Alternate translation: “They should have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 2 6 bj3g figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh, who brought us…Egypt? This rhetorical question would have been used to show the people’s need of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “We need Yahweh. He is the one who brought us…Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 6 sb9y figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh, who led us…lives? This rhetorical question would have been used to show the people’s need of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “We need Yahweh. He is the one who led us…lives.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 2 6 bj3g figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh, who brought us … Egypt? This rhetorical question would have been used to show the people’s need of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “We need Yahweh. He is the one who brought us … Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 2 6 sb9y figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh, who led us … lives? This rhetorical question would have been used to show the people’s need of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “We need Yahweh. He is the one who led us … lives.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 2 6 xpu1 figs-metaphor 0 a land of drought and deep darkness A “land of drought” is a land that does not have enough water. Here “deep darkness” is a metaphor for danger. Alternate translation: “a dangerous land where there is not enough water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 7 e78y figs-parallelism 0 you defiled my land, you made my inheritance an abomination! These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “you sinned and made the land I gave you disgusting to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 2 7 z346 figs-metaphor 0 you defiled my land Here “defiled” represents making the land unacceptable to God. They did this by sinning against him there when they worshiped idols. Alternate translation: “by sinning, you made my land no good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ JER 2 8 b2si 0 unprofitable things Unprofitable things are things that cannot JER 2 9 wb2t 0 your sons’ sons “your future generations” JER 2 10 m3dc translate-names 0 cross over to the coasts of Kittim Kittim was an island west of Israel. Today it is called Cyprus. It represented all the lands far to the west of Israel. Alternate translation: “go west across the ocean to Kittim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 2 10 r42k translate-names 0 Send messengers out to Kedar Kedar is the name of a land far to the east of Israel. Alternate translation: “Send messengers far east to the land of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 2 11 g27j figs-rquestion 0 Has a nation exchanged gods…gods? God uses this question to tell the people of Israel that other nations continue to worship their own gods. They do not change and worship other gods. Alternate translation: “You will see that no nation has ever exchanged gods…gods.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 2 11 g27j figs-rquestion 0 Has a nation exchanged gods … gods? God uses this question to tell the people of Israel that other nations continue to worship their own gods. They do not change and worship other gods. Alternate translation: “You will see that no nation has ever exchanged gods … gods.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 2 11 y4gc figs-123person 0 But my people have exchanged their glory for what cannot help them Here God speaks as though he were not speaking directly to his people. Alternate translation: “But you, my people, have exchanged me, your glorious God, for what cannot help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 2 11 ad5n figs-metonymy 0 their glory This expression refers to God himself, who is glorious. Alternate translation: “their glorious God” or “me, your glorious God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 2 11 i74r figs-metonymy 0 for what cannot help Here false gods are spoken of in terms of what they cannot do. Alternate translation: “for false gods, which cannot help” or “for gods who cannot help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ JER 2 16 z84p 0 will shave your skull The Egyptians shaved the head of their s JER 2 16 f67y 0 will shave your skull Some versions interpret the Hebrew text as “have cracked your skull.” JER 2 17 rh64 figs-rquestion 0 Did you not do this to yourselves when you abandoned Yahweh your God, while he was leading you along the way? Yahweh uses this question to remind Israel that it is their own fault that their enemies attacked them. Alternate translation: “You caused this yourselves by abandoning Yahweh your God while he was leading you along the way.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 2 18 ksj8 figs-rquestion 0 So now, why take the road to Egypt and drink the waters of Shihor? Why take the road to Assyria and drink the waters of the Euphrates River? Yahweh uses these questions to remind his people that it does not do any good to ask Egypt and Assyria to help them. Alternate translation: “It does not help you to go to Egypt and drink from the waters of the Shihor River, or to go to Assyria and drink from the waters of the Euphrates River.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 18 qic3 figs-metaphor 0 why take the road to Egypt and drink the waters of Shihor…Why take the road to Assyria and drink the waters of the Euphrates River These are a metaphor for asking the Egyptian and Assyrian armies to help them. Alternate translation: “why ask the Egyptians to help you…Why ask the Assyrians to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 2 18 qic3 figs-metaphor 0 why take the road to Egypt and drink the waters of Shihor … Why take the road to Assyria and drink the waters of the Euphrates River These are a metaphor for asking the Egyptian and Assyrian armies to help them. Alternate translation: “why ask the Egyptians to help you … Why ask the Assyrians to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 18 b4bs translate-names 0 Shihor This is the name of a stream associated with Egypt. It may have been a branch of the Nile River. Some versions call it the Nile. Alternate translation: “the Shihor Stream” or “the Shihor River” or “the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 2 19 d7s4 figs-personification 0 Your wickedness rebukes you, and your faithlessness punishes you Both of these phrases mean that their punishment is the result of their wicked behavior. Alternate translation: “Because you have been wicked and unfaithful, I will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 2 19 r6k2 figs-hendiadys 0 it is wicked and bitter Here the word “bitter” describes “wicked.” Alternate translation: “it is bitterly wicked” or “it is extremely wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ JER 2 21 w7eu 0 a choice vine “a vine of very good quality” JER 2 21 ys3q 0 completely from pure seed Here “pure seed” is the best seed that has not been mixed with seed that is not good. Alternate translation: “that grew from excellent seed” JER 2 21 ht1q figs-rquestion 0 How then have you have changed yourself into a corrupt, worthless vine? God uses this question to rebuke his people for changing and becoming like a corrupt worthless vine. Alternate translation: “But you have changed yourself into a corrupt, worthless vine!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 2 22 d3qb figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 2 23 njn2 figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, ‘I…have not walked after the Baals’? God uses this question to rebuke his people for saying that they have not worshiped the Baals. Alternate translation: “You lie when you say, ‘I…have not walked after the Baals.’ (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 2 23 njn2 figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, ‘I … have not walked after the Baals’? God uses this question to rebuke his people for saying that they have not worshiped the Baals. Alternate translation: “You lie when you say, ‘I … have not walked after the Baals.’ (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 2 23 ga8k figs-metaphor 0 walked after This is a metaphor for serving or worshiping. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 23 y5u9 figs-metaphor 0 you are a swift female camel running here and there God speaks of Israel worshiping other gods as if they were like a female camel running in different directions looking for a male camel to mate with. Alternate translation: “You are like a swift female camel running back and forth looking for a male camel to mate with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 23 uh3n 0 swift able to run quickly @@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ JER 3 2 h79r translate-names 0 an Arab in the wilderness An Arab is a person fr JER 3 3 bza8 figs-activepassive 0 So the showers have been withheld This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So I withheld the showers from you” or “So I prevented the rains from falling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 3 3 ry2i figs-metonymy 0 you have the forehead of a prostitute The arrogance showing on a person’s face is spoken of as if the face itself were arrogant. Alternate translation: “But the expression on your face shows that you arrogant, like the face of a prostitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 3 5 gxd9 0 Connecting Statement: The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you not” in verse 4 ends here. -JER 3 5 tm6g figs-rquestion 0 Will he…to the end?’ The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you not” in verse 4 ends here. God uses this question to rebuke his people for calling out to him and saying these things. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have just called out to me: ‘My father…youth! Will he…to the end?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 3 5 tm6g figs-rquestion 0 Will he … to the end?’ The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you not” in verse 4 ends here. God uses this question to rebuke his people for calling out to him and saying these things. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have just called out to me: ‘My father … youth! Will he … to the end?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 3 5 ks4c figs-rquestion 0 Will he always be angry? Will he always keep his wrath to the end? These questions express the people’s hope that God will not be angry with them forever. They can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Surely he will not always be angry. Surely he will not always keep his wrath to the end.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 3 5 ad4m 0 Look! “pay attention” or “listen” JER 3 6 q6wm figs-rquestion 0 Do you see what faithless Israel has done? God uses this question to draw Jeremiah’s attention to Israel’s faithlessness. It can be translated as a command or a statement. Alternate translation: “See how faithless Israel is to me.” or “You see how faithless Israel is to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ JER 3 13 afy2 figs-metaphor 0 you have shared your ways with strangers under ev JER 3 13 cyd5 figs-hyperbole 0 under every leafy tree People would worship idols under trees. The word “every” is a generalization used to show that the people of Israel worshiped many gods under many different trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 3 13 n89f figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 3 14 rfl1 figs-metaphor 0 I am your husband God speaks of Israel belonging to him as if he were Israel’s husband. Alternate translation: “you belong to me as a wife belongs to her husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 15 khd7 figs-metaphor 0 I will give you shepherds…they will shepherd you Here God speaks of leaders as if they were shepherds and the people they led were sheep. Alternate translation: “I will give you leaders…they will lead you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 3 15 khd7 figs-metaphor 0 I will give you shepherds … they will shepherd you Here God speaks of leaders as if they were shepherds and the people they led were sheep. Alternate translation: “I will give you leaders … they will lead you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 3 15 jfu5 figs-metonymy 0 shepherds after my heart Here “heart” represents Yahweh’s desire or will. The phrase “after my heart” is an idiom that describes people who do God’s will. Alternate translation: “shepherds who do my will” or “shepherds who do what I want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 3 16 aah8 figs-metaphor 0 you will increase and bear fruit The word “you” refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “bear fruit” is a metaphor for having many descendants. Alternate translation: “you will increase greatly in number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 3 16 dr84 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ JER 3 18 gyl2 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a meto JER 3 18 f85t figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 3 18 ni8b figs-metaphor 0 the land that I gave your ancestors as an inheritance God speaks of giving them the land to possess forever as if it were an inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land that I gave to your ancestors so that it would belong to their descendants forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 3 19 mwz9 0 As for me the word “me” refers to Yahweh -JER 3 19 x77q figs-exclamations 0 How I want to treat you as my son…nation This is an exclamation that expresses God’s desire. Alternate translation: “I want so much to treat you as my son…nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +JER 3 19 x77q figs-exclamations 0 How I want to treat you as my son … nation This is an exclamation that expresses God’s desire. Alternate translation: “I want so much to treat you as my son … nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) JER 3 19 fll8 figs-simile 0 I want to treat you as my son God speaks of Israel as if Israel were his son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 3 19 h67j figs-metaphor 0 an inheritance more beautiful God speaks of the land he wanted to give to Israel as if it were an inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 3 20 p93d figs-simile 0 But like a woman faithless to her husband, you have betrayed me God speaks of Israel being unfaithful to him as if she were an unfaithful wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -251,14 +251,14 @@ JER 4 2 hbb7 figs-metonymy 0 the nations will bless themselves in him Here “b JER 4 2 nkf4 figs-123person 0 in him they will glory The word “him” refers to Yahweh. Since Yahweh is speaking, “him” can also be translated as “me.” Alternate translation: “they will boast in me” or “they will praise me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 4 3 u4kd figs-metaphor 0 Plow your own ground, and do not sow among thorns Yahweh tells the people to prepare their lives like a farmer prepares the ground for planting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 4 4 wva4 figs-metaphor 0 Circumcise yourselves to Yahweh, and remove the foreskins of your heart Yahweh describes the people’s devotion to him in terms of the physical sign of covenant. Alternate translation: “Dedicate yourselves completely to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 4 pp1f figs-parallelism 0 Circumcise yourselves…remove the foreskins of your heart These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 4 4 pp1f figs-parallelism 0 Circumcise yourselves … remove the foreskins of your heart These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 4 4 kf3t figs-simile 0 my fury will break out like fire, and burn with no one to quench it Yahweh speaks of becoming extremely angry as if his anger were fire. Alternate translation: “my anger will burn like a fire and no one will be able to stop it” or “I will be extremely angry, and no one will be able to stop me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 4 4 tw9h 0 fury “great anger” JER 4 5 e8kp figs-parallelism 0 Report in Judah and let it be heard in Jerusalem These phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 4 5 j19h figs-activepassive 0 let it be heard in Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “cause the people in Jerusalem to hear it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 4 5 lrv2 0 Blow the trumpet in the land The trumpet would warn the people that their enemies were coming to attack them. JER 4 5 n1n6 0 Let us go to the fortified cities They would go to the fortified cities for protection from their enemies. -JER 4 6 tf7e figs-doublet 0 disaster…a great collapse These words mean basically the same thing. The phrase “a great collapse” defines what the “disaster” will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JER 4 6 tf7e figs-doublet 0 disaster … a great collapse These words mean basically the same thing. The phrase “a great collapse” defines what the “disaster” will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 4 6 xug6 figs-metaphor 0 for I am bringing disaster from the north and a great collapse This represents God sending an army from the north to cause disaster and destruction in Judah. Alternate translation: “for I will cause an army from the north to come and destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 4 6 d4sz figs-metonymy 0 from the north This represents an enemy army that would come from the north. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 4 7 a149 figs-metaphor 0 A lion is coming God speaks of a powerful army as if it were a fierce lion. Alternate translation: “A powerful and merciless army approaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ JER 4 7 cix1 figs-metonymy 0 to bring horror to your land This represents destr JER 4 8 q3kk translate-symaction 0 wrap yourself in sackcloth People would wear sackcloth to show that they were very sad. In this context it would be to show that they were very sorry for the bad things they had done. Alternate translation: “put on the clothes that show you are mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 4 8 j7pi 0 wail cry loudly JER 4 8 pwd6 figs-metaphor 0 For the force of Yahweh’s anger has not turned away from us Anger is spoken of as if it were a living thing that could turn away from people. Here “Yahweh’s anger has not turned away from us” means that Yahweh is still very angry with the people. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is still very angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 9 l39s figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of the king and his officials will die Here “hearts” represent courage. Also “the hearts…will die” represents losing courage and being afraid. Alternate translation: “the king and his officials will stop being courageous” or “the king and his officials will be terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 4 9 l39s figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of the king and his officials will die Here “hearts” represent courage. Also “the hearts … will die” represents losing courage and being afraid. Alternate translation: “the king and his officials will stop being courageous” or “the king and his officials will be terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 4 10 u3zu figs-personification 0 the sword is striking against their life Here enemies being ready to kill people is spoken of as if the sword was a person striking at people. Alternate translation: “our enemies are ready to slaughter us with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 4 11 eaf4 figs-activepassive 0 it will be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 4 11 l2gl figs-metaphor 0 burning wind from the plains Here a “burning wind” represents a fierce and merciless enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ JER 4 14 wj5b figs-rquestion 0 How long will your deepest thoughts be about how JER 4 15 ri3n figs-synecdoche 0 a voice is bringing news from Dan Here “a voice” represents a messenger. Alternate translation: “a messenger comes and tells about what is happening in Dan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 4 15 w5rx 0 Dan This probably refers to the region of Dan, which was west of Jerusalem. JER 4 15 mu7y figs-activepassive 0 the coming disaster is heard from the mountains of Ephraim This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people hear about the disaster that is coming from Ephraim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 4 15 t4qv 0 from Dan…mountains of Ephraim By hearing that the enemies had gotten to Dan and Ephraim, people in Jerusalem would understand that the enemies were getting closer to them. +JER 4 15 t4qv 0 from Dan … mountains of Ephraim By hearing that the enemies had gotten to Dan and Ephraim, people in Jerusalem would understand that the enemies were getting closer to them. JER 4 16 e4lv 0 besiegers are coming Besiegers are soldiers who surround a city in order to keep the people in the city from being able to get supplies of food and water. JER 4 17 b2nh figs-simile 0 They will be like the watchmen of a cultivated field against her all around Carefully guarding a city to keep people from going in and out is spoken of as if they are carefully watching a field to keep people from stealing from it. Alternate translation: “they will guard Jerusalem carefully like watchmen who carefully guard a cultivated field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 4 17 vj61 figs-personification 0 against her all around The word “her” refers to Jerusalem. Jerusalem was often spoken of as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ JER 4 20 b4gs 0 my curtains Curtains are cloths that are hung to separate the JER 4 21 k2xu figs-rquestion 0 How long will I see the standard? Will I hear the sound of the horn? Jeremiah uses these questions to show his distress about seeing the battle flag and hearing the sound of the horn for such a long time. He wishes that the battle would end soon. It can be stated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Oh, how I wish that the battle would end, and the flag would be lowered, and the sound of the army’s horn would stop” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 4 21 cy1e 0 the standard “the battle flag” JER 4 21 bdm1 0 the sound of the horn Someone would blow the horn as a signal for battle. -JER 4 22 q9tl figs-explicit 0 For the foolishness of my people…do not know to do good. It can be stated clearly that Yahweh says this. This is probably his reply to Jeremiah, telling why the battle is still happening. Alternate translation: “Yahweh replied, ‘It is because of the foolishness of my people…do not know to do good.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JER 4 22 q9tl figs-explicit 0 For the foolishness of my people … do not know to do good. It can be stated clearly that Yahweh says this. This is probably his reply to Jeremiah, telling why the battle is still happening. Alternate translation: “Yahweh replied, ‘It is because of the foolishness of my people … do not know to do good.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 4 22 ci3d 0 idiotic people “stupid people” JER 4 23 lj51 0 General Information: Jeremiah describes a vision that God gave him about things that would happen later. JER 4 23 r4yf 0 Behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. @@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ JER 4 29 v4z8 figs-parallelism 0 The cities will be abandoned, for there will b JER 4 30 dp7c 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of the people of Judah as if they were a prostitute because they were unfaithful to him by worshiping other gods. JER 4 30 n253 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Judah. JER 4 30 cmv6 figs-rquestion 0 Now that you have been devastated, what will you do? This question is used to tell the people of Judah that there is nothing they can do to help themselves. Alternate translation: “Now that your enemies have devastated you, there is nothing you can do to find help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 4 30 r96u figs-explicit 0 you dress in scarlet…gold jewelry…eyes…with paint God speaks of the people of Judah as if they were a prostitute making herself look beautiful in order to attract men to her. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Like a prostitute you dress in scarlet…good jewelry…eyes…with paint” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JER 4 30 r96u figs-explicit 0 you dress in scarlet … gold jewelry … eyes … with paint God speaks of the people of Judah as if they were a prostitute making herself look beautiful in order to attract men to her. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Like a prostitute you dress in scarlet … good jewelry … eyes … with paint” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 4 30 qfd4 figs-metonymy 0 you dress in scarlet Here “scarlet” represents expensive, red clothing. Alternate translation: “you wear expensive red clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 4 30 r71v 0 adorn yourself with gold jewelry “you put on gold jewelry” JER 4 30 z4md figs-metaphor 0 men who lusted for you now reject you God speaks of the nations that Judah had depended on for wealth and business as if they were men who lusted after Judah. Those nations would reject Judah when they see God’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -347,8 +347,8 @@ JER 5 3 bwd1 figs-metaphor 0 they still refuse to receive discipline Here “to JER 5 3 v9en figs-metonymy 0 They make their faces harder than rock Hard faces represents the expression on their faces that shows that they are stubborn. The simile “harder than rock” shows that the people are extremely stubborn. Alternate translation: “They are extremely stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 5 4 ty12 0 So I said Jeremiah is speaking. JER 5 5 mu9t figs-metaphor 0 But they all broke their yoke together; they all tore apart the chains that bound them to God. The yoke and chains represent the law which bind God and his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 6 d8ks figs-metaphor 0 So a lion…A wolf…A lurking panther These are dangerous animals that can kill people. Possible meanings are that (1) this really is about wild animals killing people or (2) these wild animals are metaphors for enemy armies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 6 ei8j figs-metaphor 0 So a lion…A wolf…A lurking panther…torn apart One possible meaning is that these are metaphors for enemy armies who will attack Judah. Alternate translation: “Like a lion from the thicket, a wolf from the Arabah, and a lurking panther, enemy armies will come against their cities, attack them, and destroy them. Anyone who goes outside his city will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 5 6 d8ks figs-metaphor 0 So a lion … A wolf … A lurking panther These are dangerous animals that can kill people. Possible meanings are that (1) this really is about wild animals killing people or (2) these wild animals are metaphors for enemy armies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 5 6 ei8j figs-metaphor 0 So a lion … A wolf … A lurking panther … torn apart One possible meaning is that these are metaphors for enemy armies who will attack Judah. Alternate translation: “Like a lion from the thicket, a wolf from the Arabah, and a lurking panther, enemy armies will come against their cities, attack them, and destroy them. Anyone who goes outside his city will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 6 qkm7 0 thicket a set of bushes that grew closely together. JER 5 6 a7xd 0 wolf a large wild dangerous dog JER 5 6 nb63 0 lurking watching for an opportunity to attack @@ -361,11 +361,11 @@ JER 5 7 duz8 figs-personification 0 Your sons Yahweh is speaking to Jerusalem a JER 5 7 mvg1 figs-metaphor 0 I fed them fully Providing all they needed is spoken of as feeding them. Alternate translation: “I gave them everything they needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 7 cc9s figs-metaphor 0 they committed adultery and walked in great numbers to the houses of prostitutes This may be a metaphor for being unfaithful to God and worshiping idols, but idol worship also included prostitution. Alternate translation: “they were unfaithful to me and went in large numbers to the houses of prostitutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 7 vq87 0 walked in great numbers to the houses of prostitutes “went in large groups to the houses of prostitutes” or “large groups of them went to the houses of prostitutes” -JER 5 8 m3wt figs-metaphor 0 They were horses in heat…neighed to his neighbor’s wife Because the God speaks of them as if they were horses that wanted to mate with other horses. Alternate translation: “They were like horses in heat…neighed to his neighbor’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 5 8 m3wt figs-metaphor 0 They were horses in heat … neighed to his neighbor’s wife Because the God speaks of them as if they were horses that wanted to mate with other horses. Alternate translation: “They were like horses in heat … neighed to his neighbor’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 8 yq1u 0 in heat ready to mate JER 5 8 u1ts 0 mate when animals breed to reproduce JER 5 8 hgv8 figs-metaphor 0 Each man neighed to his neighbor’s wife Male horses neigh loudly to female horses when they want to mate with them. Alternate translation: “Like horses who mate with more than one horse, these men wanted to sleep with other men’s wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 9 i5z2 figs-rquestion 0 So should I not punish them…and should I not avenge myself on a nation that is like this? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the things that they are doing are so bad that he will no have mercy but will punish them. Alternate translation: “Because they do these things, I will punish them…I will certainly get revenge for myself against them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 5 9 i5z2 figs-rquestion 0 So should I not punish them … and should I not avenge myself on a nation that is like this? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the things that they are doing are so bad that he will no have mercy but will punish them. Alternate translation: “Because they do these things, I will punish them … I will certainly get revenge for myself against them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 5 9 l377 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 5 10 rwg3 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak. Here he speaks to the enemies of Israel. JER 5 10 uh17 figs-explicit 0 Go up onto her vineyards’ terraces In verses 10-13 Yahweh speaks to Israel’s enemies. This can be made clear in the quotation. Alternate translation: “You enemies of Israel, go up onto her vineyards’ terraces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ JER 5 15 w6v8 figs-doublet 0 it is a lasting nation, an ancient nation These ph JER 5 15 f6kv 0 a lasting nation “an enduring nation” or “a very strong nation” JER 5 15 c9wc figs-parallelism 0 It is a nation whose language you do not know, nor will you understand what they say These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the Israelites do not know the language of those people. It may imply that the Israelites have not had much contact with them. Alternate translation: “It is a nation whose language you will not understand at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 5 16 ub23 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel. -JER 5 16 yjs1 figs-metonymy 0 Its quiver…They are all soldiers Here “Its quiver” represents the enemy nation’s army, and the arrows in the quiver represent the soldiers in the army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 5 16 yjs1 figs-metonymy 0 Its quiver … They are all soldiers Here “Its quiver” represents the enemy nation’s army, and the arrows in the quiver represent the soldiers in the army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 5 16 a4wr 0 quiver a container for holding arrows JER 5 16 nsx2 figs-simile 0 Its quiver is like an open tomb An open tomb is one that is prepared to have many dead bodies put in it. The enemy army will kill many people. Alternate translation: “That nation’s army will use their arrows and kill many people” or “Because of the arrows of its army, many people will die and be buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 5 17 x18i figs-metaphor 0 So your harvest will be consumed, your sons and daughters also, and your food Possible meanings are that (1) their harvest and their food that was for their sons and daughters would be consumed. Alternate translation: “So your harvest and your food for your sons and daughters will be consumed” or (2) their harvest, sons and daughters, and food would all be consumed. The idea of the sons and daughters being “consumed” would be a metaphor for killed. Alternate translation: “So your harvest and your food will be consumed, and your sons and daughters will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ JER 5 17 evt5 0 that you trusted in “that you thought were strong enough to JER 5 18 hp6x 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel and Jeremiah. JER 5 18 fq65 0 do not intend to destroy “will not destroy” JER 5 19 v6cs figs-explicit 0 done all these things to us The phrase “these things” refers to sending armies to attack them. Alternate translation: “done all these things to harm us” or “sent foreign armies to attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 5 19 f6pe figs-metaphor 0 Just as you…served foreign gods in your land, so you must also serve strangers Here “served foreign gods” represents worshiping foreign gods. God would punish them for serving foreign gods by making them serve foreign people. Alternate translation: “Because you…worshiped foreign gods in your land, you will have to serve foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 5 19 f6pe figs-metaphor 0 Just as you … served foreign gods in your land, so you must also serve strangers Here “served foreign gods” represents worshiping foreign gods. God would punish them for serving foreign gods by making them serve foreign people. Alternate translation: “Because you … worshiped foreign gods in your land, you will have to serve foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 20 h8i5 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel. JER 5 20 i1qw 0 Report this “Tell this” JER 5 20 x88v figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Translate “house of Jacob” as in [Jeremiah 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ JER 5 20 c3ln figs-activepassive 0 let it be heard in Judah This can be express JER 5 21 huc3 0 who have no understanding “who do not understand” or “who understand nothing” JER 5 21 iqw3 figs-metonymy 0 you cannot see Here “cannot see” is a metonym for not understanding. Alternate translation: “you do not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 5 21 h6v9 figs-metonymy 0 you cannot hear Here “cannot hear” represents not understanding. “Alternate translation: “you do not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 5 22 y6ba figs-rquestion 0 Do you not fear me…face? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the people are extremely foolish because they do not fear Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is foolish that you do not fear me…face!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 5 22 y6ba figs-rquestion 0 Do you not fear me … face? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the people are extremely foolish because they do not fear Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is foolish that you do not fear me … face!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 5 22 u7l9 figs-explicit 0 or tremble before my face The trembling would be because of fear, and being “before my face” represents being aware of who God is. Alternate translation: “or shake with fear because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 5 22 l6nf 0 I have placed a border of sand against the sea “I placed the sand as the border for the sea” JER 5 22 l23z figs-metaphor 0 an ongoing decree that it does not violate God speaks of the ocean not going past the border of sand as if the border were a law, and as if the ocean were a person who obeys the law. Alternate translation: “an everlasting limit that it cannot cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ JER 5 28 cw6j 0 they shine with well-being This could mean: (1) their skin shi JER 5 28 plb9 figs-metaphor 0 They crossed over all bounds of wickedness Doing all kinds of wicked things is spoken of as if there were a boundary separating some wicked things from things that are even more wicked. Alternate translation: “They do all kinds of wicked things” or “They even do the most wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 28 mc4l 0 They do not plead the cause of the people, or the cause of the orphan “They do not plead with the rulers to give the people and the orphans what they need” or “They do not plead with the rulers to give justice to the people and the orphans” JER 5 28 fdb8 0 they have not given justice to the needy “they have not helped the needy by doing what is just for them” -JER 5 29 pah8 figs-rquestion 0 Should I not punish…a nation like this? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the things that they are doing are so bad that he will no have mercy but will punish them. See how you translated a similar sentence in [Jeremiah 5:9](../05/09.md). Alternate translation: “So I will punish them, this is Yahweh’s declaration. I will certainly get revenge for myself against them.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 5 29 pah8 figs-rquestion 0 Should I not punish … a nation like this? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the things that they are doing are so bad that he will no have mercy but will punish them. See how you translated a similar sentence in [Jeremiah 5:9](../05/09.md). Alternate translation: “So I will punish them, this is Yahweh’s declaration. I will certainly get revenge for myself against them.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 5 29 s1ep figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 5 30 y4qb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak. JER 5 30 jnz7 figs-explicit 0 Atrocities and horrors have occurred This can be stated more actively. Alternate translation: “People do terrible and horrible things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ JER 5 31 md9e figs-explicit 0 the priests rule with their own power This could JER 5 31 lf6j figs-rquestion 0 but what will happen in the end? “but what will you do at the end of all of this?” Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the people will regret being wicked when he punishes them for it. Alternate translation: “but in the end I will punish you and you will be regret your wicked behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 6 intro f4ic 0 # Jeremiah 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:1-30.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Gods and battle
In the ancient Near East, it was commonly believed that a nation’s gods were responsible for military victory. It may have been believed that a god would not defend an evil city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) JER 6 1 h511 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking. -JER 6 1 f21l figs-idiom 0 Find safety…by leaving Jerusalem Here “Find safety” represents doing what they can in order to be safe. Alternate translation: “Be safe…by leaving Jerusalem” or “Leave Jerusalem…so that you can be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 6 1 f21l figs-idiom 0 Find safety … by leaving Jerusalem Here “Find safety” represents doing what they can in order to be safe. Alternate translation: “Be safe … by leaving Jerusalem” or “Leave Jerusalem … so that you can be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 6 1 a8g6 0 people of Benjamin This is who Yahweh was speaking to. JER 6 1 h78h figs-explicit 0 Blow a trumpet in Tekoa A trumpet is used as a warning that people will be attacked. Alternate translation: “Blow a trumpet in Tekoa to warn the people that they will be attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 6 1 v1e9 translate-names 0 Tekoa This is the name of a town about 18 kilometers south of Jerusalem. The name means “a horn for blowing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ JER 6 6 p62r figs-metaphor 0 because it is filled with oppression Here “it is JER 6 7 x25i figs-simile 0 As a well pours out fresh water, so this city keeps producing wickedness Here “this city keeps producing wickedness” represents people in the city continuing to do wicked things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 6 7 q16a figs-activepassive 0 Violence and disorder are heard within her This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I hear violence and disorder in her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 6 7 ky66 figs-idiom 0 sickness and wounds are continually before my face These things being “before” God’s face represents him seeing them. Alternate translation: “I constantly see sickness and wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 6 8 ctm4 figs-metonymy 0 Accept discipline, Jerusalem…make you into a ruin, an uninhabited land Here God speaks to the people of Jerusalem as if he were speaking to the city itself. Alternate translation: “Accept discipline, you people of Jerusalem…make your land into a ruin, an uninhabited land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 6 8 ctm4 figs-metonymy 0 Accept discipline, Jerusalem … make you into a ruin, an uninhabited land Here God speaks to the people of Jerusalem as if he were speaking to the city itself. Alternate translation: “Accept discipline, you people of Jerusalem … make your land into a ruin, an uninhabited land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 6 8 nn5k figs-metonymy 0 Accept discipline “Accept discipline” here is a metaphor for learning from discipline. Alternate translation: “Learn from your discipline” or “When I punish you, learn to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 6 8 vvn8 0 an uninhabited land “a land that has no people living in it” JER 6 9 sz1r figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly glean those who are left in Israel like a vineyard Yahweh speaks of the enemy attacking those who remain as if the enemy were to pick grapes that remain in a vineyard after others have harvested it. Alternate translation: “After destroying Israel, they will certainly come back to attack the people who are still alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -506,14 +506,14 @@ JER 6 13 vdj4 0 all of them “all of the people of Israel” JER 6 13 qw1u figs-abstractnouns 0 are greedy for dishonest gain The abstract noun “gain” can be expressed with the phrases “get more money” or “get more things.” Alternate translation: “want to get more money by lying to people” or “strongly desire to get more things and will even trick people in order to get them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 6 13 b8dn 0 all of them practice deceit “all of them deceive people” or “all of them are liars” JER 6 14 it97 figs-metaphor 0 They have healed the wounds of my people lightly This could mean: (1) the wounds represent the problems the people have as a result of their sin. Alternate translation: “They act as though my people’s problems are not serious, like small wounds” or (2) the wounds represent the people’s sin. Alternate translation: “They acts as though my people’s sins are not serious, like small wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 14 kz57 figs-metaphor 0 They have healed the wounds…lightly Here “lightly” represents treating the wounds as if they were not serious, as if they were not difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 6 14 kz57 figs-metaphor 0 They have healed the wounds … lightly Here “lightly” represents treating the wounds as if they were not serious, as if they were not difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 14 lqp6 0 ‘Peace, Peace,’ when there is no peace “‘All is well, All is well,’ but it is not well” JER 6 15 l12m figs-rquestion 0 Were they ashamed when they practiced abominations? God uses this question to show his anger that the people were not ashamed of their sins. Alternate translation: “They committed terrible sins, and they were not ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 6 15 vc8r 0 they did not know how to blush When a person is ashamed, his face normally turns red. Alternate translation: “their faces did not even turn red” JER 6 15 c3ai figs-metaphor 0 they will fall among the fallen Here “fall” represents being killed. Alternate translation: “they will be killed along with the others who are killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 15 qg6n figs-metaphor 0 they will be brought down when they are punished Here “will be brought down” represents being destroyed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy them when I punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 6 16 s27z figs-explicit 0 Yahweh says this It can be stated clearly who Yahweh says this to. Alternate translation: “Yahweh says this to the people of Israel” or “Yahweh says this to his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 16 s5rz figs-metaphor 0 Stand at the road crossing…We will not go The roads and pathways refer to ways that people live their lives. Yahweh wants the people of Israel to ask what is the good way to live their lives and for them to live that way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 6 16 s5rz figs-metaphor 0 Stand at the road crossing … We will not go The roads and pathways refer to ways that people live their lives. Yahweh wants the people of Israel to ask what is the good way to live their lives and for them to live that way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 16 ez9b 0 the road crossing This refers to the place where two roads meet. JER 6 16 s5kk figs-metaphor 0 ask for the ancient pathways The ancient pathways represent their ancestors’s behavior, how their ancestors lived long ago. Alternate translation: “ask about the pathways that your ancestors walked on” or “ask about how your ancestors behaved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 16 h56h figs-metaphor 0 Where is this good way This could mean: (1) “this good way” represents the good way to live. Alternate translation: “What is the good way to live” or (2) “this good way” represents the way to live that results in blessings. Alternate translation: “Where is the way to what is good” or “What is the way to live that results in blessing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ JER 7 intro i2dl 0 # Jeremiah 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting JER 7 1 y68e figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah. He said,” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 7 2 bj92 0 all you of Judah “all you people of Judah” JER 7 3 vlv3 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 7 3 f884 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 7 3 f884 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 7 3 c23a 0 Make your ways and practices good, and I will let you continue “If you improve your ways and your practices, then I will let you continue” JER 7 3 s5g6 0 in this place This means in the land of Judah, not in the temple. JER 7 4 e2w3 figs-rpronouns 0 Do not entrust yourself to deceitful words and say The reflexive pronoun “yourself” emphasizes the personal risk to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “Do not trust in deceitful words to protect you, saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) @@ -587,10 +587,10 @@ JER 7 7 n3ke 0 from ancient times and forever “from ancient times and contin JER 7 8 d4gt 0 General Information: The word “you” in these verses refers to the people of Judah. JER 7 8 znm8 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 7 8 s1dh 0 Behold! The word “Behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the information that follows. -JER 7 9 bi95 figs-rquestion 0 Do you steal, kill, and commit adultery? Do you swear…and walk after other gods whom you have not known? These questions expect a positive answer to make the point that God knows the sins they are committing. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You steal, kill, and commit adultery. You swear…and walk after other gods whom you have not known.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 7 9 bi95 figs-rquestion 0 Do you steal, kill, and commit adultery? Do you swear … and walk after other gods whom you have not known? These questions expect a positive answer to make the point that God knows the sins they are committing. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You steal, kill, and commit adultery. You swear … and walk after other gods whom you have not known.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 7 9 ikv4 0 swear deceitfully “lie even in your oaths” JER 7 9 ps9p figs-metonymy 0 walk after other gods Here walking after is a metonym for following after with the intent to serve and obey. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:6](../07/06.md). Alternate translation: “serve other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 10 w19j figs-rquestion 0 Then do you come and stand…so you can do all of these abominations? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows the hypocrisy of their words and actions. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Then you come and stand…so you can do all of these abominations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 7 10 w19j figs-rquestion 0 Then do you come and stand … so you can do all of these abominations? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows the hypocrisy of their words and actions. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Then you come and stand … so you can do all of these abominations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 7 10 ras4 figs-metonymy 0 house that is called by my name This is a metonym for Yahweh’s temple. It can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “house that belongs to me” or “temple where you worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 7 11 pb4b figs-rquestion 0 Is this house, which carries my name, a den of bandits in your eyes? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows what they think about Yahweh’s temple. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This house, which carries my name, is a den of bandits in your eyes!” or “You act as though you think this house, which is called by my name, should be a place where bandits can go to hide!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 7 11 kj59 figs-idiom 0 this house, which carries my name Yahweh’s temple is spoken of as if it was carrying the name of Yahweh. This has a similar meaning to “this house that is called by my name” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ JER 7 20 mf3h figs-idiom 0 It will burn and never be extinguished Yahweh speaks JER 7 20 wz4y 0 never be extinguished “never stop burning” JER 7 21 bjt8 0 General Information: In these verses, “you” and “your” refer to the people of Judah. JER 7 21 i6xb 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 7 21 hg9i 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 7 21 hg9i 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 7 21 p7ch figs-irony 0 Add your burnt offerings to your sacrifices and the meat from them This is an ironic statement emphasizing that none of their sacrifices were acceptable to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Go ahead and eat the burnt offerings along with your sacrifices and meat from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JER 7 23 zn4g figs-metonymy 0 Listen to my voice Here listening to Yahweh’s voice means to both hear his words and obey what he says. Alternate translation: “Hear and obey what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 7 23 ug56 figs-metaphor 0 walk in all the ways that I am commanding you Yahweh speaks of obeying his commands as if one were walking in them, like person would walk along a road. Alternate translation: “do everything that I am commanding you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ JER 7 31 v64i translate-names 0 the high place of Topheth This is the name of a JER 7 31 ikn7 translate-names 0 the Valley of Ben Hinnom This is the name of a valley south of the city of Jerusalem, where people sacrificed to false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 7 31 iq5w figs-metonymy 0 nor did it enter my mind Here the word “mind” refers to Yahweh’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “nor did I ever think about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 7 32 dgv5 0 So see The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Indeed” -JER 7 32 pkn1 figs-metaphor 0 days are coming…when it Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” Alternate translation: “in the future…it” or “there will be a time…when it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 7 32 pkn1 figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when it Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” Alternate translation: “in the future … it” or “there will be a time … when it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 7 32 t424 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 7 32 ums9 figs-activepassive 0 it will no longer be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will no longer call it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 7 32 zbr4 0 they will bury bodies “they will bury dead people” @@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ JER 8 6 g12y 0 go where they wish “go their own way” JER 8 6 r6ux figs-simile 0 like a stallion rushing toward battle The eagerness of the people to follow their own evil way is compared to the eagerness of a war horse running toward a battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 8 6 j57y 0 stallion adult male horse JER 8 7 j78m figs-explicit 0 Even the stork in heaven knows the right times; and the doves, swifts, and cranes The implied information is that these types of birds know the right times to migrate, which means to fly from one place to another at different times of the year for feeding or breeding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 8 7 lsk2 translate-unknown 0 stork…doves, swifts, and cranes All of these are different types of birds that migrate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +JER 8 7 lsk2 translate-unknown 0 stork … doves, swifts, and cranes All of these are different types of birds that migrate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) JER 8 7 i7xx figs-explicit 0 They go on their migrations at the right time, but my people do not know Yahweh’s decrees The implied information is that the people should have naturally known Yahweh’s decrees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 8 7 g1he figs-abstractnouns 0 They go on their migrations The abstract noun “migrations” can be translated using the verb “migrate.” Alternate translation: “They migrate” or “They fly from one region to another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 8 8 qa8a 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. @@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ JER 8 10 me66 0 all of them practice deceit “all of them deceive people” o JER 8 11 a894 0 General Information: The words “they,” “their” and “them” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. JER 8 11 f7ex 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 8 11 t6ta figs-metaphor 0 They healed the wounds of my people lightly This could mean: (1) the wounds represent the problems the people have as a result of their sin. Alternate translation: “They act as though my people’s problems are not serious, like small wounds” or (2) the wounds represent the people’s sin. Alternate translation: “They act as though my people’s sins are not serious, like small wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 11 t1ge figs-metaphor 0 They healed the wounds…lightly Here “lightly” represents treating the wounds as if they were not serious, as if they were not difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 8 11 t1ge figs-metaphor 0 They healed the wounds … lightly Here “lightly” represents treating the wounds as if they were not serious, as if they were not difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 8 11 mjy3 0 “Peace, Peace,” when there was no peace “‘All is well, All is well,’ but it was not well” JER 8 12 j556 figs-rquestion 0 Were they ashamed when they practiced abominations? God uses this question to show his anger that the people were not ashamed of their sins. Alternate translation: “They committed terrible sins, and they were not ashamed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 8 12 a8qy 0 they did not know how to blush “their faces did not even turn red.” When a person is ashamed, his face normally turns red. @@ -801,10 +801,10 @@ JER 9 7 y5gl figs-rquestion 0 for what else can I do, because of what my people JER 9 8 ak19 figs-metaphor 0 Their tongues are sharpened arrows This speaks of people’s tongues as if they were sharpened arrows because of how the people hurt others by what they say. Here their speech is represented by their “tongues.” Alternate translation: “Their words are like sharpened arrows that hurt other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 8 yi2b figs-metonymy 0 With their mouths they proclaim peace with their neighbors Here people’s speech is represented by their “mouths.” Alternate translation: “They speak, saying that they want peace with their neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 8 f4zw figs-metaphor 0 but with their hearts they lie in wait for them Here a people’s desires are represented by their “hearts.” This speaks of them wanting to hurt their neighbors as if they were an animal crouching and waiting to attack its prey. Alternate translation: “but what they really want is to destroy their neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 9 9 x1jx figs-rquestion 0 Should I not punish them because of these things…should I not avenge myself on a nation that is like this? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the things that they are doing are so bad that he will not have mercy and stop himself from punishing them. See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 5:9](../05/09.md). Alternate translation: “Because they do these things, I will punish them…I will certainly get revenge for myself against them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 9 9 x1jx figs-rquestion 0 Should I not punish them because of these things … should I not avenge myself on a nation that is like this? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the things that they are doing are so bad that he will not have mercy and stop himself from punishing them. See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 5:9](../05/09.md). Alternate translation: “Because they do these things, I will punish them … I will certainly get revenge for myself against them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 9 9 fm1d figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 9 10 p4rg 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. In verse 12, Jeremiah makes a comment. -JER 9 10 zfu4 figs-parallelism 0 I will sing a song of mourning…a funeral song will be sung for the meadows Yahweh is mourning for the land of Israel as if it were a person who died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JER 9 10 zfu4 figs-parallelism 0 I will sing a song of mourning … a funeral song will be sung for the meadows Yahweh is mourning for the land of Israel as if it were a person who died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 9 10 s5s7 figs-activepassive 0 a funeral song will be sung This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will sing a funeral song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 9 10 xf64 0 the meadows “the fields of grass that the livestock eats” JER 9 10 x2nb figs-activepassive 0 For they are burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Because someone has burned the meadows and pastures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ JER 9 11 har1 0 places without inhabitants “places where no people live” JER 9 12 lun7 figs-rquestion 0 What man is wise enough to understand this? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a very wise person will understand the things he has said. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only people who are very wise can understand these things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 9 12 dem8 figs-rquestion 0 To whom has the mouth of Yahweh spoken, and he will declare it? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only the people he has spoken to can declare these things. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only those who have been taught by Yahweh can explain these things to others.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 9 12 r7i9 figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of Yahweh Here Yahweh’s speech is represented by his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 9 12 ru4f figs-rquestion 0 Why has the land perished and been destroyed…pass through? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a wise person could explain why the land has been destroyed. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only a wise person could explain why the land has perished and been destroyed…pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 9 12 ru4f figs-rquestion 0 Why has the land perished and been destroyed … pass through? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a wise person could explain why the land has been destroyed. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only a wise person could explain why the land has perished and been destroyed … pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 9 12 x8mt figs-activepassive 0 has the land perished and been destroyed This can be stated in active form. Both “perished” and “been ruined” describe the land being ruined. Alternate translation: “is the land ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 9 13 nkx8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. JER 9 13 v98g 0 It is because “These things will happen because” @@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ JER 9 13 cf6h figs-idiom 0 or walk by it Here “walk” is an idiom for “liv JER 9 14 d459 figs-metonymy 0 they have walked by their stubborn hearts Here the people’s “stubborn hearts” represent their stubborn desires and stubborn will. Also, here “walked” represents living. Alternate translation: “they have been stubborn and lived the way they want to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 9 14 upa5 0 have followed the Baals “have worshiped the Baals” JER 9 15 rz7x 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. -JER 9 15 bg34 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 9 15 bg34 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 9 15 za9v figs-idiom 0 See Yahweh uses this word here to draw the people’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 9 15 s4r8 0 wormwood a plant that tastes bitter JER 9 16 nyj4 0 Then I will scatter them among the nations “Then I will force them to leave here and live in many different countries” @@ -833,11 +833,11 @@ JER 9 16 w74v figs-metonymy 0 I will send out a sword after them Here the word JER 9 16 bq4y figs-metonymy 0 I have completely destroyed them This is a metonym for Yahweh causing the people’s enemies to destroy them. Alternate translation: “I have caused their enemies to completely destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 17 lv4i 0 General Information: Yahweh tells the people of Judah to mourn for the coming destruction of the land. JER 9 17 ict2 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 9 17 air9 figs-parallelism 0 Summon funeral singers; let them come…Send out for women skilled at lamenting; let them come These two phrases have the same meaning. They emphasize that they are to call funeral singers to come. Alternate translation: “Get women who are trained in mourning and bring those women here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 9 17 air9 figs-parallelism 0 Summon funeral singers; let them come … Send out for women skilled at lamenting; let them come These two phrases have the same meaning. They emphasize that they are to call funeral singers to come. Alternate translation: “Get women who are trained in mourning and bring those women here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 9 17 d5sd 0 Summon funeral singers “Call women who are professional singers at funerals” JER 9 17 u7sp figs-idiom 0 let them come This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “tell the women to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 9 17 j5jq figs-metonymy 0 Send out for women skilled at lamenting The phrase “send out for” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Send people out to get women who are skilled at mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 9 18 ln9m figs-exclusive 0 Let them hurry and sing a mournful song…and our eyelids flow with water Here Yahweh says what the people of Judah will say when the destruction comes. The words “us” and “our” refer to the people of Judah and does not include Yahweh. This may be written instead as a command from Yahweh to the people. Alternate translation: “Tell them to hurry and sing a song to mourn for you, so your eyes may run with tears and your eyelids flow with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +JER 9 18 ln9m figs-exclusive 0 Let them hurry and sing a mournful song … and our eyelids flow with water Here Yahweh says what the people of Judah will say when the destruction comes. The words “us” and “our” refer to the people of Judah and does not include Yahweh. This may be written instead as a command from Yahweh to the people. Alternate translation: “Tell them to hurry and sing a song to mourn for you, so your eyes may run with tears and your eyelids flow with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) JER 9 18 fft6 figs-explicit 0 so our eyes may run with tears and our eyelids flow with water This describes the people crying a lot. Alternate translation: “so we will cry very hard with tears flowing from our eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 9 19 g4rv 0 General Information: Here Yahweh is saying what the people of Judah will say when he destroys the land. JER 9 19 la1m figs-activepassive 0 For the sound of wailing is heard in Zion This refers to the people of Zion wailing loudly and can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion are crying loudly, saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -846,11 +846,11 @@ JER 9 19 g3w7 0 We are greatly ashamed, for we have abandoned the land since t JER 9 20 n18s figs-parallelism 0 hear Yahweh’s word; pay attention to the messages that come from his mouth These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the command to listen to what Yahweh says. In the second phrase Yahweh’s “mouth” is a metonym for himself. Alternate translation: “listen to what Yahweh says. Pay attention to his words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 20 hr1b figs-ellipsis 0 each neighbor woman a funeral song The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “teach each neighbor woman a funeral song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 9 21 ruq9 0 General Information: Here Yahweh is saying what the people of Judah will say when he destroys the land. -JER 9 21 tk2q figs-personification 0 For death has come through our windows…young men in the city squares The people of Judah will compare death to a person who can climb in windows to attack the people inside and attacks people in the palaces, streets, and city squares. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JER 9 21 tk2q figs-personification 0 For death has come through our windows … young men in the city squares The people of Judah will compare death to a person who can climb in windows to attack the people inside and attacks people in the palaces, streets, and city squares. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 9 21 nap5 0 palaces fancy houses where kings live. Death will come to rich and poor alike. JER 9 21 w73h 0 city squares marketplaces JER 9 22 b1lf figs-123person 0 This is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh has declared” or “This is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 9 22 tfy4 figs-parallelism 0 the corpses of men will fall like dung…like grain stalks after the reapers These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the large number dead bodies. Alternate translation: “dead bodies will fall all over the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 9 22 tfy4 figs-parallelism 0 the corpses of men will fall like dung … like grain stalks after the reapers These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the large number dead bodies. Alternate translation: “dead bodies will fall all over the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 9 22 q61w figs-simile 0 corpses of men will fall like dung in the fields This describes the great number of people who will die, by comparing their bodies to dung that falls in the fields. Alternate translation: “dead bodies will drop everywhere like animal dung falls all over the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 9 22 j451 figs-simile 0 like grain stalks after the reapers This describes the great number of people who will die, by comparing their bodies to cut stalks of grain. Alternate translation: “like stalks of grain fall everywhere after the farmers cut them down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 9 22 hyq6 0 there will be no one to gather them “there will be nobody to gather the dead bodies” @@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ JER 10 7 c4dh figs-rquestion 0 Who does not fear you, king of the nations? Jere JER 10 7 d3y9 0 what you deserve “what you have earned” JER 10 8 p37g figs-doublet 0 They are all the same, they are brutish and stupid, disciples The words “brutish” and “stupid” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how foolish the people are for worshiping idols. Alternate translation: “They are all very stupid, they are disciples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 10 8 hm7c 0 disciples of idols that are nothing but wood “they try to learn from an idol which is only a piece of wood” -JER 10 9 ni29 translate-names 0 Tarshish…Uphaz places where silver and gold are mined (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 10 9 ni29 translate-names 0 Tarshish … Uphaz places where silver and gold are mined (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 10 9 zr2p figs-activepassive 0 gold from Uphaz made by artificers, the hands of refiners This can be stated in active form. Also, the refiners are represented here by their “hands” because they do their work with their hands. Alternate translation: “gold from Uphaz that skilled craftsmen and refiners have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 10 9 a9y4 0 artificers “skilled craftsmen” JER 10 9 xa2h 0 refiners people who heat gold to remove from it anything that is not gold @@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ JER 10 20 l9vb figs-activepassive 0 My tent is devastated This can be stated in JER 10 20 plf2 figs-synecdoche 0 They have taken my children away from me Here Jeremiah represents the whole tribe of Israel. Alternate translation: “Our enemies have taken our children away from us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 10 20 tc5f figs-metaphor 0 so they no longer exist The children no longer existing is a metaphor for the parents never seeing them again. Alternate translation: “and it is like they no longer exist” or “and they will never return again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 10 20 n6v1 figs-metaphor 0 There is no longer anyone to spread out my tent or to raise up my tent curtains Here Jeremiah speaks of them not having descendants to rebuild their city as if their city were a tent that needs to be rebuilt. Alternate translation: “There is no one to rebuild our city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 21 x7r1 figs-metaphor 0 For the shepherds are stupid…all their flock has been scattered Here the leaders of Israel are spoken of as if they were shepherds and the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were flocks of sheep. Alternate translation: “For the shepherds of our people are stupid…all the people of their flock have been scattered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 10 21 x7r1 figs-metaphor 0 For the shepherds are stupid … all their flock has been scattered Here the leaders of Israel are spoken of as if they were shepherds and the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were flocks of sheep. Alternate translation: “For the shepherds of our people are stupid … all the people of their flock have been scattered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 10 21 zmx4 figs-activepassive 0 all their flock has been scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and their enemies have scattered all their flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 10 22 r6v8 figs-metaphor 0 See! It is coming, a great earthquake is coming Here the marching enemy armies are spoken of as if they were an earthquake. The word “See!” is used here as an idiom to draw the listener’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Look! The enemy army is coming, they sound like a great earthquake as they are marching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 10 22 t67q 0 jackals a type of fierce wild dog @@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ JER 12 3 lcj7 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking to Yahweh. JER 12 3 kt44 figs-metonymy 0 my heart Here the “heart” represents a person’s thoughts and true feelings. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” or “my inner feelings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 12 3 p1lp figs-metaphor 0 Take them away like sheep to the slaughter Here Jeremiah asks Yahweh to prepare to punish the wicked as if they were sheep to be taken away to be slaughtered. Alternate translation: “Take the wicked people away, like sheep for slaughter” or “Prepare to punish those wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 12 3 jep3 0 the day of slaughter “the day they will be destroyed” -JER 12 4 gvz5 0 How long will the land go on drying up…because of the wickedness of its inhabitants? Their land is dry and rain has not come as punishment for the peoples’ wickedness. +JER 12 4 gvz5 0 How long will the land go on drying up … because of the wickedness of its inhabitants? Their land is dry and rain has not come as punishment for the peoples’ wickedness. JER 12 4 bea9 0 wither dry up JER 12 4 lm57 figs-activepassive 0 The animals and the birds have been taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The animals and the birds are gone” or “The animals and the birds have all died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 12 4 a1hp 0 God will not see what happens to us This could mean: (1) The people are saying that God does not know what things will happen to them in their future or (2) God is unaware of their sin. Alternate translation: “God does not see the sinful things that we do” @@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@ JER 12 7 v9at figs-metaphor 0 I have abandoned my house; I have forsaken my inh JER 12 7 v6xh figs-metonymy 0 into the hands of her enemies Here the word “hands” represents control. Alternate translation: “to be conquered by her enemies” or “over to the control of her enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 12 7 ra61 figs-personification 0 of her Here Yahweh refers to his people as a female by using a feminine pronoun. Alternate translation: “of their” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 12 8 n59e 0 she sets herself against me with her own voice This continues to speaks of Yahweh’s people as a lion. This speaks of the people showing they are against him as if they were roaring at him. Alternate translation: “it is like she roars at me to defy me” -JER 12 8 ik2q figs-personification 0 she sets herself…with her…hate her Here Yahweh refers to his people as a female by using feminine pronouns. Alternate translation: “they set themselves…with their…hate them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JER 12 8 ik2q figs-personification 0 she sets herself … with her … hate her Here Yahweh refers to his people as a female by using feminine pronouns. Alternate translation: “they set themselves … with their … hate them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 12 9 m995 figs-rquestion 0 Has not my prized possession become a speckled bird, that other birds of prey go against her all around? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that his people are surrounded by their enemies. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My prized possession has become a speckled bird and other birds of prey go against her all around.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 12 9 j8nr figs-explicit 0 Has not my prized possession Here Yahweh speaks of his people as his “prized possession.” Alternate translation: “Have not my people, who are my prized possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 12 9 rn3n figs-metaphor 0 become a speckled bird, that other birds of prey go against her all around Here Yahweh speaks of his people being in danger and surrounded by their enemies as if they were a speckled bird surrounded by birds of prey. Alternate translation: “become like a speckled bird, and her enemies are like birds of prey attacking her on all sides” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1059,12 +1059,12 @@ JER 13 8 wf3x figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, The idiom “ JER 13 9 a1zp figs-metonymy 0 of Judah and Jerusalem Here Judah and Jerusalem refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “of the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 13 10 j3d9 0 to listen to my word “to obey what I say” JER 13 10 rn4k figs-idiom 0 who walk in the hardness of their heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “who are stubborn and only do the things they desire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 13 11 z1xb 0 clings to…cling to me “sticks to…stick to me” or “stays close to…stay close to me” -JER 13 11 t4mp 0 all the house of…all the house of “all the people of…all the people of” +JER 13 11 z1xb 0 clings to … cling to me “sticks to … stick to me” or “stays close to … stay close to me” +JER 13 11 t4mp 0 all the house of … all the house of “all the people of … all the people of” JER 13 11 uak7 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 13 11 h7ch figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 13 11 b9j5 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 13 12 sbk9 figs-activepassive 0 Every jar will be filled with wine…every jar will be filled with wine This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Every wineskin should be full of wine…every wineskin should be full of wine” or “Every wine jar should be full of wine…every wine jar should be full of wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 13 12 sbk9 figs-activepassive 0 Every jar will be filled with wine … every jar will be filled with wine This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Every wineskin should be full of wine … every wineskin should be full of wine” or “Every wine jar should be full of wine … every wine jar should be full of wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 13 13 bv6t 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 13 13 g8y3 0 fill with drunkenness every inhabitant of this land “cause all the people of this land to be drunk” JER 13 13 e418 figs-metonymy 0 the kings who sit on David’s throne Here the throne that the king of Judah sits on is represented as “David’s throne.” Alternate translation: “the kings who sit on Judah’s throne” or “the kings of the nation of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ JER 14 7 a7md figs-personification 0 our iniquities testify against us Here the JER 14 7 hdk6 figs-metonymy 0 for the sake of your name Here Yahweh’s “name” refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “for the sake of your reputation” or “in order that everyone can see that you are very great and keep your promises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 14 8 t2bf figs-explicit 0 Hope of Israel This is another name for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You are the hope of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 14 8 pi7p figs-parallelism 0 why will you be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer who stretches out and spends just one night? The people are asking if Yahweh is unconcerned with his people and unable to help them. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you should not be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer who stretches out and spends just one night.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 14 8 m5rq figs-simile 0 why will you be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer…just one night This question speaks of the possibility of Yahweh being unconcerned with helping his people as if he were a stranger just travelling though a place unconcerned with those living there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JER 14 8 m5rq figs-simile 0 why will you be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer … just one night This question speaks of the possibility of Yahweh being unconcerned with helping his people as if he were a stranger just travelling though a place unconcerned with those living there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 14 9 i24n figs-simile 0 Why are you like someone who is astounded, or like a warrior who has no power to rescue? This speaks of the possibility of Yahweh being unable to help his people as if he were a confused warrior who was unable to rescue anyone. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You do nothing to help us, like someone who is astounded or like a warrior who has no power to rescue us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 14 9 np92 0 astounded unable to understand or to think clearly JER 14 9 s46u figs-activepassive 0 your name is called over us This can be stated in active form. This speaks of the people being Yahweh’s people by saying that his name is over them. Alternate translation: “we bear your name” or “we are your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@ JER 14 14 jv6e figs-explicit 0 I did not send them out This means that Yahweh d JER 14 14 t2xs figs-metaphor 0 coming from their own minds Here “minds” are spoken of as if they were a place instead of the ability to think of ideas. Alternate translation: “that they think up themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 14 15 p8k9 0 General Information: Jeremiah has just been talking to Yahweh about the things the false prophets have been prophesying. JER 14 15 kl3i figs-metonymy 0 in my name This phrase refers to speaking with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 14:14](../14/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 15 q47z figs-metonymy 0 there will be no sword…perish by sword Here the “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “there will be no war…perish by war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 14 15 q47z figs-metonymy 0 there will be no sword … perish by sword Here the “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “there will be no war … perish by war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 14 16 yx8a figs-metonymy 0 famine and sword Here the “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “famine and war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 14 16 ex5f figs-activepassive 0 Then the people to whom they prophesied will be thrown out in the streets of Jerusalem because of famine and sword This can be stated in active form. This means that whole families will die and people will throw their bodies into the streets instead of burying them. Alternate translation: “Then the people to whom they prophesied will die by famine and sword and people will throw their bodies into the streets of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 14 16 vjb4 0 their wives, their sons, or their daughters This describes who is referred to by the word “them,” that is, everyone who died by famine and sword. @@ -1171,11 +1171,11 @@ JER 15 2 ub7g 0 should go to captivity “should go into captivity” JER 15 3 xfn3 0 General Information: Yahweh has just told them he will send some of them to death, some to die by the sword, some to die by famine, and some to be captives. JER 15 3 b44y figs-metonymy 0 the sword Here the “sword” refers to the enemy soldiers. Alternate translation: “the enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 15 4 etb6 0 I will make of them Here the word “them” refers to the people of Judah, not to the four groups listed in the previous verse. -JER 15 4 g2xb figs-explicit 0 because of what Manasseh…did in Jerusalem Manasseh was a very wicked king who did many evil things in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “because of the wicked things that Manasseh…did in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JER 15 4 g2xb figs-explicit 0 because of what Manasseh … did in Jerusalem Manasseh was a very wicked king who did many evil things in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “because of the wicked things that Manasseh … did in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 15 5 sb18 0 General Information: Yahweh has just told them he will assign them to four groups to kill them—the sword, dogs, birds, and beasts. JER 15 5 lb4g figs-rquestion 0 For who will have compassion for you, Jerusalem? Who will grieve for you? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one should mourn for Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one should have compassion on you, Jerusalem. No one should mourn for your destruction.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 15 5 wfj2 figs-metonymy 0 for you, Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “for you people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 15 6 es4m figs-parallelism 0 You have forsaken me…you have gone back from me These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people have, indeed, forsaken Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 15 6 es4m figs-parallelism 0 You have forsaken me … you have gone back from me These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people have, indeed, forsaken Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 15 6 w5w5 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 15 6 hk2v 0 gone back from me “left me” or “gone away from me” JER 15 6 ub2d figs-metonymy 0 I will strike you with my hand Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “I will use my power to strike you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1225,8 +1225,8 @@ JER 15 19 ud46 figs-rpronouns 0 you yourself The pronoun, “yourself”, is us JER 15 20 gf1p figs-simile 0 like an impenetrable bronze wall to this people Yahweh compares Jeremiah to a wall because the people will not be able to defeat him. Alternate translation: “I will make you strong, like a bronze wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 15 20 nx8l figs-metaphor 0 they will wage war against you This speaks of the people fighting with Jeremiah as if he were an army that they waged war against. Alternate translation: “they will fight against you” or “they will oppose you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 15 20 z1e8 figs-doublet 0 save and rescue The words “save” and “rescue” mean the same thing and emphasize the safety that God promises. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 15 21 bet8 figs-parallelism 0 rescue you from…and redeem you from These phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize the safety that God provides. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 15 21 z99x figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the wicked…the hand of the tyrant Here the word “hand” represents control. Alternate translation: “the control of the wicked…the control of the tyrant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 15 21 bet8 figs-parallelism 0 rescue you from … and redeem you from These phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize the safety that God provides. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 15 21 z99x figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the wicked … the hand of the tyrant Here the word “hand” represents control. Alternate translation: “the control of the wicked … the control of the tyrant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 15 21 lwc5 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) JER 15 21 mm5k 0 tyrant a ruler who demands absolute obedience and is not friendly for the people under his rule JER 16 intro mts4 0 # Jeremiah 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:19-21. This poem also continues in chapter 17, and these should be seen as one section.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Coming punishment

The punishment that is prophesied in this chapter will happen quickly. The author gives many illustrations which describe how quickly this punishment will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

### Israel restored

God will bring his people back from captivity. Even though the punishment of Judah will be great, Yahweh promised a future restoration. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) @@ -1237,15 +1237,15 @@ JER 16 4 paq4 figs-simile 0 They will be like dung on the ground The sons and d JER 16 4 b995 figs-euphemism 0 they will come to an end by sword and famine The phrase “come to an end” is a mild way to say that they will die. The word “sword” represents an army whose soldiers fight with swords. The phrase represents dying in battle. Alternate translation: “they will die in battle or from famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 16 5 irw5 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, ‘Do This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said, ‘Do” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me: ‘Do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 16 5 byl9 figs-abstractnouns 0 where there is mourning The word “mourning” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people are mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 16 5 e7zp figs-metaphor 0 I have taken away my peace from this people…and my steadfast love and mercy Yahweh speaks of no longer acting towards the people with peace, steadfast love, and mercy as if these were items that he has taken away from them. Alternate translation: “I will no longer act towards them with peace…or with steadfast love and mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 16 5 e7zp figs-metaphor 0 I have taken away my peace from this people … and my steadfast love and mercy Yahweh speaks of no longer acting towards the people with peace, steadfast love, and mercy as if these were items that he has taken away from them. Alternate translation: “I will no longer act towards them with peace … or with steadfast love and mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 16 5 fg62 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 16 6 ngj4 figs-merism 0 Both the great and the small will This refers to all kinds of people and uses size to refer to how important they are. Alternate translation: “Both the important and the unimportant” or “Many people, regardless of how important they are, will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JER 16 6 k2n5 figs-activepassive 0 They will not be buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will bury them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 16 6 s8kp translate-symaction 0 no one will…cut themselves or shave their heads for them Cutting oneself and shaving one’s head were symbolic actions that expressed strong grief, especially when a loved one died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 16 7 t3iq figs-parallelism 0 No one must share any food in mourning to comfort them because of the deaths…none must give a comforting cup to his father or his mother These two clauses have a similar meaning. God said basically the same thing twice for emphasis. It was customary to take food or wine to people whose relative had died. Yahweh has removed all comfort from the people because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 16 6 s8kp translate-symaction 0 no one will … cut themselves or shave their heads for them Cutting oneself and shaving one’s head were symbolic actions that expressed strong grief, especially when a loved one died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +JER 16 7 t3iq figs-parallelism 0 No one must share any food in mourning to comfort them because of the deaths … none must give a comforting cup to his father or his mother These two clauses have a similar meaning. God said basically the same thing twice for emphasis. It was customary to take food or wine to people whose relative had died. Yahweh has removed all comfort from the people because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 16 7 ae18 figs-metonymy 0 none must give a comforting cup Here the word “cup” represents the drink that the cup holds. Alternate translation: “none must give a comforting drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 16 8 rzm9 0 a banquet house “a house where people are feasting” -JER 16 9 z6t7 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 16 9 z6t7 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 16 9 hq3r 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 16 9 fxi9 figs-you 0 before your eyes Here the word “your” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The idiom means that Yahweh will do this where they can see. Alternate translation: “in front of you” or “where you can see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 16 9 b3s5 figs-idiom 0 in your days This idiom means during their lifetime. Alternate translation: “during your lifetime” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ JER 16 13 e16l figs-merism 0 by day and night The mention of both “day” and JER 16 14 em2d 0 behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. JER 16 14 l615 figs-activepassive 0 when it will no longer be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when people will no longer say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 16 14 xr81 figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives “As surely as Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 16 16 mt7v figs-metaphor 0 I will send for many fishermen…so they will fish the people out Yahweh speaks of enemy armies who will attack and kill the people as if they were fishermen who are catching fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 16 16 mt7v figs-metaphor 0 I will send for many fishermen … so they will fish the people out Yahweh speaks of enemy armies who will attack and kill the people as if they were fishermen who are catching fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 16 16 mx2n figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 16 16 y22w figs-metaphor 0 I will send for many hunters so they will hunt for them among Yahweh speaks of enemy armies who will attack and kill the people as if they were hunters who are hunting animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 16 17 l1xj figs-synecdoche 0 my eye is on all their ways Here the word “eye” represents Yahweh who sees all that they do. Alternate translation: “I am watching everything they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1281,7 +1281,7 @@ JER 16 21 cs55 figs-metonymy 0 my hand and my power Here the word “hand” re JER 16 21 hl7n figs-metonymy 0 they will know that Yahweh is my name Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh’s entire person. Alternate translation: “they will know that I am Yahweh, the true God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 17 intro l48r 0 # Jeremiah 17 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 17:1-18. This poem is a continuation of 16:19-21, and these should be seen as one section.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trusting God or humans

Trust is an important part of this chapter. Those who trust in human wisdom will not prosper. Those who trust in God will have all of their needs met. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Simile

The person who depends on the power of other people is compared to a bush in the desert which always has to struggle for life. But the person who trusts in God is like a tree growing by a stream and has all his needs supplied. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 17 1 f2as writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 17 1 qcz2 figs-metaphor 0 The sin of Judah is written…on the horns of your altars Yahweh speaks of Judah’s sins being so great that they cannot stop committing them as if someone had engraved their sin permanently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 17 1 qcz2 figs-metaphor 0 The sin of Judah is written … on the horns of your altars Yahweh speaks of Judah’s sins being so great that they cannot stop committing them as if someone had engraved their sin permanently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 17 1 ntb1 figs-activepassive 0 The sin of Judah is written Here the word “Judah” represents the people of Judah. This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has written the sin of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 17 1 r9u2 figs-activepassive 0 It is engraved This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has engraved it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 17 1 t19m figs-synecdoche 0 engraved on the tablet of their hearts The sinful habits of the people are spoken of as if their sins had been engraved on their own hearts. The word “hearts” refers to the whole person: their thoughts, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: “engraved in their very beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1296,13 +1296,13 @@ JER 17 5 f1ec figs-metonymy 0 turns his heart away from Yahweh Here the word JER 17 6 wqm5 figs-simile 0 like a small bush The person who trusts in man instead of Yahweh will be like a plant that struggles to survive in an infertile land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 17 6 d8k3 figs-doublet 0 the wilderness, barren land without inhabitants The phrase “barren land without inhabitants” describes and means basically the same thing as “wilderness.” Alternate translation: “the barren wilderness where no person lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 17 8 rs4s figs-simile 0 he will be like a tree planted by water The person who trusts in Yahweh will always prosper, just like a tree does when it is planted by a river. It is not affected when there is no rain. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will be like a tree that someone has planted by water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 8 pf89 figs-personification 0 It will not fear the heat when it comes…It is not anxious in a year of drought Yahweh speaks of a tree that draws its water from a stream being unaffected by heat and drought as if the tree were unafraid of these things. Alternate translation: “The heat will not affect it when it comes…No harm is caused to it in a year of drought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JER 17 8 pf89 figs-personification 0 It will not fear the heat when it comes … It is not anxious in a year of drought Yahweh speaks of a tree that draws its water from a stream being unaffected by heat and drought as if the tree were unafraid of these things. Alternate translation: “The heat will not affect it when it comes … No harm is caused to it in a year of drought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 17 9 q56q figs-metonymy 0 The heart is more deceitful Here the word “heart” refers to the minds and thoughts of people. Alternate translation: “The human mind is more deceitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 17 9 h5pr figs-rquestion 0 who can understand it? The speaker uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one can understand the human heart. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can understand it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 17 10 per1 figs-metonymy 0 who tests the hearts Here the word “hearts” represents the emotions. Alternate translation: “who tests the emotions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 17 10 zu1h figs-metaphor 0 according to his ways Here a person’s behavior is spoken of as if it were the paths along which he walks. Alternate translation: “according to how he lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 17 10 hlu7 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of his deeds Here the results of a person’s actions are spoken of as if they were fruit. Alternate translation: “what he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 11 r1bc 0 A partridge hatches an egg…become rich unjustly This analogy of a bird that hatches another bird’s eggs is meant to illustrate a rich man who makes his money by robbing others. +JER 17 11 r1bc 0 A partridge hatches an egg … become rich unjustly This analogy of a bird that hatches another bird’s eggs is meant to illustrate a rich man who makes his money by robbing others. JER 17 11 j8my figs-idiom 0 when half his days are over Here the word “days” stands for someone’s entire life. Alternate translation: “when he has lived only half of his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 17 11 t4k5 figs-personification 0 those riches will abandon him The riches are spoken of as if they were servants who would abandon their owner. Alternate translation: “he will lose his wealth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 17 11 wwb2 0 in the end “at the end of his life” @@ -1313,7 +1313,7 @@ JER 17 13 tkv3 figs-activepassive 0 those in the land who turn away from you wi JER 17 13 e5ej figs-metaphor 0 will be written in the earth This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which Yahweh speaks of people dying and being forgotten as if someone writes their names in the dust, and those names quickly disappear. Alternate translation: “will disappear like names that someone writes in the dust” or (2) the word “earth” is a metonym for the place of the dead. The phrase is a metaphor in which Yahweh speaks of people going to the place of the dead as if someone enrolled their names in the records of those who have died. Alternate translation: “will join those in the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 17 13 vf2c figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, the fountain of living waters Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh being the source of life as if he were a fountain of living waters. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is like a fountain of living waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 17 13 pj3q figs-metaphor 0 the fountain of living waters Jeremiah speaks of fresh, running water as if it were living water. Alternate translation: “the fountain of fresh, running water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 14 emc7 figs-activepassive 0 I will be healed…I will be rescued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you really will have healed me…you really will have rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 17 14 emc7 figs-activepassive 0 I will be healed … I will be rescued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you really will have healed me … you really will have rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 17 14 t5hz 0 For you are my song of praise This could mean: (1) “For you are the one whom I praise” or (2) “For you are the reason I sing praise.” JER 17 15 c8ap 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” JER 17 15 kn8p 0 they are saying to me Here the word “me” refers to Jeremiah and the word “they” to his enemies. @@ -1399,19 +1399,19 @@ JER 18 23 fin3 figs-activepassive 0 let them be overthrown before you This can JER 18 23 jrr6 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the time of your wrath The word “wrath” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “when you are still angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 19 intro e68t 0 # Jeremiah 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### People horrified

The destruction of Jerusalem will be so complete that it will leave dead bodies everywhere and horrify people who see it. JER 19 2 r77q 0 Valley of Ben Hinnom This is the name of a valley south of the city of Jerusalem, where people sacrificed to false gods. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). -JER 19 3 lse3 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 19 3 lse3 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 19 3 tn4j 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 19 3 wu9y figs-idiom 0 the ears of everyone who hears of it will tingle Here “ears…will tingle” is an idiom that means everyone will be shocked by what they hear. Alternate translation: “it will shock everyone who hears of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 19 3 wu9y figs-idiom 0 the ears of everyone who hears of it will tingle Here “ears … will tingle” is an idiom that means everyone will be shocked by what they hear. Alternate translation: “it will shock everyone who hears of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 19 3 w8jh 0 will tingle This could mean: (1) “will ring” or (2) “will quiver.” JER 19 4 i11f 0 they have abandoned me Here the word “they” refers to the people of Judah. JER 19 4 h6hz figs-metonymy 0 filled this place with innocent blood Here “innocent blood” represents the murder of innocent people. Yahweh speaks of murdering many people as filling a place with blood. Alternate translation: “murdered many innocent people in this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 19 5 hi1p figs-metonymy 0 nor did it enter my mind Here the word “mind” refers to Yahweh’s thoughts. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). Alternate translation: “nor did I ever think about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 19 6 h15q 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 19 6 r6da figs-activepassive 0 this place will no longer be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will no longer call this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 19 6 n996 0 Topheth…the Valley of Ben Hinnom…the Valley of Slaughter See how you translated the names of these places in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). +JER 19 6 n996 0 Topheth … the Valley of Ben Hinnom … the Valley of Slaughter See how you translated the names of these places in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). JER 19 7 mk3z figs-idiom 0 I will make them to fall by the sword before their enemies The idiom “to fall by the sword” means to die in battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will enable their enemies to kill them with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 19 7 l3wj 0 I will make them The word “them” refers to the people of Judah and Jerusalem. -JER 19 7 hl7t figs-ellipsis 0 by the hand of the ones seeking their lives The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The idiom “fall…by the hand of” means to be killed by someone, with the word “hand” representing the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will enable those who want to kill them to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 19 7 hl7t figs-ellipsis 0 by the hand of the ones seeking their lives The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The idiom “fall … by the hand of” means to be killed by someone, with the word “hand” representing the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will enable those who want to kill them to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 19 8 qfw1 figs-abstractnouns 0 the object of hissing The word “hissing” refers to a sound that shows strong disapproval and can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “an object at which people hiss” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 19 9 x4ye 0 I will make them eat “I will make the people who live in Jerusalem eat” JER 19 9 gu5g 0 in the siege “because of the siege” @@ -1421,12 +1421,12 @@ JER 19 11 vi9r 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to JER 19 11 uis2 figs-activepassive 0 it could not be repaired again This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can repair it again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 19 13 l6aa figs-ellipsis 0 of the kings of Judah The words “the houses” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the houses of the kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 19 13 u9v5 figs-metaphor 0 the unclean people People who are not acceptable for God’s purposes are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 19 15 ut7s 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 19 15 ut7s 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 19 15 d4pr 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 19 15 rv5y figs-parallelism 0 stiffened their neck and refused to listen These two phrases both speak of the people being stubborn. In the first phrase, Yahweh speaks of the people being stubborn as if they had made their necks stiff. Alternate translation: “stubbornly refused to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 20 intro apn5 0 # Jeremiah 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 20:7-18.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pashhur
This chapter prophesied punishment against a specific leader named Pashhur. He was in charge of protecting the temple and had Jeremiah beaten and arrested. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

### Jeremiah’s reaction
Jeremiah’s reaction contrasts with the reaction of the Jews in general. Although Jeremiah was not happy with Yahweh’s actions, he still trusted in Yahweh. On the other hand, the Jews were not happy with the prophecies Yahweh gave to Jeremiah, so they beat the prophet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) JER 20 1 l4ka writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 20 1 xjd1 translate-names 0 Pashhur…Immer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 20 1 xjd1 translate-names 0 Pashhur … Immer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 20 2 h7fz figs-metonymy 0 Pashhur beat Jeremiah This could mean: (1) that Pashhur himself beat Jeremiah or (2) that Pashhur ordered other men to beat Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 20 2 rg2f 0 stocks Stocks are a wooden frame with holes in it that people use to lock up a prisoner’s hands, feet, and head. JER 20 2 yc2r 0 Upper Gate of Benjamin This gate is different from the gate in the city wall that shared the same name. @@ -1437,7 +1437,7 @@ JER 20 4 ebi2 figs-idiom 0 they will fall by the sword of their enemies The idi JER 20 4 xmk6 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes will see it Here the word “eyes” represents Pashhur. Alternate translation: “you will see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 20 4 n4ua figs-metonymy 0 I will give all of Judah into the hand of the king of Babylon Here the word “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “I will enable the king of Babylon to conquer all of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 20 5 hbk2 0 I will give him Here the word “him” refers to the king of Babylon. -JER 20 5 kd4g figs-parallelism 0 all the wealth…all of its riches, all of its precious items and all the treasures Yahweh repeats the same basic idea four times for emphasis. Babylon will take away all the wealth of Israel, including the king’s possessions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 20 5 kd4g figs-parallelism 0 all the wealth … all of its riches, all of its precious items and all the treasures Yahweh repeats the same basic idea four times for emphasis. Babylon will take away all the wealth of Israel, including the king’s possessions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 20 5 j1gs figs-metonymy 0 I will place these things in the hand of your enemies Placing things in people’s hands represents giving thing to the people or allowing the people to take the things. Alternate translation: “I will give these things to your enemies” or “I will allow your enemies to take possession of these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 20 6 i5vn figs-activepassive 0 You and all of your loved ones to whom you prophesied deceitful things will be buried there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There, people will bury you and all of your loved ones to whom you prophesied deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 20 7 sx22 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to Yahweh. @@ -1452,7 +1452,7 @@ JER 20 9 bs6s figs-metonymy 0 I will not speak any longer in his name This coul JER 20 9 a3zh figs-synecdoche 0 it is like a fire in my heart, held within my bones Here the words “heart” and “bones” represent Jeremiah’s innermost being. Jeremiah speaks of being unable to not speak Yahweh’s message as if Yahweh’s message were a fire that burns within him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s word is like a fire that burns deep within me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 20 10 tf3t 0 Report! We must report it Jeremiah’s enemies say these words. JER 20 10 x8mp figs-metaphor 0 watch to see if I will fall Jeremiah speaks of his enemies waiting for him to do something wrong for which they might accuse him as if they were watching for him to fall down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 20 10 zz5y 0 Perhaps he can be tricked…take our revenge on him Jeremiah’s enemies say these words. +JER 20 10 zz5y 0 Perhaps he can be tricked … take our revenge on him Jeremiah’s enemies say these words. JER 20 10 i3zl figs-activepassive 0 Perhaps he can be tricked This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Perhaps we can trick him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 20 11 zzb4 figs-simile 0 Yahweh is with me like a powerful warrior Jeremiah compares Yahweh helping him and defending him against his enemies to a powerful warrior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 20 11 yi4y figs-metaphor 0 so the ones pursuing me will stagger Jeremiah speaks of his enemies trying to harm him as if they were chasing after him and of their failing to harm him as if they were to stagger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1470,15 +1470,15 @@ JER 20 16 l3tc 0 he did not have compassion Here the word “he” refers to Y JER 20 16 ucg7 0 Let him hear a cry for help Here the word “him” refers to “that man.” JER 20 17 j5v9 figs-metaphor 0 making my mother to be my tomb Jeremiah speaks of his dying while his mother was still pregnant with him as if his mother’s womb were his tomb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 20 17 z5dt figs-metaphor 0 a womb that was pregnant forever Jeremiah speaks of his pregnant mother never giving birth to the baby in her womb as if she had been pregnant forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 20 18 zc9e figs-rquestion 0 Why is it that I came out from the womb to see troubles and agony…shame? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to complain that there was no good reason for him to be born. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There was no reason for me to be born only to see troubles and agony…shame.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 20 18 zc9e figs-rquestion 0 Why is it that I came out from the womb to see troubles and agony … shame? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to complain that there was no good reason for him to be born. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There was no reason for me to be born only to see troubles and agony … shame.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 20 18 szf6 figs-doublet 0 to see troubles and agony The words “troubles” and “agony” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the amount and severity of suffering. Alternate translation: “to experience so much suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 20 18 fz2s figs-synecdoche 0 my days are filled with shame Here the word “days” represents all the days of Jeremiah’s life. Alternate translation: “my life is filled with shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 21 intro d7pt 0 # Jeremiah 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:12-14.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jerusalem doomed

God will fight against Jerusalem and will use the nation of Babylon to fight his battle. If the Jews wanted to live, they needed to surrender to Babylon. Most of the Jews would have rather died than to surrender to Babylon. Usually, fighting against a Gentile nation was a sign of trust in Yahweh’s power. In this instance, it was a sign of trust in Yahweh to surrender. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) JER 21 1 tf6j figs-idiom 0 The word came to Jeremiah from Yahweh This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke a message to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 21 1 ur9x 0 Pashhur This is not the same Pashhur that was mentioned in [Jeremiah 20:1](../20/01.md). -JER 21 1 ad5j translate-names 0 Pashhur…Malkijah…Maaseiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 21 1 ad5j translate-names 0 Pashhur … Malkijah … Maaseiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 21 1 zpe3 0 and they said “Pashhur and Zephaniah said to Jeremiah” -JER 21 2 q4d4 0 Seek advice from Yahweh on our behalf…making war on us This was a polite, but urgent request. Alternate translation: “Please speak to Yahweh for us…attacking us” +JER 21 2 q4d4 0 Seek advice from Yahweh on our behalf … making war on us This was a polite, but urgent request. Alternate translation: “Please speak to Yahweh for us … attacking us” JER 21 2 z5nz 0 as in times past “as he did in the past” JER 21 2 s62n 0 will make him withdraw from us “will make him go away” JER 21 4 leg9 0 See This tells the hearer to pay special attention to what follows. @@ -1493,7 +1493,7 @@ JER 21 5 f3ic figs-doublet 0 with wrath, fury, and great anger These words all JER 21 6 c5rg 0 inhabitants of this city “those who live in Jerusalem” JER 21 7 k4qv figs-metonymy 0 the sword Here this refers to the battle in which swords are used. Alternate translation: “the war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 21 7 ziv3 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand Here “hand” refers to the power of their enemies over them. Alternate translation: “into the power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 21 7 vgu8 figs-parallelism 0 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon…their enemies…those seeking their life All of these phrases refer to Nebuchadnezzar and his army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 21 7 vgu8 figs-parallelism 0 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon … their enemies … those seeking their life All of these phrases refer to Nebuchadnezzar and his army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 21 7 z1zk 0 seeking their life “wanting to kill them” JER 21 7 equ4 figs-metonymy 0 with the edge of the sword This could mean: (1) this is a metonym for death in battle. Alternate translation: “in battle” or (2) they will be killed by literal swords. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 21 7 j95p figs-doublet 0 He will not pity them, spare them, or have compassion These three phrases have the same meaning and emphasize that Nebuchadnezzar will deal severely with them. Alternate translation: “He will not show them any mercy or compassion at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -1530,7 +1530,7 @@ JER 22 3 m8e5 0 anyone who has been robbed—rescue him from the hand of the o JER 22 3 y9er figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the oppressor Here “the hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “the power of the oppressor” or “the one who would harm him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 22 3 m38q 0 Do not mistreat “Do not treat badly” JER 22 3 z2z9 0 orphan a child who does not have parents -JER 22 3 b6c5 figs-idiom 0 Do not…pour out innocent blood Here “pour out…blood” is associated with murder, and “blood” refers to the murdered people. Alternate translation: “Do not…murder innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JER 22 3 b6c5 figs-idiom 0 Do not … pour out innocent blood Here “pour out … blood” is associated with murder, and “blood” refers to the murdered people. Alternate translation: “Do not … murder innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 22 3 t9h8 0 in this place This could mean: (1) Jerusalem or (2) the whole country of Judah. This does not imply that it is good to murder people in other places. JER 22 4 f37x figs-metonymy 0 kings sitting on David’s throne The metonym “throne” refers to kingly authority like David had. Alternate translation: “kings, ruling like David before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 22 4 vfy3 0 the gates of this house This refers to the gates to the courtyard of the palace. @@ -1552,21 +1552,21 @@ JER 22 10 nz1s 0 him who is about to go away This refers to King Jehoahaz who JER 22 10 mc5c 0 never return and see his native land “never come back and see the land of Israel again” or “never see his homeland again” JER 22 11 gm4b translate-names 0 Jehoahaz The name in Hebrew is “Shallum,” but he is better known as Jehoahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 22 11 rw5q 0 who served as king instead of Josiah his father “who became king when his father, Josiah, died” -JER 22 13 qz4r 0 him who builds…his upper rooms…who makes…for him…he does not give The words “him” and “his” and “who” and “he” refer to King Jehoahaz (verse 11). +JER 22 13 qz4r 0 him who builds … his upper rooms … who makes … for him … he does not give The words “him” and “his” and “who” and “he” refer to King Jehoahaz (verse 11). JER 22 13 qb7j figs-doublet 0 builds his house by unrighteousness, his upper rooms by injustice The abstract nouns “unrighteousness” and “injustice” have similar meanings, are repeated for emphasis, and can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “unjustly forced men to build his house and his upper rooms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 22 13 rzx8 figs-metonymy 0 his house The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jehoahaz (verse 11) and his family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 22 13 b5uz 0 him his wages This refers to any of the neighbors of King Jehoahaz (verse 11) whom the king forces to work. -JER 22 14 m567 0 he says…he cuts…he panels…he paints These refer to King Jehoahaz (verse 11). -JER 22 14 ub8w 0 a large house with spacious upper rooms…large windows…cedar…red These characteristics all describe a very expensive house. +JER 22 14 m567 0 he says … he cuts … he panels … he paints These refer to King Jehoahaz (verse 11). +JER 22 14 ub8w 0 a large house with spacious upper rooms … large windows … cedar … red These characteristics all describe a very expensive house. JER 22 15 ag7u figs-rquestion 0 Is this what makes you a good king, that you wanted to have boards of cedar? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to rebuke Jehoiakim for his expensive palace. Alternate translation: “Having a cedar palace does not make you a good king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 22 15 b88r figs-rquestion 0 Did not your father also eat and drink, yet do…righteousness? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Jehoiakim about the example of his father, King Josiah. Alternate translation: “Your father King Josiah enjoyed his life, yet did…righteousness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 22 15 b88r figs-rquestion 0 Did not your father also eat and drink, yet do … righteousness? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Jehoiakim about the example of his father, King Josiah. Alternate translation: “Your father King Josiah enjoyed his life, yet did … righteousness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 22 15 y86v figs-doublet 0 do justice and righteousness These abstract nouns have similar meanings, are repeated for emphasis and can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “act justly and fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 22 16 nkx5 0 It was good then “Things went well for him” JER 22 16 y4lk figs-rquestion 0 Is this not what it means to know me? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to rebuke Jehoiakim for not following the example of his father, King Josiah. Alternate translation: “This is what it means to know me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 22 16 rd6y figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 22 17 tab3 figs-metonymy 0 there is nothing in your eyes and heart except worry…crushing of others Here “eyes” is a metonym for seeing and “heart” is a metonym for thinking. Alternate translation: “you never look for or think about anything except…crushing of others” or “you only look for and think about ways to cheat others and pour out innocent blood, and to oppress and crush others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 22 17 tab3 figs-metonymy 0 there is nothing in your eyes and heart except worry … crushing of others Here “eyes” is a metonym for seeing and “heart” is a metonym for thinking. Alternate translation: “you never look for or think about anything except … crushing of others” or “you only look for and think about ways to cheat others and pour out innocent blood, and to oppress and crush others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 22 17 u23t 0 unjust profit This is getting money by cheating or by using unfair means. -JER 22 17 idh3 figs-idiom 0 pouring out innocent blood Here “pouring out…blood” is associated with murder, and “blood” refers to the murdered people. Alternate translation: “murdering innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JER 22 17 idh3 figs-idiom 0 pouring out innocent blood Here “pouring out … blood” is associated with murder, and “blood” refers to the murdered people. Alternate translation: “murdering innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 22 17 l1rn 0 crushing of others “doing violence to others in order to get money” JER 22 18 h7h1 figs-ellipsis 0 They will not lament for him In verse 18, Yahweh stops speaking directly to Jehoiakim and begins to speak to other people. Here “lament” refers to grieving at Jehoiakim’s death. Alternate translation: “They will not lament for Jehoiakim when he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 22 18 n6j5 figs-parallelism 0 Woe, my brother!…Woe, my sister!…Woe, master!…Woe, majesty! Yahweh uses the word “Woe” several times for emphasis. He addresses the various people who would normally show great sadness when someone dies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1583,7 +1583,7 @@ JER 22 23 i6fc figs-metaphor 0 You who live in ‘Lebanon,’ who is nestled in JER 22 23 n9dg figs-you 0 You who live This “You” is singular and refers to the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 22 23 x4j2 figs-activepassive 0 how you will be pitied The meaning of the Hebrew is not clear. This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) “they will greatly pity you” or (2) “you will groan greatly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 22 23 vfv9 figs-simile 0 when the labor pains come upon you, pain like that of a woman in labor The pain that the king will feel when his enemies defeat him will be as intense as the pain a woman feels in childbirth. Alternate translation: “when you experience pain as intense as the pain of a woman in childbirth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 22 24 lcv6 figs-hypo 0 even if you…were the signet on my right hand Yahweh speaks to Jehoiachin as if it were possible for him to be the ring on Yahweh’s hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JER 22 24 lcv6 figs-hypo 0 even if you … were the signet on my right hand Yahweh speaks to Jehoiachin as if it were possible for him to be the ring on Yahweh’s hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JER 22 24 fu3p figs-metonymy 0 the signet on my right hand A signet ring was used by a king to place his seal of authority on documents. The signet ring therefore represents authority to rule. The right hand also represents authority to rule. Alternate translation: “the signet ring on my right hand that represented my authority to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 22 24 dv7c 0 I would tear you off “I would tear you off from my hand” or “I would quickly pull you off of my hand” JER 22 25 s6ia figs-activepassive 0 I have given you to the hand of the ones seeking your life This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have made it possible for the ones seeking your life to capture you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1646,7 +1646,7 @@ JER 23 14 kpq8 0 They commit adultery This could mean: (1) they were literally JER 23 14 gu9j figs-idiom 0 walk in deceit This idiom means they lived a life of deceit. Alternate translation: “live in dishonesty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 23 14 v93v figs-synecdoche 0 They strengthen the hands of evildoers Here “hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “They strengthen those who do evil” or “They encourage people who do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 23 14 hf5u 0 no one turns back from his evildoing This can be state in positive form. Alternate translation: “everyone continues in their sin” -JER 23 14 cc8r figs-simile 0 All of them have become like Sodom…like Gomorrah Sodom and Gomorrah were cities that were so wicked that God destroyed them with fire from heaven. Alternate translation: “They all became as evil as Sodom…as wicked as Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JER 23 14 cc8r figs-simile 0 All of them have become like Sodom … like Gomorrah Sodom and Gomorrah were cities that were so wicked that God destroyed them with fire from heaven. Alternate translation: “They all became as evil as Sodom … as wicked as Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 23 15 t5fw 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 23 15 cv5x 0 Look The word “look” here alerts the reader to pay attention to the important information that follows. JER 23 15 ug5g figs-metaphor 0 I am about to make them eat wormwood and drink poisonous water Wormwood is a plant that is very bitter and unpleasant to eat. This phrase describes the punishment that Yahweh was going to bring about on the evil prophets. In the same way wormwood was bitter and the water was poisonous, so would Yaweh’s judgment be on the evil prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1664,7 +1664,7 @@ JER 23 17 ww1a 0 Disaster will not come upon you “Nothing bad will happen to JER 23 18 rtl1 figs-rquestion 0 Yet who has stood in Yahweh’s council meeting? Who sees and hears his word? Who pays attention to his word and listens? These questions are used to rebuke the priests and false prophets for not obeying Yahweh. Alternate translation: “No one advises Yahweh. No one understands what Yahweh says. No one obeys Yahweh’s commands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 23 18 crs3 0 pays attention to his word and listens These two phrases mean the same thing. They can be combined in one phrase. Alternate translation: “obeys his word at all” JER 23 19 sv8q 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues to deliver Yahweh’s message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). -JER 23 19 b4tl figs-metaphor 0 there is a storm coming from Yahweh…His fury is going out…a tempest is whirling about These three phrases all refer to a great storm that is a metaphor for Yahweh’s anger. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s anger is coming like a great storm, going out with fury and whirling like a tempest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JER 23 19 b4tl figs-metaphor 0 there is a storm coming from Yahweh … His fury is going out … a tempest is whirling about These three phrases all refer to a great storm that is a metaphor for Yahweh’s anger. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s anger is coming like a great storm, going out with fury and whirling like a tempest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 23 19 gsy3 0 a tempest a violent windstorm JER 23 19 w4qs figs-metaphor 0 It is whirling around the heads of the wicked Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a windstorm whirling around the wicked. Alternate translation: “It is coming upon the wicked like a windstorm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 23 20 n8pg figs-personification 0 Yahweh’s wrath will not return until it Yahweh’s wrath is spoken of as if it were alive and could act on its own. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not stop being angry until he” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -1677,7 +1677,7 @@ JER 23 22 nx49 figs-hypo 0 if they had stood in my council meeting Yahweh state JER 23 22 kym3 0 my council meeting In ancient times, God was thought to hold meetings with the angels in heaven. Yahweh is referring to this kind of meeting, which humans could not attend. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 23:18](../23/18.md). JER 23 22 n2ix figs-idiom 0 to turn from This idiom means they would stop doing these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 23 23 w171 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). -JER 23 23 dpw9 figs-rquestion 0 Am I only a God nearby…and not also a God far away? Yahweh uses this question to rebuke the priests and false prophets for thinking that he did not rule everywhere. Alternate translation: “I am not only a God who is here in Jerusalem…but I am everywhere!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 23 23 dpw9 figs-rquestion 0 Am I only a God nearby … and not also a God far away? Yahweh uses this question to rebuke the priests and false prophets for thinking that he did not rule everywhere. Alternate translation: “I am not only a God who is here in Jerusalem … but I am everywhere!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 23 23 ek7y figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 23 24 s2d6 figs-rquestion 0 Can anyone hide in a secret place so I cannot see him? Yahweh uses this question to rebuke the priests and false prophets for thinking that he did not see the evil that they were doing. Alternate translation: “No one can hide in a secret place so I cannot see him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 23 24 asa4 figs-rquestion 0 do I not fill the heavens and the earth? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is everywhere in heaven and on earth. Alternate translation: “I am everywhere, both in the heavens and on the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1686,12 +1686,12 @@ JER 23 25 z8fx figs-abstractnouns 0 prophesying deceit The word “deceit” ca JER 23 25 aqc3 figs-metonymy 0 in my name This phrase refers to speaking with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. See how you translated this phrase in [Jeremiah 14:14](../14/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 23 25 ax5f figs-explicit 0 I had a dream! They meant that this dream was from God. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I had a dream from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 23 26 ud78 figs-rquestion 0 How long will this go on, prophets who prophesy lies from their minds, and who prophesy from the deceit in their hearts? Yahweh asks this question to emphasize that this is something that should not continue. Alternate translation: “This should not continue, prophets declaring lies which they themselves have made up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 23 26 acr3 figs-doublet 0 prophesy lies from their minds…prophesy from the deceit in their hearts These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the false prophets made up their prophesies. Alternate translation: “prophesy things that come only from their own minds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 23 27 z1ge figs-metonymy 0 forget my name…forgot my name Here the word “name” refers to the whole being of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “forget me…forgot me” or “forget who I am…forgot who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 23 26 acr3 figs-doublet 0 prophesy lies from their minds … prophesy from the deceit in their hearts These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the false prophets made up their prophesies. Alternate translation: “prophesy things that come only from their own minds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JER 23 27 z1ge figs-metonymy 0 forget my name … forgot my name Here the word “name” refers to the whole being of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “forget me … forgot me” or “forget who I am … forgot who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 23 27 ph7r figs-metonymy 0 in favor of Baal’s name Here “Baal’s name” refers to the god Baal. Alternate translation: “leading my people to worship Baal instead of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 23 28 uu8f 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). JER 23 28 nf21 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 23 29 cmi2 figs-rquestion 0 Is not my word like fire?…and like a hammer that shatters a rock into pieces? Yahweh uses these questions to emphasize that his word is much more powerful than the words of mere men. In that way, his word is like fire or a hammer. Alternate translation: “My word is powerful like fire…and powerful like a hammer that shatters a rock into pieces.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JER 23 29 cmi2 figs-rquestion 0 Is not my word like fire?…and like a hammer that shatters a rock into pieces? Yahweh uses these questions to emphasize that his word is much more powerful than the words of mere men. In that way, his word is like fire or a hammer. Alternate translation: “My word is powerful like fire … and powerful like a hammer that shatters a rock into pieces.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 23 30 s9jd 0 I am against “I am opposed to” JER 23 30 za3e 0 steals words from another person This implies that the false prophets are thieves. They are so evil that they take each other’s messages without permission rather than make up their own false messages. JER 23 31 fj9k 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). @@ -1699,9 +1699,9 @@ JER 23 31 eh6r 0 See This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what f JER 23 31 cyr7 figs-metonymy 0 who use their tongues Here “tongues” is a metonym for the ability to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 23 33 a291 0 General Information: In verses 33-40 there is a wordplay with the word “burden.” Sometimes it means “a message” and other times it means “a heavy load to carry.” This wordplay should be retained if possible. JER 23 33 c2ph 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). -JER 23 33 rek5 figs-you 0 asks you…you will say These two instances of “you” are singular and refer to Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JER 23 33 rek5 figs-you 0 asks you … you will say These two instances of “you” are singular and refer to Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 23 33 t7eb 0 What is the burden of Yahweh? Here “burden” means a message or prophecy from Yahweh. -JER 23 33 smx4 figs-you 0 You are the burden…cast you off These two instances of “you” are plural and refer to the false prophets and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JER 23 33 smx4 figs-you 0 You are the burden … cast you off These two instances of “you” are plural and refer to the false prophets and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 23 33 gg8m figs-metaphor 0 You are the burden Here “burden” means a heavy load. This is a metaphor that means they annoy Yahweh and he no longer wants to put up with them. Alternate translation: “You are a burden that I am tired of carrying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 23 33 ct8x figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 23 34 dnw7 0 This is the burden of Yahweh Here “burden” means a message or prophecy from Yahweh. @@ -1710,14 +1710,14 @@ JER 23 35 x255 0 General Information: In verses 33-40 there is a wordplay with JER 23 35 lj8n 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). JER 23 35 m2dm 0 You continue to say…‘What did Yahweh declare?’ It may be helpful to reorder this sentence. Alternate translation: “Each person continues to ask his neighbor and his brother, ‘What did Yahweh answer?’ and ‘What did Yahweh declare?’” JER 23 36 c4en 0 But you must no longer talk about the ‘burden of Yahweh,’ for the burden is every man’s own word, and Possible meaning are (1) both instances of “burden” mean “message.” Alternate translation: “You must no longer call your visions the ‘burden of Yahweh’ because they are really only every man’s own words, and” or (2) the first ‘burden’ means “message” and the second means “heavy load.” Alternate translation: “You must no longer talk about the ‘message of Yahweh’ because the words that each of you speak are what is a ‘heavy load.’ In this way” -JER 23 36 ppq7 0 you have perverted the words…our God To “pervert” something is to twist or distort it. Alternate translation: “you have changed the message of the living God, Yahweh of hosts, our God, to say what you want it to say and not what God said” +JER 23 36 ppq7 0 you have perverted the words … our God To “pervert” something is to twist or distort it. Alternate translation: “you have changed the message of the living God, Yahweh of hosts, our God, to say what you want it to say and not what God said” JER 23 37 ntt4 0 General Information: In verses 33-40 there is a wordplay with the word “burden.” Sometimes it means “a message” and other times it means “a heavy load to carry.” This wordplay should be retained if possible. JER 23 37 pg4g 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh completes his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). JER 23 37 u96b figs-you 0 This is what you will say Here “you” is singular and refers to Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 23 38 da5b figs-you 0 But if you say…Because you have said…when I sent to you…You will not say All of these instances of “you” are plural and refer to the priests and false prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JER 23 38 da5b figs-you 0 But if you say … Because you have said … when I sent to you … You will not say All of these instances of “you” are plural and refer to the priests and false prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 23 39 uyp8 0 therefore, behold “therefore, pay attention.” This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what follows. JER 23 39 w43s figs-metaphor 0 I am about to pick you up and throw you away from me Yahweh speaks of sending these priests and false prophets into exile as if they were an object that he was going to throw far away. Alternate translation: “I am about to drive you away from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 39 u7cv figs-you 0 pick you up…throw you…I gave you All of these instances of “you” are plural and refer to the priests and false prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +JER 23 39 u7cv figs-you 0 pick you up … throw you … I gave you All of these instances of “you” are plural and refer to the priests and false prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 23 39 ad6n 0 the city that I gave you This refers to Jerusalem. JER 23 40 bq3w figs-you 0 insult on you This instance of “you” is plural and refers to the priests and false prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 23 40 t2qe 0 I will put everlasting shame and insult on you that will not be forgotten “I will cover you with shame that will last forever and insult that you will never forget” or “I will cause people to make fun of you forever. People will never forget that you were disgraced.” Yahweh speaks of the humiliation of the priests and false prophets as if he would put shame and insult on them like clothing. @@ -1725,11 +1725,11 @@ JER 23 40 p6n8 figs-activepassive 0 that will not be forgotten This can be stat JER 24 intro fru9 0 # Jeremiah 24 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The exiles are blessed and the others punished

God will bless the people who were taken away into Babylon but punish the people left in the land because they still did not repent and turn to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) JER 24 1 dy22 0 me All instances of this pronoun refer to Jeremiah. JER 24 1 gh4c 0 Behold The word “Behold” here shows that Jeremiah saw something interesting. -JER 24 1 mx54 writing-background 0 This vision happened…them to Babylon This part of the story is used to provide historical information to show when the events of the happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JER 24 1 mx54 writing-background 0 This vision happened … them to Babylon This part of the story is used to provide historical information to show when the events of the happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JER 24 1 gms2 0 craftsmen people skilled at building things JER 24 1 i6yi 0 metalworkers people skilled at creating things out of metal JER 24 2 yn27 figs-activepassive 0 they could not be eaten These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one could eat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 24 3 wk1l figs-activepassive 0 they cannot be eaten These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one could eat them…no one can eat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 24 3 wk1l figs-activepassive 0 they cannot be eaten These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one could eat them … no one can eat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 24 4 th8u figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 24 5 bn7y figs-idiom 0 I will look on the exiles of Judah for their benefit Here “look on” is an idiom that means Yahweh will take care of them. Alternate translation: “I will take good care of the exiles of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 24 5 vt5h figs-simile 0 just like these good figs The good figs represent those Judean exiles sent to the land of Chaldea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1737,14 +1737,14 @@ JER 24 6 p9np figs-metonymy 0 I will set my eyes on them for good Here “set m JER 24 6 i7sm figs-parallelism 0 I will build them up, and not tear them down. I will plant them, and not uproot them These two metaphors have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. Alternate translation: “I will help them to prosper in Chaldea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 24 6 pp2q figs-metaphor 0 I will build them up, and not tear them down Yahweh speak of the exiles as a building which Yahweh will build and not tear down. Alternate translation: “I will help them flourish in the land, and not ruin them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 24 6 whb1 figs-metaphor 0 I will plant them, and not uproot them Yahweh speak of the exiles as plants which Yahweh will plant in good soil and not pull out. Alternate translation: “I will establish them in the land, and not remove them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 24 9 hi95 figs-doublet 0 I will turn them into a frightening thing, a disaster…a disgrace and a subject for proverbs, taunts, and curses These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how thoroughly Yahweh will judge the people of Jerusalem. They will become something that will frighten other people when they see it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 24 9 hi95 figs-doublet 0 I will turn them into a frightening thing, a disaster … a disgrace and a subject for proverbs, taunts, and curses These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how thoroughly Yahweh will judge the people of Jerusalem. They will become something that will frighten other people when they see it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 24 10 f8lu 0 I will send out sword, famine, and plague against them “I will kill them with war, famine and sicknesses” JER 24 10 j4rn figs-metonymy 0 I will send out sword Here “sword” refers to war or enemy armies. Alternate translation: “I will send enemy armies” or “I will send out war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 24 10 k2as figs-personification 0 sword, famine, and plague These things are spoken of as if they were living things that could attack the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 24 10 l4fs 0 they are destroyed from the land “none of them remain in the land” JER 25 intro uf7k 0 # Jeremiah 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 25:30-38.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Seventy years

Babylon will rule over Judah for seventy years. Because Yahweh is just, he will soon punish Babylon for their evil actions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

Jeremiah uses the idiom of drinking the cup of wine of God’s punishment to say that Babylon will destroy all the surrounding nations and then be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 25 1 jgw9 figs-idiom 0 This is the word that came to Jeremiah It is implied that the word that came to Jeremiah was from Yahweh. This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 25 1 a9rv translate-ordinal 0 the fourth…the first (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +JER 25 1 a9rv translate-ordinal 0 the fourth … the first (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 25 3 q39g translate-names 0 Amon This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 25 5 nw93 figs-metaphor 0 Let each man turn from his wicked way and the corruption of his practices Jeremiah speaks of people who stop committing an action as if those people were turning away from that action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 25 5 xe34 figs-doublet 0 his wicked way and the corruption of his practices The terms “wicked way” and “corruption of his practices” mean the same thing and refer to every sinful thing that they do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -1755,8 +1755,8 @@ JER 25 7 fz11 figs-explicit 0 you have provoked me with the work of your hands JER 25 7 t2s6 0 to do harm to you “so that I do harm to you” JER 25 8 i8m8 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 25 9 rd1n 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” -JER 25 9 kxv7 figs-idiom 0 bring them against this land The idiom to “bring…against this land” means that they will attack the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “bring them to attack this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 25 9 h39v figs-idiom 0 I will set them apart for destruction The idiom “set…apart for destruction” means to destroy something completely. Alternate translation: “I will destroy them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 25 9 kxv7 figs-idiom 0 bring them against this land The idiom to “bring … against this land” means that they will attack the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “bring them to attack this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 25 9 h39v figs-idiom 0 I will set them apart for destruction The idiom “set … apart for destruction” means to destroy something completely. Alternate translation: “I will destroy them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 25 9 h2cj figs-abstractnouns 0 I will turn them into a horror The word “horror” may be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will turn them into something that horrifies people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 25 9 e1u4 0 an object for hissing The word “hissing” refers to a sound that shows strong disapproval and can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “an object at which people will hiss” JER 25 10 nzy3 0 millstones These are two large, round stones used to grind grain. @@ -1768,11 +1768,11 @@ JER 25 13 dbu3 figs-activepassive 0 everything written in this book This can be JER 25 14 tv7d figs-metaphor 0 I will repay them for their deeds and the works of their hands Yahweh speaks of punishing the people of the nations for what they have done as if he were paying them back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 25 14 l9f2 figs-doublet 0 their deeds and the works of their hands These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The idiom “the works of their hands” refers to the actions of a person, with the word “hands” being a synecdoche that represents the person who does those actions. Alternate translation: “everything that they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 25 15 uqa7 figs-metaphor 0 Take this cup of the wine of fury Yahweh speaks of his extreme anger as if it were wine that fills a cup. Alternate translation: “Take this cup of wine that represents my fury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 15 nl26 figs-metonymy 0 make all the nations…drink it The word “nations” represents the people of the nations. Yahweh speaks of people experiencing his fury as if they were to drink the wine that is in the cup. Alternate translation: “make all the people of the nations…drink the wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 25 15 nl26 figs-metonymy 0 make all the nations … drink it The word “nations” represents the people of the nations. Yahweh speaks of people experiencing his fury as if they were to drink the wine that is in the cup. Alternate translation: “make all the people of the nations … drink the wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 25 16 y8ww figs-metaphor 0 they will drink and then stagger about and rant madly Yahweh speaks of the people being terrified about his fury as if they were drunk from drinking the wine from the cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 25 16 ftn1 figs-metonymy 0 before the sword that I am sending out among them Here the word “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “because of the wars that I am causing to happen among them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 25 17 ti8x figs-metaphor 0 This passage continues the metaphor of Yahweh’s extreme anger as wine that he causes the people of the nations to drink from a cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 17 h4ut figs-metonymy 0 I made all the nations…drink it The word “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “I made all the people of the nations…drink the wine from the cup” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 25 17 h4ut figs-metonymy 0 I made all the nations … drink it The word “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “I made all the people of the nations … drink the wine from the cup” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 25 18 a2nm 0 something terrifying The adjective “terrifying” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “something that terrifies people” JER 25 18 m6p4 0 an object for hissing and cursing The word “hissing” refers to a sound that shows strong disapproval. Both “hissing” and “cursing” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “an object at which people hiss and which they curse” JER 25 18 jbw1 0 they are at this present day Possible meanings are that this phrase (1) refers to the time when the book of Jeremiah was written and some time after Jeremiah had proclaimed this prophecy or (2) means that the things about which Jeremiah prophesies here have already started to happen. @@ -1790,7 +1790,7 @@ JER 25 25 dg7i translate-names 0 Zimri This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc: JER 25 26 kn4i figs-idiom 0 everyone with his brother This is an idiom that means every person, one after another. Alternate translation: “one after another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 25 26 f9h6 figs-metonymy 0 all of them had to drink the cup from Yahweh’s hand Here “the cup” is a metonym for the wine that it contains. Alternate translation: “all of these people had to drink the wine from the cup in Yahweh’s hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 25 27 p9dl figs-metaphor 0 This passage continues the metaphor of Yahweh’s extreme anger as wine that he causes the people of the nations to drink from a cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 27 dq9j 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 25 27 dq9j 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 25 27 v2lj figs-metonymy 0 before the sword that I am sending among you Here the word “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “before the wars that I am causing to happen among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 25 29 ut1e figs-metonymy 0 the city that is called by my name This refers to Jerusalem and can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the city that I have called by my name” or “Jerusalem, which I have called by my name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 25 29 xp4x figs-rquestion 0 and should you yourselves be free from punishment? Yahweh asks this question to rebuke the people and to emphasize that he will certainly punish them. Alternate translation: “so do not think that you yourselves will be free from punishment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1834,11 +1834,11 @@ JER 26 6 qd3h figs-metonymy 0 I will turn this city into a curse What Yahweh wo JER 26 6 w3q2 0 in the sight of all the nations on earth “so that all the nations on earth can see me do it” JER 26 7 id3z 0 Yahweh’s house the temple JER 26 8 zr32 0 all the people seized him and said, “You will certainly die! This could mean: (1) The people chose to believe the lie of false peace and did not want to be confronted with the truth, or (2) the people believed the other prophets proclaiming peace and saw Jeremiah as a false prophet who should be stoned for leading the people astray. -JER 26 9 sb1y figs-rquestion 0 Why have you prophesied…inhabitant? This rebuke can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have prophesied…inhabitant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 26 9 sb1y figs-rquestion 0 Why have you prophesied … inhabitant? This rebuke can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have prophesied … inhabitant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 26 10 kp6h 0 the New Gate the name of the gate through which people went into the temple JER 26 11 n24j 0 you heard with your own ears “you heard” JER 26 12 m8sc 0 this house and this city “the people who worship in Yahweh’s temple and those who live in the city of Jerusalem” -JER 26 13 u7ib figs-doublet 0 your ways…your practices These two phrases mean almost the same thing. Alternate translation: “the things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JER 26 13 u7ib figs-doublet 0 your ways … your practices These two phrases mean almost the same thing. Alternate translation: “the things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 26 13 u76z figs-synecdoche 0 listen to the voice of Yahweh The voice is a synecdoche for the person, and the same word can be translated “listen” or “obey.” Alternate translation: “obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 26 14 kr6k figs-doublet 0 Do to me what is good and right in your eyes The words “good” and “right” mean the same thing. The eye is a metonym for the person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “Do to me whatever you think is the right thing to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 26 15 r93l figs-metonymy 0 you are bringing innocent blood on yourselves and on this city and its inhabitants Blood is a metonym for violent death, and to bring blood on someone is to make them guilty of violent death. Alternate translation: “you are making yourselves and this city and its inhabitants guilty of the violent death of an innocent person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1848,10 +1848,10 @@ JER 26 16 jf98 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of Yahweh our God The person’s nam JER 26 18 z8nb translate-names 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] JER 26 18 t6dn 0 Morashite a person from the town or region of Moresheth JER 26 18 az6u 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 26 18 pi1j figs-metaphor 0 Zion will become a plowed field…and the hill of the temple will become a thicket “Zion” and “the hill of the temple” refer to the same place. When a farmer plows a field, he turns over all the dirt and uproots all the plants that are growing there. A thicket is so full of bushes that no one can use it for anything. These two metaphors cannot be literally true at the same time, but they emphasize that Yahweh will allow the invaders to completely destroy the temple area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 26 19 qp3q figs-rquestion 0 Did Hezekiah…put him to death? The speakers are trying to get the hearers to agree with what they are saying. Alternate translation: “You know very well that Hezekiah…did not put him to death.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 26 18 pi1j figs-metaphor 0 Zion will become a plowed field … and the hill of the temple will become a thicket “Zion” and “the hill of the temple” refer to the same place. When a farmer plows a field, he turns over all the dirt and uproots all the plants that are growing there. A thicket is so full of bushes that no one can use it for anything. These two metaphors cannot be literally true at the same time, but they emphasize that Yahweh will allow the invaders to completely destroy the temple area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 26 19 qp3q figs-rquestion 0 Did Hezekiah … put him to death? The speakers are trying to get the hearers to agree with what they are saying. Alternate translation: “You know very well that Hezekiah … did not put him to death.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 26 19 pa6c figs-metonymy 0 all of Judah The land is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “all the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 19 vxq8 0 Did he not fear Yahweh and appease the face of Yahweh…them? The speakers are trying to get the hearers to agree with what they are saying. Alternate translation: “You know very well that he feared Yahweh and appeased the face of Yahweh so that Yahweh…them.” +JER 26 19 vxq8 0 Did he not fear Yahweh and appease the face of Yahweh … them? The speakers are trying to get the hearers to agree with what they are saying. Alternate translation: “You know very well that he feared Yahweh and appeased the face of Yahweh so that Yahweh … them.” JER 26 19 gxw9 figs-synecdoche 0 appease the face of Yahweh The face is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “cause Yahweh to be less angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 26 19 fc9w figs-rquestion 0 So will we do greater evil against our own lives? The speakers are trying to get the hearers to agree with what they are saying. The word “lives” is a metonym for the people. Alternate translation: “If we kill Jeremiah, we will do greater evil against our own lives.” or “We do not want to do worse things to ourselves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 26 20 vwh1 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah stops telling about his own life and begins telling about what happened to another prophet. @@ -1859,20 +1859,20 @@ JER 26 20 lp4c 0 Meanwhile there was “While what I was just telling you abou JER 26 20 dij2 figs-metonymy 0 prophesied against this city and this land The words “city” and “land” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “prophesied that bad things would happen to the people who lived in this city and this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 26 21 m5dp 0 heard his word “heard what he said” JER 26 22 pux5 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the story of Uriah. -JER 26 22 q88r translate-names 0 Elnathan…Akbor men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 26 22 q88r translate-names 0 Elnathan … Akbor men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 26 23 dgv1 0 corpse dead body -JER 26 24 d2pc figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Ahikam…was with Jeremiah The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. Ahikam was not a soldier, so he probably was able to talk to people and change their minds. Alternate translation: “Ahikam…was able to help Jeremiah” or “Ahikam…was able to keep the people from harming Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 24 t71n translate-names 0 Ahikam…Shaphan men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 26 24 d2pc figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Ahikam … was with Jeremiah The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. Ahikam was not a soldier, so he probably was able to talk to people and change their minds. Alternate translation: “Ahikam … was able to help Jeremiah” or “Ahikam … was able to keep the people from harming Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 26 24 t71n translate-names 0 Ahikam … Shaphan men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 26 24 y6jk figs-metonymy 0 he was not given into the hand of the people to be put to death The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Ahikam did not allow the people to have the power to put Jeremiah to death” or “the people could not kill Jeremiah because Ahikam did not give them the power to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 27 intro ka54 0 # Jeremiah 27 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The nations should serve Babylon

Jeremiah told the king of Judah, and all the surrounding nations, to serve the Babylonians and live in their land. If they refused, Babylon would take them as captives to another land. JER 27 2 w3cz 0 fetters things that keep a person from moving freely JER 27 3 ak1w 0 Then send them out This seems to mean that Jeremiah was to send a set of fetters and yoke to each king listed. But some versions of the Bible translate this as “Then send out messages.” -JER 27 3 tkx8 figs-synecdoche 0 Send them by the hand of those kings’ ambassadors who…Judah The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “Have those kings’ ambassadors, who…Judah, take them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JER 27 3 tkx8 figs-synecdoche 0 Send them by the hand of those kings’ ambassadors who … Judah The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “Have those kings’ ambassadors, who … Judah, take them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 27 4 tqe7 0 Give commands to them for their masters Jeremiah was instructed to give a set of chains and yoke to each ambassador and a message for each king regarding the chains and yoke. -JER 27 4 ujr8 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 27 4 ujr8 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 27 5 si5k figs-idiom 0 by my great strength and my raised arm The phrase “raised arm” refers to great power and intensifies the first phrase. Alternate translation: “by my very great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 27 5 yla5 0 I give it to anyone who is right in my eyes Another possible meaning is “I give it to anyone I want to.” -JER 27 6 p2p5 figs-metonymy 0 I…am giving all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar…servant The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises, and the word “lands” is a metonym for the people who live in those lands. Alternate translation: “I…am putting the people who live in all these lands under the power of Nebuchadnezzar…servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 27 6 p2p5 figs-metonymy 0 I … am giving all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar … servant The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises, and the word “lands” is a metonym for the people who live in those lands. Alternate translation: “I … am putting the people who live in all these lands under the power of Nebuchadnezzar … servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 27 7 j598 figs-explicit 0 the time for his land comes You may need to make explicit the nature of the time. Alternate translation: “the time for me to destroy his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 27 7 q3bv figs-metonymy 0 subdue him Here “him” refers to Nebuchadnezzar who represents the kingdom of Babylon. Alternate translation: “will defeat Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 27 8 p98j figs-metaphor 0 that does not put its neck under the yoke of the king Being the king’s slave is spoken of as being an animal on to the shoulders of which the king puts a yoke so it can do heavy work. Alternate translation: “and whose people do not willingly become slaves of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1886,7 +1886,7 @@ JER 27 11 eq6b 0 make their homes in it “make their homes in their own land JER 27 12 d48x 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak through Jeremiah to the king of Judah. JER 27 12 s392 0 Place your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon Being the king’s slave is spoken of as being an animal onto the shoulders of which the king puts a yoke so it can do heavy work. See how similar words were translated in [Jeremiah 27:8](../27/08.md). JER 27 12 gls2 figs-you 0 Place your necks The word “your” refers to Zedekiah and the people of Judah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 27 13 dl31 figs-rquestion 0 Why will you die…king of Babylon? Jeremiah uses this question to warn the king that his actions will lead to his death. Alternate translation: “For if you do not do this, you will surely die…king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 27 13 dl31 figs-rquestion 0 Why will you die … king of Babylon? Jeremiah uses this question to warn the king that his actions will lead to his death. Alternate translation: “For if you do not do this, you will surely die … king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 27 14 sgg7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak through Jeremiah to the king and people of Judah. JER 27 14 dre5 0 Do not listen to the words Yahweh is warning the people about all the false prophets that he did not send and that are lying to them. JER 27 15 xb8h figs-metonymy 0 they are prophesying deceit in my name The phrase “in my name” represents speaking with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. Here these prophets claim that they received their message from Yahweh, but that had not. The abstract noun “deceit” can be translated as the verb “deceiving.” Alternate translation: “they say they are speaking for me when they prophesy, but they are deceiving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1896,14 +1896,14 @@ JER 27 16 cbz7 figs-activepassive 0 The objects belonging to Yahweh’s house a JER 27 17 sk8y figs-rquestion 0 Why should this city become a ruin? Yahweh uses a question to warn the people. Alternate translation: “You can keep this city from becoming a ruin if you do what Yahweh wants you to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 27 18 a925 figs-hypo 0 If they are prophets, and if the word of Yahweh has truly come to them, let them beg This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh knows is not true. Alternate translation: “If they were prophets, and if the word of Yahweh had truly come to them, they would beg” or “Because they are not prophets and the word of Yahweh has not truly come to them, they will not beg” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JER 27 18 p374 0 if the word of Yahweh has truly come to them The phrase “word of Yahweh” refers to messages from God. Alternate translation: “if Yahweh has truly given them messages” or “if Yahweh truly spoke messages to them” -JER 27 18 tay8 figs-123person 0 the word of Yahweh…beg Yahweh of hosts not Yahweh is speaking of himself in third person. Alternate translation: “my word…be me, Yahweh of hosts, not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JER 27 18 tay8 figs-123person 0 the word of Yahweh … beg Yahweh of hosts not Yahweh is speaking of himself in third person. Alternate translation: “my word … be me, Yahweh of hosts, not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 27 18 ej1m 0 the house of the king of Judah The word “house” has a range of possible meanings. In this case it refers to the royal palace where the king lived. Alternate translation: “the palace of the king of Judah” JER 27 19 h1ve 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to bring the message of Yahweh. JER 27 19 sly4 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 27 19 mv9m 0 the pillars, the large basin known as “The Sea” and its base These were objects that were in the temple. “The Sea” was a large bronze bowl. JER 27 20 x7ff 0 Jehoiachin The Hebrew text has “Jeconiah,” which is a variation of the name “Jehoiachin.” Many modern versions have “Jehoiachin” in order to make it clear that the same king is being referred to. JER 27 21 r3av 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to speak the words of Yahweh. -JER 27 21 x7vp 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 27 21 x7vp 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 27 21 trv4 0 the house of the king of Judah The word “house” has a range of possible meanings. In this case it refers to the royal palace there the king lived. Alternate translation: “the palace of the king of Judah” JER 27 22 s56l figs-activepassive 0 They will be brought to Babylon This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will bring them to Babylon” or “I will bring them to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 27 22 au73 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -1912,7 +1912,7 @@ JER 28 intro r9mb 0 # Jeremiah 28 General Notes
## Special concepts in thi JER 28 1 eue8 0 General Information: Hananiah claims to speak for God. JER 28 1 uk8e translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the fourth year and the fifth month This is the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the dry season. It is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. This was after Zedekiah had been king for three years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 28 1 i5s1 translate-names 0 Azzur This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 28 2 nwh3 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 28 2 nwh3 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 28 2 aar4 figs-metaphor 0 I have broken the yoke imposed by the king of Babylon Hananaiah speaks of the people being in slavery as if they were oxen on which the Babylonians had put yokes to make them do heavy work. Alternate translation: “I have made it so you are no longer slaves of the king of Babylon” or “I have set you free from slavery to the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 28 3 ccb6 0 General Information: Hananiah continues to speak. JER 28 4 p8wn 0 Jehoiachin The Hebrew text has “Jeconiah,” which is a variation of the name “Jehoiachin.” Many modern versions have “Jehoiachin” in order to make it clear that the same king is being referred to. @@ -1927,7 +1927,7 @@ JER 28 11 dg28 figs-activepassive 0 the yoke imposed by Nebuchadnezzar king of JER 28 11 ahp8 0 imposed put on people JER 28 12 qez4 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 28 13 k1s2 0 You broke a yoke of wood, but I will make instead a yoke of iron “You broke a weak yoke, but I will replace it with a yoke that you cannot break” -JER 28 14 u3bq 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 28 14 u3bq 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 28 14 y7rs figs-metaphor 0 I have placed a yoke of iron on the neck of all of these nations to serve Nebuchadnezzar Yahweh speaks of making nations to be slaves of Nebuchadnezzar as if he were putting yokes on oxen to make them do heavy work. Alternate translation: “I have made all of these nations slaves, and they will have to serve Nebuchadnezzar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 28 16 mdf5 figs-123person 0 you proclaimed rebellion against Yahweh It is not clear why Yahweh speaks of himself by name. Alternate translation: “you urged people to rebel against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 28 17 gp9j translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the seventh month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) @@ -1938,17 +1938,17 @@ JER 29 2 ici1 0 Jehoiachin The Hebrew text has “Jeconiah,” which is a vari JER 29 2 lph9 0 the queen mother the king’s mother JER 29 2 dd2l 0 high officials “very important officials” JER 29 3 jx8m figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Elasah Jeremiah gave the scroll to Elasah so that Elasah could take it to Babylon. The reader should understand that Elasah probably put the scroll in a container to keep it safe as he traveled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 29 3 c79u translate-names 0 Elasah…Shapan…Gemariah…Hilkiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 29 3 c79u translate-names 0 Elasah … Shapan … Gemariah … Hilkiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 29 4 wj14 0 Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, says this to all the captives When people wrote letters in that society, they would write their name first, then the name of the person to whom they were writing, and then the main part of the letter. Yahweh speaks of himself by name as if he were writing the letter himself. -JER 29 4 zdg1 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 29 4 zdg1 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 29 5 b9h6 figs-explicit 0 Build houses and live in them. Plant gardens and eat their fruit Yahweh is telling them they will be there for a long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 29 6 x2ss 0 take wives for your sons, and give your daughters to husbands Parents commonly arranged their children’s marriages. JER 29 7 e28z figs-metonymy 0 Seek the peace of the city The peace of the city is a metonym for the people living in peace. Alternate translation: “Do everything you can so the people of the city live in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 7 y2ms 0 the city…its behalf…it is at peace These words refer to the city of Babylon. +JER 29 7 y2ms 0 the city … its behalf … it is at peace These words refer to the city of Babylon. JER 29 8 n627 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the captive Israelites. -JER 29 8 ty27 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 29 8 ty27 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 29 8 uw13 0 you yourselves are having Another possible meaning is “you are encouraging the prophets to have for you.” -JER 29 9 k591 0 they are prophesying deceitfully…I did not send them This could mean: (1) these words refer to the prophets and diviners, not to the dreams or (2) “they are prophesying deceitfully” refers to the dreams, and “I did not send them” refers to the prophets and diviners. +JER 29 9 k591 0 they are prophesying deceitfully … I did not send them This could mean: (1) these words refer to the prophets and diviners, not to the dreams or (2) “they are prophesying deceitfully” refers to the dreams, and “I did not send them” refers to the prophets and diviners. JER 29 9 dl19 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 29 10 u5xk 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to the captives of Israel. JER 29 10 j5jj 0 you the captive Israelites @@ -1971,7 +1971,7 @@ JER 29 18 c9s9 0 a horror, an object of curses and hissing, and a shameful thi JER 29 18 m2u4 0 hissing the sound people make when they disapprove of something JER 29 19 xg4e figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 29 20 n6ah 0 So you yourselves listen Yahweh is now about to issue a command and wants them to pay attention. Alternate translation: “But as for you, listen carefully” -JER 29 21 hg4m translate-names 0 Kolaiah…Maaseiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 29 21 hg4m translate-names 0 Kolaiah … Maaseiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 29 21 li6x figs-metonymy 0 who prophesy falsely to you in my name Here “name” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “liars who tell you that they are speaking my words to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 29 21 rtz1 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 29 21 nlw5 figs-metonymy 0 I am about to put them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon Here “hand” is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “I will allow Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon to conquer them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1981,13 +1981,13 @@ JER 29 22 d1hq figs-euphemism 0 roasted This word usually refers to cooking foo JER 29 23 siu5 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 29 24 b1e4 translate-names 0 Shemaiah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 29 24 zl7z translate-names 0 Nehelamite This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 29 25 l5qk 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 29 25 l5qk 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 29 25 atv3 figs-metonymy 0 in your own name The word “name” refers to a person’s authority and reputation. Alternate translation: “based on your own authority and reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 29 25 p62k translate-names 0 Maaseiah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 29 26 x2p7 translate-names 0 Jehoiada This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 29 26 bf8u 0 stocks a wooden frame that holds the feet, hands, or head of a person whom someone is punishing JER 29 27 z9tj 0 General Information: This finishes the letter by Shemaiah that he sent out to the people in Jerusalem. -JER 29 27 p5f5 figs-rquestion 0 why have you not rebuked Jeremiah of Anathoth…against you? Shemaiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the people of Jerusalem for not rebuking Jeremiah. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I want you to rebuke Jeremiah of Anathoth…against you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 29 27 p5f5 figs-rquestion 0 why have you not rebuked Jeremiah of Anathoth … against you? Shemaiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the people of Jerusalem for not rebuking Jeremiah. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I want you to rebuke Jeremiah of Anathoth … against you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 29 28 v7fm figs-explicit 0 he has sent to us You may need to make explicit what it was that Jeremiah sent. Alternate translation: “he has sent a message to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 29 28 v3zf 0 Build houses and live in them, and plant gardens and eat their fruit See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 29:5](../29/05.md). JER 29 29 vih2 0 in the hearing of Jeremiah the prophet “so that Jeremiah the prophet could hear him read it.” See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). @@ -1999,7 +1999,7 @@ JER 29 32 bs4i figs-123person 0 he has proclaimed rebellion against Yahweh It i JER 30 intro pf1y 0 # Jeremiah 30 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:5-24.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God promises restoration

Despite the prophesied punishment in this chapter, Yahweh promises to restore Judah. In addition to this, he also declares that he will ultimately restore Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
The author uses the term “Israel” in two different ways. He uses it in reference to the nation of Israel. He also uses it in reference to the people who used to inhabit the northern kingdom of Israel, namely the people group of Israel. JER 30 1 f64q figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 30 3 iwm1 0 For look “For listen carefully.” This phrase brings attention to what Yahweh is going to say next. -JER 30 3 s2us figs-metaphor 0 days are coming…when I will restore the fortunes Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future…I will restore the fortunes” or “there will be a time…when I will restore the fortunes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 30 3 s2us figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will restore the fortunes Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will restore the fortunes” or “there will be a time … when I will restore the fortunes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 30 3 db1t figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 30 3 xt2s 0 I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel and Judah “I will cause things to go well for my people, Israel and Judah, again” or “I will cause my people, Israel and Judah, to live well again.” See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). JER 30 4 m5dx writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2010,15 +2010,15 @@ JER 30 6 t7ik figs-simile 0 Why do I see every young man with his hand on his l JER 30 7 uva8 figs-metonymy 0 for Jacob, but he will be rescued from it The name Jacob is a metonym for the man’s descendants. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for the descendants of Jacob, but I will rescue them from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 30 8 es78 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the Israelites. JER 30 8 h8gt figs-metaphor 0 I will break the yoke off your neck, and I will shatter your chains Being a slave is spoken of as wearing a yoke like an animal and wearing chains like a prisoner. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 9 zlx4 figs-123person 0 they will worship Yahweh their God…their king…over them Yahweh continues speaking about the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “you will worship Yahweh your God…your king…over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JER 30 9 zlx4 figs-123person 0 they will worship Yahweh their God … their king … over them Yahweh continues speaking about the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “you will worship Yahweh your God … your king … over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 30 9 qp76 figs-metonymy 0 David their king This is a metonym for one of David’s descendants. Alternate translation: “a man descended from their King David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 30 10 j2kb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -JER 30 10 ff1b figs-metonymy 0 my servant Jacob…Israel “Jacob” and “Israel” are the two names of the ancestor of the Israelites, and these names are metonyms for the Israelites. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob…you Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 30 10 ff1b figs-metonymy 0 my servant Jacob … Israel “Jacob” and “Israel” are the two names of the ancestor of the Israelites, and these names are metonyms for the Israelites. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob … you Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 30 10 ldb9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 30 10 gri4 0 do not be dismayed “do not be discouraged” JER 30 10 anv7 0 For see, I am “Listen carefully while I tell you why: I am” JER 30 10 t49p figs-abstractnouns 0 from the land of captivity The abstract noun “captivity” can be translated using the noun “captive.” Alternate translation: “from the place where they were captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 30 10 zir5 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob will return…he will be secure Jacob’s name is a metonym for his descendants. Yahweh speaks to Jacob as if he were speaking to another person. You may need to make explicit to where Jacob will return. Alternate translation: “Jacob will return to his own land…he will be secure” or “The descendants of Jacob will return…they will be secure” or “You descendants of Jacob will return…you will be secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JER 30 10 zir5 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob will return … he will be secure Jacob’s name is a metonym for his descendants. Yahweh speaks to Jacob as if he were speaking to another person. You may need to make explicit to where Jacob will return. Alternate translation: “Jacob will return to his own land … he will be secure” or “The descendants of Jacob will return … they will be secure” or “You descendants of Jacob will return … you will be secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 30 10 f2gl 0 secure “safe” JER 30 11 e618 0 where I have scattered you “where I have sent you” JER 30 11 zng1 figs-euphemism 0 But I will certainly not put an end to you “But I will not completely destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -2026,7 +2026,7 @@ JER 30 11 r6x7 figs-doublenegatives 0 will certainly not leave you unpunished T JER 30 12 mt3r 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. JER 30 12 fs7f figs-metaphor 0 Your injury is incurable; your wound is infected This means that Yahweh has punished them so severely that there is no one who can help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 30 13 k22x 0 There is no one to plead your case “There is no one who asks me to show you mercy” -JER 30 13 bxy1 figs-metaphor 0 no one to plead your case…no remedy for your wound Yahweh has punished them so severely that there is no one who can help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 30 13 bxy1 figs-metaphor 0 no one to plead your case … no remedy for your wound Yahweh has punished them so severely that there is no one who can help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 30 14 xev8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. JER 30 14 v4ha figs-metaphor 0 All of your lovers Yahweh describes the people of Israel as an unfaithful wife who takes lovers other than her husband. Here “lovers” refers to other nations. The Israelites allied with them and worshiped their gods instead of relying on Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 30 14 a26m 0 They will not look for you “They no longer want to be your friends” @@ -2035,9 +2035,9 @@ JER 30 14 b768 figs-metaphor 0 the discipline of a cruel master Yahweh has trea JER 30 14 m2nq 0 your innumerable sins “your sins, which are too many to count” JER 30 15 q12y figs-rquestion 0 Why do you call for help for your injury? Yahweh asks a question here to make the people think about why they are asking him for help now. Alternate translation: “You are calling for help for your injury because you have disobeyed me.” or “Do not call for help for your injury.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 30 16 d7ma figs-metaphor 0 So everyone who consumes you will be consumed Destroying the nation is spoken of as consuming or eating it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So those who destroy you, their enemies will destroy them” or “So I will destroy everyone who destroys you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 30 16 a2ze 0 have plundered…plunder To plunder is to steal from peaceful people using violence, and plunder is what people steal. -JER 30 16 i8dj 0 despoiling…spoil To despoil here is to take items from an enemy one has defeated, and the items one takes are the spoil. -JER 30 17 xdt5 0 healing…wounds See how you translated these words in [Jeremiah 30:12](../30/12.md). +JER 30 16 a2ze 0 have plundered … plunder To plunder is to steal from peaceful people using violence, and plunder is what people steal. +JER 30 16 i8dj 0 despoiling … spoil To despoil here is to take items from an enemy one has defeated, and the items one takes are the spoil. +JER 30 17 xdt5 0 healing … wounds See how you translated these words in [Jeremiah 30:12](../30/12.md). JER 30 17 wi66 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 30 17 bdr3 0 they called you: Outcast An outcast is a person whom other people do not accept or allow to associate with them. Alternate translation: “they called you: Rejected” or “they said, ‘Nobody wants you’” JER 30 17 sg4l figs-metonymy 0 No one cares for this Zion The place name “Zion” is a metonym for the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “No one cares about the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2065,7 +2065,7 @@ JER 31 4 ab77 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people o JER 31 4 bv1q figs-activepassive 0 I will build you up again so you will be built Yahweh purposefully repeats the idea that he will build Israel to emphasize it. If your language can only use active verbs and has some other way to emphasize the idea, you may want to use it here. Alternate translation: “I will build you up again. Remember this: I will build you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 31 4 bt11 figs-personification 0 virgin Israel It was common to refer to nations as if they were women. However, “virgin” makes a person think about a young woman who has never married and so has never had the opportunity to be faithless to her husband. Therefore, calling Israel a virgin is an ironic use of language. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:13](../18/13.md). Alternate translation: “Israel, who falsely pretends to be fully devoted to me” or “my faithless people Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JER 31 4 v1aw translate-unknown 0 tambourines musical instruments with heads like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around their sides that sound when the instruments are shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -JER 31 7 n6rl figs-apostrophe 0 Shout…Shout…Let praise be heard…Say Yahweh is speaking in an apostrophe to all people of the world, so these verbs are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +JER 31 7 n6rl figs-apostrophe 0 Shout … Shout … Let praise be heard … Say Yahweh is speaking in an apostrophe to all people of the world, so these verbs are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) JER 31 7 g2zs 0 the chief people of the nations “the most important people group of all the nations” or “the people group that is more important than any other” JER 31 7 hu9h figs-activepassive 0 Let praise be heard This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Cause everyone to hear your praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 31 8 tg8t 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about how he will bring the Israelite people back from being captives in Babylon. @@ -2075,7 +2075,7 @@ JER 31 9 ai7p 0 I will lead them as they make their pleas Yahweh will lead the JER 31 9 v75t figs-metaphor 0 I will be a father to Israel, and Ephraim will be my firstborn Here “Ephraim” is another name for “Israel.” Alternate translation: “I will be like a father to the people of Israel, and they will be like my firstborn child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 31 9 gg9d 0 my firstborn The firstborn had special honor and responsibility. JER 31 10 z57h 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about how he will bring the Israelite people back from being captives in Babylon. -JER 31 10 n8v4 figs-pronouns 0 Hear…Report Yahweh is speaking to the nations, so these verbs are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +JER 31 10 n8v4 figs-pronouns 0 Hear … Report Yahweh is speaking to the nations, so these verbs are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) JER 31 10 dc3t figs-pronouns 0 The one who scattered Israel is gathering her up and keeping her Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else, and he speaks of the people of Israel as if they were a helpless woman. Alternate translation: “I caused my people Israel to be scattered among the nations, but now I am bringing them home and keeping them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 10 pyt3 figs-simile 0 as a shepherd keeps his sheep A shepherd cares for and protects his sheep, and Yahweh is promising to care for and protect the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 31 11 t3xt figs-parallelism 0 For Yahweh has ransomed Jacob and has redeemed him from the hand that was too strong for him These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that it is Yahweh who has rescued the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh has rescued the people of Israel from their enemy who was too strong for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2090,9 +2090,9 @@ JER 31 15 gfw6 figs-activepassive 0 A voice is heard in Ramah This can be trans JER 31 15 qr6k figs-metonymy 0 It is Rachel weeping for her children Rachel was the wife of Jacob/Israel and was the mother of the tribes of Joseph and Benjamin. Her name is a metonym for the women of Israel who are crying because the Babylonians have killed their children or taken them away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 31 15 iel2 figs-activepassive 0 She refuses to be comforted over them, for they live no longer This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “She will not let anyone comfort her, for her children are dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 31 16 sw6x figs-personification 0 Hold your voice back from weeping and your eyes from tears The voice and eyes are spoken of as if they were people whom Rachel needed to keep from moving. Alternate translation: “Stop weeping aloud and stop crying tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 31 16 m4pv figs-you 0 Hold your voice…your eyes…your work…your children Yahweh is speaking to the Israelites as if he were speaking to Rachel ([Jeremiah 31:15](../31/15.md)), so all instances of “your” and the commands are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +JER 31 16 m4pv figs-you 0 Hold your voice … your eyes … your work … your children Yahweh is speaking to the Israelites as if he were speaking to Rachel ([Jeremiah 31:15](../31/15.md)), so all instances of “your” and the commands are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JER 31 16 n1bx figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration In both instances of this phrase, Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 17 v8ly figs-you 0 your future…your descendants Yahweh is speaking to the Israelites as if he were speaking to Rachel ([Jeremiah 31:15](../31/15.md)), so all instances of “your” and the commands are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +JER 31 17 v8ly figs-you 0 your future … your descendants Yahweh is speaking to the Israelites as if he were speaking to Rachel ([Jeremiah 31:15](../31/15.md)), so all instances of “your” and the commands are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JER 31 18 we7q figs-metonymy 0 I have certainly heard Ephraim sorrowing Ephraim was the ancestor of the largest tribe in Israel. His name is a metonym for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “I have certainly heard the descendants of Ephraim sorrowing” or “I have certainly heard the people of Israel sorrowing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 31 18 mfd1 figs-parallelism 0 You punished me, and I have been punished The speaker repeats the phrase to show either that Yahweh punished him severely or that Ephraim learned what Yahweh wanted to teach him through punishing him. The words “I have been punished” can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You punished me. Yes, you punished me severely” or “You punished me, and I learned from you when you punished me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 31 18 s9qf figs-simile 0 I have been punished like an untrained calf When people train calves, they strike them and otherwise cause them to suffer. Yahweh had caused the people of Israel to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -2102,12 +2102,12 @@ JER 31 19 p5xj figs-doublet 0 I was ashamed and humiliated The words “ashamed JER 31 20 lm82 figs-rquestion 0 Is not Ephraim my precious child? Is he not my dear, delightful son? Yahweh is speaking tenderly, trying to comfort the people. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is my precious child. He is my dear, delightful son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 31 20 y1a8 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 31 21 tws6 0 General Information: God continues to speak from verse 7. -JER 31 21 t8m8 figs-pronouns 0 Place road signs for yourself…Set up guideposts for yourself…Set your mind…you should take…Come back These commands and instances of “yourself” and “your” and “you” are addressed to “virgin Israel” and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +JER 31 21 t8m8 figs-pronouns 0 Place road signs for yourself … Set up guideposts for yourself … Set your mind … you should take … Come back These commands and instances of “yourself” and “your” and “you” are addressed to “virgin Israel” and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) JER 31 21 kbs3 figs-metaphor 0 Come back, virgin Israel! God is referring to a changed Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 22 w4vz figs-rquestion 0 How long will you waver, faithless daughter? Yahweh is telling his people that he is becoming impatient with them because they are not obeying him. Alternate translation: “Do not hesitate to start obeying me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 31 22 ix8p figs-metaphor 0 waver This could mean: (1) be unable to decide what to do or (2) often go off the correct path, a metaphor for disobeying Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 22 gt15 figs-idiom 0 new on earth—a woman surrounds a strong man This could mean: (1) the people will be so safe that women will not need anyone to protect them or (2) this is an idiom for something no one would ever expect. Alternate translation: “new on earth—something as strange as a woman protecting a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 31 23 i697 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 31 23 i697 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 31 23 glu1 figs-explicit 0 the people Here this refers to the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 31 23 v46w figs-apostrophe 0 May Yahweh bless you, you righteous place where he lives, you holy mountain Jerusalem is on the top of a hill, and the temple was built at the highest point in Jerusalem. AT; “May Yahweh bless those who live in Jerusalem with Yahweh, where his temple is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 31 23 w9bz 0 you holy mountain Mount Zion, where the temple had stood @@ -2116,11 +2116,11 @@ JER 31 24 r4wa 0 as will farmers and those who set out with flocks “and farm JER 31 24 ycz6 0 those who set out with flocks people who take care of sheep and goats JER 31 26 fc1y 0 had been refreshing “had refreshed me” JER 31 27 nmn8 0 Look “Pay attention” or “Listen” -JER 31 27 hzy4 figs-metaphor 0 days are coming…when I will sow Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future…I will sow” or “there will be a time…when I will sow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 31 27 hzy4 figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will sow Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will sow” or “there will be a time … when I will sow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 27 u22q figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 31 27 h4zz figs-metonymy 0 I will sow the houses of Israel and Judah with the descendants of man and beast The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the people of Israel and the people of Judah. The house in turn is spoken of as if it were a field in which Yahweh would sow seed, and the people and the animals they raise for food, milk, and skins are spoken of as if they are that seed. Alternate translation: “I will cause the people of Israel and Judah to become many people with many animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 28 k8da 0 I kept them under surveillance in order to uproot them “looked for ways to uproot them” -JER 31 28 i6nn 0 uproot…tear them down…overthrow…destroy See how you translated these ideas in [Jeremiah 1:9](../01/09.md). +JER 31 28 i6nn 0 uproot … tear them down … overthrow … destroy See how you translated these ideas in [Jeremiah 1:9](../01/09.md). JER 31 28 ha61 figs-metaphor 0 in order to build them up and to plant them Yahweh speaks of the Israelites as if they were a house or a food crop. Alternate translation: “in order to make them strong and many” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 29 h14f writing-proverbs 0 Fathers have eaten sour grapes, but the children’s teeth are dulled These words are a proverb that Jeremiah heard people say when they were complaining that Yahweh was punishing children for the sins of their fathers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) JER 31 29 cx2i 0 sour grapes This could mean: (1) grapes with too much acid in them or (2) grapes that are not ripe. If grapes are not part of your culture, you may want to use a general word for fruit. @@ -2128,7 +2128,7 @@ JER 31 29 ic1b 0 teeth are dulled Use the common words in your language for ho JER 31 30 uyf9 0 For each man will die in his own iniquity “For each man will die because of his own sins” JER 31 30 pl7f writing-proverbs 0 everyone who eats sour grapes, his teeth will be dulled Jeremiah restates the proverb so that it now means people will suffer as a consequence of their own behaviors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) JER 31 31 tl76 0 Look “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am going to tell you” -JER 31 31 kz1m figs-metaphor 0 days are coming…when I will establish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future…I will establish” or “there will be a time…when I will establish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 31 31 kz1m figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will establish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will establish” or “there will be a time … when I will establish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 31 wtb3 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 31 31 d1xu figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 31 31 q554 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2137,21 +2137,21 @@ JER 31 33 j6dq figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a me JER 31 33 bkt8 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 31 33 bf4z figs-parallelism 0 I will place my law within them and will write it on their heart These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh’s law will become a part of them, rather than merely written on stone. Here “heart” represents “emotions” or “mind.” Alternate translation: “My law will be part of their thoughts and emotions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 31 34 qvg2 figs-merism 0 from the smallest of them to the greatest This phrase refers to every person, from the least important to the most important. Alternate translation: “every single one of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 31 36 l19t figs-hypo 0 Only if these permanent things vanish…will Israel’s descendants ever stop from forever being a nation This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh never expects to truly happen. Alternate translation: “These permanent things will never vanish…and Israel’s descendants will never stop from forever being a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JER 31 36 l19t figs-hypo 0 Only if these permanent things vanish … will Israel’s descendants ever stop from forever being a nation This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh never expects to truly happen. Alternate translation: “These permanent things will never vanish … and Israel’s descendants will never stop from forever being a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JER 31 36 rfl3 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 31 37 z5ud figs-hypo 0 Only if the highest heavens can be measured, and only if the earth’s foundation below can be discovered, will I reject all of Israel’s descendants This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh never expects to truly happen. Alternate translation: “The highest heavens can never be measured, and the earth’s foundation below can never be discovered, and I will never reject all of Israel’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 31 37 yx41 figs-merism 0 the highest heavens…earth’s foundation These phrases refer to the whole of creation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +JER 31 37 yx41 figs-merism 0 the highest heavens … earth’s foundation These phrases refer to the whole of creation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JER 31 37 ejs7 figs-activepassive 0 the earth’s foundation below can be discovered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone can dig all the way down to the earth’s foundation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 31 37 p28t 0 foundation below “deepest part.” The “foundation” is the part of a house on which every other part rests. JER 31 37 l43y 0 reject throw away or refuse to take JER 31 37 j9cp figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 38 s6ck figs-metaphor 0 days are coming…when the city will be rebuilt Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future…the city will be rebuilt” or “there will be a time…when the city will be rebuilt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 31 38 s6ck figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when the city will be rebuilt Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … the city will be rebuilt” or “there will be a time … when the city will be rebuilt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 38 nfv8 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 31 38 g1l1 figs-activepassive 0 the city will be rebuilt for me This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will rebuild the city for me” or “I will have them rebuild the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 31 38 nd1w translate-names 0 Tower of Hananel…Corner Gate These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 31 39 pz74 translate-names 0 hill of Gareb…Goah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 31 40 bf2f figs-activepassive 0 The whole valley…will be set apart for Yahweh This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “They will set apart the whole valley…for me” or “I will have them make the whole valley…holy for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 31 40 z7hx translate-names 0 Kidron Valley…Horse Gate These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 31 38 nd1w translate-names 0 Tower of Hananel … Corner Gate These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 31 39 pz74 translate-names 0 hill of Gareb … Goah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 31 40 bf2f figs-activepassive 0 The whole valley … will be set apart for Yahweh This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “They will set apart the whole valley … for me” or “I will have them make the whole valley … holy for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 31 40 z7hx translate-names 0 Kidron Valley … Horse Gate These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 31 40 j8yq 0 set apart “made holy” JER 31 40 gu9q figs-metaphor 0 The city will not be pulled up or overthrown again The city is spoken of as if it were a plant that someone could pull out of the ground or a building that someone could break down. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not allow anyone to pull up or overthrow the city again” or “No one will tear the city down or destroy it again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 32 intro vcw6 0 # Jeremiah 32 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
The king should have listened to the prophet Jeremiah and repented of his sin. Instead, he objected to his message. Yahweh punished him because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Israel
The term “Israel” is used exclusively in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole in this chapter. @@ -2172,7 +2172,7 @@ JER 32 5 q8rv figs-you 0 you fight Here “you” is plural and refers to the p JER 32 6 bkt2 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah said It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 32 6 js77 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said, ‘Look” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me: ‘Look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 32 7 d1sv figs-quotations 0 ‘Look, Hanamel son of Shallum your uncle is coming to you and will say, “Buy my field that is in Anathoth for yourself, for the right to buy it belongs to you.”’” The long quotation that begins with the words “The word of Yahweh” in verse 6 ends here. You may translate this as indirect speech. Alternate translation: “Jeremiah said that the word of Yahweh had come to him and told him that Hanamel son of Shallum his uncle was coming to him and would tell him to buy his uncle’s field that was in Anathoth for himself, for the right to buy it belonged to Jeremiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -JER 32 7 z5u4 translate-names 0 Hanamel…Shallum These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 32 7 z5u4 translate-names 0 Hanamel … Shallum These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 32 7 ane1 translate-names 0 Anathoth This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 32 8 j42b figs-123person 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking, but he begins to speak of himself in first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 32 8 t71a 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). @@ -2182,11 +2182,11 @@ JER 32 10 yj4l 0 in a scroll and sealed it, and had witnesses witness it This JER 32 10 mbq3 0 had witnesses witness it “had people watch me purchase the land so they could tell others that I had purchased the land” JER 32 11 npr2 figs-activepassive 0 that was sealed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that I sealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 32 11 sh86 0 unsealed deed “opened copy” or “the deed that did not have a seal on it” -JER 32 12 ta8p translate-names 0 Baruch…Neriah…Mahseiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 32 12 ta8p translate-names 0 Baruch … Neriah … Mahseiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 32 12 f3bq 0 the courtyard of the guard The open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 32 13 fq7l 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking. JER 32 13 i63i 0 before them Here “them” refers to Hanamel, the witnesses, and the Judeans. -JER 32 14 la2y 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 32 14 la2y 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 32 15 g6gc figs-activepassive 0 Houses, fields, and vineyards will again be bought in this land This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel will buy houses, vineyards and fields again in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 32 16 m2ju 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking. He begins a long prayer, a lament with a long introduction of praise. JER 32 16 puz1 0 the receipt of purchase This means the sealed scroll and the unsealed scroll. @@ -2259,7 +2259,7 @@ JER 32 44 ytf6 0 write in sealed scrolls. They will assemble witnesses The “ JER 32 44 tg5c figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 33 intro vtz5 0 # Jeremiah 33 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Covenant faithfulness
Despite the great punishment Judah is facing and Israel has undergone, there is hope. This hope is based in the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh. Ultimately, he will restore his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) JER 33 1 zhp8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] -JER 33 1 rj9y figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah a second time, while he was…guard, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah a second time, while Jeremiah was…guard. He said,” or “While Jeremiah was…guard, Yahweh spoke this second message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 33 1 rj9y figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah a second time, while he was … guard, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah a second time, while Jeremiah was … guard. He said,” or “While Jeremiah was … guard, Yahweh spoke this second message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 33 1 wa3r figs-123person 0 came to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 33 1 k2z4 0 he was still shut within “he was still a prisoner in” JER 33 1 fe41 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). @@ -2269,7 +2269,7 @@ JER 33 4 u2ec figs-metonymy 0 the sword This is a metonym for people dying viol JER 33 5 lp8r figs-doublet 0 in my wrath and fury The words “wrath” and “fury” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of his wrath. Alternate translation: “in my extreme wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 33 5 czm7 figs-synecdoche 0 I hide my face Yahweh is represented by his “face.” This phrase shows Yahweh’s displeasure with the city. Alternate translation: “I have turned away from you” or “I am no longer concerned with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 33 7 z3sl 0 I will bring back the fortunes of Judah and Israel “I will cause things to go well for Judah and Israel again” or “I will cause Judah and Israel to live well again.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). -JER 33 9 l5i7 figs-metonymy 0 this city…do for it…give to it The city is a metonym for the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “the people who live in this city…do for the people who live there…give to the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 33 9 l5i7 figs-metonymy 0 this city … do for it … give to it The city is a metonym for the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “the people who live in this city … do for the people who live there … give to the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 33 9 t8ug figs-metonymy 0 a song of praise and honor for all the nations of the earth The word “song” is a metonym for the object about which people will sing the song. Alternate translation: “something about which all the people groups of the earth will sing songs of praise and honor to me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 33 9 l75s figs-hendiadys 0 they will fear and tremble The hendiadys “fear and tremble” can be translated by a single verb. Alternate translation: “they will tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) JER 33 9 i3fz 0 fear Another possible meaning is “awe.” @@ -2281,7 +2281,7 @@ JER 33 11 cg2k figs-explicit 0 to what they were before This refers to the time JER 33 12 aqm5 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 33 13 w446 figs-explicit 0 the flocks will again pass under the hands of the ones counting them This refers to the practice of a shepherd counting and inspecting his sheep as the sheep walked under his hand. Alternate translation: “shepherds will again count their sheep as the sheep walk by” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 33 14 z61y 0 Look “Listen carefully” -JER 33 14 rc5u figs-metaphor 0 Days are coming…when I will do Future time is spoken of as if the “Days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “In the future…I will do” or “There will be a time…when I will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 33 14 rc5u figs-metaphor 0 Days are coming … when I will do Future time is spoken of as if the “Days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “In the future … I will do” or “There will be a time … when I will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 33 14 jj5h figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 33 14 ed3q figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 33 14 r2n7 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2289,7 +2289,7 @@ JER 33 14 fsd5 figs-metonymy 0 Judah This is a metonym for the people who live JER 33 15 y4wd figs-doublet 0 In those days and in that time The phrase “in that time” means the same thing as, and intensifies the phrase “In those days.” Alternate translation: “In those very days” or “At that very time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 33 15 hd8c figs-metaphor 0 I will make a righteous branch to grow for David Yahweh speaks of a descendant of David as if he were a branch off of a tree trunk. Alternate translation: “I will cause a righteous man to come from and bring glory to the line of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 33 15 c2sm figs-metonymy 0 the land the nation of Israel (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 16 yng7 figs-metonymy 0 Judah…Jerusalem These towns’ names are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah…the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 33 16 yng7 figs-metonymy 0 Judah … Jerusalem These towns’ names are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah … the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 33 16 sr7d figs-activepassive 0 Judah will be saved This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will save Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 33 16 q5ei 0 Jerusalem will live in security “the people of Judah will be safe from their enemies” JER 33 16 x44h figs-metaphor 0 this is what she will be called Yahweh speaks of Jerusalem as if the town were a woman. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “this is what they will call her” or “this is what I will call the town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2302,22 +2302,22 @@ JER 33 18 i89e 0 raise burnt offerings “offer burnt offerings” JER 33 19 w4dw figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 33 19 j1gw figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 33 20 s39s figs-123person 0 Yahweh says Yahweh is speaking of himself here. Alternate translation: “I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 33 20 f1mt figs-hypo 0 If you can break…proper times These words begin a hypothetical statement that describe a situation that will never occur. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 33 21 u6sr figs-hypo 0 then you will be able to break my covenant with David my servant The hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If you can break my covenant…times,” in verse 20 ends here. No one can change day and night, and no one can change God’s covenant with David. Alternate translation: “You know that you cannot break my covenant…times, so you know that you will never be able to break my covenant with David my servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JER 33 20 f1mt figs-hypo 0 If you can break … proper times These words begin a hypothetical statement that describe a situation that will never occur. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JER 33 21 u6sr figs-hypo 0 then you will be able to break my covenant with David my servant The hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If you can break my covenant … times,” in verse 20 ends here. No one can change day and night, and no one can change God’s covenant with David. Alternate translation: “You know that you cannot break my covenant … times, so you know that you will never be able to break my covenant with David my servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JER 33 21 x13t figs-metonymy 0 to sit on his throne The throne is a metonym for the king who sits on the throne. Alternate translation: “to rule the kingdom I have given to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 33 22 xip8 figs-simile 0 As the hosts of heaven cannot be counted, and as the sand of the seashores cannot be measured, so I will increase the descendants of David my servant and the Levites who serve before me No one can count the stars in the sky or the sand on the seashore, and no one will be able to count the descendants of David and Levi who serve Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 33 23 ufu8 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 33 23 liq9 figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 33 24 wv8q figs-rquestion 0 Have you not considered what this people has declared when they said, ‘The…them’? Yahweh wants Jeremiah to think deeply about what the people have said. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have noticed what this people are really saying when they said, ‘The…them.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 33 24 k7ki 0 In this way they despise my people, saying…sight “What they are really saying is that my people are worthless and that my people will never again be a nation.” -JER 33 24 yua9 figs-metonymy 0 my people…are no longer a nation in their sight Sight is a metonym for thinking. Alternate translation: “they no longer think of my people as a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 25 j74f figs-hypo 0 If I have not established…and if I have not fixed This is the beginning of a hypothetical statement that describes a situation that Yahweh never expects to be true.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JER 33 24 wv8q figs-rquestion 0 Have you not considered what this people has declared when they said, ‘The … them’? Yahweh wants Jeremiah to think deeply about what the people have said. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have noticed what this people are really saying when they said, ‘The … them.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 33 24 k7ki 0 In this way they despise my people, saying … sight “What they are really saying is that my people are worthless and that my people will never again be a nation.” +JER 33 24 yua9 figs-metonymy 0 my people … are no longer a nation in their sight Sight is a metonym for thinking. Alternate translation: “they no longer think of my people as a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 33 25 j74f figs-hypo 0 If I have not established … and if I have not fixed This is the beginning of a hypothetical statement that describes a situation that Yahweh never expects to be true.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JER 33 26 x6zy figs-hypo 0 The hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If I have not established the covenant” in verse 25 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 33 26 w9mt figs-hypo 0 then I will reject…and not bring The hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If I have not established the covenant” in verse 25 ends here. This is a situation that Yahweh never expects to be true. Alternate translation: “I have established the covenant…so I will never reject…and I will bring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JER 33 26 w9mt figs-hypo 0 then I will reject … and not bring The hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If I have not established the covenant” in verse 25 ends here. This is a situation that Yahweh never expects to be true. Alternate translation: “I have established the covenant … so I will never reject … and I will bring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JER 33 26 z156 0 I will restore their fortunes “I will cause things to go well for them again” or “I will cause them to live well again” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). JER 33 26 e4m9 0 show mercy to Translate as “have compassion on” is translated in ([Jeremiah 30:18](../30/18.md)). JER 34 intro vkt9 0 # Jeremiah 34 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Law of Moses
According to the law of Moses, the people were required to free their indebted slaves after a period of time. The king led them in freeing their fellow Israelites whom they held as slaves, but later they changed their minds and enslaved them again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Actions with cultural meaning

When the people of Israel made a sacred promise to God, they cut a calf in two and passed between its parts. It was a very serious sin not to do what one had promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 34 1 z8xz figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, when Nebuchadnezzar…her cities, saying: This idiom “The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah when Nebuchadnezzar…her cities. He said,” or “When Nebuchadnezzar…her cities, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 34 1 z8xz figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, when Nebuchadnezzar … her cities, saying: This idiom “The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah when Nebuchadnezzar … her cities. He said,” or “When Nebuchadnezzar … her cities, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 34 1 d4fn figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name in this chapter. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 34 1 p1vd 0 waging war “fighting” JER 34 1 qc7b figs-metonymy 0 all of her cities This refers to all the towns around Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2332,63 +2332,63 @@ JER 34 7 lw71 translate-names 0 Lachish and Azekah These are names of cities. ( JER 34 7 r9p7 0 These cities of Judah remained as fortified cities “the only fortified cities of Judah that the Babylonians had not yet captured” JER 34 8 r2u9 figs-idiom 0 The word came to Jeremiah from Yahweh This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. However, the actual message does not begin until [Jeremiah 34:12](./12.md). See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke a message to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 34 8 pb27 0 word message -JER 34 8 us2n writing-background 0 after King Zedekiah had made a covenant…freedom to them These words begin to provide background information to events that will be described later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 34 9 ka4p writing-background 0 that each man…his brother The background information that begins with the words “after King Zedekiah had made a covenant” in verse 8 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JER 34 8 us2n writing-background 0 after King Zedekiah had made a covenant … freedom to them These words begin to provide background information to events that will be described later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JER 34 9 ka4p writing-background 0 that each man … his brother The background information that begins with the words “after King Zedekiah had made a covenant” in verse 8 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JER 34 10 l3j5 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues giving the background information that began in [Jeremiah 34:8](../34/08.md). JER 34 12 jbq2 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah resumes the story from [Jeremiah 34:8](../34/08.md) after the background information of [Jeremiah 34:8](../34/08.md)-[Jeremiah 11](./10.md). JER 34 12 pf6k figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said, ‘Yahweh” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah: ‘Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 34 13 b8wy figs-idiom 0 house of slavery This is an idiom. “place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 34 14 x834 0 each man must send away his brother, his fellow Hebrew who had sold himself to you and served you “each of you must free any fellow Hebrews who sold themselves to you and have been your slaves” JER 34 14 jnm6 0 Send him away in freedom “You must let them be free from serving you” -JER 34 14 gs8l figs-metonymy 0 did not…incline their ears to me To incline the ear, to lean the head toward the speaker so as to hear better, is a metonym for paying attention to what the speaker is saying. Alternate translation: “did not…pay attention to what I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 34 14 gs8l figs-metonymy 0 did not … incline their ears to me To incline the ear, to lean the head toward the speaker so as to hear better, is a metonym for paying attention to what the speaker is saying. Alternate translation: “did not … pay attention to what I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 15 ryr7 0 Now you yourselves repented Here the word “now” is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. JER 34 15 re32 figs-metonymy 0 right in my eyes “Eyes” here is a metonym for someone’s opinion or idea. Alternate translation: “what I consider to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 15 x4yg figs-activepassive 0 the house that is called by my name This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the house that belongs to me” or “the building in which they worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 16 r5d6 figs-metonymy 0 turned and polluted my name A person’s name is a metonym for what people think of him. Alternate translation: “stopped doing what was right and did evil things that have made people think that I am evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 17 n7sg 0 So look! “Listen!” or “Pay attention to the important thing I am going to tell you!” -JER 34 17 b72s figs-irony 0 I am about to proclaim freedom to you…freedom for the sword, the plague, and famine Jeremiah uses irony to say that the “freedom” the people will enjoy will actually be suffering. Alternate translation: “I will proclaim misery to you…misery from the sword, the plague, and famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +JER 34 17 b72s figs-irony 0 I am about to proclaim freedom to you … freedom for the sword, the plague, and famine Jeremiah uses irony to say that the “freedom” the people will enjoy will actually be suffering. Alternate translation: “I will proclaim misery to you … misery from the sword, the plague, and famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JER 34 17 h19u 0 proclaim freedom to you “proclaim that you are free” JER 34 17 n2mw figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 34 17 vx6q figs-metonymy 0 sword This is a metonym for soldiers who carry swords. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 17 eyz6 figs-metaphor 0 am going to make you a horrible thing in the sight of every kingdom on earth Here “sight” represents judgment or evaluation. The word “kingdom” is a metonym for the people who live in the kingdom. Alternate translation: “I am going to make the people in every kingdom on earth think that you are horrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 18 r9sg writing-background 0 when they cut a bull…walked between its parts These words begin to describe how the people established the covenant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JER 34 18 r9sg writing-background 0 when they cut a bull … walked between its parts These words begin to describe how the people established the covenant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JER 34 18 cec2 0 established before me “agreed to with me” or “established while I was watching” -JER 34 19 lhx2 writing-background 0 and then the leaders…walked between the parts of the bull The description of how the people established the covenant that began with the words “when they cut” in verse 18 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JER 34 19 lhx2 writing-background 0 and then the leaders … walked between the parts of the bull The description of how the people established the covenant that began with the words “when they cut” in verse 18 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JER 34 20 xu7g figs-metonymy 0 I will give them into the hand of their enemies The word “hand” here is a metonym for the power or control that the enemies will exercise using their hands. AT; “I will allow their enemies to have complete control over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 20 gan7 figs-euphemism 0 seeking their lives This is a polite way to say that they wanted to kill them. Alternate translation: “seeking to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JER 34 20 sjp1 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of their enemies Here the word “hands” represents control. Alternate translation: “to be conquered by their enemies” or “over to the control of their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 21 wl9t 0 risen up “come to fight” JER 34 22 ug2t 0 bring them bring the Babylonian armies JER 35 intro jt1x 0 # Jeremiah 35 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The Rechabites

The actions of the Rechabites contrasted with the actions of the Jews. The Rechabites obeyed the commands their ancestor had give while living in Canaan, but Judah did not obey Yahweh’s commands. Because the Rechabites were obedient, Yahweh preserved their clan. The Rechabites’ history is found in the book of Judges. -JER 35 1 pt2v figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh in the days…of Judah, saying, The idiom “The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah in the days…of Judah. He said,” or “In the days…of Judah, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 35 1 pt2v figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh in the days … of Judah, saying, The idiom “The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah in the days … of Judah. He said,” or “In the days … of Judah, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 35 1 x1f1 figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 35 2 t4d9 translate-names 0 Rekabites This is a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 35 2 dr1g 0 my house the temple -JER 35 3 c47f translate-names 0 Jaazaniah…Habazziniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 35 4 kb1e translate-names 0 Hanan…Igdaliah…Maaseiah…Shallum These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 35 3 c47f translate-names 0 Jaazaniah … Habazziniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 35 4 kb1e translate-names 0 Hanan … Igdaliah … Maaseiah … Shallum These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 35 5 lxe8 0 Rekabites See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 35:2](../35/02.md). -JER 35 6 plf8 translate-names 0 Jonadab…Rekab These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 35 6 plf8 translate-names 0 Jonadab … Rekab These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 35 7 ah95 0 live many days in the land “live many years in the land.” “Days” refers to the span of time. JER 35 8 ki9k figs-metonymy 0 the voice of Jonadab The word “voice” is a metonym for the command that Jonadab spoke. Alternate translation: “the command of Jonadab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 35 8 zh8r 0 all of our days “as long as we live.” “Days” refers to the span of time. JER 35 12 icr4 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said, ‘Yahweh” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah: ‘Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 35 12 lq6r figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 35 13 ba4f 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 35 13 ba4f 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 35 13 z2wy figs-rquestion 0 Will you not receive correction and listen to my words? Yahweh is telling Israel to listen carefully to his rebuke. Alternate translation: “You must certainly receive this correction and listen to my words.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 35 13 s8s7 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 35 14 k1yp figs-activepassive 0 The words of Jonadab son of Rekab that he gave to his sons as a command, not to drink any wine, have been observed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The sons of Jonadab son of Rekab have observed their father’s command to not drink wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 35 14 mr7f translate-names 0 Jonadab…Rekab These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 35 14 mr7f translate-names 0 Jonadab … Rekab These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 35 15 k88i figs-metaphor 0 let no one walk any longer after other gods Walking after a god is a metaphor for obeying the laws of that god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 35 17 xqh5 0 Look This word tells the reader to pay special attention to what follows. JER 35 18 a9b9 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah said It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 35 18 ijd5 0 Rekabites This is the name of the people group. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 35:2](../35/02.md). -JER 35 18 i21g 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 35 18 i21g 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 35 18 nqf5 0 Jonadab a man’s name. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 35:5](../35/05.md). -JER 35 19 ehq6 0 Jonadab…Rekab These are the names of men. See how you translated these in [Jeremiah 35:5](../35/05.md). +JER 35 19 ehq6 0 Jonadab … Rekab These are the names of men. See how you translated these in [Jeremiah 35:5](../35/05.md). JER 36 intro f643 0 # Jeremiah 36 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Opposition to Jeremiah

Jeremiah wrote God’s prophesies on a scroll but the king burned it. It is possible that this action was intended to be understood as representing the definitiveness of these prophecies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) JER 36 1 w23y writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] JER 36 1 a3lh 0 It came about “It happened.” This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 36 1 v3ak translate-ordinal 0 in the fourth year of Jehoiakim…king of Judah Jehoiakim had been king of Judah for more than three years. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 25:1](../25/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +JER 36 1 v3ak translate-ordinal 0 in the fourth year of Jehoiakim … king of Judah Jehoiakim had been king of Judah for more than three years. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 25:1](../25/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 36 1 tg7j 0 that this word The phrase “this word” refers to the message that follows. JER 36 1 dr12 figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 36 1 knl3 0 he said “Yahweh said” @@ -2399,9 +2399,9 @@ JER 36 3 iuw6 0 Perhaps the people “It is possible that the people” JER 36 3 vkj1 0 to bring on them “to cause to happen to them” JER 36 3 yk1m figs-metaphor 0 his wicked way Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a “way” or path along which the person walks. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:11](../18/11.md). Alternate translation: “his wicked way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 36 3 s9uw figs-metonymy 0 forgive their iniquity and their sin The words “iniquity” and “sin” are metonyms for the persons who commit iniquity and sin. Alternate translation: “forgive them for their iniquity and their sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 36 4 ff7m figs-123person 0 Jeremiah called…at Jeremiah’s dictation…to him It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I called…at my dictation…to me…I gave…I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JER 36 4 ff7m figs-123person 0 Jeremiah called … at Jeremiah’s dictation … to him It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I called … at my dictation … to me … I gave … I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 36 4 d5mh 0 Baruch wrote in a scroll, at Jeremiah’s dictation, all the words of Yahweh spoken to him “while Jeremiah was speaking, Baruch wrote in a scroll all of Yahweh’s words that Yahweh had spoken to Jeremiah” -JER 36 5 l4t5 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah gave…He said It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I called…at my dictation…to me…I gave…I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JER 36 5 l4t5 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah gave … He said It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I called … at my dictation … to me … I gave … I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 36 6 j3tt 0 read from the scroll “read out loud from the scroll” or “proclaim from the scroll” JER 36 6 e6rd 0 must read “must read out loud” or “must proclaim” JER 36 6 y6ch 0 in the hearing of the people in his house “so that the people in Yahweh’s house can hear them.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). @@ -2413,7 +2413,7 @@ JER 36 7 xtz1 0 their pleas for mercy The word “their” refers to the peopl JER 36 7 kqx8 figs-metaphor 0 from his wicked way Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a “way” or path along which the person walks. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:11](../18/11.md). Alternate translation: “his wicked way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 36 7 p71z 0 the wrath and fury “the anger and rage” JER 36 9 tvk8 0 It came about See how you translated this phrase in [Jeremiah 36:1](../36/01.md). -JER 36 9 fa5n translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the fifth year and ninth month of Jehoiakim…king of Judah This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of November and the first part of December on Western calendars. “after Jehoiakim…had been king of Judah for more than four years, during the ninth month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +JER 36 9 fa5n translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the fifth year and ninth month of Jehoiakim … king of Judah This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of November and the first part of December on Western calendars. “after Jehoiakim … had been king of Judah for more than four years, during the ninth month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 36 9 mf4x 0 of Jehoiakim son of Josiah, king of Judah See how you translated this phrase in [Jeremiah 25:1](../25/01.md). JER 36 9 ywy2 0 proclaimed a fast “told everyone that they were going to fast” JER 36 10 v96d figs-123person 0 Jeremiah’s words It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -2427,7 +2427,7 @@ JER 36 11 wey5 0 Micaiah son of Gemariah son of Shaphan “Micaiah who was the JER 36 11 sn4i translate-names 0 Micaiah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 11 v211 translate-names 0 Gemariah son of Shaphan See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 36:10](../36/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 12 kl3c 0 Look “Pay attention to what I am going to say” -JER 36 12 v5np translate-names 0 Elishama…Delaiah These are names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 36 12 v5np translate-names 0 Elishama … Delaiah These are names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 12 z6c7 translate-names 0 Shemaiah See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 26:20](../26/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 12 tbc8 translate-names 0 Elnathan son of Akbor See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 26:22](../26/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 12 f6nh translate-names 0 Zedekiah See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2436,7 +2436,7 @@ JER 36 12 f2b4 0 all the officials “all of the other officials” JER 36 13 c2d3 0 Micaiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 36:11](../36/11.md). JER 36 13 q1an 0 reported to them The word “them” refers to officials in [Jeremiah 36:12](../36/12.md). JER 36 13 xx8s 0 in the hearing of the people “so that the people could hear” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). -JER 36 14 u57c translate-names 0 Jehudi…Nethaniah…Shelemiah…Cushi These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 36 14 u57c translate-names 0 Jehudi … Nethaniah … Shelemiah … Cushi These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 15 u4gb 0 in our hearing “so we can hear you read it” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). JER 36 15 td5p 0 read the scroll “read the scroll aloud” JER 36 16 p6rk 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. @@ -2469,15 +2469,15 @@ JER 36 24 s3et 0 all these words the words from the scroll that Baruch wrote a JER 36 24 bgq6 translate-symaction 0 nor did they tear their clothes People tore their cloths when they were extremely sad. Alternate translation: “nor did they mourn by tearing their clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 36 25 ts8f 0 Elnathan, Delaiah, and Gemariah See how you translated these names in [Jeremiah 36:12](../36/12.md). JER 36 25 km58 0 urged the king “pleaded with the king” -JER 36 26 vne7 translate-names 0 Jerahmeel…Seraiah…Azriel…Shelemiah…Abdeel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 36 26 vne7 translate-names 0 Jerahmeel … Seraiah … Azriel … Shelemiah … Abdeel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 26 uyd9 0 a relative “a relative of the king” -JER 36 26 d67a figs-123person 0 Jeremiah the prophet…hidden them It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 27 h7zx figs-idiom 0 Then the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah after…dictation, saying, The idiom “The word of Yahweh came” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah after…dictation. He said,” or “After…dictation, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 36 27 i9hx figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah…Jeremiah’s dictation It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JER 36 26 d67a figs-123person 0 Jeremiah the prophet … hidden them It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JER 36 27 h7zx figs-idiom 0 Then the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah after … dictation, saying, The idiom “The word of Yahweh came” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah after … dictation. He said,” or “After … dictation, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 36 27 i9hx figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah … Jeremiah’s dictation It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 36 27 ksc8 0 at Jeremiah’s dictation See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 36:4](../36/04.md). JER 36 28 x9ye 0 Go back, take another scroll for yourself “Take another scroll for yourself again” JER 36 28 m6mh 0 the original scroll “the first scroll” -JER 36 29 bf3y figs-rquestion 0 Why have you written on it…beast in it’? Jehoiakim uses this question to emphasize that Jeremiah should not have written that the king of Babylon would come and attack. Alternate translation: “You should not have written…beast in it!” or “You were wrong to write…beast in it’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 36 29 bf3y figs-rquestion 0 Why have you written on it … beast in it’? Jehoiakim uses this question to emphasize that Jeremiah should not have written that the king of Babylon would come and attack. Alternate translation: “You should not have written … beast in it!” or “You were wrong to write … beast in it’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 36 29 ngk4 0 for he will destroy “and he will destroy” JER 36 30 pl99 figs-metonymy 0 will ever sit on the throne of David Sitting on the throne is a metonym for ruling as king. See how you translated “sits on the throne of David” in [Jeremiah 29:16](../29/16.md). Alternate translation: “will ever rule the Israelites as David did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 36 30 d7yi figs-activepassive 0 your corpse will be thrown out This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will throw your dead body outside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2485,7 +2485,7 @@ JER 36 30 n16b 0 your corpse “your dead body” JER 36 30 jp3b 0 into the heat of day “so that it is exposed to the dry heat of the daytime” JER 36 30 ws5c 0 frost ice that forms on grass during cold nights JER 36 31 bvh4 0 of you all “of all of you” -JER 36 32 k5z6 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah took…Jeremiah’s dictation Jeremiah speaks of himself by name for reasons that are not clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JER 36 32 k5z6 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah took … Jeremiah’s dictation Jeremiah speaks of himself by name for reasons that are not clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 36 32 k1wh figs-abstractnouns 0 Baruch wrote on it at Jeremiah’s dictation The abstract noun “dictation” can be translated as a verb. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 36:4](../36/04.md). Alternate translation: “while Jeremiah was speaking, Baruch wrote on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 36 32 b4kt 0 burned by Jehoiakim king of Judah “that Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire” JER 36 32 mev6 figs-activepassive 0 Furthermore, many other similar words were added to this scroll This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Furthermore, Jeremiah and Baruch added to this scroll many more words which were similar to the words that had been in the first scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2528,10 +2528,10 @@ JER 37 16 c2h2 figs-activepassive 0 Jeremiah was put into an underground cell T JER 37 17 h6f8 0 brought him “brought Jeremiah” JER 37 17 x17c 0 his house the palace of King Zedekiah JER 37 17 s43j figs-metonymy 0 You will be given into the hand of the king of Babylon The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 32:4](../32/04.md). Alternate translation: “I will certainly put you under the control of the king of Babylon” or “I will certainly allow the king of Babylon to do whatever he wants with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 37 18 lu1a figs-rquestion 0 How have I sinned against you…prison? Jeremiah uses this question to emphasize that he has not done anything wrong. Alternate translation: “I have not done anything wrong to you…prison.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 37 18 lu1a figs-rquestion 0 How have I sinned against you … prison? Jeremiah uses this question to emphasize that he has not done anything wrong. Alternate translation: “I have not done anything wrong to you … prison.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 37 18 hq9m 0 this people the people of the kingdom of Judah JER 37 18 a64h 0 have placed “have put” -JER 37 19 utn2 figs-rquestion 0 Where are your prophets, the ones who prophesied…against this land? Jeremiah uses this question to emphasize that the other prophets were lying but that he had done nothing wrong because he had told the truth. Alternate translation: “Your prophets who prophesied…against this land were obviously wrong, but now it is clear that I was telling you the truth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JER 37 19 utn2 figs-rquestion 0 Where are your prophets, the ones who prophesied … against this land? Jeremiah uses this question to emphasize that the other prophets were lying but that he had done nothing wrong because he had told the truth. Alternate translation: “Your prophets who prophesied … against this land were obviously wrong, but now it is clear that I was telling you the truth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 37 19 tq67 0 your prophets The word “your” refers to King Zedekiah and the other people of the kingdom of Judah. JER 37 19 gp83 0 will not come against you or against this land “will not attack you or attack this land” JER 37 20 a8fv 0 Let my pleas come before you “Hear me plead for mercy and do as I ask.” See how you translated “their pleas for mercy will come before Yahweh” in [Jeremiah 36:7](../36/07.md). @@ -2540,7 +2540,7 @@ JER 37 21 pss2 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to JER 37 21 s566 figs-activepassive 0 A loaf of bread was given him This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “His servants also gave Jeremiah a loaf of bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 37 21 v6xa 0 from the street of the bakers “from the street where the bakers worked” JER 38 intro eu3f 0 # Jeremiah 38 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Surrender and live

If the king obeyed God and surrendered to the Babylonians, he would be allowed to live and the city would not be burned. But if he refused, he would be captured and the city burned. This took faith that Yahweh was using this ungodly, Gentile nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -JER 38 1 gl7q translate-names 0 Shephatiah…Mattan, Gedaliah…Pashhur, Jehukal…Shelemiah…Pashhur…Malkijah men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 38 1 gl7q translate-names 0 Shephatiah … Mattan, Gedaliah … Pashhur, Jehukal … Shelemiah … Pashhur … Malkijah men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 38 2 p2xn figs-activepassive 0 Anyone staying in this city will be killed by sword, famine, and plague This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Anyone staying in this city will die by sword, famine, and plague” or “I will kill anyone staying in this city with sword, famine, and plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 38 2 izt9 0 He will escape with his own life The one who surrenders to the Babylonians will escape alive, even though he will lose all his possessions. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 21:9](../21/09.md). JER 38 3 f89i figs-metonymy 0 This city will be given into the hand of the army of the king of Babylon The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will allow the army of the king of Babylon to conquer Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2550,7 +2550,7 @@ JER 38 4 l3h5 figs-metonymy 0 he is weakening the hands of the fighting men who JER 38 4 lzh8 0 for this man is not working for safety for this people, but disaster “for Jeremiah is not working to help this people be safe, but he is working for bad things to happen to this people” JER 38 5 xr6q 0 Look “Listen carefully” JER 38 5 a92p figs-metonymy 0 he is in your hand The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand has. Alternate translation: “you are able do whatever you want with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 38 6 z9f6 figs-hyperbole 0 they…threw him into the cistern They literally “lowered Jeremiah down on ropes,” but the word “threw” is an exaggeration to say that they treated him roughly. Your language may have another way of saying this. Alternate translation: “they…roughly pushed him into the cistern” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +JER 38 6 z9f6 figs-hyperbole 0 they … threw him into the cistern They literally “lowered Jeremiah down on ropes,” but the word “threw” is an exaggeration to say that they treated him roughly. Your language may have another way of saying this. Alternate translation: “they … roughly pushed him into the cistern” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 38 6 b4bv 0 cistern a deep hole in the ground where people collect and store rain water JER 38 6 rb8h 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 38 6 y2m2 0 They lowered Jeremiah down on ropes This tells how “they threw him into the cistern.” @@ -2566,7 +2566,7 @@ JER 38 13 s46y 0 they pulled Jeremiah Here the word “they” refers to some JER 38 13 xs87 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 38 15 vvt7 figs-rquestion 0 If I answer you, will you not certainly kill me? Jeremiah uses this question to express his belief that the king will kill him if he answers truthfully. Alternate translation: “If I tell you the truth, you will certainly kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 38 16 cjp9 figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives, the one who made us “as surely as Yahweh, the one who made us, is alive.” This is a way of making a solemn promise. The king says it to emphasize that what he is about to say next is true. See how you translated “As Yahweh lives” in [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear by Yahweh, the one who made us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 38 16 yv2m figs-metonymy 0 I will not…give you into the hand of those men Here the word “hand” refers to the men’s control or power. Alternate translation: “I will not…allow those men to capture you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 38 16 yv2m figs-metonymy 0 I will not … give you into the hand of those men Here the word “hand” refers to the men’s control or power. Alternate translation: “I will not … allow those men to capture you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 38 16 q87t figs-metaphor 0 seeking your life This phrase represents wanting or trying to kill someone. See how this phrase is translated in [Jeremiah 11:21](../11/21.md). Alternate translation: “trying to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 38 17 p9k7 figs-metonymy 0 God of Israel The name of the people group is metonym for the people of that group. Alternate translation: “God of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 38 17 kku6 figs-activepassive 0 this city will not be burned This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Babylonian army will not burn this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2578,7 +2578,7 @@ JER 38 19 r1ze 0 for them to treat me badly Here the word “them” refers to JER 38 20 x9uy figs-you 0 They will not give you over to them “The Chaldeans will not give you over to the Judeans.” Here “you” refers to Zedekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 38 21 b1pi 0 this is what Yahweh has shown me Here the word “this” refers to what Jeremiah will say next. JER 38 22 a91b 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking with King Zedekiah. -JER 38 22 z6cx figs-activepassive 0 All the women who are left…will be brought out to the officials of the king of Babylon The reader should understand that the officials will take these women as slaves. Alternate translation: “Soldiers will bring all the women who are left…out to the officials of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 38 22 z6cx figs-activepassive 0 All the women who are left … will be brought out to the officials of the king of Babylon The reader should understand that the officials will take these women as slaves. Alternate translation: “Soldiers will bring all the women who are left … out to the officials of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 38 22 ndr9 figs-activepassive 0 You have been deceived by your friends This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your friends have deceived you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 38 22 jgf2 figs-metaphor 0 Your feet are now sunk into the mud The king is now helpless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 38 23 dti7 figs-activepassive 0 For all of your wives and children will be brought out to the Chaldeans The reader should understand that the officials will take these people as slaves. Alternate translation: “Soldiers will bring your wives and children out to the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2589,11 +2589,11 @@ JER 38 27 e9tl figs-abstractnouns 0 the conversation between Jeremiah and the k JER 38 28 kaj5 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 38 28 l5rj figs-activepassive 0 until the day Jerusalem was captured This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the day that the Babylonian army captured Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 39 intro i9ad 0 # Jeremiah 39 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The prophesied destruction of Jerusalem is over and the actual conquering of the Promised Land by Babylon begins in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -JER 39 1 bc1u 0 came…against Jerusalem “came to attack Jerusalem” +JER 39 1 bc1u 0 came … against Jerusalem “came to attack Jerusalem” JER 39 1 dap3 translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the ninth year and tenth month of Zedekiah king of Judah This is after Zedekiah had been king of Judah for eight years, in the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of December and the first part of January on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “In the tenth month of the ninth year that Zedekiah was king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) -JER 39 1 yh1s translate-ordinal 0 ninth…tenth See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] +JER 39 1 yh1s translate-ordinal 0 ninth … tenth See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] JER 39 2 v5d9 translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the eleventh year and fourth month of Zedekiah, on the ninth day of the month This is after Zedekiah had been king of Judah for more than ten years, in the fourth month of the Hebrew calendar. The eleventh day is near the beginning of July on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “On the ninth day of the fourth month of the eleventh year that Zedekiah was king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) -JER 39 2 ph29 translate-ordinal 0 eleventh…fourth See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] +JER 39 2 ph29 translate-ordinal 0 eleventh … fourth See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] JER 39 3 bu4u translate-names 0 Nebo-Sarsekim, Samgar Nebo, and Sarsechim These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 39 3 ew2q 0 in the middle gate “in the middle entrance to the city.” It was common for leaders to sit at the gate of the city to discuss important matters. JER 39 4 rpl5 0 They went out at night from the city by the king’s garden path “They left the city at night going out on a path in the king’s garden” @@ -2611,15 +2611,15 @@ JER 39 9 nt1i figs-hyperbole 0 the rest of the people who were left in the city JER 39 10 h3ys figs-hyperbole 0 who had nothing for themselves The word “nothing” is probably an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “who owned nothing of great value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 39 13 r536 translate-names 0 Nebushazban a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 39 13 w1xh figs-explicit 0 sent men out They sent them out to get Jeremiah. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “sent men out to get Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 39 14 x1ja translate-names 0 Gedaliah…Ahikam…Shaphan These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 39 14 x1ja translate-names 0 Gedaliah … Ahikam … Shaphan These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 39 14 k5dx 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 39 14 uw8h figs-explicit 0 among the people You may need to make explicit which people the speaker is speaking of. Alternate translation: “among the people who remained in Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 39 15 sbp1 0 General Information: This story happened before the events in the first part of the chapter. JER 39 15 rz5c writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a return to the story line, as the narrator tells what Yahweh had said to Jeremiah after Nebuchadnezzar gave the orders about Jeremiah ([Jeremiah 39:12-14](./12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -JER 39 15 qm3a figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah while he was…guard, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah while he was…guard. He said,” or “while Jeremiah was…guard, Yahweh spoke this message to him:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 39 15 qm3a figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah while he was … guard, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah while he was … guard. He said,” or “while Jeremiah was … guard, Yahweh spoke this message to him:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 39 15 g5jx 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 39 16 g2jt 0 Ebed-Melek the Cushite See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 38:7](../38/07.md). -JER 39 16 c57h 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 39 16 c57h 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 39 16 tg3k 0 I am about to carry out my words against this city for disaster and not for good “I am bringing disaster, not good, against this city, just as I said I would” JER 39 16 pb72 0 For they will all come true before you on that day “For you will see it all happen on that day” JER 39 17 w69c 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah. @@ -2633,34 +2633,34 @@ JER 40 1 w77l figs-activepassive 0 who were being carried into exile to Babylon JER 40 3 p9na 0 this thing “this disaster” JER 40 4 pm8f 0 But now look! Nebuzaradan says this to bring Jeremiah’s attention to the present moment. JER 40 4 m5yi figs-metonymy 0 it is good in your eyes “Eyes” here is a metonym for what the person thinks. Alternate translation: “it is what you consider to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 40 5 zah3 0 Gedaliah…Ahikam…Shaphan These are the names of men. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). +JER 40 5 zah3 0 Gedaliah … Ahikam … Shaphan These are the names of men. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). JER 40 5 cw75 0 among the people “among the Judeans” JER 40 5 kwh6 figs-metonymy 0 it is good in your eyes “Eyes” here is a metonym for what the person thinks. Alternate translation: “it is what you consider to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 40 6 v5hd 0 who were left behind in the land “who stayed in Judah” JER 40 7 h3c3 0 Now This marks a new part of the story. JER 40 7 iep2 figs-activepassive 0 those who had not been exiled to Babylon This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the enemy soldiers had not sent to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 40 8 ug21 translate-names 0 Ishmael…Nethaniah…Johanan…Jonathan…Kareah…Seraiah…Tanhumeth…Ephai…Jaazaniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 8 lt8t 0 Netophathite…Maakathite people from the regions of Netophah and Maakah +JER 40 8 ug21 translate-names 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah … Johanan … Jonathan … Kareah … Seraiah … Tanhumeth … Ephai … Jaazaniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 40 8 lt8t 0 Netophathite … Maakathite people from the regions of Netophah and Maakah JER 40 9 a2lc 0 took an oath to them “swore to the Judean commanders” JER 40 10 y2bg 0 Look “Listen carefully” or “Pay attention” JER 40 10 n6bm 0 summer fruit “fruit that becomes ripe during the summer” JER 40 10 rd9k 0 you have occupied “you have taken over.” “Occupy” here is a military term. Gedaliah was talking to soldiers ([Jeremiah 40:7](../40/07.md)) who may have conquered or otherwise taken control of cities. JER 40 11 pe3x 0 remnant of Judah “remnant of the people of Judah” -JER 40 11 d4gs 0 had appointed…over them “had put…in charge of them” +JER 40 11 d4gs 0 had appointed … over them “had put … in charge of them” JER 40 11 gn3r 0 Gedaliah son of Ahikam son of Shaphan See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). JER 40 11 c3ya 0 over them “over the people of Judah” JER 40 12 zs8v figs-activepassive 0 where they had been scattered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “where the Babylonians had driven them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 40 12 hny7 0 wine and summer fruit in great abundance “a huge amount of grapes and summer fruit” JER 40 12 t7ep 0 summer fruit “fruit that becomes ripe during the summer.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 40:10](../40/10.md). -JER 40 13 qk6a translate-names 0 Johanan…Kareah See how you translated these names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 40 13 qk6a translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 13 yp1p translate-names 0 Gedaliah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 14 dj6f figs-rquestion 0 Do you realize that Baalis king of the people of Ammon sent Ishmael son of Nethaniah to murder you? Johanan and the commanders use a rhetorical question to warn Gedaliah. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You need to understand that Baalis king of the people of Ammon sent Ishmael son of Nethaniah to murder you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 40 14 mv1l translate-names 0 Baalis This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 14 p3zy translate-names 0 Ishmael…Nethaniah Translate these names as in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 40 14 p3zy translate-names 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah Translate these names as in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 14 q9l2 translate-names 0 Ahikim See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 26:24](../26/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 15 yyw2 translate-names 0 Johanan…Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 40 15 yyw2 translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 15 tfj9 0 Gedaliah See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). -JER 40 15 vk6u 0 Ishmael…Nethaniah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). +JER 40 15 vk6u 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). JER 40 15 tnu5 0 No one will suspect me “No one will think that I did it” JER 40 15 l7ed figs-rquestion 0 Why should he kill you? Johanan uses a rhetorical question to try to change Gedaliah’s thinking. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not allow him to kill you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 40 15 mc43 figs-rquestion 0 Why allow all of Judah that has been gathered to you to be scattered and the remnant of Judah destroyed? Johanan uses a rhetorical question to try to get Gedaliah to think about what will happen if Gedaliah does what Gedaliah is planning to do. Alternate translation: “If you do this, all of Judah that has been gathered to you will be scattered and the remnant of Judah will be destroyed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2690,7 +2690,7 @@ JER 41 7 tp8u 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah slaughtered them and threw them into JER 41 8 nt5a 0 ten men among them The word “them” refers to the 80 men. JER 41 8 zn9l figs-explicit 0 for there are provisions of ours in a field It is implied that they would give their provisions to Ishmael and his men. Alternate translation: “for we will give you our provisions that we have hidden in a field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 41 8 c4gu 0 provisions supplies to be used to provide for future needs -JER 41 9 p33k writing-background 0 The cistern where Ishmael…against King Baasha of Israel This is background information about the cistern that Ishmael used. King Asa had his men dig the cistern so his people would have a water supply when King Baasha attacked them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +JER 41 9 p33k writing-background 0 The cistern where Ishmael … against King Baasha of Israel This is background information about the cistern that Ishmael used. King Asa had his men dig the cistern so his people would have a water supply when King Baasha attacked them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JER 41 9 kzd3 figs-metonymy 0 that King Asa dug Here King Asa represents his men. Alternate translation: “that King Asa ordered his men to dig” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 41 9 p7br figs-synecdoche 0 against King Baasha of Israel Here King Baasha represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “against Baasha, king of Israel, and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 41 9 ny7m figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah filled it Here Ishmael represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men filled it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -2699,7 +2699,7 @@ JER 41 10 w324 figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael captured Here Ishmael represents himse JER 41 10 y6nt translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 41 10 rk3e 0 went to cross over to the people of Ammon “traveled towards the land of the Ammonites” JER 41 11 j1v7 figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah Here “Ishmael” represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 41 12 pak6 figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah…found him Here “Ishmael” represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men…found them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JER 41 12 pak6 figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah … found him Here “Ishmael” represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men … found them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 41 13 a4a1 0 Then it happened that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. JER 41 13 efz7 0 when all the people who were with Ishmael Here “people” refers to those whom Ishmael and his men had captured. JER 41 14 tjt4 figs-synecdoche 0 whom Ishmael had captured Here “Ishmael” represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “whom Ishmael and his men had captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -2713,8 +2713,8 @@ JER 41 17 di1c translate-names 0 Geruth Kimham This is the name of a place. (Se JER 41 18 k3qd figs-explicit 0 because of the Chaldeans It is implied that they were afraid that the Chaldeans would attack them. Alternate translation: “because they thought the Chaldeans may attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 41 18 iuc2 figs-metonymy 0 in charge of the land Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “in charge of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 42 intro ye1g 0 # Jeremiah 42 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Life in Babylon
The remaining army commanders, who scattered after the Babylonian victory, asked Jeremiah to ask Yahweh about where they should go. Yahweh encouraged them to go to Babylon because they would soon return to the Promised Land. They would be punished if they went to Egypt or anywhere else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -JER 42 1 jc5i translate-names 0 Johanan…Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:13](../40/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 42 1 w479 translate-names 0 Jezaniah…Hoshaiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 42 1 jc5i translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:13](../40/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 42 1 w479 translate-names 0 Jezaniah … Hoshaiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 42 1 h1f8 figs-merism 0 all the people from the least to the greatest This is a way to refer to people from every social status. Here “least” and “greatest” represent those who are least important and those who are most important. Alternate translation: “all the people from every social status” or “all the people, including the least important and the most important people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JER 42 1 wx9l figs-hyperbole 0 all the people Most likely not every individual in the town went. The word “all” is a generalization that means very many people went. Alternate translation: “many other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 42 2 te2b figs-abstractnouns 0 Let our pleas come before you “Let us present our urgent request to you.” The abstract noun “pleas” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Listen as we plead with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -2737,13 +2737,13 @@ JER 42 14 bg9x figs-parallelism 0 where we will not see any war, where we will JER 42 14 n28p figs-metonymy 0 we will not go hungry for food Being hungry for food is used to describe famine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 42 15 t7ch 0 Now The word “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. JER 42 15 te43 0 to this word of Yahweh “to Yahweh’s message” -JER 42 15 e21x 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 42 15 e21x 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 42 15 cpw7 0 set out to go to “depart for” or “leave for” JER 42 16 s8nw figs-metonymy 0 the sword that you fear will overtake you Here “the sword” represents war. The Israelites experiencing war even if they go to Egypt is spoken of as if the sword would chase after the people catch up with them. Alternate translation: “you will experience the terrible results of war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 42 16 pea7 figs-personification 0 The famine that you are worrying about will pursue you to Egypt The Israelites experiencing famine even in Egypt is spoken of as if famine would chase after them. Alternate translation: “You worry about famine in Israel but if you go to Egypt you will suffer from famine there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 42 17 vak7 figs-synecdoche 0 all the men who set out The men are used to refer to all the people because they are the leaders in their families. Alternate translation: “anyone who sets out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) JER 42 17 b82t figs-metaphor 0 the disaster that I will bring on them Causing a disaster is spoken of as if disaster were an object that is brought to a person. Alternate translation: “the disaster that I will cause to happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 42 18 v4kb 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 42 18 v4kb 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 42 18 hxc8 figs-metaphor 0 my wrath and my fury were poured out on the inhabitants of Jerusalem Yahweh punishing people because he is very angry is spoken of as if wrath and fury were liquids that he poured out on the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I became very angry and punished the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 42 18 ss3l figs-doublet 0 my wrath and my fury The words “wrath” and “fury” mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the intensity of his wrath. Alternate translation: “my terrible wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 42 18 rm4e figs-metaphor 0 in the same way my fury will be poured out on you Yahweh punishing people because he is very angry is spoken of as if fury were a liquid that he pours out on the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will became very angry and punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2759,7 +2759,7 @@ JER 43 intro b33q 0 # Jeremiah 43 General Notes
## Special concepts in thi JER 43 1 ufu5 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. JER 43 2 wg2c translate-names 0 Azariah This could mean: (1) this is another name for Jezaniah in [Jeremiah 42:1](../42/01.md) or (2) this is a different son of Hoshaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 43 2 a3qd translate-names 0 Hoshaiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 42:1](../42/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 43 2 u1n1 translate-names 0 Johanan…Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:13](../40/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 43 2 u1n1 translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:13](../40/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 43 3 h7cf 0 inciting to cause someone to act in a harmful or violent way JER 43 3 gh4k figs-metonymy 0 to deliver us into the hand of the Chaldeans Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “to give us over to the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 43 3 bw5d figs-abstractnouns 0 for you to cause our death and to make us captives in Babylon The abstract noun “death” can be stated as “to kill.” Alternate translation: “for you to cause the Chaldeans to either kill us or to take us as captives to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -2767,13 +2767,13 @@ JER 43 4 glv6 figs-hyperbole 0 all the people This probably did not include eve JER 43 4 a6mj figs-metonymy 0 refused to listen to Yahweh’s voice Here “voice” represents commands. And here “to listen” means “to obey.” Alternate translation: “would not obey Yahweh’s command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 43 5 n9qa figs-activepassive 0 where they had been scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where Yahweh had scattered them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 43 6 qj48 translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 43 6 s144 translate-names 0 Gedaliah…Ahikam…Shaphan See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 43 6 s144 translate-names 0 Gedaliah … Ahikam … Shaphan See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 43 7 rup9 translate-names 0 Tahpanhes See how you translated the name of this city in [Jeremiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 43 8 p6h5 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah in Tahpanhes, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah in Tahpanhes. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah in Tahpanehs:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 43 9 i4wa figs-abstractnouns 0 in the sight of the people of Judah The abstract noun “sight” can be expressed with the verb “watching.” Alternate translation: “while the people of Judah are watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 43 9 usg5 0 mortar a substance used to hold bricks together JER 43 9 sha8 0 to Pharaoh’s house “to Pharaoh’s royal building” -JER 43 10 eb2l 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 43 10 eb2l 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 43 10 uz43 figs-metonymy 0 I will place his throne over these stones that you, Jeremiah, have buried. Nebuchadnezzar will place his pavilion over them Both the king’s “throne” and “pavilion” are used to refer to his royal authority. Alternate translation: “I will cause him to rule as king over the people of Egypt. He will place his throne and pavilion over these stones you have buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 43 10 k69r 0 pavilion a very large tent JER 43 11 krw1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling his message. @@ -2782,16 +2782,16 @@ JER 43 11 njk5 figs-activepassive 0 Anyone who is assigned to death will be giv JER 43 11 iqj5 figs-activepassive 0 Anyone who is assigned to captivity will be taken captive This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Babylonians will take everyone captive whom I have decided must go into captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 43 11 prf4 figs-metonymy 0 Anyone who is assigned to the sword will be given to the sword Here “sword” represents battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone will die in battle whom I have decided will die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 43 12 fy3l figs-metonymy 0 Then I will light a fire Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh sending the Babylonian army to light a fire. Alternate translation: “Then I will cause the Babylonian army to light a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 43 12 yqt6 figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar will…He will Here Nebuchadnezzar represents his army. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar’s army will…They will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 43 12 yqt6 figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar will … He will Here Nebuchadnezzar represents his army. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar’s army will … They will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 43 12 nms7 0 burn them or capture them “burn the Egyptian idols or take them” JER 43 12 e3qj figs-simile 0 He will clean out the land of Egypt just as shepherds clean vermin off their clothes Taking or destroying everything in Egypt is compared to how a shepherd carefully cleans off his clothes. Alternate translation: “He will take or destroy everything valuable in Egypt just as a shepherd is careful to get every insect off of his clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 43 13 pyt4 translate-names 0 Heliopolis This is the name of a city. The name means “city of the sun.” In this city was a temple where they worshiped a sun god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 44 intro xf8j 0 # Jeremiah 44 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

The people called Ashtoreth the goddess of the Canaanites, “the queen of heaven.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) JER 44 1 s5cz figs-idiom 0 The word came to Jeremiah It is implied that the word that came to Jeremiah was from Yahweh. This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 44 1 gzg8 translate-names 0 Migdol This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 44 1 a4bd translate-names 0 Tahpanhes…Memphis Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Jeremiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 44 1 a4bd translate-names 0 Tahpanhes … Memphis Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Jeremiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 44 1 jee4 0 in Upper Egypt This refers to the southern region of Egypt. It is sometime called “Pathros.” -JER 44 2 j6cn 0 Yahweh of hosts…says Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 44 2 j6cn 0 Yahweh of hosts … says Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 44 2 wb58 figs-rpronouns 0 You yourselves have seen The word “yourselves” is used for emphasis to specify the people of Judea who live in the land of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) JER 44 2 zs94 figs-metaphor 0 all the disasters that I brought on Jerusalem and all the cities of Judah Causing disasters is spoken of as if disasters were an object that can be put on something. Alternate translation: “all the disaster that I caused to happen to Jerusalem and all the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 44 2 bjm6 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” @@ -2804,11 +2804,11 @@ JER 44 6 gje9 figs-doublet 0 my fury and my wrath The words “fury” and “w JER 44 6 if3y figs-metaphor 0 kindled a fire Yahweh becoming angry and punishing the people of Judah is spoken of as his fury and wrath were a fire. Alternate translation: “my fury and wrath were like a fire” or “my punishment was like a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 44 6 j69q figs-doublet 0 they became ruins and devastations The words “ruins” and “devastations” mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the complete devastation of Judah and Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “they became completely devastated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 44 6 bb1y 0 as at this present day This refers to the current time at which Yahweh was speaking this message. -JER 44 7 gez9 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you doing…yourselves? Why are you causing…and babies? Yahweh uses these questions to rebuke the people for doing things that cause him to punish them. Alternate translation: “You are doing…yourselves. You are causing…and babies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 44 7 gez9 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you doing … yourselves? Why are you causing … and babies? Yahweh uses these questions to rebuke the people for doing things that cause him to punish them. Alternate translation: “You are doing … yourselves. You are causing … and babies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 44 7 mnr5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Why are you doing great wickedness against yourselves? The abstract noun “wickedness” can be stated as “wicked.” Alternate translation: “Why are you doing these wicked things that harm yourselves?” or “You are doing wicked things that cause terrible things to happen to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 44 7 n4fj figs-metaphor 0 Why are you causing yourselves to be cut off from among Judah…and babies? Being separated from the people of Judah is spoken of as if the people are cut off from Judah the way a person may cut off a branch from a vine or cut off a piece of cloth. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Why are you causing me to remove you from the people of Judah…and babies?” or “You are causing me to remove you from the people of Judah…and babies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 44 7 n4fj figs-metaphor 0 Why are you causing yourselves to be cut off from among Judah … and babies? Being separated from the people of Judah is spoken of as if the people are cut off from Judah the way a person may cut off a branch from a vine or cut off a piece of cloth. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Why are you causing me to remove you from the people of Judah … and babies?” or “You are causing me to remove you from the people of Judah … and babies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 44 8 prs6 figs-abstractnouns 0 By your wickedness you have offended me with the deeds of your hands The abstract noun “wickedness” represents actions that are “wicked.” Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You have offended me with the wicked things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 44 8 bqw9 0 You have gone there so that…so that “The result of going to Egypt is that…and that” +JER 44 8 bqw9 0 You have gone there so that … so that “The result of going to Egypt is that … and that” JER 44 8 d96k figs-activepassive 0 you will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will cause me to destroy you” or “you will destroy yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 44 8 qgd6 figs-metonymy 0 you will be a curse and a reproach among all the nations of the earth Here “nations” represent the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of all the nations of the earth will curse you and hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 9 zk7z figs-rquestion 0 Have you forgotten the wickedness committed by your ancestors and the wickedness committed by the kings of Judah and their wives? Yahweh rebukes the people for not thinking about the wicked behavior of their ancestors and how Yahweh punished them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Think about what happened to your ancestors and the kings of Judah and their wives when they did wicked things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2816,7 +2816,7 @@ JER 44 9 v2a3 figs-rquestion 0 Have you forgotten the evil committed by yoursel JER 44 9 w74z figs-synecdoche 0 the streets of Jerusalem Jerusalem is referred to by the part of the city where people walk. This means the people did evil things in public places. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem” or “the public places of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 44 10 ai8e figs-123person 0 they still are not humbled “the people of Judah are still not humble.” Yahweh is still speaking to the people of Judah, so this can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you are still not humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 44 10 a4hl figs-metaphor 0 nor do they walk in them Obeying the laws is spoken of as if it were walking in the laws. Alternate translation: “nor do they obey them” or “nor do you obey them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 44 11 ppb1 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 44 11 ppb1 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 44 11 vc6r figs-idiom 0 I am about to set my face against you This idiom means he “firmly decided.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 21:10](../21/10.md). Alternate translation: “I have made up my mind to oppose you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 44 11 j5gg 0 set my face against “stare angrily at” JER 44 11 is79 figs-metaphor 0 to bring disaster to you Causing disaster to happen is spoken of as if disaster were an object that can be brought to someone. Alternate translation: “to cause disaster to happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2826,7 +2826,7 @@ JER 44 12 t4e4 0 will become an object of swearing, cursing, reproaching, and JER 44 13 yvm2 figs-metonymy 0 I punished Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people. Alternate translation: “I punished the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 13 xt2p figs-metonymy 0 with the sword, with famine, and with the plague Here “sword” represents enemies carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “by causing enemies to kill some of them, others to starve to death, and others to die because of disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 15 e1fj 0 in the great assembly “in the large crowd” -JER 44 15 ql9v 0 Lower…Egypt “Lower Egypt” refers to the northern region of Egypt. +JER 44 15 ql9v 0 Lower … Egypt “Lower Egypt” refers to the northern region of Egypt. JER 44 15 a1sx 0 Upper Egypt This refers to the southern region of Egypt. It is sometime called “Pathros.” JER 44 16 k3bm figs-metonymy 0 About the word that you have told us in Yahweh’s name—we will not listen to you Here “in Yahweh’s name” means “in Yahweh’s authority” or “as Yahweh’s representative.” Alternate translation: “We will not obey this message that you say Yahweh told you to tell us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 17 aja3 figs-explicit 0 queen of heaven This a title of a false goddess that the people of Judah worshiped. This goddess is also called “Asherah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -2835,9 +2835,9 @@ JER 44 17 clp3 figs-explicit 0 Then we will be filled with food and will prospe JER 44 17 u8y8 figs-activepassive 0 Then we will be filled with food This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then we will have plenty of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 44 18 ux4h 0 General Information: The remnant of the people living in Egypt continue to speak. Beginning in 44:19, the women address Jeremiah. JER 44 18 hs8y figs-metonymy 0 were dying by sword and famine Here “sword” represents enemies carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers were killing some of us and some of us were dying of hunger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 19 dne8 figs-rquestion 0 was it against our husbands that we did these things…to her? The women were claiming to be innocent because their husband approved of what they were doing. Alternate translation: “our husbands knew what we were doing…to her.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 44 19 dne8 figs-rquestion 0 was it against our husbands that we did these things … to her? The women were claiming to be innocent because their husband approved of what they were doing. Alternate translation: “our husbands knew what we were doing … to her.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 44 19 ec3w 0 cakes in her image These were probably small cakes shaped like stars or the crescent moon. -JER 44 21 qc2v figs-rquestion 0 Did not Yahweh remember…of the land? Jeremiah uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh certainly knew about…of the land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 44 21 qc2v figs-rquestion 0 Did not Yahweh remember … of the land? Jeremiah uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh certainly knew about … of the land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 44 21 ir8d figs-parallelism 0 For Yahweh calls this to mind; it comes to his thoughts Both of these phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that Yahweh knows that the people were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “Yes, Yahweh knows what you were doing, and he does not forget” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 44 22 a6w5 0 was no longer able to bear it “was no longer able to tolerate it” JER 44 22 t1fz figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abominations that you did The abstract noun “abominations” can be stated as “things he hated.” Alternate translation: “because you did things that he hated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -2845,7 +2845,7 @@ JER 44 22 x1jw figs-abstractnouns 0 Then your land became a desolation, a horro JER 44 23 z7ak figs-explicit 0 burned incense Why people burn incense can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “burned incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 44 23 m5km figs-metonymy 0 you would not listen to his voice Here “voice” refers to Yahweh’s commands. Alternate translation: “you would not obey his commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 24 lr74 figs-metonymy 0 all of Judah Here “Judah” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 25 q7r5 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 44 25 q7r5 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 44 25 rst9 figs-synecdoche 0 have said with your mouths and carried out with your hands what you said Here “mouths” and “hands” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “have done what you promised to do when you said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 44 25 nwz1 0 carry out the vows “fulfill the vows” or “complete the vows” JER 44 25 lq9t figs-irony 0 Now fulfill your vows; carry them out This is an ironic statement. Yahweh does not really want them to fulfill their vow to a false goddess. Yahweh knows they will not listen to him so he tells them to go ahead and do what they want. Alternate translation: “Very well! If that is what you want to do, then go fulfill your vows and do what you promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) @@ -2891,12 +2891,12 @@ JER 46 5 hry1 figs-abstractnouns 0 They are filled with terror The abstract nou JER 46 6 gr1r figs-doublet 0 the swift cannot run away, and the soldiers cannot escape These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that no one, not even the strongest and fastest, can escape. The nominal adjective “the swift” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “even the swiftest soldier cannot escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) JER 46 6 bv4q figs-parallelism 0 They stumble in the north and fall beside the Euphrates River Both statements mean the same thing. Being and dying in battle is spoken of as if the soldiers stumble and fall. Alternate translation: “The Egyptian soldiers suffer defeat and die in the north by the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 46 7 qv9y 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues quoting Yahweh’s declaration to the nation of Egypt. -JER 46 7 j7fk figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who rises like the Nile…the rivers? Yahweh uses a question to draw attention to what he is about to say concerning Egypt. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at who rises like the Nile…the rivers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 46 7 j7fk figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who rises like the Nile … the rivers? Yahweh uses a question to draw attention to what he is about to say concerning Egypt. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at who rises like the Nile … the rivers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 46 8 n8ng figs-simile 0 Egypt rises like the Nile The Nile river floods its banks once a year, covering the surrounding area with water. Yahweh compares the kingdom of Egypt to the Nile because the Egyptian people think they are mighty enough to destroy cities in all the lands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 46 8 udt1 figs-metonymy 0 Egypt rises…Egypt says…I will Here “Egypt” represents all the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The Egyptians rise…The Egyptians say…We will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 46 8 udt1 figs-metonymy 0 Egypt rises … Egypt says … I will Here “Egypt” represents all the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The Egyptians rise … The Egyptians say … We will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 9 ew5h figs-metonymy 0 Go up, horses. Be angry, you chariots Here “horses” and “chariots” represent the soldiers who use horses and chariots in battle. The leaders of Egypt are ordering their soldiers to start the battle. Alternate translation: “Go up to battle, you soldiers on horses. Fight furiously, you soldiers in chariots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 9 a538 figs-explicit 0 Let the soldiers go out, Cush and Put, men skillful with a shield This command can be addressed directly to the soldiers. What they were to go out for can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You soldiers from Cush and Put, who are skillful with your shields, go out to battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 46 9 fz8w translate-names 0 Cush…Put These are biblical names for the countries of Ethiopia and Libya. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 46 9 fz8w translate-names 0 Cush … Put These are biblical names for the countries of Ethiopia and Libya. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 46 9 c8vs figs-ellipsis 0 Ludim, men skillful at bending their bows The ideas of soldiers and going out to battle are understood from earlier in the sentence. They can be repeated. This command can also be addressed directly to the soldiers. Alternate translation: “you soldiers from Lud, who are skillful at bending your bows, go out to battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 46 9 mem7 translate-names 0 Ludim This is the name of the people group from the nation of Lud. Lud is the biblical name for Lydia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 46 9 awb5 figs-idiom 0 skillful at bending their bows The phrase “bend the bow” means to pull the string of the bow back with an arrow in order to shoot the arrow. Alternate translation: “skillful at shooting arrows from their bows” or “skillful with the bow and arrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -2915,7 +2915,7 @@ JER 46 12 jk5t figs-metaphor 0 for soldier stumbles against soldier; both of th JER 46 13 q31x figs-metonymy 0 when Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon Here Nebuchadnezzar represents his army. Alternate translation: “when the army of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 13 jr9a figs-metonymy 0 the land of Egypt Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt” or “the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 14 g5lu translate-names 0 Migdol Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 44:1](../44/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 46 14 qy9a translate-names 0 Memphis…Tahpanhes Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Jeremiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 46 14 qy9a translate-names 0 Memphis … Tahpanhes Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Jeremiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 46 14 b4vr figs-metonymy 0 the sword will devour those around you The word “sword” here represents soldiers carrying weapons. The enemy soliders killing people is spoken of as if their swords were devouring people. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill people all around you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 46 15 a8tg 0 Why are your mighty ones face-down on the ground? They will not stand Some Bibles translate this as “Why has Apis fled? Why did your bull not stand?” Apis was an Egyptian god that was represented by the form of a bull. The bull is often a symbol for strength. That is why the ULT and other versions of the Bible translate this as “strong ones” or “mighty ones,” which refers to soldiers. JER 46 15 i1pz figs-rquestion 0 Why are your mighty ones face-down on the ground? They will not stand Yahweh uses a question to mock the strength of the Egyptian soldiers. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your soldiers are face-down on the ground and will not stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2934,7 +2934,7 @@ JER 46 21 y6gt figs-idiom 0 They will not stand together To “stand together JER 46 21 h8zt figs-metaphor 0 the day of their disaster is coming against them This speaks of a day as if it travels and arrives in a location. Alternate translation: “they will experience disaster on that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 46 22 pc27 figs-simile 0 Egypt hisses like a snake and crawls away The inability of the Egyptians to do anything to stop their enemy is spoken of as if they were snakes that can only hiss and crawl away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 46 22 z1yp figs-simile 0 They are going toward her like woodcutters with axes The enemies coming with the weapons to destroy the Egyptians is spoken of as if they were woodcutters with axes preparing to cut down a tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 46 23 q15l figs-metaphor 0 They will cut down the forests…although it is very dense This continues speaking of the enemy army attacking the Egyptians as if the army were woodcutters cutting down trees. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will kill many Egyptians like woodcutters cutting down a forest…even though there are very many trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 46 23 q15l figs-metaphor 0 They will cut down the forests … although it is very dense This continues speaking of the enemy army attacking the Egyptians as if the army were woodcutters cutting down trees. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will kill many Egyptians like woodcutters cutting down a forest … even though there are very many trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 46 23 p42g figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 46 23 gvh6 0 locusts This is a type of insect that travels in very large groups and can cause great destruction by eating crops. JER 46 23 dl76 figs-activepassive 0 unable to be counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to count them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2943,7 +2943,7 @@ JER 46 24 n1ba figs-metonymy 0 She will be given into the hand of people from t JER 46 25 v4iz translate-names 0 Amon of Thebes “Amon” is the king of the Egyptian gods. “Thebes” is the capital of the northern part of Egypt, and here it represents the people of Thebes. Alternate translation: “Amon, god of Thebes” or “Amon, god of the people of Thebes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 25 au2w figs-metonymy 0 Egypt and her gods Here “Egypt” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of Egypt and the gods they worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 26 pq89 figs-metonymy 0 I am giving them into the hand of the ones seeking their lives Here “hand” represents power or control. The phrase “seeking their lives” is an idiom that mean to want to kill someone. Alternate translation: “I will allow those who are wanting to kill them to defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 46 26 n18z figs-metonymy 0 and into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and his servants Here “hand” represents power or control. “Nebuchadnezzar…his servants” names specifically “the ones seeking their lives.” Alternate translation: “that is, I will allow Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and his servants to defeat the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 46 26 n18z figs-metonymy 0 and into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and his servants Here “hand” represents power or control. “Nebuchadnezzar … his servants” names specifically “the ones seeking their lives.” Alternate translation: “that is, I will allow Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and his servants to defeat the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 26 zb51 figs-activepassive 0 Then after this Egypt will be inhabited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then after this, people will live in Egypt again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 46 27 cfi7 figs-parallelism 0 my servant Jacob, do not fear. Do not be dismayed, Israel These two phrases mean the same thing. Here “Jacob” and “Israel” represent the people of Israel. Yahweh is emphasizing that the people should not be afraid. Alternate translation: “people of Israel, my servants, do not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 27 n8yh 0 from the land of their captivity “from the land where they are captives” @@ -2963,7 +2963,7 @@ JER 47 4 f7br figs-metaphor 0 to cut off from Tyre and Sidon every survivor who JER 47 4 g199 translate-names 0 Caphtor This is the name of an island of the northern region of the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 47 5 u8ep figs-abstractnouns 0 Baldness will come upon Gaza The abstract noun “baldness” can be stated as “bald.” “Gaza” represents the people. Alternate translation: “The people of Gaza will shave their heads bald” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 47 5 yv2n translate-symaction 0 Baldness The shaving of the entire head or portions of the head is a sign of great sorrow practiced by idol worshipers in nations such as Philistia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 47 5 dw3l figs-euphemism 0 the people…will be made silent This could mean: (1) the people will be silent because they are mourning or (2) this is a euphemism that means the enemy soldiers will kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +JER 47 5 dw3l figs-euphemism 0 the people … will be made silent This could mean: (1) the people will be silent because they are mourning or (2) this is a euphemism that means the enemy soldiers will kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JER 47 5 m4h3 figs-rquestion 0 How long will you cut yourself in mourning? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people of Ashkelon will never stop mourning. Yahweh speaks to the people as if he were speaking to one woman, who is a metaphor for the city itself. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will forever cut yourselves in mourning.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JER 47 5 f7f4 translate-symaction 0 cut yourself in mourning The cutting of one’s skin was another practice done by the idol worshipers when they mourn the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 47 6 eck8 figs-personification 0 sword of Yahweh! How long will it be until you become silent? Go back to your scabbard! Stop and be silent. The Philistines speak to the sword of Yahweh as if it were a person who could hear them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you who are holding your sword! When will you stop striking us with your sword? Stop your sword and put it back in its scabbard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -2971,12 +2971,12 @@ JER 47 6 m6j8 figs-metaphor 0 sword of Yahweh Yahweh punishing the Philistines JER 47 6 cid1 figs-rquestion 0 How long will it be until you become silent? The people of the Philistines use this question to express their deep frustration about the devastation caused by their enemies. This may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please be silent!” or “Please, Yahweh, stop striking us with your sword!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 47 6 r4br figs-idiom 0 you become silent A sword makes a noise as it slashes back and forth. Asking the sword to be silent means to ask it to stop slashing and killing. Alternate translation: “you rest” or “you stop slashing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 47 6 hg5n 0 scabbard This is the case used to protect the blade of a sword. -JER 47 7 x3p6 figs-personification 0 How can it rest…along the sea? Here Jeremiah is speaking. He continues speaking of the sword of Yahweh as if it were a person who could rest. Yahweh punishing the Philistines by sending the army of the north is spoken of as if Yahweh were striking the people with a sword. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It cannot rest…along the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 47 7 w3uj figs-rquestion 0 How can it rest when Yahweh has commanded it, when he has ordered…the sea? Jeremiah uses a question to mean that the sword cannot stop since Yahweh has commanded it to continue killing. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It cannot stop, for Yahweh has commanded it. He has ordered…the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 47 7 x3p6 figs-personification 0 How can it rest … along the sea? Here Jeremiah is speaking. He continues speaking of the sword of Yahweh as if it were a person who could rest. Yahweh punishing the Philistines by sending the army of the north is spoken of as if Yahweh were striking the people with a sword. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It cannot rest … along the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 47 7 w3uj figs-rquestion 0 How can it rest when Yahweh has commanded it, when he has ordered … the sea? Jeremiah uses a question to mean that the sword cannot stop since Yahweh has commanded it to continue killing. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It cannot stop, for Yahweh has commanded it. He has ordered … the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 48 intro d44i 0 # Jeremiah 48 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 48:1-25, 28-33, 39-47.

Jeremiah’s prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Obeying Yahweh

Moab worshiped and served other gods. Despite this, Yahweh expected every nation to worship and serve him and him alone. They were punished because of it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) JER 48 1 r24j writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 48 1 kuu3 figs-metonymy 0 To Moab Here “Moab” represents the people. Alternate translation: “To the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 1 tu4z 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 48 1 tu4z 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 48 1 xw9v figs-metonymy 0 Woe to Nebo, for it has been devastated Here “Nebo” represents the people. Alternate translation: “How terrible it is for the people of Nebo, for their city is devastated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 48 1 b21z translate-names 0 Nebo This is the name of a city near Mount Nebo in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 48 1 vv99 figs-metonymy 0 Kiriathaim has been humiliated Here “Kiriathaim has been humiliated” represents the people being humiliated. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy has captured the city of Kiriathaim and humiliated the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3005,12 +3005,12 @@ JER 48 8 e6c4 figs-metonymy 0 So the valley will perish and the plain will be d JER 48 9 jd6u figs-metaphor 0 Give wings to Moab, for she must certainly fly away Helping the people is spoken of as if they would put wings on the people so that could fly away. Alternate translation: “Help the people of Moab to escape as if you were giving them wings to fly away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 48 9 eq9z 0 Give wings to Moab, for she must certainly fly away The translation of the original language is uncertain. Some Bibles translate this as “Set up a tombstone for Moab, for the enemy will certainly destroy it.” Other Bibles translate it as “Put salt on the cities of Moab, for the enemy will completely destroy it.” Enemies through salt on ruins to keep thing from ever growing there again. JER 48 10 c5zb figs-metonymy 0 from shedding blood Here “blood” represents a person’s life. And “shedding blood” is an idiom that means to kill. Alternate translation: “from killing people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 48 11 lvs4 figs-personification 0 Moab has felt secure since he was young…He is…his wine…He has never gone…he tastes…his flavor Here Yahweh speaks of Moab as if it were a man. Here it represents the people of Moab. All occurrences of “he” and “his” can be stated as “they,” “their,” or “them.” Alternate translation: “Even from their earliest times, the people of Moab have felt secure…They are…their wine…They have never gone…they tastes…their flavor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JER 48 11 lvs4 figs-personification 0 Moab has felt secure since he was young … He is … his wine … He has never gone … he tastes … his flavor Here Yahweh speaks of Moab as if it were a man. Here it represents the people of Moab. All occurrences of “he” and “his” can be stated as “they,” “their,” or “them.” Alternate translation: “Even from their earliest times, the people of Moab have felt secure … They are … their wine … They have never gone … they tastes … their flavor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 48 11 tpx9 figs-explicit 0 He is like his wine that has never been poured from pot to pot For wine to taste good, it has to be left undisturbed for a long time and not poured from one pot to another. Yahweh compares the people of Moab, who are prosperous because no one has ever conquered them and taken them as captives, to wine that is undisturbed and has a good flavor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 48 12 mt13 0 So see, the days are coming “Listen carefully because there will be a time” JER 48 12 p3kf figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 48 12 z48t figs-metaphor 0 I will send him those who will tip him over and pour out all his pots and shatter his jars The enemy army defeating the people of Moab and taking them as captives is spoken of as if the people of Moab are wine and someone will come and pour them out and break the wine jars. Alternate translation: “I will send an army that will destroy them as if they were pouring out wine and breaking the jars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 12 nky7 figs-personification 0 send him…tip him over…his pots…his jars Here Yahweh speaks of Moab as if it were a man. Here it represents the people of Moab. All occurrences of “he,” “his,” and “him” in 48:11-12 can be stated as “they,” “their,” or “them.” Alternate translation: “send them…tip them over…their pots…their jars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JER 48 12 nky7 figs-personification 0 send him … tip him over … his pots … his jars Here Yahweh speaks of Moab as if it were a man. Here it represents the people of Moab. All occurrences of “he,” “his,” and “him” in 48:11-12 can be stated as “they,” “their,” or “them.” Alternate translation: “send them … tip them over … their pots … their jars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 48 13 le7f figs-metonymy 0 Then Moab Here “Moab” represents the people. Alternate translation: “Then the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 48 13 biu2 translate-names 0 Chemosh Chemosh is the chief god of the Moabites. See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 48:7](../48/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 48 13 qrf9 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -3030,34 +3030,34 @@ JER 48 19 vrl3 0 Ask the ones “Ask the people” or “Ask the men and women JER 48 20 zk9c figs-metonymy 0 Moab has been shamed, for it has been shattered Here “Moab” represents the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people are disgraced, for the enemy army has destroyed Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 20 lmj3 0 Howl and lament “Cry loudly in pain and anger” JER 48 20 zl7d figs-activepassive 0 that Moab has been devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the enemy army has devastated Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 21 m1zb figs-activepassive 0 punishment has come to the hill country, to Holon…Mephaath Yahweh punishing the people of the hill country and cities of Moab is spoken of as if punishment were something that could travel and arrive in a place. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish the people of the hill country, of Holon…Mephaath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 48 21 m1zb figs-activepassive 0 punishment has come to the hill country, to Holon … Mephaath Yahweh punishing the people of the hill country and cities of Moab is spoken of as if punishment were something that could travel and arrive in a place. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish the people of the hill country, of Holon … Mephaath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 21 wa5a translate-names 0 Holon, Jahzah, and Mephaath These are cities in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 48 24 z44v translate-names 0 Bozrah a city in Moab (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 48 25 y4ql figs-parallelism 0 The horn of Moab has been hacked off; its arm has been broken Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “horn” and “arm” represent power. To have these hacked off or broken means to lose one’s power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Moab has become weak; the people are not able to fight anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 25 b8p9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 48 26 r5qs figs-imperative 0 Make him drunk, because he acted proudly against Yahweh Yahweh is speaking. The command “Make him drunk” indicates what Yahweh will cause to happen. Here “him” and “he” refers to Moab which represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, will cause the people of Moab to be drunk, for they acted proudly against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 48 26 v6it figs-metaphor 0 Make him drunk Here people experiencing Yahweh’s punishment is spoken of as if they were drunk on wine, acting foolishly so that people laugh at them. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to be like a drunk person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 26 lx5w figs-metaphor 0 Let Moab wallow in his vomit…an object of ridicule Yahweh continues speaking of the people of Moab as if they were a drunk person. Alternate translation: “Now the people of Moab will be like a person who wallows in his vomit…an object of ridicule (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 48 26 lx5w figs-metaphor 0 Let Moab wallow in his vomit … an object of ridicule Yahweh continues speaking of the people of Moab as if they were a drunk person. Alternate translation: “Now the people of Moab will be like a person who wallows in his vomit … an object of ridicule (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 48 26 ln6t 0 let him be an object of ridicule “so that people will laugh at him” JER 48 27 hq3z figs-rquestion 0 For did not Israel become an object for laughter to you? Yahweh uses a question to remind the people of Moab how they treated the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For you used to mock and laugh at the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 48 27 j56c figs-metonymy 0 Israel…Was he found…at him…about him Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel…Were they found…at them…about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 27 ft2u figs-rquestion 0 Was he found among thieves, so that you shook your head…about him? Here Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the people of Moab for treating the people of Israel with shame though they did nothing wrong. Alternate translation: “Although they were not thieves, you still shook your head…about him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 48 27 j56c figs-metonymy 0 Israel … Was he found … at him … about him Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … Were they found … at them … about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 48 27 ft2u figs-rquestion 0 Was he found among thieves, so that you shook your head … about him? Here Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the people of Moab for treating the people of Israel with shame though they did nothing wrong. Alternate translation: “Although they were not thieves, you still shook your head … about him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 48 27 s168 translate-symaction 0 shook your head at him This is a symbolic action that shows feeling of scorn or disgust towards someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 48 28 e2f5 0 cliffs A cliff is a steep side of a mountain. -JER 48 28 ag7z figs-simile 0 Become like a dove…in the rocks This simile emphasizes the people should leave their cities and live in the rocky cliffs to hide from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JER 48 28 ag7z figs-simile 0 Become like a dove … in the rocks This simile emphasizes the people should leave their cities and live in the rocky cliffs to hide from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 48 28 bp3p figs-idiom 0 the mouth of a hole in the rocks Here “mouth of a hole” is an idiom that means the entrance to a cave. Alternate translation: “the entrance to caves” or “an opening in the rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 48 29 zjt4 0 We have heard Here “We” refers generally to all the people in the surrounding area. -JER 48 29 c6m3 0 arrogance…haughtiness…pride…self-glory…conceit in his heart All of these words have similar meanings. They are used together to emphasize the extreme pride of the people of Moab. +JER 48 29 c6m3 0 arrogance … haughtiness … pride … self-glory … conceit in his heart All of these words have similar meanings. They are used together to emphasize the extreme pride of the people of Moab. JER 48 29 qa3k figs-metonymy 0 the conceit in his heart Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “his conceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 48 30 sx8k figs-rpronouns 0 I myself know his defiant speech The word “myself” is used to emphasize that Yahweh was the one who knew about Moab’s defiant speech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JER 48 30 wf2k figs-metonymy 0 his defiant speech…like his deeds Here “his” refers to Moab which represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “their defiant speech…like their deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 48 30 wf2k figs-metonymy 0 his defiant speech … like his deeds Here “his” refers to Moab which represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “their defiant speech … like their deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 48 30 s8fk figs-abstractnouns 0 his defiant speech The abstract noun “speech” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “that he has spoken pridefully” or “that he has spoken arrogant words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 48 31 jtn1 figs-parallelism 0 I will howl a lament for Moab, and I will shout in sorrow for all of Moab Both of these statements mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will cry loudly for the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 48 31 cdx5 0 I will howl This could mean: (1) “I” refers to Jeremiah or (2) “I” refers to Yahweh. JER 48 31 x2jk 0 howl a sad and loud cry that a person makes when he is in pain or deep sorrow JER 48 31 be4l translate-names 0 Kir Hareseth This is the name of the old capital city of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 32 xbx7 translate-names 0 Jazer…Sibmah These are the names of two towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 32 xk3l figs-metaphor 0 vine of Sibmah! Your branches passed…your wine The town of Sibmah had many vineyards. Here, Yahweh speaks to the people of Sibmah as if there were a grapevine. Alternate translation: “people of Sibmah, who are like a grapevine with branches that passed…your wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 48 32 xbx7 translate-names 0 Jazer … Sibmah These are the names of two towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 48 32 xk3l figs-metaphor 0 vine of Sibmah! Your branches passed … your wine The town of Sibmah had many vineyards. Here, Yahweh speaks to the people of Sibmah as if there were a grapevine. Alternate translation: “people of Sibmah, who are like a grapevine with branches that passed … your wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 48 32 z5h3 figs-metaphor 0 The destroyers have attacked your summer fruit and your wine Yahweh continues speaking of the people of Sibmah as if they were a grapevine. Alternate translation: “The destroyers have attacked you and have taken the fruit from your vineyards and your wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 48 32 lk5n 0 The destroyers have “The enemy army has” JER 48 33 kv8p figs-abstractnouns 0 So celebration and rejoicing have been taken away from the fruit trees and the land of Moab The abstract nouns “celebration” and “rejoicing” can be stated as verbs. The phrase “have been taken away” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Moab will no longer celebrate and rejoice because of their fruit trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3065,7 +3065,7 @@ JER 48 33 fn4p 0 I have put an end to the wine from their winepresses “I hav JER 48 33 u8yw 0 I have put an end Here “I” refers to Yahweh. JER 48 33 db16 figs-explicit 0 They will not tread The wine makers would stomp on the grapes to squeeze out the juice. Alternate translation: “The wine makers will not stomp the grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 48 34 hx1i translate-names 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 48:2](../48/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 34 zq8f translate-names 0 Elealeh…Jahaz…Zoar…Horonaim…Eglath Shelishiyah These are names of other cities in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 48 34 zq8f translate-names 0 Elealeh … Jahaz … Zoar … Horonaim … Eglath Shelishiyah These are names of other cities in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 48 34 puy7 translate-names 0 Nimrim This is the name of a stream or river near the Dead Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 48 35 ler4 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 48 36 jaw6 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart is lamenting for Moab like a flute Here “heart” represents the whole person. The person’s sad crying is compared to the sad music played on a flute at a funeral. Alternate translation: “I cry sadly for Moab. My cries are like the sad music a person plays on a flute at a funeral” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -3085,12 +3085,12 @@ JER 48 39 b4ii figs-abstractnouns 0 So Moab will become an object of derision a JER 48 40 m362 figs-simile 0 the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings These phrases compare how a powerful army will descend on Moab and conquer it to the way an eagle swoops down to capture its prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 48 41 bm6y figs-activepassive 0 Kerioth has been captured, and its strongholds have been seized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy has captured Kerioth and seized its strongholds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 41 ud2e translate-names 0 Kerioth This is a city in Moab. See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 48:24](../48/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 41 l119 figs-simile 0 in that day the hearts of Moab’s soldiers…women in birth labor This phrase compares the fear that will overwhelm the soldiers of Moab to the fear a woman may feel when she is about to give birth to her child. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JER 48 41 l119 figs-simile 0 in that day the hearts of Moab’s soldiers … women in birth labor This phrase compares the fear that will overwhelm the soldiers of Moab to the fear a woman may feel when she is about to give birth to her child. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 48 41 nyn5 figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of Moab’s soldiers will be like the hearts of women in birth labor Here “hearts” represent a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “Moab’s soldiers will be afraid like a woman about to give birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 48 42 a6pz figs-activepassive 0 So Moab will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So the enemy will destroy the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 43 dsi5 figs-idiom 0 Terror and the pit, and a trap are coming on you Here “coming on you” is an idiom that means “to experience” something. Alternate translation: “You will experience the terror, the pit, and a trap” or “You will be terrified, and you will fall into pits and traps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 48 43 r55q figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 48 44 qa8k figs-synecdoche 0 fall into the pit…caught in the trap Here “the pit” and “the trap” represent all the different bad things that will happen to the people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JER 48 44 qa8k figs-synecdoche 0 fall into the pit … caught in the trap Here “the pit” and “the trap” represent all the different bad things that will happen to the people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 48 44 n33r 0 in the year of Here, “year” could be translated as “time” or “season” or “time period.” JER 48 45 gbj4 0 The ones who flee This refers to the people who were able to run away during the destruction of Moab. JER 48 45 jpn8 figs-metonymy 0 will stand in the shadow of Heshbon Here “in the shadow” represents protection or shelter. Alternate translation: “will hide in Heshbon for protection” or “will go to Heshbon for shelter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -3111,7 +3111,7 @@ JER 49 1 tz36 0 Yahweh says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce JER 49 1 rj3z figs-rquestion 0 Does Israel have no children? Is there no one to inherit anything in Israel? Why does Molech occupy Gad, and his people live in its cities? Yahweh uses a question to express that the people of Israel should be living in Gad rather than those who worship Molech. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There are plenty of Israelites to inherit the land of Israel. The people who worship the false idol, Molech, should not live in Gad.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 1 t5qg figs-metonymy 0 Why does Molech Here “Molech” represents the people who worship Molech. Alternate translation: “Why do the people who worship Molech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 2 lb84 0 So look This adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look and listen” -JER 49 2 b61d figs-metaphor 0 days are coming…when I will Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future…I will” or “there will be a time…when I will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 49 2 b61d figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will” or “there will be a time … when I will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 2 i8qt figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 49 2 jfb2 figs-metaphor 0 when I will sound the signal for battle Yahweh causing an army to attack is spoken of as if he would sound the signal for the battle to start. Alternate translation: “when I will cause the enemy army to sound the signal for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 2 cl24 0 its villages will be set on fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy army will burn their villages” @@ -3121,7 +3121,7 @@ JER 49 3 ywk1 translate-names 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you JER 49 3 kfc8 figs-activepassive 0 for Ai will be devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for your enemies will devastate Ai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 49 3 bf53 figs-metaphor 0 daughters of Rabbah This could mean: (1) “daughters” represent the women who live in Rabbah. Alternate translation: “women of Rabbah” or (2) all the people in general are spoken of as if they are the daughters of Rabbah. Alternate translation: “people of Rabbah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 3 z6g9 0 for Molech is going into captivity “for your enemies will take your god Molech captive.” This means the enemies will take the idol that represents Molech back to their land. -JER 49 4 p3m1 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you brag about your valleys…daughter? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people for bragging about the large amount of fruit that grows in their valleys. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be proud of your valleys…daughter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 4 p3m1 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you brag about your valleys … daughter? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people for bragging about the large amount of fruit that grows in their valleys. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be proud of your valleys … daughter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 4 ve6p 0 Why do you brag about your valleys, your valleys that are so fruitful Some versions of the Bible read, “Why do you brag about your strength, your strength which is ebbing away” JER 49 4 a3g4 figs-metaphor 0 faithless daughter Here, the people of Ammon are spoken of as if they were a daughter. Alternate translation: “faithless people” or “rebellious people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 4 yq5q figs-rquestion 0 say, ‘Who will come against me?’ The Ammonites use this question to state that they do not believe anyone can defeat them. It can be reworded as an indirect statement. Alternate translation: “falsely think that no one can defeat you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) @@ -3130,21 +3130,21 @@ JER 49 5 wlw8 figs-abstractnouns 0 this terror will come from all those who sur JER 49 7 j239 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 49 7 j6lv figs-rquestion 0 Is there no longer any wisdom to be found in Teman? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people of Teman for not acting wisely. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems that there are no longer any wise people in Teman!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 7 rhs5 translate-names 0 Teman This is the name of a district in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 49 7 c4hs figs-parallelism 0 Has good advice…understanding? Has their wisdom become corrupted? The same idea is expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 49 7 c4hs figs-parallelism 0 Has good advice … understanding? Has their wisdom become corrupted? The same idea is expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 49 7 hk68 figs-rquestion 0 Has good advice disappeared from those who have understanding? Yahweh uses this question to scold the people. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems that there are no longer any wise people in Teman district in Edom!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 7 gu21 figs-rquestion 0 Has their wisdom become corrupted? Yahweh uses this question to scold the people. This question may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Their advice is no longer wise.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 8 mu6m translate-names 0 Dedan The is the name of a city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 49 8 b1f3 figs-metonymy 0 I am bringing the disaster of Esau on him at the time that I punish him Here “Esau” represents the people of Edom. The Edomites were descendants of Esau. Alternate translation: “I will cause the people of Edom to experience disaster when I punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 8 wxg4 figs-123person 0 on him…I punish him Yahweh is speaking to the people of Edom. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “on you…I punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JER 49 8 wxg4 figs-123person 0 on him … I punish him Yahweh is speaking to the people of Edom. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “on you … I punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 49 9 jea8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Edom. -JER 49 9 rj8q figs-rquestion 0 If grape harvesters…would they not leave a little bit behind? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how grape harvesters leave some grapes behind. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If grape harvesters…they would certainly leave some grapes behind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 9 j7jl figs-rquestion 0 If thieves…would they not steal only as much as they wanted? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how thieves only take what they want. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If thieves…they would only take as much as they wanted.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 9 rj8q figs-rquestion 0 If grape harvesters … would they not leave a little bit behind? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how grape harvesters leave some grapes behind. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If grape harvesters … they would certainly leave some grapes behind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JER 49 9 j7jl figs-rquestion 0 If thieves … would they not steal only as much as they wanted? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how thieves only take what they want. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If thieves … they would only take as much as they wanted.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 10 fyc2 figs-metaphor 0 But I have stripped Esau bare Yahweh causing an enemy army to come and take everything is spoken of as if Yahweh stripped all the clothes off of Esau. Alternate translation: “But I have sent an army to take everything away from Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 10 sn3n figs-metonymy 0 Esau…his hiding…he will not…hide himself…His children…he is gone Here “Esau” represents the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom…their hiding…they will not…hide themselves…Their children…they are gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 49 10 sn3n figs-metonymy 0 Esau … his hiding … he will not … hide himself … His children … he is gone Here “Esau” represents the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom … their hiding … they will not … hide themselves … Their children … they are gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 10 i22l 0 I have revealed his hiding places “I have made known to the enemy soldiers where the people of Edom hide” JER 49 12 z547 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Edom. JER 49 12 l9lp 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 49 12 auj9 figs-metonymy 0 must certainly drink some of the cup…for you will certainly drink Here “the cup” is a metonym that represents the contents in the cup that the people must drink. The people experiencing Yahweh’s punishment is spoken of as if Yahweh’s punishment were liquid in a cup and the people must drink it. Alternate translation: “must certainly experience my punishment…for you will certainly experience my punishment” or “I will certainly still punish…for I will certainly punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 49 12 auj9 figs-metonymy 0 must certainly drink some of the cup … for you will certainly drink Here “the cup” is a metonym that represents the contents in the cup that the people must drink. The people experiencing Yahweh’s punishment is spoken of as if Yahweh’s punishment were liquid in a cup and the people must drink it. Alternate translation: “must certainly experience my punishment … for you will certainly experience my punishment” or “I will certainly still punish … for I will certainly punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 12 h58s figs-rquestion 0 Do you yourself think you will go without punishment? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize the people of Edom have sinned and will certainly be punished. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, you must be aware that you will personally experience my punishment for your sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 12 fb4j figs-you 0 you yourself The words “you” and “yourself” refer to Edom, which represents the people of Edom. The word “yourself” is used to draw attention to the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “you yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) JER 49 13 g6tz figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -3154,7 +3154,7 @@ JER 49 13 d9vp 0 All of its cities “All of Edom’s cities” JER 49 14 ly1e 0 General Information: Jeremiah is now speaking to the people of Edom. JER 49 14 h7yn 0 I have heard The word “I” refers to Jeremiah. JER 49 14 vb6a figs-activepassive 0 a messenger has been sent out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent out a messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 14 z9ze figs-ellipsis 0 to the nations, ‘Gather together…for battle.’ It is understood “Gather together” is the beginning of the messenger’s message. Alternate translation: “to tell the nations, ‘Gather together…for battle.’” or “to the nations, and he will tell them, ‘Gather together…for battle.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +JER 49 14 z9ze figs-ellipsis 0 to the nations, ‘Gather together … for battle.’ It is understood “Gather together” is the beginning of the messenger’s message. Alternate translation: “to tell the nations, ‘Gather together … for battle.’” or “to the nations, and he will tell them, ‘Gather together … for battle.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 49 14 uw6a 0 attack her The word “her” refers to Edom. JER 49 15 pdt6 0 I have made you The word “I” refers to Yahweh. Here “you” refers to the nation of Edom. JER 49 15 g33b figs-explicit 0 made you small Here “small” represents having the least political importance. Alternate translation: “made you least important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -3194,7 +3194,7 @@ JER 49 23 yc2q figs-metonymy 0 Hamath and Arpad will be ashamed Here “Hamath JER 49 23 ecb7 translate-names 0 Hamath and Arpad These are cities in Syria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 49 23 tpi9 figs-metaphor 0 They melt away A person being afraid is spoken of as if the person were melting. Alternate translation: “They are very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 23 pe7l figs-simile 0 They become as troubled as the sea, which cannot stay calm The water of the sea is always moving and is never still. This is compared to the people who cannot rest because they are so anxious about the bad news they heard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 49 24 tg9v figs-metonymy 0 Damascus has become very weak. It turns…seizes it Here “Damascus” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “The people of Damascus have become very weak. They turn…seizes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 49 24 tg9v figs-metonymy 0 Damascus has become very weak. It turns … seizes it Here “Damascus” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “The people of Damascus have become very weak. They turn … seizes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 24 ik2u 0 terror seizes it The abstract noun “terror” can be stated as the verb “terrified.” Alternate translation: “Damascus is terrified” or “The people of Damascus are terrified” JER 49 24 b8u2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Distress and pain seize it, like the pain of a woman giving birth This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “distress” and “pain.” The people are compared to a woman giving birth to emphasize their pain and fear. Alternate translation: “The people are afraid and suffering like a woman giving birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 49 25 u3wm figs-rquestion 0 How has the city of praise not been forsaken, the town of my joy? Yahweh uses a question to express that the people should have left the city. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This famous city once caused me to rejoice, but now the people should leave it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -3215,13 +3215,13 @@ JER 49 29 mmd9 figs-activepassive 0 Their tents and their flocks will be taken, JER 49 29 mdi2 figs-activepassive 0 their camels will be led away from them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your soldiers will take their camels from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 49 29 hri3 0 men will shout to them, “Terror is on every side!” This could mean: (1) these are men being attacked by the enemy. Alternate translation: “men will shout, ‘We are terrified because terrible things are happening all around us!’” or (2) these are soldiers in the invading army. Alternate translation: “soldiers will shout at them, ‘Be afraid because we are all around you!’” JER 49 30 p7ww 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Kedar and the kingdoms of Hazor. -JER 49 30 a8sg 0 Flee! Wander…Turn back! Here Yahweh is speaking to the people of Kedar. +JER 49 30 a8sg 0 Flee! Wander … Turn back! Here Yahweh is speaking to the people of Kedar. JER 49 30 dpv9 0 inhabitants of Hazor “people who live in Hazor” JER 49 30 f53n figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 49 30 l16w 0 devised a plan “made a plan” -JER 49 31 dyc3 figs-apostrophe 0 Arise! Attack…themselves Here Yahweh is speaking to Nebuchadnezzar as if he was there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +JER 49 31 dyc3 figs-apostrophe 0 Arise! Attack … themselves Here Yahweh is speaking to Nebuchadnezzar as if he was there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JER 49 31 qnr3 figs-metonymy 0 Attack the nation at ease, that lives in safety Here “nation” represents the people living there. Alternate translation: “Attack this nation, whose people feel safe and secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 31 hxk3 0 They…them The words “They” and “them” refer to the people who feel safe and secure. +JER 49 31 hxk3 0 They … them The words “They” and “them” refer to the people who feel safe and secure. JER 49 32 iq5h 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Nebuchadnezzar to attack the people of Kedar and the kingdom of Hazor. JER 49 32 bn78 figs-apostrophe 0 For their camels will become plunder, and the abundance of their property will become war plunder Yahweh is still speaking to Nebuchadnezzar as if he were there listening to him. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “For your soldiers will take their camels and all of their property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 49 32 i9ed figs-metaphor 0 Then I will scatter to every wind Here “every wind” represents the nations. Alternate translation: “Then I will send to nations in all different directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3250,12 +3250,12 @@ JER 50 intro dyn1 0 # Jeremiah 50 General Notes
## Structure and formattin JER 50 1 mzg3 writing-poetry 0 General Information: God gives Jeremiah a message about Babylon. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] JER 50 1 je71 figs-idiom 0 This is the word that Yahweh declared This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 50 1 k291 figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Jeremiah the prophet The hand is a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 37:2](../37/02.md). Alternate translation: “through Jeremiah, who was a prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 50 2 gf1a figs-parallelism 0 cause them to listen…cause them to listen This phrase is repeated to emphasize the importance of the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 50 2 gf1a figs-parallelism 0 cause them to listen … cause them to listen This phrase is repeated to emphasize the importance of the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 50 2 a85t 0 Lift up a signal “Put up a sign” JER 50 2 q3di 0 Babylon is taken “Babylon is conquered” JER 50 2 zzg6 figs-parallelism 0 Bel is made ashamed. Marduk is dismayed. Its idols are put to shame; its images are dismayed These lines mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh has disgraced the gods of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 2 x394 translate-names 0 Bel…Marduk These are two names for the chief god of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 50 3 g6ih 0 arise against it…live in it Here “it” refers to Babylon in both phrases. +JER 50 2 x394 translate-names 0 Bel … Marduk These are two names for the chief god of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 50 3 g6ih 0 arise against it … live in it Here “it” refers to Babylon in both phrases. JER 50 3 daw4 0 her land The word “her” refers to Babylon. JER 50 3 sf89 figs-abstractnouns 0 make her land a desolation The abstract noun “desolation” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “destroy her land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 50 4 xb8i figs-doublet 0 In those days and at that time These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the importance of that future time. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 33:15](../33/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -3282,7 +3282,7 @@ JER 50 10 n671 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of JER 50 10 wnf6 0 Chaldea will become plunder “They will plunder Chaldea” JER 50 11 a17k 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to the people of Babylon. JER 50 11 qcl4 figs-doublet 0 You rejoice, you celebrate These terms mean the same thing and are used to emphasize how happy they were to conquer Israel. Alternate translation: “You people of Babylon rejoice, celebrate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 11 gt23 figs-pronouns 0 You rejoice…you jump…you neigh Each instance of “You” or “you” is plural and refers to the people of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +JER 50 11 gt23 figs-pronouns 0 You rejoice … you jump … you neigh Each instance of “You” or “you” is plural and refers to the people of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) JER 50 11 sq4c figs-simile 0 you jump around like a calf stamping in its pasture The joy of the people of Babylon is compared to a calf who runs around joyfully in a pasture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 50 11 ef11 0 stamping the action a calf makes when kicking the ground JER 50 11 e4bz figs-simile 0 you neigh like a powerful horse The people of Babylon are compared to stallions that are making loud noises because they are excited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -3300,13 +3300,13 @@ JER 50 14 z8c6 0 Everyone who bends a bow This refers to the soldiers who use JER 50 14 m55f figs-personification 0 shoot at her Jeremiah speaks of the people who live in the city of Babylon as if they were the city itself, and he speaks of the city as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “shoot at the people in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 50 14 a1ig 0 Do not keep back any of your arrows This emphasizes that they should shoot all their arrows. Alternate translation: “Shoot every one of your arrows at her” JER 50 14 x188 figs-personification 0 she has sinned Jeremiah speaks of the people who live in the city of Babylon as if they were the city itself, and he speaks of the city as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 15 smz6 figs-metonymy 0 She has surrendered…she has done Jeremiah speaks of the people who live in the city of Babylon as if they were the city itself, and he speaks of the city as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “The people of Babylon have surrendered…they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 15 ke5w figs-personification 0 her towers…her walls Jeremiah speaks of the city of Babylon as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the towers of the city…the walls of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +JER 50 15 smz6 figs-metonymy 0 She has surrendered … she has done Jeremiah speaks of the people who live in the city of Babylon as if they were the city itself, and he speaks of the city as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “The people of Babylon have surrendered … they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 50 15 ke5w figs-personification 0 her towers … her walls Jeremiah speaks of the city of Babylon as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the towers of the city … the walls of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 50 15 pwd7 figs-activepassive 0 her walls are torn down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the nations have torn down her walls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 50 16 xev6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell the other nations to attack Babylon. JER 50 16 jvv6 0 the farmer who sows seed and the one who uses a sickle These people collectively represent all the farmers and harvesters of Babylon. JER 50 16 ifx7 0 the one who uses a sickle at the time of harvest A “sickle” is a farm tool that people use to harvest grain. Together with the previous phrase, Yahweh is saying that all planting and harvesting will stop in Babylon. -JER 50 16 m3vk figs-doublet 0 Let each person turn back to his own people…let them flee to their own land These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they strengthen the command for foreigners to flee from Babylon back to their own countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JER 50 16 m3vk figs-doublet 0 Let each person turn back to his own people … let them flee to their own land These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they strengthen the command for foreigners to flee from Babylon back to their own countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 50 16 eg2j figs-metonymy 0 from the oppressor’s sword Here the word “sword” refers to the armies that will attack Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 17 g6hw 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to Jeremiah about Israel. JER 50 17 n1nd figs-metaphor 0 Israel is a sheep scattered and driven away by lions Yahweh speaks of Israel as if it were a sheep that was trying to escape from hungry lions. This metaphor can be stated as a simile and in active form. Alternate translation: “Israel is like a sheep that lions scattered and drove away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3315,12 +3315,12 @@ JER 50 17 n5qc figs-metonymy 0 the king of Assyria This refers to the army of t JER 50 17 ux4g figs-metaphor 0 devoured him The destruction of Israel by Assyria is spoken of as if Israel were a sheep that Assyria ate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 17 rfs4 figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon This refers to the army of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 17 uqu9 figs-metaphor 0 broke his bones The destruction of Israel by Nebuchadnezzar is spoken of if it were a sheep which had its bones crushed by a lion. Alternate translation: “destroyed Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 18 g9kd 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 50 18 g9kd 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 50 18 v4k1 0 See, I am about to The word “See” means to pay special attention to what follows. JER 50 18 wg6j figs-metonymy 0 his land Here “land” is a metonym for the people who live in the land of Babylon. Alternate translation: “the Babylonian people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 19 xb8l 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah about Israel. JER 50 19 wz33 0 I will restore The word “I” refers to Yahweh. -JER 50 19 gp73 figs-metonymy 0 Israel to his homeland…he will be satisfied This refers collectively to all the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel to their homeland…they will be satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 50 19 gp73 figs-metonymy 0 Israel to his homeland … he will be satisfied This refers collectively to all the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel to their homeland … they will be satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 19 tl27 figs-metaphor 0 he will graze on Carmel and Bashan Israel is spoken of as if they were sheep that eat grass. Alternate translation: “they will eat food that grows in Carmel and Bashan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 20 aqy8 figs-doublet 0 In those days and at that time These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that future time. See how you translated this in as [Jeremiah 33:15](../33/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 50 20 pw89 figs-parallelism 0 iniquity will be looked for in Israel, but none will be found. I will inquire about the sins of Judah, but none will be found These two lines mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that Yahweh will completely forgive the sins of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -3337,7 +3337,7 @@ JER 50 23 y8x3 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the people of Babylon. JER 50 23 vq6u figs-metaphor 0 How the hammer of all the lands has been cut apart and destroyed The army of Babylon is spoken of as if it were a hammer. The destruction of this army is spoken of as if the hammer was to be cut up and destroyed. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “The mighty army of Babylon that conquered all the nations is like a hammer that will be broken into pieces and destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 50 23 gzv9 0 How Babylon has become a destroyed place among the nations Babylon was a nation like the other nations, but it will become a complete ruin, totally destroyed. JER 50 24 kl72 figs-metaphor 0 I have set a trap for you and you were taken The destruction of Babylon is spoken of as if Yahweh had caught them in a trap like an animal. Alternate translation: “I set a trap and caught you in it as a hunter catches an animal” or “You people of Babylon, I have set a trap for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 24 hn79 figs-activepassive 0 you were taken…You were found and captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have captured you…I found you and captured you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 50 24 hn79 figs-activepassive 0 you were taken … You were found and captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have captured you … I found you and captured you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 50 25 v2ka figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has opened his armory and is bringing out the weapons for carrying out his anger Yahweh’s anger that causes him to send enemies against Babylon is spoken of as if Yahweh had an armory and weapons. To open an armory is a metonym for preparing for battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has prepared for war and is sending the nations to attack Babylon in his anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 25 qd2z 0 armory this is a building or room where weapons of war are stored JER 50 26 ek5x 0 Attack her from far away Yahweh speaks to the enemies of Babylon. Alternate translation: “You enemies of Babylon, attack her from far away” @@ -3350,14 +3350,14 @@ JER 50 27 n3yb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling how to destroy JER 50 27 wv75 figs-metaphor 0 Kill all her bulls. Send them down to the place of slaughter Possible meaning of “bulls” is (1) soldiers or (2) strong young men. Killing them is spoken of as taking them to a place of slaughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 27 e5p8 figs-explicit 0 Kill all her bulls Yahweh speaks this to the enemies of Babylon. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “You enemies of Babylon, kill all her bulls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 50 27 k3c1 0 her bulls The word “her” refers to Babylon. -JER 50 27 jtx6 0 them…their The word “them” and “their” refer to the people of Babylon. +JER 50 27 jtx6 0 them … their The word “them” and “their” refer to the people of Babylon. JER 50 27 h2tx figs-doublet 0 their day has come—the time for their punishment The phrases “their day” and “the time” mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “the time for their punishment has come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 50 28 tx67 0 There is the sound of those fleeing “Listen and you will hear those who are fleeing” -JER 50 28 i7g2 0 those…those…These The words “those” and “These” refer to the survivors from Babylon who will tell others about Yahweh’s vengeance. +JER 50 28 i7g2 0 those … those … These The words “those” and “These” refer to the survivors from Babylon who will tell others about Yahweh’s vengeance. JER 50 28 e143 figs-abstractnouns 0 the vengeance of Yahweh our God for Zion, and vengeance for his temple The abstract noun “vengeance” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh our God has taken revenge for what they did to Zion and to his temple in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 50 29 a82b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling how to destroy the people of Babylon and Chaldea. -JER 50 29 uhm2 figs-doublet 0 the archers…those who bend their bows These phrases refer to the same people and are repeated for poetic effect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 50 29 riq5 0 her…her…she The words “her” and “she” refer to Babylon. +JER 50 29 uhm2 figs-doublet 0 the archers … those who bend their bows These phrases refer to the same people and are repeated for poetic effect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JER 50 29 riq5 0 her … her … she The words “her” and “she” refer to Babylon. JER 50 29 gm1z 0 let no one escape This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “capture or kill every person” JER 50 29 dr67 figs-metaphor 0 Do to her by the measure she has used The evil things the Babylonians did to Israel are spoken of as if Babylon measured them. Alternate translation: “Measure out punishment for her with the same amount she used to punish Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 30 yd19 0 her young men will fall “they will kill her young men” @@ -3366,7 +3366,7 @@ JER 50 30 du7b figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of JER 50 31 wr6r figs-explicit 0 See, I am against you Yahweh speaks this to the people of Babylon. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “See, I am against you, people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 50 31 t5id 0 See This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what follows. JER 50 31 jxp6 0 proud one This is Yahweh’s description of Babylon. -JER 50 31 axv1 figs-doublet 0 for your day has come…the time when I will punish you These two phrases mean the same thing. The second phrase defines the “day” that the first phrase mentions. Alternate translation: “for the day when I will punish you has come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +JER 50 31 axv1 figs-doublet 0 for your day has come … the time when I will punish you These two phrases mean the same thing. The second phrase defines the “day” that the first phrase mentions. Alternate translation: “for the day when I will punish you has come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 50 31 n6p7 0 your day “your time.” This refers to the entire span of time during which the horrible judgment will come upon Babylon. JER 50 32 rvn2 figs-idiom 0 the proud ones will stumble and fall Here “stumble and fall” are idioms that refer to defeat and death. Alternate translation: “I will cause enemies to defeat and kill the proud ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 50 32 vwn6 figs-metaphor 0 it will devour everything around him Fire burning the cities of Babylon is spoken of as if the fire were an animal that ate them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3377,9 +3377,9 @@ JER 50 33 gnz4 figs-activepassive 0 The people of Israel are oppressed, togethe JER 50 33 k2wh 0 captured them The word “them” refers to the people of Israel and Judah who were captured and taken into exile. JER 50 34 id2p figs-metaphor 0 He will truly plead their case Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a lawyer who represents the people of Israel in court. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 34 bc96 figs-metonymy 0 in order to bring rest to the land Here “the land” is a metonym for the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “in order that the people who live in Israel might live in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 34 d2c4 0 bring rest…bring strife These two terms represent opposite ideas and bring a strong contrast to how Yahweh will treat Israel and Babylon. +JER 50 34 d2c4 0 bring rest … bring strife These two terms represent opposite ideas and bring a strong contrast to how Yahweh will treat Israel and Babylon. JER 50 34 m3i6 0 bring rest “give peace” -JER 50 35 ayk2 figs-metonymy 0 A sword is against…and against Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “War will soon happen to…and to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 50 35 ayk2 figs-metonymy 0 A sword is against … and against Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “War will soon happen to … and to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 35 ai3w figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 50 36 u7pl figs-metonymy 0 A sword against Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “War will soon happen to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 36 v1iv 0 They will become fools “Their actions are foolish, and everyone will see that they are fools” @@ -3433,9 +3433,9 @@ JER 51 1 bz33 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophe JER 51 1 mgs4 0 See This draws attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” or “Pay attention” JER 51 1 az5v 0 a wind of destruction This could mean: (1) “a wind that destroys” or (2) “the spirit of a destroyer.” This would mean that Yahweh would cause or inspire the enemy army to go and attack Babylon. JER 51 1 br1w translate-names 0 Leb Kamai This is code name for Chaldea, a region of Babylonia. It is not clear why Jeremiah uses this name here, so you may want to translate as “Chaldea” or “Babylonia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 51 2 bdq6 figs-metaphor 0 scatter her and devastate her land…they will come against her The word “her,” a metaphor that refers to Babylon as if it were a woman, is also a metonym for the people who live in Babylon. Alternate translation: “separate the people who live there from each other, send them in different directions, and make their land empty…foreigners will attack the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +JER 51 2 bdq6 figs-metaphor 0 scatter her and devastate her land … they will come against her The word “her,” a metaphor that refers to Babylon as if it were a woman, is also a metonym for the people who live in Babylon. Alternate translation: “separate the people who live there from each other, send them in different directions, and make their land empty … foreigners will attack the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 51 2 w4jj figs-idiom 0 on the day of disaster The phrase “day of” is a Hebrew idiom for “when.” Alternate translation: “when I destroy Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 51 3 yl8g 0 Do not let…do not let Yahweh wants the attack to be so sudden that the archers have no time to prepare for battle. +JER 51 3 yl8g 0 Do not let … do not let Yahweh wants the attack to be so sudden that the archers have no time to prepare for battle. JER 51 4 u6a8 figs-activepassive 0 those who are killed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the attackers kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 5 u9ey figs-metonymy 0 Israel and Judah are not forsaken by their God, by Yahweh of hosts The words “Israel” and “Judah” are metonyms for the people of Israel and Judah. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts, the God of the people of Israel and Judah, has not forsaken them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 5 t4nl figs-metaphor 0 their land is filled with offenses committed against the Holy One of Israel The land in which they live is spoken of as if it were a container and their offenses as if they were solid objects that could fill the container. The abstract noun “offenses” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “they have offended the Holy One of Israel everywhere throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -3445,11 +3445,11 @@ JER 51 7 tj8i figs-metaphor 0 Babylon was a golden cup in the hand of Yahweh th JER 51 7 bqq8 figs-metaphor 0 Babylon was a golden cup in the hand of Yahweh Babylon being a powerful nation that Yahweh used for his own purposes is spoken of as if Babylon were a golden cup in his hand. Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 51 7 ye28 figs-metaphor 0 nations drank her wine and became insane This could mean: (1) “Babylon defeated and destroyed other nations” or (2) “nations enjoyed her riches and power and became evil.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 7 s9ql 0 insane unable to think clearly -JER 51 8 zm1s figs-activepassive 0 Babylon will…be destroyed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 51 8 zm1s figs-activepassive 0 Babylon will … be destroyed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 8 rer2 0 Wail to make a long, loud cry that shows that the person is sad JER 51 8 l2ej figs-activepassive 0 perhaps she can be healed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “perhaps Yahweh can heal her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 9 v18i 0 General Information: Yahweh used Babylon to punish Judah and the nation. It is either the people of Judah or the people of the nations who are speaking the words in this quotation. -JER 51 9 cl11 figs-metonymy 0 Babylon…she is not healed…leave her…her guilt The name of the city is a metonym for the people who live there, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon…they are not healed…leave them…their guilt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 9 cl11 figs-metonymy 0 Babylon … she is not healed … leave her … her guilt The name of the city is a metonym for the people who live there, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon … they are not healed … leave them … their guilt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 9 xi9j figs-activepassive 0 she is not healed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “we have not been able to heal her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 9 r4vl figs-metaphor 0 For her guilt reaches up to the heavens; it is piled up to the clouds Guilt is spoken of as if it were an object that could be made into a pile. The words “to the heavens” and “to the clouds” are an exaggeration for something that is very high. Alternate translation: “For Babylon is so very guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 51 10 sgl7 0 Yahweh has declared our innocence Yahweh had punished the Israelites for their sins, but now has let them return to him. @@ -3482,17 +3482,17 @@ JER 51 24 rf4t figs-abstractnouns 0 in your sight I will pay The abstract noun JER 51 24 r6wa figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 51 25 n2fb figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the people of Jerusalem, who could hear him, as if he were speaking to the people of Babylon, who could not hear him. He speaks to the city of Babylon as if he were speaking to the people of Babylon itself. He speaks of the city as if it were a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 25 gfh7 figs-metonymy 0 I will stretch out my hand against you The word “hand” is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. See how “I will attack the inhabitants of the land with my hand” is translated in [Jeremiah 6:12](../06/12.md). Alternate translation: “I will use my strength to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 25 pu56 figs-metaphor 0 I will…roll you down from the cliffs Yahweh stops speaking of Babylon as a mountain and speaks of it as a building that he is breaking down and throwing away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 25 pu56 figs-metaphor 0 I will … roll you down from the cliffs Yahweh stops speaking of Babylon as a mountain and speaks of it as a building that he is breaking down and throwing away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 25 f3es 0 cliffs A cliff is the steep side of a mountain or hill. -JER 51 25 tb96 figs-metaphor 0 I will…make you a burned-out mountain Yahweh speaks of Babylon as no longer being the great “mountain of destruction” but now a mountain that he has destroyed. Alternate translation: “I will…make you a pile of useless rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 25 tb96 figs-metaphor 0 I will … make you a burned-out mountain Yahweh speaks of Babylon as no longer being the great “mountain of destruction” but now a mountain that he has destroyed. Alternate translation: “I will … make you a pile of useless rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 25 b8fv figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 51 26 pw6e figs-abstractnouns 0 you will become an everlasting devastation The abstract noun “devastation” can be translated as a verb “devastate.” Alternate translation: “I will devastate you and no one will ever rebuild you” or “I will turn you into an empty place where no one will ever live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 51 27 rw7n figs-parallelism 0 Lift up a banner…Blow the trumpet…Call…to attack Lifting a banner and blowing a trumpet are both ways of calling people to attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +JER 51 27 rw7n figs-parallelism 0 Lift up a banner … Blow the trumpet … Call … to attack Lifting a banner and blowing a trumpet are both ways of calling people to attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 51 27 hw53 0 banner “battle flag.” This is large flag for the soldiers to follow in battle. JER 51 27 wq6v figs-metonymy 0 attack her The city of Babylon is a metonym for the people of Babylon, and it is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “attack the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 27 hkx4 translate-names 0 Ararat…Minni…Ashkenaz These are names of nations or people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 51 27 hkx4 translate-names 0 Ararat … Minni … Ashkenaz These are names of nations or people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 51 27 w3wj figs-simile 0 bring up horses like swarming locusts Yahweh compares a great number of horses to a swarm of locusts. Alternate translation: “bring many horses with soldiers quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 51 28 hs9h 0 governors…officials See how you translated these words in [Jeremiah 51:23](../51/23.md). +JER 51 28 hs9h 0 governors … officials See how you translated these words in [Jeremiah 51:23](../51/23.md). JER 51 29 s84v figs-metonymy 0 the land will shake and be in anguish The land is a metonym for the people who live on the land. Shaking and being in anguish are metonyms for being very afraid. Alternate translation: “the people who live in Babylon will shake with fear and be in anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 51 29 nf9p 0 anguish suffering and grief that would bring a person to tears JER 51 29 vd9r figs-metonymy 0 against Babylon The city of Babylon is a metonym for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “against the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -3504,7 +3504,7 @@ JER 51 32 j8z8 figs-activepassive 0 the fords over the river are seized This ca JER 51 32 u4eq 0 fords shallow parts of a river where people can walk across JER 51 32 a1kx 0 marshes places with shallow water and grasses growing in deep mud JER 51 32 gpu4 0 confused unable to think clearly -JER 51 33 yz8h 0 Yahweh of hosts…says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). +JER 51 33 yz8h 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 51 33 mic2 figs-metonymy 0 The daughter of Babylon “Daughter of Babylon” here is another name for the people who live in Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 51 33 w9he figs-simile 0 is like a threshing floor People thresh grain by trampling it on a threshing floor, and Yahweh speaks of people punishing the daughter of Babylon as if they were threshing grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 51 33 h2d9 figs-metaphor 0 It is time to trample her down Yahweh punishing the daughter of Babylon is spoken of as if he were trampling and threshing grain on a threshing floor. Alternate translation: “It is time to punish her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3517,7 +3517,7 @@ JER 51 34 k3yc figs-metaphor 0 he has swallowed me Jerusalem compares its destr JER 51 34 g9pi figs-metaphor 0 he has filled his stomach with my delicious foods This continues to speak of Babylon as if it were a monster. This states in another way the previous idea that Babylon has taken everything from Israel. Here “foods” represents all the good things that were there before. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 51 34 uc2v figs-metaphor 0 he has spit me out Nebuchadnezzar took what he wanted and spit out what he did not want. Alternate translation: “he has vomited me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 35 v7aa 0 The one who lives in Zion “She who lives in Zion” -JER 51 35 x9kf 0 The one…to me and my flesh…my blood All of these phrases refer to a woman. +JER 51 35 x9kf 0 The one … to me and my flesh … my blood All of these phrases refer to a woman. JER 51 35 pj1v 0 inhabitants of Chaldea “people who live in Chaldea” JER 51 36 s6hs 0 General Information: This begins Yahweh’s reply to Jerusalem’s request in verses 34 and 35. JER 51 36 duw6 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to plead your case and bring about vengeance Yahweh defending his people is spoken of as if he were a lawyer pleading their case in court. Alternate translation: “I will be like your lawyer to defend you and I will bring about vengeance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3529,10 +3529,10 @@ JER 51 37 a91l 0 there are no inhabitants “no one lives” JER 51 38 ht1r 0 roar loud sound made by a lion JER 51 38 e66g 0 growl a sound animals make to frighten other animals JER 51 39 t613 0 become happy As a soldier is happy when he defeats a strong enemy. Another possible meaning is “are very drunk” . -JER 51 40 y454 figs-simile 0 like lambs…male goats Lambs and goats do not know before it happens that people are going to slaughter them, and the Babylonians will not know before it happens that Yahweh is going to destroy them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 51 41 mjn3 figs-activepassive 0 How Babylon has been captured…How Babylon has become a ruined place The word “how” here shows that something that people thought was impossible has happened. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “We never thought that enemies could capture Babylon, but they have captured her…We never thought that Babylon could become a ruined place, but it has become a ruined place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 51 40 y454 figs-simile 0 like lambs … male goats Lambs and goats do not know before it happens that people are going to slaughter them, and the Babylonians will not know before it happens that Yahweh is going to destroy them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JER 51 41 mjn3 figs-activepassive 0 How Babylon has been captured … How Babylon has become a ruined place The word “how” here shows that something that people thought was impossible has happened. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “We never thought that enemies could capture Babylon, but they have captured her … We never thought that Babylon could become a ruined place, but it has become a ruined place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 41 epv5 figs-metonymy 0 the praise of all the earth is seized The word “praise” is a metonym for the thing that people praised, and the word “earth” is a metonym for the people living on the earth. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemies have seized Babylon, the nation that everyone on earth praised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 42 jlw8 figs-metaphor 0 The sea…roaring waves Babylon’s enemies have overcome her. “Waves” represent many people groups overcoming Babylon. The words “sea” and “water” often represent the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 42 jlw8 figs-metaphor 0 The sea … roaring waves Babylon’s enemies have overcome her. “Waves” represent many people groups overcoming Babylon. The words “sea” and “water” often represent the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 42 xv1n figs-activepassive 0 She is covered with its roaring waves This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Its roaring waves have covered her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 43 i1ik 0 Her cities “Babylon’s cities” JER 51 44 ua7k figs-metonymy 0 I will punish Bel Bel was the main god of the Babylonians and represents the whole country and the people that worshiped it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -3541,41 +3541,41 @@ JER 51 44 b1d8 figs-metaphor 0 the nations will no longer flow The many nations JER 51 46 e7mp figs-activepassive 0 the news that is heard in the land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when you hear the news that is in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 46 y5k9 figs-metonymy 0 Ruler will be against ruler The ruler is a metonym for the nations under his control. Alternate translation: “Nations will fight against other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 51 47 hlg9 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” -JER 51 47 hh7n figs-metaphor 0 days are coming…when I will punish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future…I will punish” or “there will be a time…when I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 47 hh7n figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will punish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will punish” or “there will be a time … when I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 47 x6k7 figs-metaphor 0 I will punish the carved idols of Babylon Removing the idols of Babylon is spoken of as if Yahweh would punish the idols. Alternate translation: “I will remove the carved idols of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 47 m3al figs-metonymy 0 Babylon…her land…her slaughtered ones…her midst The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon…their land…their slaughtered ones…their midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 48 r764 figs-metonymy 0 over Babylon…come for her The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “over the Babylonians…come for them…the Babylonians have made…their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 47 m3al figs-metonymy 0 Babylon … her land … her slaughtered ones … her midst The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon … their land … their slaughtered ones … their midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 48 r764 figs-metonymy 0 over Babylon … come for her The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “over the Babylonians … come for them … the Babylonians have made … their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 48 a7da figs-personification 0 the heavens and the earth Heaven and earth are viewed as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 51 48 ry4n figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 51 49 y6sf figs-metonymy 0 Babylon has made…her land The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon…their land…their slaughtered ones…their midst…over the Babylonians…come for them…the Babylonians have made…their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 49 y6sf figs-metonymy 0 Babylon has made … her land The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon … their land … their slaughtered ones … their midst … over the Babylonians … come for them … the Babylonians have made … their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 49 mh52 0 the killed of all her land “those whom the Babylonians’ enemies have killed in the land” JER 51 50 rnu2 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to the Israelite people in verse 50. JER 51 50 v78z figs-metonymy 0 Survivors of the sword The sword is a metonym for war, in which soldiers use swords. Alternate translation: “You who have survived the war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 50 esb3 figs-idiom 0 Call Yahweh to mind from far away; let Jerusalem come to mind The phrases “Call…to mind” and “come to mind” are idioms that mean to think about or remember. Alternate translation: “Though you are far away, think about Yahweh; think about Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JER 51 50 esb3 figs-idiom 0 Call Yahweh to mind from far away; let Jerusalem come to mind The phrases “Call … to mind” and “come to mind” are idioms that mean to think about or remember. Alternate translation: “Though you are far away, think about Yahweh; think about Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 51 51 l188 0 insults words that one person uses to offend another JER 51 51 u8ak figs-metaphor 0 reproach has covered our faces The speakers’ reaction to people expressing disapproval of them is spoken of as if it were a cover placed over the speakers’ faces. Alternate translation: “our faces show that we are hurt because others disapprove of us” or “we cover our faces in shame because others disapprove of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 52 gq6f 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” -JER 51 52 t1lg figs-metaphor 0 days are coming…when I will punish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future…I will punish” or “there will be a time…when I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 52 t1lg figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will punish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will punish” or “there will be a time … when I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 52 ipn3 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 51 52 h25y figs-metaphor 0 I will punish her carved idols Removing or destroying idols is spoken of as if Yahweh would punish the idols. Alternate translation: “I will destroy her carved idols” or “I will remove her carved idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 52 c2dr figs-metonymy 0 her carved idols…her land The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their carved idols…their land…the Babylonians…their highest fortresses…to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 52 c2dr figs-metonymy 0 her carved idols … her land The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their carved idols … their land … the Babylonians … their highest fortresses … to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 52 z6xh 0 groan to cry out because of pain or sadness -JER 51 53 i44x figs-metonymy 0 her highest fortresses…to her The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their highest fortresses…to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 53 t773 figs-hypo 0 if Babylon went up…or fortified…destroyers would come from me This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh does not expect to happen. Alternate translation: “Babylon will not go up…or fortify…destroyers will surely come from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +JER 51 53 i44x figs-metonymy 0 her highest fortresses … to her The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their highest fortresses … to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 53 t773 figs-hypo 0 if Babylon went up … or fortified … destroyers would come from me This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh does not expect to happen. Alternate translation: “Babylon will not go up … or fortify … destroyers will surely come from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JER 51 54 j9es figs-parallelism 0 A shout of distress came from Babylon, a great collapse from the land of the Chaldeans The same thought is expressed in two different ways for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 51 55 i691 figs-metonymy 0 destroying Babylon…her loud voice The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “destroying the people of Babylon…their loud voices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 55 rb5t 0 Their enemies…their noise “The enemies of the people of Babylon…the noise of the enemies” +JER 51 55 i691 figs-metonymy 0 destroying Babylon … her loud voice The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “destroying the people of Babylon … their loud voices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 55 rb5t 0 Their enemies … their noise “The enemies of the people of Babylon … the noise of the enemies” JER 51 55 hs3i figs-simile 0 enemies roar like the waves of many waters The waves of the ocean and of flooding rivers make a loud sound, and the enemies will make a very loud sound as they come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 51 56 bdd2 figs-metonymy 0 against her—against Babylon!—and her warriors The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “against the people of Babylon—yes, against Babylon!—and their warriors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 56 sx3e figs-activepassive 0 her warriors have been captured This phrase can be changed to have an active verb. Alternate translation: “her enemies have captured her warriors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 57 n6e9 figs-metonymy 0 her princes, her sages, her officials, and her soldiers The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their princes, their sages, their officials, and their soldiers…their high gates…their aid…for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 57 n6e9 figs-metonymy 0 her princes, her sages, her officials, and her soldiers The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their princes, their sages, their officials, and their soldiers … their high gates … their aid … for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 57 gc1t figs-euphemism 0 they will sleep in an unending sleep and never wake up They will be dead. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 51:39](../51/39.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JER 51 58 qv76 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 51 58 nvh5 figs-activepassive 0 The thick walls of Babylon will be completely demolished This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The invaders willl completely demolish the thick walls of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 58 v2lw figs-metonymy 0 her high gates…her aid…for her The city of Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their high gates…their aid…for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JER 51 58 v2lw figs-metonymy 0 her high gates … her aid … for her The city of Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their high gates … their aid … for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 58 ci1a figs-activepassive 0 her high gates will be burned This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will burn her high gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 58 pt5b figs-activepassive 0 everything…will be burned up This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will burn up everything that the nations try to do for her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 59 x35d translate-names 0 Seraiah…Neriah…Mahseiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +JER 51 58 pt5b figs-activepassive 0 everything … will be burned up This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will burn up everything that the nations try to do for her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +JER 51 59 x35d translate-names 0 Seraiah … Neriah … Mahseiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 51 59 r4gy translate-ordinal 0 in the fourth year of his reign “after he had been king for three years.” This “fourth” is the ordinal number for four. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 51 60 f3pz 0 that were written about Babylon This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he had written about Babylon” JER 51 62 ctw9 0 animal If your language has a word for animals that normally live with people, you might want to use it here, because [Jeremiah 51:37](../51/37.md) states that Babylon will be inhabited by wild animals. @@ -3614,7 +3614,7 @@ JER 52 12 jsf1 0 bodyguards people whose job is to protect someone JER 52 15 g3nt translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 52 16 knn1 0 the poorest of the land “the poorest people who lived on the land” JER 52 17 zsh6 0 The Sea This is a basin of water used in the worship of Yahweh. -JER 52 21 spa2 translate-bdistance 0 eighteen cubits…twelve cubits A cubit was about 46 centimeters long. Alternate translation: “18 cubits…12 cubits” or “about 8.3 meters…about 5.5 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +JER 52 21 spa2 translate-bdistance 0 eighteen cubits … twelve cubits A cubit was about 46 centimeters long. Alternate translation: “18 cubits…12 cubits” or “about 8.3 meters … about 5.5 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) JER 52 21 b7ll 0 hollow The pillars had empty space inside them. JER 52 22 l1cn 0 capital This is the top part of each pillar. JER 52 22 f2ql translate-bdistance 0 five cubits A cubit was about 46 centimeters long. Alternate translation: “5 cubits” or “about 2.3 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) @@ -3629,7 +3629,7 @@ JER 52 29 ag2g translate-ordinal 0 eighteenth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/ JER 52 29 st9h translate-numbers 0 832 “teight hundred and thirty-two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JER 52 30 kwp2 translate-ordinal 0 twenty-third (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 52 30 v4cr 0 Nebuzaradan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). -JER 52 30 yu52 translate-numbers 0 745…4,600 “seven hundred and forty-five…four thousand six hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +JER 52 30 yu52 translate-numbers 0 745…4,600 “seven hundred and forty-five … four thousand six hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JER 52 31 n2d6 translate-ordinal 0 in the thirty-seventh year of the exile of Jehoiachin after Jehoiachin had been an exile for more than 36 years (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 52 31 rb62 translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the twelfth month, on the twenty-fifth day of the month This is the twelfth and last month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fifth day is near the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 52 31 d6ug 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. diff --git a/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv b/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv index 616f03932..cea373838 100644 --- a/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv +++ b/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv @@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ LAM 1 1 azd1 figs-personification 0 She The writer of Lamentations writes about LAM 1 1 p68i figs-simile 0 like a widow This speaks of Jerusalem as being without protection, as if it were a vulnerable widow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 1 1 jn93 figs-metaphor 0 She was a princess among the nations This speaks of Jerusalem being honored as if it were a princess. Alternate translation: “She was like a princess among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 1 k944 figs-activepassive 0 forced into slavery “forced to become a slave.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but she is now a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LAM 1 2 hy2k figs-personification 0 She weeps and wails…and her tears cover her cheeks The author describes Jerusalem as having emotions like a human being. The city also stands for her inhabitants. Alternate translation: “Those who live in her weep and wail…and their tears cover their cheeks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LAM 1 2 hy2k figs-personification 0 She weeps and wails … and her tears cover her cheeks The author describes Jerusalem as having emotions like a human being. The city also stands for her inhabitants. Alternate translation: “Those who live in her weep and wail … and their tears cover their cheeks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 1 2 vm69 figs-doublet 0 weeps and wails The word “wails” refers to the sounds that a person makes when they “weep” loudly. Alternate translation: “weeps loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LAM 1 2 xf4h figs-metaphor 0 None of her lovers comfort her. All her friends have betrayed her This speaks of the people groups that had been faithful to Jerusalem betraying Jerusalem, as if the people groups were Jerusalem’s lovers and friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 3 wtj1 figs-personification 0 General Information: In these verses, Jerusalem and Judah are spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 3 jc3t 0 After poverty and affliction “After suffering poverty and affliction” LAM 1 3 d5d4 figs-metonymy 0 Judah has gone into exile Here Judah refers to its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah have gone into exile” or “the people of Judah have been taken into a foreign land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LAM 1 3 yb38 figs-personification 0 She lives…finds Here the kingdom of Judah is described as a woman. “She” also stands for the citizens of Judah. Alternate translation: “Her people live…they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LAM 1 3 yb38 figs-personification 0 She lives … finds Here the kingdom of Judah is described as a woman. “She” also stands for the citizens of Judah. Alternate translation: “Her people live … they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 1 3 ti2f 0 finds no rest “does not find rest” or “is always afraid” LAM 1 3 w248 figs-personification 0 All her pursuers overtook her in her desperation This speaks of the people of Judah being captured by their enemies as if they were a woman who was captured by those pursuing her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 3 can4 0 All her pursuers overtook her “Everyone who was chasing her managed to capture her” or “Everyone who was hunting for her found her” @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ LAM 1 13 y8l7 figs-personification 0 he has sent fire into my bones, and it has LAM 1 13 d689 figs-metonymy 0 has sent fire into my bones Here “fire” represents pain and “bones” represents one’s inner being. Alternate translation: “has sent pain into my bones” or “has sent pain into my inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 1 13 pt8b figs-personification 0 He has spread a net for my feet This speaks of Yahweh punishing Jerusalem as if Jerusalem were a person that Yahweh had set a trap for. This refers to a type of trap usually used to catch an animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 13 y57i figs-idiom 0 turned me back This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “prevented my from walking any further” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LAM 1 14 f1g6 figs-metaphor 0 The yoke of my transgressions…They are knit together and placed upon my neck This speaks of the people of Jerusalem’s sins as if they were a yoke bearing a heavy burden that Yahweh had placed on their necks. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My transgressions are like a yoke that he has bound together with his hands and placed upon my neck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LAM 1 14 f1g6 figs-metaphor 0 The yoke of my transgressions … They are knit together and placed upon my neck This speaks of the people of Jerusalem’s sins as if they were a yoke bearing a heavy burden that Yahweh had placed on their necks. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My transgressions are like a yoke that he has bound together with his hands and placed upon my neck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 1 14 m9ta figs-metonymy 0 given me over into their hands “given me over into the hands of my enemies.” Here their enemies’ control is represented by their “hands.” Alternate translation: “given my over to the control of my enemies” or “let my enemies defeat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 1 14 rm8k figs-idiom 0 I am not able to stand This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I cannot resist them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LAM 1 15 b3xh figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ LAM 1 15 ruu7 0 mighty men “strongest soldiers” LAM 1 15 ct6z figs-metaphor 0 an assembly Here the enemy army attacking Jerusalem is spoken of as if it were a meeting of people who have come together in order to accuse and condemn someone. Alternate translation: “a great army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 15 zrt4 0 to crush my vigorous men This speaks of the enemy army defeating the soldiers of Jerusalem as if they crushed them. Alternate translation: “to defeat my vigorous men” LAM 1 15 yz3y 0 vigorous men This refers to men at the strongest time of their lives. -LAM 1 15 t625 figs-metaphor 0 The Lord has trampled…in the winepress Here the judgment of God is described as if Jerusalem were grapes on which he had trampled in order to squeeze out the juice. Alternate translation: “It is as though the Lord has trampled upon the virgin daughter of Judah in a winepress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LAM 1 15 t625 figs-metaphor 0 The Lord has trampled … in the winepress Here the judgment of God is described as if Jerusalem were grapes on which he had trampled in order to squeeze out the juice. Alternate translation: “It is as though the Lord has trampled upon the virgin daughter of Judah in a winepress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 15 w82e figs-metaphor 0 the virgin daughter of Judah This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. The word “virgin” suggests that this woman is pure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 16 ze56 figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 16 p25m figs-metaphor 0 for a comforter is far from me, one who restores my life This speaks of Jerusalem having no one to comfort her as if she did have a comforter, but that he was far away. The word “comforter” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “for there is no one to comfort me and restore my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ LAM 2 4 cd29 figs-simile 0 Like an enemy he has bent his bow toward us, with hi LAM 2 4 x4pl figs-personification 0 in the tent of the daughter of Zion The “daughter of Zion” is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. The phrase “tent of the daughter of Zion” speaks of Jerusalem as a “tent” emphasizing that it is the home of those who live there. Alternate translation: “who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 2 4 p4pw figs-metaphor 0 he has poured out his wrath like fire This speaks of the Lord’s wrath as if it were a liquid that he were pouring out on the people. His wrath is also compared to a “fire” to emphasize how destructive it is. Alternate translation: “in his anger he has destroyed everything like a blazing fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 2 5 zz9u figs-metaphor 0 swallowed up This speaks of the Lord completely destroying Israel as if he were animal who ate them. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “completely destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 2 5 m29z 0 her palaces…her strongholds Israel is spoken of as if it were female. +LAM 2 5 m29z 0 her palaces … her strongholds Israel is spoken of as if it were female. LAM 2 5 l83l figs-abstractnouns 0 He has increased mourning and lamentation within the daughter of Judah The words “mourning” and “lamentation” can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “He has caused more and more people within the daughter of Judah to mourn and lament” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LAM 2 5 n1vh figs-personification 0 daughter of Judah This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 2 6 erj2 figs-simile 0 He has attacked his tabernacle like a garden hut This speaks of the tabernacle being easily destroyed, as if it were a garden hut. The Lord caused Israel’s enemies to destroy it. He did not destroy it himself. Alternate translation: “He has caused their enemies to attack his tabernacle as easily as if it were a garden hut” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -165,14 +165,14 @@ LAM 2 12 xg9t figs-metonymy 0 Where is grain and wine? This rhetorical question LAM 2 12 e2aq figs-simile 0 as they faint like a wounded man This speaks of the children fainting from hunger and thirst in the same way that a wounded man faints. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 2 12 m2n2 figs-metaphor 0 their lives are poured out on the bosom of their mothers This speaks of the children dying as if their lives were a liquid that was being poured out. Alternate translation: “they slowly die in the arms of their mothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 2 13 rk8s 0 General Information: The author begins to address Jerusalem. -LAM 2 13 ez4e figs-rquestion 0 What can I say…Jerusalem? The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know what to say to help Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing that I can say…Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LAM 2 13 r825 figs-personification 0 daughter of Jerusalem…virgin daughter of Zion These are poetic names for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. “Zion” is another name for Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 2 13 yt6j figs-rquestion 0 To what can I compare to you…Zion? The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know how to give comfort to Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing to which I can compare you…Zion.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 2 13 ez4e figs-rquestion 0 What can I say … Jerusalem? The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know what to say to help Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing that I can say … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 2 13 r825 figs-personification 0 daughter of Jerusalem … virgin daughter of Zion These are poetic names for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. “Zion” is another name for Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +LAM 2 13 yt6j figs-rquestion 0 To what can I compare to you … Zion? The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know how to give comfort to Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing to which I can compare you … Zion.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 13 xm7j figs-simile 0 Your wound is as great as the sea This speaks of Jerusalem’s great suffering as if it were as terrible as the sea is great. Alternate translation: “Your suffering is as terrible as the sea is large” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 2 13 cfe5 figs-rquestion 0 Who can heal you? “Who can restore you?” The author uses this rhetorical question to express that there is no one who can restore Jerusalem to the way it was before. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can heal you.” or “No one can restore you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 14 rg7i 0 They have not exposed your iniquity to restore your fortunes “They did not tell you about your sins to restore your fortunes.” The word “fortune” refers to a person’s wealth and prosperity. LAM 2 14 p4y7 figs-abstractnouns 0 for you they gave utterances The word “utterances” can be expressed with the verb “spoke.” Alternate translation: “they spoke things to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LAM 2 15 na4v translate-symaction 0 clap their hands…hiss and shake their heads These actions are used to mock and insult others. Alternate translation: “mock you by clapping their hands…hiss and shake their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +LAM 2 15 na4v translate-symaction 0 clap their hands … hiss and shake their heads These actions are used to mock and insult others. Alternate translation: “mock you by clapping their hands … hiss and shake their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LAM 2 15 s9nn figs-personification 0 the daughter of Jerusalem This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 2 15 cxb8 figs-rquestion 0 Is this the city that they called ‘The Perfection of Beauty,’ ‘The Joy for All of Earth’? This rhetorical question is used to express sarcasm. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “This city that they called ‘The Perfection of Beauty,’ ‘The Joy for All of Earth,’ is not so beautiful or joyful anymore!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 15 rkz8 0 The Perfection of Beauty “Perfectly Beautiful” @@ -183,18 +183,18 @@ LAM 2 17 sv6l 0 He has overthrown “He has destroyed” LAM 2 17 l2hu 0 to rejoice over you This means that the enemy rejoiced because they defeated them. Alternate translation: “to rejoice over defeating you” LAM 2 17 b3zb figs-metonymy 0 he has lifted up the horn of your enemies Here “horn” (that is, an animal horn) represents strength. Alternate translation: “he has increased the power of your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 2 18 v62e figs-synecdoche 0 Their heart cried out to the Lord Here the word “heart” represents the whole person emphasizing one’s innermost being. Possible meanings of who cried out are (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem shouted to the Lord from their innermost being” or (2) the walls are being personified. Alternate translation: “You walls, cry out to the Lord from your innermost being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 2 18 qsn1 figs-apostrophe 0 walls of the daughter of Zion! Make your tears flow…no relief The writer speaks to the walls of Jerusalem. He wants the people of Jerusalem to do what he is telling the walls to do. Some translations take this whole section to be spoken to the “walls,” though this can be written with the first phrase “walls of the daughter of Zion!” spoken to the “walls,” and the rest of the section spoken directly to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +LAM 2 18 qsn1 figs-apostrophe 0 walls of the daughter of Zion! Make your tears flow … no relief The writer speaks to the walls of Jerusalem. He wants the people of Jerusalem to do what he is telling the walls to do. Some translations take this whole section to be spoken to the “walls,” though this can be written with the first phrase “walls of the daughter of Zion!” spoken to the “walls,” and the rest of the section spoken directly to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) LAM 2 18 ew4w figs-personification 0 the daughter of Zion This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 2 18 mbx5 figs-metaphor 0 Make your tears flow down like a river This speaks of the people crying so much that their tears would flow like a river. Alternate translation: “Cry many, many tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 2 18 kbz7 figs-merism 0 day and night These two opposite times of day refer to all the time. Alternate translation: “all of the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) LAM 2 18 s698 0 Give yourself no relief, your eyes no relief “Do not allow yourself and your eyes to rest from crying” -LAM 2 19 t1js figs-apostrophe 0 Arise, cry out…of every street The writer continues speaking to the walls of Jerusalem. He wants the people of Jerusalem to do what he is telling the walls to do. Some translations take this whole section to be spoken to the “walls,” though this can be written with the first phrase “walls of the daughter of Zion!” spoken to the “walls,” and the rest of the section spoken directly to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +LAM 2 19 t1js figs-apostrophe 0 Arise, cry out … of every street The writer continues speaking to the walls of Jerusalem. He wants the people of Jerusalem to do what he is telling the walls to do. Some translations take this whole section to be spoken to the “walls,” though this can be written with the first phrase “walls of the daughter of Zion!” spoken to the “walls,” and the rest of the section spoken directly to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) LAM 2 19 bb9r 0 at the beginning of the night watches “many times during the night.” This refers to every time a watchman came on duty. LAM 2 19 n8wa figs-idiom 0 Pour out your heart like water before the face of the Lord The phrase “pour out your heart like water” is an idiom. Here the Lord is represented by his “face” to emphasize his presence. Alternate translation: “Tell the Lord how you feel in your inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LAM 2 19 ihn4 translate-symaction 0 Lift up your hands to him This was an action often performed while praying. Alternate translation: “Lift up your hands to him in prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LAM 2 19 xm86 figs-explicit 0 for the lives of your children This means for them to request that the Lord save their children. Alternate translation: “to save the lives of your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LAM 2 19 mt5t figs-hyperbole 0 at the corner of every street The word “every” here is an exaggeration for “many.” Alternate translation: “where the streets come together” or “by the roads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LAM 2 20 tx1s figs-rquestion 0 Should women eat the fruit of their wombs…for? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that it is not right for women to eat their children. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Woman should not eat their own children…for!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +LAM 2 20 tx1s figs-rquestion 0 Should women eat the fruit of their wombs … for? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that it is not right for women to eat their children. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Woman should not eat their own children … for!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 20 si6q figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of their wombs This speaks of children having come from their mother as if they were fruit that came from her womb. Alternate translation: “their children that they have given birth to” or “their own children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 2 20 iy1m figs-rquestion 0 Should priest and prophet be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that the prophets and priests should not be killed. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The prophets and priests should not be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 2 20 e8bt figs-activepassive 0 Should priest and prophet be slaughtered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Should our enemies slaughter priests and prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -315,9 +315,9 @@ LAM 3 57 egc5 figs-metonymy 0 You came near People often come near to a person LAM 3 58 rq8w figs-metaphor 0 you defended my case, you saved my life The author speaks of God keeping him from being killed by his enemies as if God had defended him in court as a lawyer defends someone, and kept him from being killed. Alternate translation: “you saved my life from my enemies. It is as though you defended me in court” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 3 58 x4xw figs-metaphor 0 you defended my case Here “defended my case” represents arguing for him. Alternate translation: “you argued my case for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 3 59 z61e figs-metaphor 0 judge my case Here God is no longer pictured as a lawyer, but as the judge. It can be stated clearly that he wanted God to judge in his favor. Alternate translation: “make a decision about me, and show my enemies that I am right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LAM 3 61 k1lw figs-abstractnouns 0 You have heard their scorn…and all their plans regarding me The abstract noun “scorn” can be expressed with the verbs “taunt” or “mock.” It can be stated clearly that the plans were to harm him. Alternate translation: “You heard how they have taunted me…and all they plan to do to me” or “You have heard them mock me…and plan ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LAM 3 62 x6km figs-metaphor 0 The lips and the accusations…come against me all the day The author speaks of his enemies accusing him all day as if their accusations were soldiers that come to attack him all day. Alternate translation: “My enemies speak against me and accuse me through the whole day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 3 62 u23i figs-metonymy 0 The lips…of my enemies Here the lips represent what his enemies say. Alternate translation: “The words…of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +LAM 3 61 k1lw figs-abstractnouns 0 You have heard their scorn … and all their plans regarding me The abstract noun “scorn” can be expressed with the verbs “taunt” or “mock.” It can be stated clearly that the plans were to harm him. Alternate translation: “You heard how they have taunted me … and all they plan to do to me” or “You have heard them mock me … and plan ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +LAM 3 62 x6km figs-metaphor 0 The lips and the accusations … come against me all the day The author speaks of his enemies accusing him all day as if their accusations were soldiers that come to attack him all day. Alternate translation: “My enemies speak against me and accuse me through the whole day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +LAM 3 62 u23i figs-metonymy 0 The lips … of my enemies Here the lips represent what his enemies say. Alternate translation: “The words … of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 3 63 ti38 figs-merism 0 how they sit and then rise up These two actions together represent everything the people do. Alternate translation: “everything they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) LAM 3 64 h9mv figs-metaphor 0 Pay back to them, Yahweh, according to what they have done Here “Pay back to them” represents punishing them. What they have done can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Punish them, Yahweh, according to what they have done” or “Yahweh, they have made me suffer, so please make them suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LAM 3 65 x92m figs-metonymy 0 You will let their hearts be shameless Here the “heart” is a metonym that represents their attitudes and emotions, and being “shameless” means not feeling ashamed of their sins even though they should. Their not being ashamed would give even more reason for God to punish them. Alternate translation: “You will let them feel no shame for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ LAM 4 2 ld1a figs-metaphor 0 they are worth no more than clay jars, the work of LAM 4 3 a5ip 0 General Information: Because of the lack of food in the city, the people of Jerusalem do not give their children all they need. LAM 4 3 m7cj 0 the jackals offer the breast to nurse their cubs This means that mother jackals feed their baby jackals. LAM 4 3 k8ik 0 jackals fierce wild dogs -LAM 4 3 c37l figs-simile 0 the daughter of my people…like the ostriches in the desert The people in Jerusalem are compared to ostriches because they are cruel to their children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LAM 4 3 c37l figs-simile 0 the daughter of my people … like the ostriches in the desert The people in Jerusalem are compared to ostriches because they are cruel to their children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 4 3 ty21 figs-metonymy 0 the daughter of my people has This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “my people have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 4 3 g4l2 0 ostriches large birds that abandon some of their eggs LAM 4 4 zp13 0 The tongue of the nursing baby sticks to the roof of his mouth by thirst “Nursing babies are so thirsty that their tongues stick to the top of their mouths” @@ -405,9 +405,9 @@ LAM 5 1 hj48 writing-poetry 0 General Information: A new poem begins. See [[rc: LAM 5 1 a5gv figs-idiom 0 Remember, Yahweh, what has happened to us “Remember” here is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, think about what has happened to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LAM 5 1 q2dv 0 look and see our disgrace “look at the shameful state we are in” LAM 5 2 iwh9 figs-activepassive 0 Our inheritance has been turned over to strangers; our houses to foreigners The idea of things being turned over to others can be expressed with an active form. Since it is also understood in the second part of the sentence, those words can be repeated there. Alternate translation: “You have turned our inheritance over to strangers; you have turned our houses over to strangers” or “You have allowed strangers to take possession of our inheritance; you have allowed foreigners to take possession of our houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LAM 5 3 ijy8 figs-metaphor 0 We have become orphans…our mothers are like widows The people of Jerusalem have no one to protect them because the men have either died in battle or have gone into exile. This speaks of the people not having their fathers and husbands present as if they had actually become orphans and widows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +LAM 5 3 ijy8 figs-metaphor 0 We have become orphans … our mothers are like widows The people of Jerusalem have no one to protect them because the men have either died in battle or have gone into exile. This speaks of the people not having their fathers and husbands present as if they had actually become orphans and widows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 5 3 alg7 figs-parallelism 0 orphans, the fatherless These two phrases have the same meaning and emphasize that the people no longer have their fathers. Alternate translation: “orphans who have no fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -LAM 5 4 b28p figs-explicit 0 We must pay silver for the water we drink…our own wood This means that their enemies are making them pay money to have the water and wood that they once used for free. Alternate translation: “We have to pay silver to our enemies in order to drink our own water…our own wood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +LAM 5 4 b28p figs-explicit 0 We must pay silver for the water we drink … our own wood This means that their enemies are making them pay money to have the water and wood that they once used for free. Alternate translation: “We have to pay silver to our enemies in order to drink our own water … our own wood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LAM 5 4 it5l figs-activepassive 0 we must pay silver to get our own wood This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “our enemies sell us our own wood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 5 5 a9sx 0 Those who are coming after us “Our enemies who are chasing after us.” This refers to the Babylonian army. LAM 5 5 nf7c figs-metaphor 0 we can find no rest This speaks of being able to rest as if “rest” were an object that could be found. Alternate translation: “we are unable to rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ LAM 5 9 nl6v figs-metonymy 0 bread Here “bread” refers to food in general. LAM 5 9 uiq1 figs-metonymy 0 because of the sword in the wilderness Here robbers with swords are represented by their “swords.” Alternate translation: “because there are robbers in the wilderness who kill others with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 5 10 r3jf figs-simile 0 Our skin has grown as hot as an oven because of the burning heat of hunger This speaks of the peoples’ bodies being hot and feverish as if their skin was as hot as an oven. The people have fever because of their hunger. Alternate translation: “Our skin has become hot like an oven, and we have a very high fever because we are extremely hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 5 11 z35x figs-parallelism 0 Women are raped in Zion, and virgins in the cities of Judah These two phrases have similar meaning and emphasize that the women are being violated. The words “are raped” are understood in the second part of this sentence and can be repeated. Alternate translation: “Women are raped in Zion, and virgins are raped in the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -LAM 5 11 y3me figs-activepassive 0 Women are raped…and virgins This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Our enemies have raped the women…and the virgins” or “Our enemies have violated the women…and the virgins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +LAM 5 11 y3me figs-activepassive 0 Women are raped … and virgins This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Our enemies have raped the women … and the virgins” or “Our enemies have violated the women … and the virgins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 5 12 zb12 0 Princes are hung up by their own hands This could mean: (1) the word “their” refers to their enemies. Alternate translation: “With their own hands, they hung princes” or (2) they tied each prince’s hands together with one end of a rope and tied the other end so the prince’s feet could not touch the ground. LAM 5 12 g7iq figs-activepassive 0 no honor is shown to the elders This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they have shown no honor to the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 5 13 f7ub figs-activepassive 0 Young men are forced This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They force young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv b/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv index 3077e72f5..a199f057b 100644 --- a/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv +++ b/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ EZK 1 1 q33s 0 it came about that This phrase is used here to mark an importan EZK 1 1 u5sq 0 I was living among the captives The word “I” refers to Ezekiel. “I was one of the captives” EZK 1 1 zv3x 0 I saw visions of God “God showed me unusual things” EZK 1 1 x973 0 the Kebar Canal This is a river that people in Chaldea had dug to give water to their gardens. “the Kebar River” -EZK 1 3 rj9q figs-pronouns 0 to Ezekiel…upon him there Ezekiel speaks of himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “to me, Ezekiel…upon me there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +EZK 1 3 rj9q figs-pronouns 0 to Ezekiel … upon him there Ezekiel speaks of himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “to me, Ezekiel … upon me there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) EZK 1 3 t4d8 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Ezekiel The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Ezekiel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 1 3 c7c1 translate-names 0 Buzi This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 1 3 qdk9 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Yahweh was upon him The word “hand” is often used to refer to someone’s power or action. A person with his hand on another person has power over that other person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh was controlling him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ EZK 1 23 w3ga 0 Beneath the dome “under the dome” EZK 1 23 h3u3 0 Each of the living creatures also had a pair to cover themselves; each had a pair to cover his own body “Each of the living creatures also had two other wings, which they used to cover their bodies” EZK 1 24 kdw7 0 General Information: Ezekiel continues to tell about his vision of the living creatures. EZK 1 24 x6cx 0 Then I heard the sound of their wings. Like the noise of many waters. Like the voice of the Almighty whenever they moved. Like Other possible meanings are that the words “whenever they moved” refer to (1) all the words before them in this verse, “Whenever they moved, I heard the sound of their wings. Like the noise of rushing water. Like the voice of the Almighty. Like” or (2) to the words that follow, “wings. Like the noise of rushing water. Like the voice of the Almighty. Whenever they moved, it sounded like.” -EZK 1 24 nht8 figs-simile 0 Like…waters. Like…moved. Like…rainstorm. Like…army. These sentences are not complete because Ezekiel was showing that he was excited about what he saw. They can be translated as complete sentences: “The wings sounded like…water. They sounded like…moved. They sounded like…rainstorm. They sounded like…army.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +EZK 1 24 nht8 figs-simile 0 Like … waters. Like … moved. Like … rainstorm. Like … army. These sentences are not complete because Ezekiel was showing that he was excited about what he saw. They can be translated as complete sentences: “The wings sounded like … water. They sounded like … moved. They sounded like … rainstorm. They sounded like … army.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) EZK 1 24 pa6v 0 many waters This simply means “a lot of water.” It could refer to a loud river or a large waterfall or the waves crashing at the ocean. All of these are very loud. EZK 1 24 a1wk figs-metonymy 0 Like the voice of the Almighty The Bible sometimes refers to thunder as “the voice of the Almighty.” Alternate translation: “It sounded like the voice of the Almighty God” or “It sounded like the thunder of the Almighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 1 24 ii8k figs-simile 0 Like the sound of a rainstorm Possible meanings are: (1) “Like the sound of very big storm” or (2) “Like the sound of a very large crowd of people” Alternate translation: “There was a sound that was loud like a big storm” or “There was a sound that was loud like a very large crowd of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ EZK 2 5 k6vh figs-metonymy 0 house This is a metonym for the family that lives EZK 2 5 g4a6 0 a prophet has been among them “the one whom they have refused to listen to was a prophet” EZK 2 6 p26z 0 General Information: God continues to speak to Ezekiel EZK 2 6 cd8n 0 son of man “son of a human being” or “son of humanity.” God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “mortal person” or “human” -EZK 2 6 z8yl figs-metaphor 0 briers and thorns and…scorpions These words describe the people of Israel who will not treat Ezekiel kindly when he tells them what God says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 2 6 z8yl figs-metaphor 0 briers and thorns and … scorpions These words describe the people of Israel who will not treat Ezekiel kindly when he tells them what God says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 2 6 jsb2 0 briers and thorns Briers are bushes with sharp points on the branches. The sharp points on the branches are called thorns. EZK 2 6 s9um 0 scorpions A scorpion is a small animal with two front claws, six legs, and a large tail with a poisonous stinger. Its sting is very painful. EZK 2 6 typ2 0 Do not fear their words “Do not be afraid of what they say.” @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ EZK 3 7 sq7w figs-metaphor 0 hard hearted This phrase suggests that the people EZK 3 8 bx39 0 General Information: The Spirit of God continues speaking to Ezekiel. EZK 3 8 d8jm 0 Behold! The word “Behold” here alerts Ezekiel to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. EZK 3 8 sx8p figs-metaphor 0 I have made your face as hard as their faces A hard face is a metaphor for being stubborn. Alternate translation: “I have made you as stubborn as they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 3 8 zi9j figs-metonymy 0 I have made…your brow as hard as their brows The “brow” is the forehead or eyebrow and is a metonym for what the person thinks. Alternate translation: “I have made…you strong so you will not stop doing what you are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZK 3 8 zi9j figs-metonymy 0 I have made … your brow as hard as their brows The “brow” is the forehead or eyebrow and is a metonym for what the person thinks. Alternate translation: “I have made … you strong so you will not stop doing what you are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 3 9 ij8a 0 I have made your brow like a diamond, harder than flint “I have made your brow like the hardest stone, harder than flint” EZK 3 9 rz3c 0 flint a stone that is hard enough to start a fire by hitting it with metal or another stone EZK 3 9 z3m8 figs-metonymy 0 house This is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:5](../02/05.md). Alternate translation: “people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ EZK 3 11 len2 0 Then go to the captives The word “captives” refers to the EZK 3 11 e5ix 0 your people “your people group.” Ezekiel had lived in Judah before the Babylonians took him to Babylon. EZK 3 11 p7ah 0 Lord Yahweh See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:4](../02/04.md). EZK 3 12 k5yc 0 General Information: Ezekiel continues telling about the vision he saw. -EZK 3 12 it6a 0 I heard behind me the sound of a great earthquake: “Blessed be the glory of Yahweh from his place!” Some versions take “Blessed…place!” as a words that the “great earthquake” spoke: “I heard behind me the sound of a great earthquake, which said, ‘Blessed be the glory of Yahweh from his place!’” Others understand the sound of the earthquake as the sound of the glory of Yahweh leaving his place, “as the glory of Yahweh left its place, I heard behind me the sound of a great earthquake.” +EZK 3 12 it6a 0 I heard behind me the sound of a great earthquake: “Blessed be the glory of Yahweh from his place!” Some versions take “Blessed … place!” as a words that the “great earthquake” spoke: “I heard behind me the sound of a great earthquake, which said, ‘Blessed be the glory of Yahweh from his place!’” Others understand the sound of the earthquake as the sound of the glory of Yahweh leaving his place, “as the glory of Yahweh left its place, I heard behind me the sound of a great earthquake.” EZK 3 12 pl7p 0 the sound of a great earthquake It is not clear if the sound came from an earthquake, from a voice that was loud like an earthquake, or from the wings and wheels. Alternate translation: “a sound like the sound of a great earthquake” or “a voice speaking; the voice sounded like a great earthquake” or “a loud rumbling noise” EZK 3 12 xj77 0 the glory of Yahweh See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 1:28](../01/28.md). EZK 3 12 uf64 0 the sound of a great earthquake “a loud, deep and powerful rumbling sound like the sound of an earthquake” @@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ EZK 4 7 w7t8 0 prophesy against it “prophesy about the bad things that will EZK 4 8 e9sf 0 For behold “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” EZK 4 8 lua4 figs-metaphor 0 I am placing bonds on you Bonds are ropes or chains that keep a person from moving. It is not clear whether the word “bonds” is a metaphor for something Yahweh does that is as if he had bound Ezekiel or if he is using literal, physical ropes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 4 9 u9gx 0 General Information: The Spirit continues speaking to Ezekiel. -EZK 4 9 vw5v 0 wheat, barley…millet, and spelt These are different kinds of grains. +EZK 4 9 vw5v 0 wheat, barley … millet, and spelt These are different kinds of grains. EZK 4 9 cig3 0 beans vines whose seeds, which grow in a single row inside its otherwise empty fruit, can be eaten EZK 4 9 q8id translate-unknown 0 lentils These are like beans, but their seeds are very small, round, and somewhat flat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EZK 4 9 tc9t translate-numbers 0 390 days “three hundred and ninety days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ EZK 5 3 aw1j 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to Ezekiel. EZK 5 3 y2te 0 a small number of hairs from them “a few hairs from the piles” EZK 5 3 vva4 0 tie them The word “them” refers to the hairs. This could mean: (1) the hairs were long enough so Ezekiel could tie them or (2) Ezekiel was to sew the hairs or otherwise attach them (3) Ezekiel was to place the hairs loosely in a fold of the garment. EZK 5 3 m7jf 0 the folds of your robe This could mean: (1) “the cloth on your arms” (“your sleeves”) or (2) “the end of the cloth on your robe” (“your hem”) or (3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt. -EZK 5 4 qx1e figs-events 0 Then take This continues the instructions Yahweh gives to Ezekiel beginning with the words “But take” in verse 3. Ezekiel was to “take a small number of hairs” and “take more of the hair and throw it” when he shaved his hair and beard ([Ezekiel 5:1](../05/01.md)) and before he burned the hair ([Ezekiel 5:2](../05/02.md)). You may need to place these verses before those verses. “But when you shave off your hair and beard, and before you burn them, take…After you have scattered the hair to the wind, then take” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) +EZK 5 4 qx1e figs-events 0 Then take This continues the instructions Yahweh gives to Ezekiel beginning with the words “But take” in verse 3. Ezekiel was to “take a small number of hairs” and “take more of the hair and throw it” when he shaved his hair and beard ([Ezekiel 5:1](../05/01.md)) and before he burned the hair ([Ezekiel 5:2](../05/02.md)). You may need to place these verses before those verses. “But when you shave off your hair and beard, and before you burn them, take … After you have scattered the hair to the wind, then take” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) EZK 5 4 k7tv figs-metaphor 0 from there a fire will go out to all the house of Israel “from there a fire will spread out and burn up all the people of Israel.” Yahweh speaks of how he will punish Israel as if he were going to set fire to a house and of the people of Israel as if they were the family that lives in that house but were at that time outside the house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 5 4 isu2 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 5 5 r35t 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak. @@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ EZK 5 10 f8kj 0 I will execute judgment on you “I will judge you” or “I EZK 5 10 n6c5 0 scatter to every direction all of you who are left “I will force all of you who are left to go to different places.” EZK 5 11 lpw2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel and Judah. EZK 5 11 e2zn 0 Lord Yahweh See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:4](../02/04.md). -EZK 5 11 hg2m 0 defiled…sanctuary ruined the place that Yahweh had set aside to be only for his use +EZK 5 11 hg2m 0 defiled … sanctuary ruined the place that Yahweh had set aside to be only for his use EZK 5 11 z6sh figs-explicit 0 with all your hateful things “with all of those things of yours that I hate.” You may need to make explicit that this refers to idols: “with all your idols, which I hate” or “with all your disgusting idols.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 5 11 my31 0 with all your disgusting deeds “with all the disgusting things that you do” EZK 5 11 i3z4 figs-synecdoche 0 my eye will not have pity on you The eye is a synecdoche for the person whose eye it is. Alternate translation: “I will not pity you” (See: and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ EZK 6 4 i987 0 General Information: These are Yahweh’s words to the people o EZK 6 4 sc5d figs-activepassive 0 Then your altars will become desolate and your pillars will be destroyed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will no longer worship at your altars and your enemy will destroy your pillars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 6 4 kbs8 figs-explicit 0 I will throw down Yahweh was speaking of sending soldiers ([Ezekiel 6:3](../06/03.md)) to do these things. Alternate translation: “I will send soldiers to throw down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 6 4 yv9q 0 your dead “your people who have died” -EZK 6 5 utv5 figs-explicit 0 I will lay…and scatter Yahweh was speaking of sending soldiers ([Ezekiel 6:3](../06/03.md)) to do these things. Alternate translation: “I will send soldiers to lay…and scatter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZK 6 5 utv5 figs-explicit 0 I will lay … and scatter Yahweh was speaking of sending soldiers ([Ezekiel 6:3](../06/03.md)) to do these things. Alternate translation: “I will send soldiers to lay … and scatter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 6 6 k4gp 0 General Information: These are Yahweh’s words to the people of Israel. EZK 6 6 ri8t figs-activepassive 0 cities will be laid waste This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemy armies will lay waste your cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 6 6 iff1 figs-activepassive 0 they will be broken This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemy armies will break your altars” or “enemy armies will break them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ EZK 7 17 i9cf 0 General Information: These are Yahweh’s words about Israel. EZK 7 17 iw6d figs-synecdoche 0 Every hand will falter and every knee will be weak as water The hands and knees are synecdoches for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “Everyone will be so terrified that they will be unable to work and their knees will become weak so that they cannot stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZK 7 17 f9a7 0 falter fail to do what it is supposed to do EZK 7 17 j698 figs-euphemism 0 every knee will be weak as water Another possible translation is, “every knee will flow with water,” a euphemism for all the people losing control of their bladders because they are so frightened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -EZK 7 17 p7gb figs-simile 0 knee…weak as water Water cannot stand up, and the people’s knees will be so weak that the people are unable to stand on their legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +EZK 7 17 p7gb figs-simile 0 knee … weak as water Water cannot stand up, and the people’s knees will be so weak that the people are unable to stand on their legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) EZK 7 18 rp7c figs-metaphor 0 terror will cover them Terror is spoken of as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “everyone will see how terrified they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 7 18 gtb2 figs-explicit 0 baldness on all of their heads Shaving the head was a sign of sadness. Alternate translation: “all of them will shave their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 7 19 xfz1 0 in the day of Yahweh’s rage “in the day when Yahweh acts on his anger” or “when Yahweh punishes them” @@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ EZK 8 1 mzl2 0 Lord Yahweh See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:4](../02/ EZK 8 1 ni1l 0 fell upon “took hold of” EZK 8 2 c8h3 figs-abstractnouns 0 a likeness with the appearance of a man Here the abstract noun “likeness” means that what Ezekiel saw looked like a man. Both “likeness” and “appearance” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “there was someone who appeared to be a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZK 8 2 lie4 0 glowing metal When metal is very hot, it glows with a yellow or orange light. -EZK 8 2 dw9z figs-abstractnouns 0 the appearance of his hips…the appearance of something shining The abstract noun “appearance” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “what appeared to be his hips…what appeared to be something shining” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EZK 8 2 dw9z figs-abstractnouns 0 the appearance of his hips … the appearance of something shining The abstract noun “appearance” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “what appeared to be his hips … what appeared to be something shining” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZK 8 3 r1s3 0 General Information: Ezekiel continues telling about the vision from God. EZK 8 3 mje5 0 he reached out The word “he” probably refers to the “figure like a man” ([Ezekiel 8:2](../08/02.md)). EZK 8 3 q8np 0 between earth and heaven “between the ground and the sky” @@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ EZK 8 4 eu7m 0 according to the vision I had seen on the plain This could mean EZK 8 4 x9fq 0 the plain a large area of flat land that has few trees. EZK 8 5 h9iv 0 General Information: The “figure like a man” ([Ezekiel 8:2](../08/02.md)) speaks to Ezekiel. EZK 8 5 i1ht figs-explicit 0 Son of man “Son of a human being” or “Son of humanity.” God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “Mortal person” or “Human” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZK 8 5 y68q figs-idiom 0 lift up your eyes…lifted up my eyes This idiom means that he should look towards something. Alternate translation: “look up…looked up” or “turn your head and look…turned my head and looked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZK 8 5 y68q figs-idiom 0 lift up your eyes … lifted up my eyes This idiom means that he should look towards something. Alternate translation: “look up … looked up” or “turn your head and look … turned my head and looked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 8 5 kcq2 0 gate leading to the altar “gate through which people would walk so they could go to the altar” EZK 8 6 ru9g figs-rquestion 0 do you see what they are doing? God uses this question to bring Ezekiel’s attention to what the people were doing. Alternate translation: “I want you to understand why I hate what the people here are doing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 8 6 j84y figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ EZK 8 10 a6w1 0 behold This word shows that Ezekiel was surprised by what he s EZK 8 10 hrz5 0 every form of creeping thing and detestable beast “carvings in the wall of all kinds of creeping animals and detestable beasts.” The phrase “creeping thing” refer to insects and other small animals. EZK 8 10 af6e figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 8 10 cyf5 figs-explicit 0 the wall all around You may need to make explicit which wall. Alternate translation: “the wall all around the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZK 8 11 q6xk translate-names 0 Jaazaniah…Shaphan men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 8 11 q6xk translate-names 0 Jaazaniah … Shaphan men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 8 11 b5gn 0 censer a pan that people burn incense in when they worship God or false gods EZK 8 12 h4rf figs-rquestion 0 do you see what the elders of the house of Israel are doing in the dark? God is commanding Ezekiel to look at what the elders are doing. Alternate translation: “look at what the elders of the house of Israel are doing in the dark.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 8 12 jd3f figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -469,16 +469,16 @@ EZK 8 12 t1xu 0 the hidden chamber of his idol “the room where no one can se EZK 8 14 kg11 0 the entrance of the gate of Yahweh’s house that was on the north side This was the outer north gate—not the same one as in [Ezekiel 8:3](../08/03.md). EZK 8 14 sjj1 0 behold! This word shows that Ezekiel was surprised by what he saw. EZK 8 14 b5rb translate-names 0 mourning for Tammuz grieving because the false god Tammuz had died (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZK 8 15 rjm9 figs-rquestion 0 Do you see this…man? Yahweh is commanding Ezekiel to think about what he has just seen. Alternate translation: “Think about this…man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 8 15 rjm9 figs-rquestion 0 Do you see this … man? Yahweh is commanding Ezekiel to think about what he has just seen. Alternate translation: “Think about this … man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 8 16 hz3d 0 behold! This word shows that Ezekiel was surprised by what he saw. EZK 8 16 f91g 0 portico covering in front of an entrance with columns or posts for support EZK 8 16 bk4v 0 their faces toward the east “they were looking toward the east” -EZK 8 17 t38e figs-rquestion 0 Do you see this…man? Yahweh is commanding Ezekiel to think about what he has just seen. Alternate translation: “Think about this…man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 8 17 t38e figs-rquestion 0 Do you see this … man? Yahweh is commanding Ezekiel to think about what he has just seen. Alternate translation: “Think about this … man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 8 17 rp1r figs-rquestion 0 Is it a little thing for the house of Judah to do these abominations that they are doing here? God uses this question to show that he is right to be angry at the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “I am right to be angry at the house of Judah because of these abominations that they are doing here.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 8 17 wsq5 figs-metonymy 0 house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the descendants of Judah over many years. See how you translated these words in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Judah people group” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 8 17 jz5k 0 they have filled the land with violence “throughout the country they are doing violent things or “all over the country they are attacking one another” EZK 8 17 bq27 0 to provoke me to anger “to make me angry” -EZK 8 17 s9li figs-idiom 0 putting the branch to their noses This could mean: (1) the people were using the branches in false worship or (2) the people were using the branches to show rebellion against Yahweh. The words “branch to…noses” may be a literal tree branch and literal noses, or they could be the term for a hand gesture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZK 8 17 s9li figs-idiom 0 putting the branch to their noses This could mean: (1) the people were using the branches in false worship or (2) the people were using the branches to show rebellion against Yahweh. The words “branch to … noses” may be a literal tree branch and literal noses, or they could be the term for a hand gesture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 8 18 ivi2 figs-synecdoche 0 my eye will not have compassion The eye is a synecdoche for the person whose eye it is. Alternate translation: “I will not look on them with compassion” or “I will not be compassionate to them” (See: and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZK 8 18 h7ic 0 I will not spare them “I will still punish them” EZK 8 18 ay27 0 Though they cry in my ears with a loud voice “Though they yell their prayers to me with a loud voice” @@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ EZK 10 2 k5j9 0 Go between the wheels Translate the word “wheels” as in [E EZK 10 2 k823 0 fiery coals Coals are the burned pieces of wood left over after a fire. They are black, but they glow red and orange when they are very hot. They are also called charcoal. EZK 10 2 h16i 0 scatter them over the city “sprinkle them over the city” or “spread them over the city” EZK 10 3 er9k 0 Connecting Statement: Ezekiel interrupts his description of what was happening and describes what he saw. -EZK 10 3 iz5u writing-background 0 The cherubim stood…inner courtyard This is background information for the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +EZK 10 3 iz5u writing-background 0 The cherubim stood … inner courtyard This is background information for the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) EZK 10 3 ijb3 0 cherubim See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 9:3](../09/03.md). EZK 10 3 gi9l figs-explicit 0 on the right side As one faces east, “the right side” is toward the south. Alternate translation: “on the south side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 10 3 ex9e 0 the house the temple @@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ EZK 11 5 b5xf 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to talk to the prophet E EZK 11 5 n2rp figs-metaphor 0 the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me Ezekiel speaks of the Spirit of Yahweh inspiring and empowering him to prophesy as if the Spirit of Yahweh fell upon him. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of Yahweh empowered me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 11 5 k82u 0 That is what you are saying “You are saying these things.” This refers to what the people were saying in [Ezekiel 11:3](../11/03.md). EZK 11 5 x459 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “Israelites” or “Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 11 7 n3xy figs-metaphor 0 The people you have killed…are the meat, and this city is the pot Yahweh speaks of the people whom they have killed as if they were good cuts of meat and of the city as if it were a pot in which the meat was stored or cooked. See how you translated this metaphor in [Ezekiel 11:3](../11/03.md). Alternate translation: “The people you have killed…are like the meat in the pot, and this city is like the pot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 11 7 n3xy figs-metaphor 0 The people you have killed … are the meat, and this city is the pot Yahweh speaks of the people whom they have killed as if they were good cuts of meat and of the city as if it were a pot in which the meat was stored or cooked. See how you translated this metaphor in [Ezekiel 11:3](../11/03.md). Alternate translation: “The people you have killed … are like the meat in the pot, and this city is like the pot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 11 7 bdf4 figs-activepassive 0 But you are going to be brought out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But I am going to bring you out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 11 8 c95t 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Israel. EZK 11 8 qb7n figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ EZK 11 17 w63v figs-activepassive 0 where you were scattered This can be stated EZK 11 18 gyd9 figs-doublet 0 every detestable thing and every abomination These words have similar meanings and emphasize that God will remove all the idols from Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EZK 11 18 c4k7 0 every detestable thing This means things that cause hatred or disgust. Here it refers to idols. EZK 11 19 lkz6 0 General Information: God continues the prophecy of what will happen to the scattered Israelites. -EZK 11 19 twq3 figs-metaphor 0 I will give them one heart…give them a heart of flesh Yahweh speaks of all of the Israelites who are in exile as if they are one person, with one heart and one spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 11 19 twq3 figs-metaphor 0 I will give them one heart … give them a heart of flesh Yahweh speaks of all of the Israelites who are in exile as if they are one person, with one heart and one spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 11 19 c2mx figs-metonymy 0 I will give them one heart Here the metonym “heart” represents the will and emotions. Yahweh speaks of causing all of the people to share the same new emotions as if he were giving them one heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 11 19 g99v figs-metonymy 0 I will put a new spirit within them Here the metonym “spirit” represents the thoughts and disposition. Yahweh speaks of causing the people to think new thoughts as if he were giving them a new spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 11 19 p8jh figs-metaphor 0 I will take out the heart of stone from their flesh and give them a heart of flesh Yahweh speaks of the people being stubborn as if they had a stone heart and of their being willingly obedient as if they had a heart of flesh. He speaks of causing them to become willingly obedient as if he were exchanging those two hearts. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to stop being stubborn and instead cause them to obey me willingly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ EZK 11 20 w6pp figs-parallelism 0 they will walk in my statutes, they will carr EZK 11 20 rbp4 figs-metaphor 0 they will walk in my statutes Yahweh speaks of obeying his statutes as if it were walking in them, like a person would walk along a road. Alternate translation: “they will obey my statutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 11 21 v47i figs-metaphor 0 those who walk with affection toward their detestable things Yahweh speaks of a person’s conduct as if it were the person walking. Alternate translation: “those who conduct their lives out of devotion to their detestable things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 11 21 e32n 0 detestable things This means things that cause hatred or disgust. Here it refers to idols. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 11:18](../11/18.md). -EZK 11 21 el11 figs-metonymy 0 I will bring their conduct on their own heads Here the metonym “conduct” represents the consequences of their actions. The idiom “bring…on their own heads” means they will experience these consequences. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to suffer the consequences of their actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZK 11 21 el11 figs-metonymy 0 I will bring their conduct on their own heads Here the metonym “conduct” represents the consequences of their actions. The idiom “bring … on their own heads” means they will experience these consequences. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to suffer the consequences of their actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 11 22 el95 0 General Information: The cherubim and the glory of God leave the temple and city. EZK 11 22 j4fr 0 cherubim See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 9:3](../09/03.md). EZK 11 24 tg29 figs-metaphor 0 the vision that I had seen went up from upon me Ezekiel speaks of the vision ending as if the vision was an object that had been upon him and then left him. Alternate translation: “the vision that I had seen ended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ EZK 12 intro f6uu 0 # Ezekiel 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this EZK 12 1 k8p8 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 12 2 jq8g 0 Son of man “Son of a human being” or “Son of humanity.” God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. Alternate translation: “Mortal person” or “Human” EZK 12 2 hn5d figs-metonymy 0 a rebellious house The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:5](../02/05.md). Alternate translation: “a rebellious people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 12 2 l1eb figs-metaphor 0 they have eyes to see but they do not see…they have ears to hear but do not listen People being unable to understand Yahweh’s message and what he is doing is spoken of as if the people were unable physically to see and hear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 12 2 l1eb figs-metaphor 0 they have eyes to see but they do not see … they have ears to hear but do not listen People being unable to understand Yahweh’s message and what he is doing is spoken of as if the people were unable physically to see and hear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 12 3 a32k 0 General Information: Yahweh is telling Ezekiel to act out another parable. EZK 12 3 kd9n 0 Therefore as for you “So then, this is what I say to you” EZK 12 3 t8sf 0 in their sight “as they watch” @@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ EZK 12 13 b8eb figs-explicit 0 I will bring him to Babylon Yahweh speaks of ena EZK 12 14 g1lt figs-metonymy 0 I will send out a sword after them The word “sword” is a metonym for enemy armies who will attack with their swords. Alternate translation: “I will send armies to pursue them with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 12 15 b8dc figs-explicit 0 know that I am Yahweh When Yahweh says that people will know that he is Yahweh, he is implying that they will know that he is the one true God who has supreme authority and power. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 6:7](../06/07.md). Alternate translation: “understand that I am Yahweh, the one true God” or “realize that I, Yahweh, have supreme power and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 12 15 z9cd figs-parallelism 0 when I scatter them among the nations and disperse them throughout the lands These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “when I cause them to separate from each other and live in different nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -EZK 12 16 gum8 figs-metonymy 0 I will spare…from the sword, famine, and plague The word “sword” is a metonym for soldiers who kill people using swords. You may need to make explicit that they will not die from famine or plague. Alternate translation: “I will keep…from dying in battle, from starving to death, and from dying of disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZK 12 16 gum8 figs-metonymy 0 I will spare … from the sword, famine, and plague The word “sword” is a metonym for soldiers who kill people using swords. You may need to make explicit that they will not die from famine or plague. Alternate translation: “I will keep … from dying in battle, from starving to death, and from dying of disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 12 17 hw99 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 12 19 k8x8 figs-activepassive 0 the land will be despoiled of its fullness The word “fullness” refers to everything in the land. The word “despoiled” means that people will empty the land of everything in it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “others will empty the land of everything in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 12 20 qv3r figs-activepassive 0 the cities that were inhabited will be desolate This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the cities where people lived will be desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ EZK 13 5 m2a3 figs-explicit 0 resist in battle You can supply the implicit info EZK 13 5 nqi9 figs-explicit 0 the day of Yahweh This refers to the time when Yahweh will judge his people by means of an enemy army. Alternate translation: “the day of Yahweh’s judgment” or “the day when Yahweh judges you by sending enemy armies to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 13 6 bj6l figs-idiom 0 Such and such This is a phrase used to refer to anything the prophet may have said. Your language may have another way to say this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 13 6 hv2j 0 Yahweh’s declaration “is what Yahweh has declared” -EZK 13 7 dd96 figs-rquestion 0 Have you not had false visions…when I myself have not spoken? Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the false prophets. Alternate translation: “You have had false visions…because I myself have not spoken.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 13 7 dd96 figs-rquestion 0 Have you not had false visions … when I myself have not spoken? Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the false prophets. Alternate translation: “You have had false visions … because I myself have not spoken.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 13 7 ul2r 0 had false visions and made false predictions Since the false prophets have not really received a message from Yahweh, what they predict about the future is not true. EZK 13 8 g7d3 figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 13 9 yjk8 figs-metonymy 0 My hand will be against the prophets Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. That his hand will be against them is a metaphor that means that he will punish them with his power. Alternate translation: “I will punish the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -713,8 +713,8 @@ EZK 13 11 zn9q 0 hailstones balls of ice that sometimes falls from the sky dur EZK 13 12 zbu8 figs-rquestion 0 Have others not said to you, “Where is the whitewash that you put on it?” Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that others will ask the prophets what happened to their whitewash. Alternate translation: “Others will certainly say to you, ‘Where is the whitewash that you put on it?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 13 12 d3qf figs-rquestion 0 Where is the whitewash that you put on it? This could mean: (1) that this is an honest question for which the people expect and answer or (2) this is a rhetorical question that the people ask out of sarcasm. Alternate translation: “The whitewash that you put on it did no good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 13 13 l6dh figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak of the false security that the prophets have given to the people by speaking of peace as if the prophets had built a poorly-constructed wall and covered it over with white paint in order to make it look good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 13 13 ap58 figs-metaphor 0 I will bring a windstorm…completely destroy it. Yahweh refers to the judgment that he will send upon the people as if it were a severe storm that breaks down the wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 13 13 hsw4 0 in my rage…in my wrath…in my rage “because of my rage…because of my wrath…because my rage.” +EZK 13 13 ap58 figs-metaphor 0 I will bring a windstorm … completely destroy it. Yahweh refers to the judgment that he will send upon the people as if it were a severe storm that breaks down the wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 13 13 hsw4 0 in my rage … in my wrath … in my rage “because of my rage … because of my wrath … because my rage.” EZK 13 14 vm16 0 lay bare “uncover” EZK 13 14 hbi9 figs-metaphor 0 you will be annihilated in the middle of it all The phrase “in the middle of it all” refers to the stones of the wall that Yahweh will break down. He speaks of destroying the people in his judgment as if the wall would crush them to death when he breaks it down. Alternate translation: “all of its stones will crush you to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 13 14 lr73 0 annihilated “destroyed” @@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ EZK 15 2 mim8 0 Son of man “Son of a human being” or “Son of humanity. EZK 15 2 j7mt figs-rquestion 0 how is a vine better than any tree with branches that is among the trees in a forest? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “a vine is not better than any tree with branches that is among the trees in a forest.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 15 3 c3me figs-rquestion 0 Do people take wood from a vine to make anything? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “People do not take wood from a vine to make anything.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 15 3 lw53 figs-rquestion 0 do they make a peg from it to hang anything on it? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “they do not make a peg from it to hang things on it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 15 4 z9vv figs-rquestion 0 If it is thrown into a fire as fuel…is it good for anything? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If it is thrown into a fire as fuel…it is not good for anything.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 15 4 z9vv figs-rquestion 0 If it is thrown into a fire as fuel … is it good for anything? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Ezekiel of something he already knows. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If it is thrown into a fire as fuel … it is not good for anything.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 15 4 s2c2 figs-activepassive 0 If it is thrown into a fire as fuel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If a person throws it into a fire as fuel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 15 5 i838 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the vine. EZK 15 5 x46v 0 See! The word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. @@ -874,9 +874,9 @@ EZK 16 27 ge6y figs-metaphor 0 cut off your food Yahweh speaks of stopping the EZK 16 27 ltw1 figs-synecdoche 0 I will hand your life over Here “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “I will hand you over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZK 16 27 r2ql figs-metaphor 0 the daughters of the Philistines Here Yahweh speaks of the cities of Philistia as if they were the daughters of the Philistines. The cities represent the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the Philistine people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 16 30 h91y 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about Jerusalem and the people of Israel as his unfaithful wife. -EZK 16 30 db6k figs-rquestion 0 How sick is your heart…that you would do all these things, deeds of a shameless prostitute? Yahweh asks the rhetorical question in order to rebuke Jerusalem. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your heart must be very sick…that you would do all these things, deeds of a shameless prostitute!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 16 30 db6k figs-rquestion 0 How sick is your heart … that you would do all these things, deeds of a shameless prostitute? Yahweh asks the rhetorical question in order to rebuke Jerusalem. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your heart must be very sick … that you would do all these things, deeds of a shameless prostitute!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 16 30 yze4 figs-metonymy 0 How sick is your heart Here the word “heart” represents the will and emotions. Yahweh speaks of her inability to control her desires as if her heart were sick. Alternate translation: “How weak-willed are you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 16 31 bg24 0 built your mounds…made your lofty shrines Possible meanings are that she built a place where (1) she could worship her idols or (2) she could practice her prostitution. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 16:24](../16/24.md). +EZK 16 31 bg24 0 built your mounds … made your lofty shrines Possible meanings are that she built a place where (1) she could worship her idols or (2) she could practice her prostitution. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 16:24](../16/24.md). EZK 16 31 wxg7 figs-metaphor 0 at the head of every street Yahweh speaks of the beginning of a street as if it were its head. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 16:25](../16/25.md). Alternate translation: “at the beginning of every street” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 16 32 kuw8 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about Jerusalem as if the city were his unfaithful wife. The city represents the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 16 32 nw3d figs-euphemism 0 you accept strangers instead of your husband This refers to accepting someone to sleep with her. Alternate translation: “you accept strangers into your bed instead of your husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -905,7 +905,7 @@ EZK 16 44 c35j 0 Behold! The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention EZK 16 45 ca9t 0 who detested her husband “who hated her husband” EZK 16 45 u96d figs-metaphor 0 Your mother was a Hittite, and your father was an Amorite The Amorites and Hittites were both pagan people groups who lived in the land before the people of Israel conquered it. Yahweh speaks of Jerusalem’s father and mother belonging to these people groups to express that she was born into idolatry. See how you translated these phrases in [Ezekiel 16:3](../16/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 16 46 cg54 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about Jerusalem as if the city were his unfaithful wife. The city represents the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 16 46 h77t figs-explicit 0 Your older sister was Samaria…your younger sister was the one living south of you, that is, Sodom Samaria and Sodom were both cities that Yahweh had judged for their idolatry and wickedness. Yahweh speaks of these cities being Jerusalem’s sisters to express that she belonged to a family that practiced idolatry and wickedness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 16 46 h77t figs-explicit 0 Your older sister was Samaria … your younger sister was the one living south of you, that is, Sodom Samaria and Sodom were both cities that Yahweh had judged for their idolatry and wickedness. Yahweh speaks of these cities being Jerusalem’s sisters to express that she belonged to a family that practiced idolatry and wickedness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 16 47 rvs2 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about Jerusalem as if the city were his unfaithful wife. The city represents the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 16 47 ff3w figs-metaphor 0 You not only walked in their ways The way a person lives is spoken of as if the person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “You not only acted like them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 16 47 m7tq figs-doublet 0 copied their behavior and practices Here the words “behavior” and “practices” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “copied the things that they did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ EZK 17 5 n33b 0 General Information: This is a continuation of the parable abo EZK 17 5 dh54 0 He also took The word “he” is the eagle in the parable. EZK 17 5 zfy1 0 fertile soil “good ground” EZK 17 5 yg9u 0 He placed it beside a large body of water “the eagle planted the seed in a place where there was a lot of water” -EZK 17 5 yl5l figs-explicit 0 planted it…like a willow Willow trees grow in places where there is a lot of water. If the eagle planted the seed like a willow, it means that he planted it in a place with a lot of water. Alternate translation: “and planted the seed like one would plant a willow tree by water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZK 17 5 yl5l figs-explicit 0 planted it … like a willow Willow trees grow in places where there is a lot of water. If the eagle planted the seed like a willow, it means that he planted it in a place with a lot of water. Alternate translation: “and planted the seed like one would plant a willow tree by water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 17 6 act5 0 Then it sprouted “Then the seed began to grow into a plant” EZK 17 6 u95a 0 a spreading vine low to the ground “a vine that spreads out on the ground” EZK 17 6 qj5j 0 Its branches turned toward him The branches of the vine turned toward the eagle. This means that they began to grow upward towards the sky. @@ -995,10 +995,10 @@ EZK 17 17 ayl5 0 to cut off many lives “to kill many people” EZK 17 18 kzm6 0 Behold, he reached out “He did something even worse than that: he reached out” EZK 17 18 e7e3 translate-symaction 0 reached out with his hand to make a promise This refers to taking hold of another person’s hand as a sign of friendship and agreement. Here it represents the covenant oath that he made with the king of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EZK 17 19 s5c8 figs-rquestion 0 was it not my oath that he despised and my covenant that he broke? Yahweh asks this leading question to emphasize the affirmative answer. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “it was my oath that the king of Jerusalem despised and my covenant that he broke.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 17 19 kev4 figs-idiom 0 I will bring his punishment on his head The idiom “bring…on his head” means that he will experience this punishment. See how you translated this idiom in [Ezekiel 11:21](../11/21.md). Alternate translation: “I will cause him to suffer his punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZK 17 19 kev4 figs-idiom 0 I will bring his punishment on his head The idiom “bring … on his head” means that he will experience this punishment. See how you translated this idiom in [Ezekiel 11:21](../11/21.md). Alternate translation: “I will cause him to suffer his punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 17 20 y1rd figs-metaphor 0 I will spread my net out over him, and he will be caught in my hunting net Yahweh speaks of enabling the enemy army to capture the king as if he were trapping the king in a net. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 17 20 r443 figs-activepassive 0 he will be caught in my hunting net This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will catch him in my hunting net” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZK 17 21 lam3 figs-metonymy 0 All of his refugees…armies will fall by the sword The word “fall” is a euphemism for “die.” Here the word “sword” is a metonym for soldiers who kill people with swords. Alternate translation: “Soldiers will kill all his refugees…armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZK 17 21 lam3 figs-metonymy 0 All of his refugees … armies will fall by the sword The word “fall” is a euphemism for “die.” Here the word “sword” is a metonym for soldiers who kill people with swords. Alternate translation: “Soldiers will kill all his refugees … armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 17 21 kq24 figs-activepassive 0 the ones who remain will be scattered in every direction This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the ones who remain alive will flee in every direction” or “the enemy soldiers will scatter in every directions the ones who remain alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 17 21 t3e9 figs-explicit 0 know that I am Yahweh When Yahweh says that people will know that he is Yahweh, he is implying that they will know that he is the one true God who has supreme authority and power. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 6:7](../06/07.md). Alternate translation: “understand that I am Yahweh, the one true God” or “realize that I, Yahweh, have supreme power and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 17 22 xj4t figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh resumes the parable that he had told in [Ezekiel 17:1](../17/01.md) and speaks about Jerusalem as if it were a branch that he plants on the mountains of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1053,7 +1053,7 @@ EZK 18 21 si4u 0 General Information: Yahweh speaking of the wicked person who EZK 18 22 m9ky figs-idiom 0 All the transgressions that he has committed will not be called to mind against him The idiom “call to mind” means to remember. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not remember all the transgressions that he has committed and will not hold them against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 18 22 zi9d 0 by the righteousness that he practices “because of the righteous things he has done” EZK 18 23 h2ef 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks about his desire for wicked people. -EZK 18 23 d6na figs-rquestion 0 Do I greatly rejoice over the death of the wicked…and not in his turning away from his way so that he may live? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question in order to emphasize the opposite. Alternate translation: “I do not greatly rejoice over the death of the wicked…but I do greatly rejoice if he turns away from his way so that he may live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 18 23 d6na figs-rquestion 0 Do I greatly rejoice over the death of the wicked … and not in his turning away from his way so that he may live? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question in order to emphasize the opposite. Alternate translation: “I do not greatly rejoice over the death of the wicked … but I do greatly rejoice if he turns away from his way so that he may live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 18 23 mh3x figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 18 23 phj4 figs-metaphor 0 not in his turning away from his way Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle or behavior as if it were a way on which the person walks. The idiom “to turn away” from something means to stop doing that thing. Alternate translation: “not in his ceasing to live the way that he lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 18 24 s4ik 0 General Information: Yahweh gives an example of a man who turns from righteousness to wickedness. @@ -1064,11 +1064,11 @@ EZK 18 24 lf1q 0 he will die in the sins “he will die because of the sins” EZK 18 25 i7zr figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 18 25 nj78 figs-rquestion 0 Are my ways unfair? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the negative answer. Alternate translation: “My ways are not unfair.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 18 25 prn4 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not your ways that are unfair? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the positive answer. Alternate translation: “It is your ways that are unfair.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 18 26 p2tt figs-parallelism 0 dies because of them…die in the iniquity that he has done These phrases repeat the thought of a man dying because of his sin to express that it was his fault and the fault of no one else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +EZK 18 26 p2tt figs-parallelism 0 dies because of them … die in the iniquity that he has done These phrases repeat the thought of a man dying because of his sin to express that it was his fault and the fault of no one else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) EZK 18 28 zi5q figs-metaphor 0 he has seen Yahweh speaks of the person thinking about and understanding something as if the person were seeing it. Alternate translation: “he has considered” or “he has understood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 18 29 ppp4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to teach the people of Israel why his way is fair. EZK 18 29 pe9e figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 18 29 pq68 figs-metaphor 0 The way of the Lord is not fair…How is my way not fair…It is your ways that are not fair Actions or behaviors are spoken of as if they were a way or path that a person travels. Alternate translation: “The Lord does not act fairly…How do I not act fairly…It is you who do not act fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 18 29 pq68 figs-metaphor 0 The way of the Lord is not fair … How is my way not fair … It is your ways that are not fair Actions or behaviors are spoken of as if they were a way or path that a person travels. Alternate translation: “The Lord does not act fairly … How do I not act fairly … It is you who do not act fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 18 30 d4ja figs-metaphor 0 according to his ways Yahweh speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “according to his actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 18 30 j6mr figs-metaphor 0 turn away from all your transgressions so that they will not be stumbling blocks of iniquity against you Yahweh speaks of “transgressions” causing people to rebel against him as if they were blocks over which the people stumble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 18 30 i18v figs-metonymy 0 stumbling blocks of iniquity against you This could mean: (1) the stumbling blocks cause the person to commit more iniquity. Alternate translation: “stumbling blocks that cause you to commit more iniquity” or (2) The word “iniquity” is a metonym for the punishment that a person receives for his iniquity. Alternate translation: “stumbling blocks that lead to your punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ EZK 20 3 wlf9 figs-idiom 0 As I live “As surely as I am alive.” Yahweh uses EZK 20 3 v6lv figs-rquestion 0 Have you come to inquire of me? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the elders should not be inquiring of him. Alternate translation: “You should not come to inquire of me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 20 3 g3ng figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 20 4 nf1h figs-parallelism 0 Will you judge them? Will you judge, son of man? Yahweh asks Ezekiel the same question twice in order to secure Ezekiel’s commitment to pronounce the judgement. Alternate translation: “Are you ready to pronounce judgment on them, son of man?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -EZK 20 5 y373 translate-symaction 0 I…raised my hand to swear an oath Here “raised my hand” is a symbolic action that shows he will truly do what he has sworn to do. Alternate translation: “I…solemnly swore an oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +EZK 20 5 y373 translate-symaction 0 I … raised my hand to swear an oath Here “raised my hand” is a symbolic action that shows he will truly do what he has sworn to do. Alternate translation: “I … solemnly swore an oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EZK 20 5 b65p figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the descendants of Jacob over many years. Translate “the house of” as in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 20 6 ay9x figs-metaphor 0 It was flowing with milk and honey “It was a land where plenty of milk and honey flowed.” Yahweh speaks of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. Alternate translation: “It was land that was excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 20 6 mhv7 figs-metaphor 0 the most beautiful ornament among all the lands The lands in which people live are spoken of as if they are jewelry or other things that are pleasant to look at. Alternate translation: “the most beautiful of all lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1155,7 +1155,7 @@ EZK 20 16 pyd3 figs-metonymy 0 their hearts walked after their idols Here the w EZK 20 17 h6sc figs-synecdoche 0 my eye spared them Here the word “eye” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I spared them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZK 20 18 qn26 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the elders of Israel. EZK 20 18 t5sb figs-metaphor 0 Do not walk in the statutes of your fathers Yahweh speaks of a person obeying statutes as if the statutes were paths along with a person walks. Alternate translation: “Do not obey the statutes of your parents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 20 19 v6uh figs-metaphor 0 walk in my statutes Yahweh speaks of a person obeying statutes as if the statutes were paths along with a person walks. Alternate translation: “Do not obey the statutes of your parents…obey my statutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 20 19 v6uh figs-metaphor 0 walk in my statutes Yahweh speaks of a person obeying statutes as if the statutes were paths along with a person walks. Alternate translation: “Do not obey the statutes of your parents … obey my statutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 20 19 ylm6 figs-doublet 0 keep my decrees and obey them To “keep” Yahweh’s decrees is the same as to “obey them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EZK 20 21 j2qb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the elders of Israel. EZK 20 21 qe7t figs-metaphor 0 They did not walk in my statutes Yahweh speaks of a person obeying his statutes as if the statutes were a path along which the person walks. Alternate translation: “They did not obey my statutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ EZK 21 3 ch9n 0 sheath something that holds and covers a sword when no one is EZK 21 3 vyg4 figs-euphemism 0 cut off This is a euphemism that means to kill. Alternate translation: “kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) EZK 21 4 xv4h 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the land of Israel. EZK 21 4 l13c figs-euphemism 0 cut off This is a euphemism that means to kill. Alternate translation: “kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -EZK 21 4 x4hz figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous…the wicked This refers to righteous and wicked people. Alternate translation: “those who are righteous…those who are wicked” or “the righteous people…the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +EZK 21 4 x4hz figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous … the wicked This refers to righteous and wicked people. Alternate translation: “those who are righteous … those who are wicked” or “the righteous people … the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) EZK 21 4 g8nl 0 from you “among you” EZK 21 4 yc2b figs-metaphor 0 my sword will go out from its sheath against This speaks of Yahweh causing these people to die as if he actually killed them with his own sword. Alternate translation: “it will be as though I pull my sword from its sheath and strike” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 21 4 bm2n figs-metonymy 0 all flesh Here “flesh” is a metonym for “people.” Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ EZK 21 9 u3s4 figs-metaphor 0 A sword! A sword! It will be sharpened and polish EZK 21 9 luz5 figs-activepassive 0 It will be sharpened and polished This phrase indicates that the sword is ready for someone to use it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It is sharp and polished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 21 9 mne4 0 polished Someone made the sword smooth, shiny, and clean by rubbing it with a rough material. EZK 21 10 l1f2 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to describe the sword of Yahweh which is a metaphor for the enemy army that Yahweh will use to attack Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 21 10 f22c figs-activepassive 0 It will be sharpened…It will be polished in order to These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will sharpen it…I will polish it so that it will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZK 21 10 f22c figs-activepassive 0 It will be sharpened … It will be polished in order to These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will sharpen it … I will polish it so that it will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 21 10 d5jv figs-simile 0 in order to be like lightning This means that the sword will be so shiny that light reflects off of it easily and brightly. Alternate translation: “so that it flashes like lightning” or “so that light reflects off of it as brightly as lightning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) EZK 21 10 l8t7 figs-rquestion 0 Should we rejoice in my son’s scepter? This rhetorical question emphasizes that the people of Israel will not celebrate their king’s power, because it cannot resist the “sword.” Alternate translation: “The people of Judah will not celebrate about their king’s scepter.” or “we should not celebrate the power of our king’s scepter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 21 10 vq6m figs-exclusive 0 Should we The word “we” refers to Ezekiel and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) @@ -1297,7 +1297,7 @@ EZK 21 25 ihj3 0 General Information: Yahweh gives Ezekiel his message to the EZK 21 25 x5c4 figs-idiom 0 whose day of punishment has come This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “whom Yahweh will now punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 21 25 zxc1 0 whose time of committing iniquity has ended “at the time when Yahweh ends iniquity” EZK 21 26 h94t 0 the turban “the king’s turban.” A turban is a beautiful piece of cloth that kings wore wrapped on their heads as a symbol of their authority. -EZK 21 26 fwf2 figs-nominaladj 0 the lowly…the exalted This refers to people with low status and people who are exalted. Alternate translation: “those who are lowly…those who are exalted” or “those with low status…those with high status” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +EZK 21 26 fwf2 figs-nominaladj 0 the lowly … the exalted This refers to people with low status and people who are exalted. Alternate translation: “those who are lowly … those who are exalted” or “those with low status … those with high status” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) EZK 21 27 qcp3 figs-metonymy 0 It will not be restored Here the crown represents the position of king. The kingship will not be restored until the Messiah comes. Alternate translation: “There will no longer be a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 21 27 ngj1 figs-activepassive 0 the one comes who is assigned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one comes who I assign” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 21 28 s9mt figs-abstractnouns 0 concerning their coming disgrace The word “disgrace” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “about how he will disgrace them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ EZK 21 28 wl2n figs-metaphor 0 A sword, a sword is drawn! It is sharpened for t EZK 21 28 t6s4 0 is drawn This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “is out of its sheath” EZK 21 28 b94s 0 It is sharpened for the slaughter in order to devour This speaks of the soldiers killing people as if they were animals devouring their prey. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It is sharp in order to slaughter and to kill people” EZK 21 28 js4d figs-simile 0 so it will be like lightning This means that the sword is so shiny that light reflects off of it easily and brightly. Alternate translation: “and light reflects off of it as brightly as lightning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -EZK 21 29 x4ak figs-gendernotations 0 empty visions for you…with lies for you “empty visions for you Ammonites…with lies for you Ammonites.” The word “you” refers to the people of Ammon. In the original Biblical language, the word “your” is feminine singular and refers to the nation of Ammon. Nations were often thought of as a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +EZK 21 29 x4ak figs-gendernotations 0 empty visions for you … with lies for you “empty visions for you Ammonites … with lies for you Ammonites.” The word “you” refers to the people of Ammon. In the original Biblical language, the word “your” is feminine singular and refers to the nation of Ammon. Nations were often thought of as a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) EZK 21 29 qi4r figs-metaphor 0 empty visions This speaks of visions being false and meaningless as if they were empty containers. Alternate translation: “visions that are not true” or “false visions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 21 29 gji8 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) EZK 21 29 la5c figs-activepassive 0 who are about to be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who are about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1328,8 +1328,8 @@ EZK 22 2 v6kn figs-rquestion 0 Now you, son of man, will you judge? Will you ju EZK 22 2 eh7w 0 son of man “son of a human being” or “son of humanity.” God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “mortal person” or “human” EZK 22 2 a7f3 figs-metonymy 0 the city of blood The word “blood” is a metonym for murder. Alternate translation: “the city where many people murder their neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 22 2 jzh2 figs-gendernotations 0 her The word “her” refers to Jerusalem. Cities were often thought of as a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -EZK 22 3 j2cg figs-gendernotations 0 her…herself The word “her” refers to Jerusalem. Cities were often thought of as a woman. This continues through verse 32. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -EZK 22 3 u3b4 figs-metonymy 0 This is a city that pours…her midst Here the “city” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “The people who live in this city pour…its midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZK 22 3 j2cg figs-gendernotations 0 her … herself The word “her” refers to Jerusalem. Cities were often thought of as a woman. This continues through verse 32. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +EZK 22 3 u3b4 figs-metonymy 0 This is a city that pours … her midst Here the “city” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “The people who live in this city pour … its midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 22 3 v7a4 figs-metaphor 0 that pours out blood in her midst The word “blood” is a metonym for murder. Alternate translation: “where many people murder their neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 22 3 j6ka figs-explicit 0 so that her time may come This refers to the time when Yahweh will destroy them. Alternate translation: “so that the time of her destruction may come” or “so that the time may come for her to be destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 22 3 ujd2 figs-metaphor 0 unclean A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1348,7 +1348,7 @@ EZK 22 6 d3y2 0 each one by his own power, have come “have each used their a EZK 22 6 mi2p figs-apostrophe 0 come to you Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem itself as if it were a woman who could hear him speak. Alternate translation: “come to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) EZK 22 6 gx6j figs-metaphor 0 to pour out blood This speaks of murdering people as pouring out blood. Alternate translation: “to murder people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 22 7 q7wc 0 They have dishonored fathers “The rules of Israel have dishonored their fathers” -EZK 22 7 b8l5 0 within you…in your midst…within you Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem itself as if it were a woman who could hear him speak. Alternate translation: “within Jerusalem…in the midst of Jerusalem…within Jerusalem.” The words “you” and “your” refer to Jerusalem. +EZK 22 7 b8l5 0 within you … in your midst … within you Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem itself as if it were a woman who could hear him speak. Alternate translation: “within Jerusalem … in the midst of Jerusalem … within Jerusalem.” The words “you” and “your” refer to Jerusalem. EZK 22 7 rd1h 0 performed oppression on “oppressed” EZK 22 9 x1yw figs-explicit 0 they eat on the mountains Here “the mountains” refer to the altars on the mountains that are dedicated to idols. They men eat meat that has been sacrificed to the idols in order to be have the blessing of false gods. Alternate translation: “they eat the meat that has been sacrificed to idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 22 9 n1r9 0 perform wickedness in your midst “do evil things among you” @@ -1357,7 +1357,7 @@ EZK 22 10 zj5w figs-apostrophe 0 Within you In all instances of this phrase, th EZK 22 10 r52h figs-euphemism 0 men uncover the nakedness of their father This means that a son sleeps with his father’s wife. Alternate translation: “there are men who sleep with their father’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) EZK 22 10 d8i1 figs-explicit 0 they have violated unclean women during their menstrual period These are all ways to express that the men have had slept with women they should not have and how sinful their actions are. Alternate translation: “They have raped unclean women during their menstrual period” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 22 10 r6h7 figs-metaphor 0 unclean A person whom God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Women were considered to be unclean during their menstrual period. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 22 11 i4cb figs-explicit 0 commit abominations with their neighbors’ wives…make their own daughters-in-law shamefully unclean…abuse their own sisters These are all ways to express that the men have had slept with women they should not have and how sinful their actions are. Alternate translation: “commit abominations by sleeping with their neighbors’ wives…make their own daughters-in-law shamefully unclean by sleeping with them…rape their own sisters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZK 22 11 i4cb figs-explicit 0 commit abominations with their neighbors’ wives … make their own daughters-in-law shamefully unclean … abuse their own sisters These are all ways to express that the men have had slept with women they should not have and how sinful their actions are. Alternate translation: “commit abominations by sleeping with their neighbors’ wives … make their own daughters-in-law shamefully unclean by sleeping with them … rape their own sisters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 22 12 n8h5 figs-metaphor 0 to pour out blood This speaks of murdering people as pouring out blood. Alternate translation: “to murder people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 22 12 tf3b 0 interest This word refers to the money paid by a person to use borrowed money. However, some modern versions interpret “interest” in this passage as “too much interest.” EZK 22 12 zdw2 figs-explicit 0 you have damaged your neighbors through oppression This means that they have oppressed their neighbors by charging them too much interest. Alternate translation: “you have oppressed your neighbors and made them poor” or “you have made your neighbors poor by charging too much interest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1378,7 +1378,7 @@ EZK 22 16 y3i5 figs-explicit 0 know that I am Yahweh When Yahweh says that peop EZK 22 17 zqj8 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 22 18 nd5i figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel has The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites have” or “the Israelite people group has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 22 18 q3kz figs-metaphor 0 has become dross to me Dross is the impurities that are left over after silver or gold has been purified in a furnace. Here Yahweh speaks of the people being worthless to him as if they were dross. Alternate translation: “has become as worthless to me as dross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 22 18 apn9 figs-metaphor 0 All of them are the leftovers of bronze and tin…like the dross of silver in your furnace Yahweh continues to speaks about how the people have become worthless to him as if they were dross. Alternate translation: “All of them are as worthless as the leftover of bronze and tin, and iron and lead that remain after you melt silver in the furnace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 22 18 apn9 figs-metaphor 0 All of them are the leftovers of bronze and tin … like the dross of silver in your furnace Yahweh continues to speaks about how the people have become worthless to him as if they were dross. Alternate translation: “All of them are as worthless as the leftover of bronze and tin, and iron and lead that remain after you melt silver in the furnace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 22 19 g5k4 0 behold “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” EZK 22 20 c4pc figs-metaphor 0 General Information: God continues to describe his punishment of the people of Israel in Jerusalem as if they were metals that he was melting and purifying in a furnace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 22 20 z88f figs-abstractnouns 0 I will gather you in my anger and my wrath The phrases with “anger” and “wrath” are used together to emphasize that he was extremely angry. Alternate translation: “Because of my great anger and wrath, I will gather you” or “I will be furiously angry with you, and I will gather you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@ EZK 22 27 ni39 figs-parallelism 0 They pour out blood and destroy life These tw EZK 22 28 ii3k figs-metaphor 0 Her prophets have painted them over with whitewash This speaks of the prophets trying to hide these sins as if they were something that they could paint over with whitewash. Alternate translation: “It is like her prophets have painted over their sins with whitewash” or “Their prophets try to hide these evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 22 28 n4j7 0 whitewash This is a solution that is painted on things to make them white that is similar to white paint. EZK 22 28 y6zm 0 predict falsehoods to them “predict lies for the princes.” The word “them” refers to the princes. -EZK 22 29 wdj1 figs-ellipsis 0 have oppressed…and plundered The understood words may be supplied. Alternate translation: “have oppressed people…and plundered others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +EZK 22 29 wdj1 figs-ellipsis 0 have oppressed … and plundered The understood words may be supplied. Alternate translation: “have oppressed people … and plundered others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) EZK 22 29 wdd7 0 extortion This refers to when someone threatens or hurts another person in order to make them give him money. EZK 22 29 k2bg figs-nominaladj 0 the poor and needy This refers to poor and needy people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor and needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) EZK 22 30 w3cn figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh compares the leaders of Jerusalem to a wall and himself to an invading army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ EZK 23 22 f3fw 0 Behold! “Listen!” The word “behold” here alerts us to EZK 23 22 e1zm 0 I will bring them against you from every side “I will cause them to attack you from all directions” EZK 23 23 b6g9 figs-hyperbole 0 the Babylonians and all the Chaldeans, Pekod, Shoa, and Koa, and all the Assyrians with them This does not refer to all of the people who live in these places, but rather to soldiers from there. Alternate translation: “soldiers from Babylon and all of Chaldea, Pekod, Shoa, and Koa, and all the soldiers of Assyria with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) EZK 23 23 j89j translate-names 0 Pekod, Shoa, and Koa These are the names places in Babylonia. These places represent the soldiers from these places. Alternate translation: “those from Pekod, Shoa, and Koa” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 23 23 znx2 0 strong, handsome men, governors and commanders…all of them riding on horses This is the description of the men of Assyria that Oholah had slept with who are now turning against her. This is similar to the description given in [Ezekiel 23:6](../23/06.md). +EZK 23 23 znx2 0 strong, handsome men, governors and commanders … all of them riding on horses This is the description of the men of Assyria that Oholah had slept with who are now turning against her. This is similar to the description given in [Ezekiel 23:6](../23/06.md). EZK 23 24 fh9y figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues his metaphor in which he speaks of the cities of Jerusalem and Samaria as if they were two prostitutes. This metaphor continues through [Ezekiel 23:34](../23/34.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 23 24 ggm4 figs-idiom 0 will come against you This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 23 24 pyq5 0 with weapons The Hebrew word translated here as “weapons” is rare. Many modern versions translate it in this way, but some versions leave this phrase out. @@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@ EZK 23 27 ygi8 figs-metaphor 0 You will not lift up your eyes toward them with EZK 23 27 sh71 figs-metonymy 0 you will think of Egypt no longer Here “Egypt” represents the shameful things that she did in Egypt. Alternate translation: “you will think about the things you did in Egypt no longer” or “you will not think about what you did in Egypt any more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 23 28 q8gn figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues his metaphor in which he speaks of the cities of Jerusalem and Samaria as if they were two prostitutes. This metaphor continues through [Ezekiel 23:34](../23/34.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 23 28 a7lw 0 Behold “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important” -EZK 23 28 vhb4 figs-explicit 0 give you into the hand of the ones you hate…into the hand of the ones from whom you had turned away These two phrases have the same meaning. It means that they will be captured by the men they used to prostitute themselves to. Alternate translation: “allow you to be captured by those you hate and had turned away from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZK 23 28 vhb4 figs-explicit 0 give you into the hand of the ones you hate … into the hand of the ones from whom you had turned away These two phrases have the same meaning. It means that they will be captured by the men they used to prostitute themselves to. Alternate translation: “allow you to be captured by those you hate and had turned away from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 23 28 krd4 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand Here the word “hand” refers to control. Alternate translation: “into the control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 23 29 xqa4 figs-doublet 0 naked and bare These two words mean the same thing and emphasize that she will be completely uncovered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EZK 23 29 pgf4 figs-activepassive 0 your nakedness will be uncovered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They will reveal your nakedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1486,7 +1486,7 @@ EZK 23 31 v34p figs-metaphor 0 so I will put her cup of punishment into your ha EZK 23 32 b3qz figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues his metaphor in which he speaks of the cities of Jerusalem and Samaria as if they were two prostitutes. This metaphor continues through [Ezekiel 23:34](../23/34.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 23 32 h9zx figs-metonymy 0 You will drink your sister’s cup Here Yahweh speaks of punishment as if it were a cup of wine the woman drank. Alternate translation: “You will drink the same cup of punishment as your sister” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 23 32 tf7m figs-metonymy 0 your sister’s cup that is Here the “cup” represents what is in the cup. Alternate translation: “from your sister’s cup that is” or “all that is in your sister’s cup, and her cup is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 23 32 dj8d figs-parallelism 0 a laughingstock…a subject for derision Both of these phrases refer to a person who is laughed at and criticized because of their foolish behavior. Derision is mocking or ridiculing something or someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +EZK 23 32 dj8d figs-parallelism 0 a laughingstock … a subject for derision Both of these phrases refer to a person who is laughed at and criticized because of their foolish behavior. Derision is mocking or ridiculing something or someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) EZK 23 32 w3yx figs-ellipsis 0 this cup contains a great amount This sentence does not say what is in the cup because it is understood by reading [Ezekiel 23:31](../23/31.md). Alternate translation: “this cup contains a great amount of punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) EZK 23 33 q7hx figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues his metaphor in which he speaks of the cities of Jerusalem and Samaria as if they were two prostitutes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 23 33 g6dn figs-metaphor 0 You will be filled with drunkenness and sorrow This speaks of being very drunk and full of sorrow as if drunkenness and sorrow were things that filled her body. Alternate translation: “You will become very drunk and very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1511,16 +1511,16 @@ EZK 23 41 j4l7 figs-you 0 you sat Here the word “you” switches to singular EZK 23 41 mnk9 0 my incense and my oil These are items used in worship to Yahweh. EZK 23 42 n4zw figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to refer to the cities of Jerusalem and Samaria as if they were two prostitutes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 23 42 jt3b figs-metonymy 0 So the sound of a noisy crowd was around her The sound of the crowd is used to refer to the crowd of people. Alternate translation: “So there was a noisy crowd around her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 23 42 t1ly 0 was around her…on their hands “was around her…on her and her sister’s hands.” This verse begins by referring to one of the sisters but the situation is probably the same for both sisters. If one sister must be specified in your language, refer to Oholibah here. In the second part of the verse it switches back to referring to both sisters with the word “their.” +EZK 23 42 t1ly 0 was around her … on their hands “was around her … on her and her sister’s hands.” This verse begins by referring to one of the sisters but the situation is probably the same for both sisters. If one sister must be specified in your language, refer to Oholibah here. In the second part of the verse it switches back to referring to both sisters with the word “their.” EZK 23 42 b87k figs-activepassive 0 Sabeans were brought This can be stated in active form. The word “Sabeans” refers to people from Sheba. Alternate translation: “Sabeans had come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 23 42 d9u6 0 they put bracelets The word “they” refers to the men. EZK 23 43 upm3 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to refer to the cities of Jerusalem and Samaria as if they were two prostitutes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 23 43 wi7x 0 her who was worn out…with her, and she with them This refers to one of the sisters but the situation is probably the same for both sisters. If one sister must be specified in your language, refer to Oholibah here. +EZK 23 43 wi7x 0 her who was worn out … with her, and she with them This refers to one of the sisters but the situation is probably the same for both sisters. If one sister must be specified in your language, refer to Oholibah here. EZK 23 44 ea8z 0 They went in to her, as men go in to a prostitute They had sexual relations with her in the same way that men have sexual relations with a prostitute. EZK 23 44 ult7 0 They went in to her “They went in to where she was” or “They went to her” EZK 23 44 fs3v 0 In this way they went in to Oholah and Oholibah “This is how they had sexual relations with Oholah and Oholibah” EZK 23 45 as8j figs-idiom 0 pass judgment This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “condemn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EZK 23 45 zg5h figs-idiom 0 who shed blood…blood is on their hands This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “who murder people…murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZK 23 45 zg5h figs-idiom 0 who shed blood … blood is on their hands This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “who murder people … murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 23 46 mry5 figs-idiom 0 raise up a company The phrase “raise up” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “gather a large group of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 23 46 wi9z 0 against them and give them “against Jerusalem and Samaria and give them” EZK 23 46 yif5 0 give them up Yahweh gives up the responsibility to take care of them and allows them to suffer. @@ -1586,11 +1586,11 @@ EZK 24 19 j5bh 0 General Information: The people of Israel question Ezekiel, a EZK 24 20 a86e figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 24 21 a8px figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 24 21 vx6c 0 Behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -EZK 24 21 tq97 0 I will desecrate my sanctuary—the pride of…of your soul, and your sons “I will desecrate my sanctuary which is the pride…of your soul. Your sons” +EZK 24 21 tq97 0 I will desecrate my sanctuary—the pride of … of your soul, and your sons “I will desecrate my sanctuary which is the pride … of your soul. Your sons” EZK 24 21 qcv7 figs-metonymy 0 the pride of your power This describes the temple as the building that the people are proud of. This speaks of it as being their “pride” instead of the source of their pride. Alternate translation: “the building that you are proud of” or “the source of your strong pride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 24 21 lh1d figs-synecdoche 0 the delight of your eyes Here Yahweh refers to the people by their “eyes.” Alternate translation: “the building that you delight to look at” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZK 24 21 fa6c figs-synecdoche 0 the yearning of your soul Here Yahweh refers to the people by their “soul” to emphasize their inner feelings. Alternate translation: “the building that you truly love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -EZK 24 21 rw4n figs-metonymy 0 your sons and your daughters…will fall by the sword This refers to their enemies by their swords. Alternate translation: “your sons and daughters…will be killed in war” or “your enemies will kill your sons and your daughters…with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZK 24 21 rw4n figs-metonymy 0 your sons and your daughters … will fall by the sword This refers to their enemies by their swords. Alternate translation: “your sons and daughters … will be killed in war” or “your enemies will kill your sons and your daughters … with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 24 23 vr9u figs-metaphor 0 you will melt away Here “melt away” is a metaphor for wasting away and dying. Alternate translation: “you will become very thin and slowly die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 24 23 mm9s figs-explicit 0 in your iniquities This implies that God will not forgive the sins of these people. Alternate translation: “and I will not forgive your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 24 23 me25 0 groan This is the sound a person makes who wants help, but who has too much pain or sorrow to speak. @@ -1613,7 +1613,7 @@ EZK 25 3 h56r 0 General Information: Yahweh tells Ezekiel what to say to the p EZK 25 3 s9pp 0 Hear the word of the Lord Yahweh “Listen to this message from the Lord Yahweh” EZK 25 3 e8ne 0 you said, “Aha!” “you cheered.” The word “Aha” is a sound people make when they are happy about something. In this case the people were happy because bad things happened to Israel and Judah. EZK 25 3 xrf5 figs-activepassive 0 over my sanctuary when it was profaned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “against my sanctuary when the enemy army profaned it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZK 25 3 t975 0 against the land…against the house “over the land…over the house” +EZK 25 3 t975 0 against the land … against the house “over the land … over the house” EZK 25 3 z3wr figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the descendants of Judah over many years. See how you translated these words in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Judah people group” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 25 4 q4k4 0 behold “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” EZK 25 4 cex8 figs-metaphor 0 I am giving you to a people in the east as their possession This speaks of the enemy army conquering the land of Ammon and taking possession of the land and everything in it as if the enemy were taking the people of Ammon as their possession. It is not implied here that the enemy took the people of Ammon as slaves. Alternate translation: “I will cause an army from a land that is east of you to come and conquer you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1626,7 +1626,7 @@ EZK 25 6 yi9z figs-metonymy 0 all the contempt within you against the land of I EZK 25 7 bbl3 0 behold “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” EZK 25 7 kzd2 figs-metaphor 0 I will strike you with my hand “I will hit you with my powerful hand.” Here Yahweh speaks of punishing the people as if he were literally hitting them with his hand. Alternate translation: “I will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 25 7 u2p4 figs-metonymy 0 give you as plunder to the nations The word “you” refers to the people of Ammon but is also a metonym for their land and their possessions. Alternate translation: “I will allow enemies to defeat you and take you, your land, and your possessions as plunder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 25 7 six2 figs-parallelism 0 I will cut you off from the peoples…make you perish from among the countries These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will completely destroy the people of Ammon so that they are no longer a nation. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy you so that you are no longer a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +EZK 25 7 six2 figs-parallelism 0 I will cut you off from the peoples … make you perish from among the countries These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will completely destroy the people of Ammon so that they are no longer a nation. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy you so that you are no longer a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) EZK 25 8 m7lp figs-metonymy 0 Moab and Seir These places refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab and Seir” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 25 8 jaw7 0 Behold! The house of Judah is like “Look at the house of Judah. It is like” EZK 25 8 yax1 figs-metonymy 0 The house of Judah is The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the descendants of Judah over many years. See how you translated these words in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “The Judah people group are” or “The people of Judah are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1638,7 +1638,7 @@ EZK 25 10 qs9u figs-activepassive 0 so that the people of Ammon will not be rem EZK 25 12 ph9y figs-metonymy 0 Edom has taken Here “Edom” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “The people of Edom have taken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 25 12 hs3x figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the descendants of Judah over many years. See how you translated these words in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Judah people group” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 25 13 shy7 figs-metaphor 0 I will strike Edom with my hand Here Yahweh speaks of punishing the people as if he were literally hitting them with his hand. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 25:7](../25/07.md). Alternate translation: “I will punish Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 25 13 u34t translate-names 0 I will make them…from Teman to Dedan “I will make all of Edom…from Teman to Dedan.” These are two cities at opposite ends of Edom. This means that Yahweh will destroy all of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 25 13 u34t translate-names 0 I will make them … from Teman to Dedan “I will make all of Edom … from Teman to Dedan.” These are two cities at opposite ends of Edom. This means that Yahweh will destroy all of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 25 13 lfw7 figs-metonymy 0 They will fall by the sword The word “fall” represents being killed and the word “sword” refers to their enemies who will kill them in battle. Alternate translation: “Their enemies will kill them with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 25 14 fx1e figs-metonymy 0 I will lay my vengeance upon Edom by the hand of my people Israel Here the “hand” of Israel is a metonym for Israel’s army. Yahweh speaks of taking revenge on the people of Edom as if his vengeance were like a sheet that he covered them with. The abstract noun “vengeance” can be translated with the verb “to punish.” Alternate translation: “I will use my people Israel to punish the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 25 14 h1jc 0 they will do to Edom according to my anger and my fury “they will show Edom my anger and fury” or “they will punish Edom according to my anger and fury against the people of Edom” @@ -1695,7 +1695,7 @@ EZK 26 14 r43e figs-metaphor 0 I will make you a bare rock This metaphor descri EZK 26 14 y7m1 figs-metaphor 0 you will become a place where nets are spread out to dry This metaphor also describes the results after Yahweh destroys Tyre. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 26:5](../26/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 26 14 f7ce figs-activepassive 0 you will become a place where nets This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will make you a place where nets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 26 15 v6ti 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre. -EZK 26 15 mn77 figs-rquestion 0 Will not the islands quake…in your midst? This question expects a positive answer and emphasizes the results of Tyre’s destruction. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The islands will quake…in your midst.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 26 15 mn77 figs-rquestion 0 Will not the islands quake … in your midst? This question expects a positive answer and emphasizes the results of Tyre’s destruction. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The islands will quake … in your midst.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 26 15 l6ij figs-metonymy 0 Will not the islands quake Here “the islands” represents the people living on the islands. Alternate translation: “Will not the people of the islands quake with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 26 16 gy2a 0 princes of the sea “princes of the coastlands” EZK 26 16 fg7y figs-metaphor 0 They will clothe themselves with trembling This metaphor represents the princes trembling enough to seem like it was their clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1749,10 +1749,10 @@ EZK 27 9 z45r 0 filled your seams “repaired your cracks” or “repaired yo EZK 27 9 v3ke 0 sailors A sailor is one of the team of workers on a ship. EZK 27 10 t1q7 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to Tyre. EZK 27 10 aw8i 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre. -EZK 27 10 fj9d translate-names 0 Persia, Lydia…Libya These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 27 10 fj9d translate-names 0 Persia, Lydia … Libya These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 27 10 z7jj 0 your men of war “men who fought in your wars” or “serving as your warriors” EZK 27 10 hpk8 figs-abstractnouns 0 your splendor The abstract noun “splendor” can be translated using the adjective “splendid.” Alternate translation: “how splendid you were” or “how majestic you were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZK 27 11 hyb6 translate-names 0 Arvad…Helek…Gammad These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 27 11 hyb6 translate-names 0 Arvad … Helek … Gammad These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 27 11 m439 figs-abstractnouns 0 They completed your beauty The abstract noun “beauty” can be translated using the adjective “beautiful.” Alternate translation: “They finished making you beautiful” or “They made you perfectly beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZK 27 12 y349 0 General Information: The word “your” in these verses refers to Tyre. EZK 27 12 e1zd 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre. @@ -1780,25 +1780,25 @@ EZK 27 17 gp5u figs-metonymy 0 Judah and the land of Israel were trading with y EZK 27 17 f7fy translate-names 0 Minnith This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 27 17 mek4 0 cakes The meaning of the Hebrew word translated here as “cakes” is uncertain. Other versions may translate it as another type of food. EZK 27 17 fv9m 0 balsam a sweet-smelling gum or resin that comes from a tree -EZK 27 18 c3qx translate-names 0 Helbon…Zahar names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 27 18 c3qx translate-names 0 Helbon … Zahar names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 27 18 sji6 0 enormous wealth “abundant wealth” or “great wealth” EZK 27 19 meg9 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to Tyre. EZK 27 19 by7i 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre. -EZK 27 19 z471 translate-names 0 Dan…Javan…Izal These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 27 19 z471 translate-names 0 Dan … Javan … Izal These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 27 19 c7yt figs-metonymy 0 Dan and Javan This is a metonym for the people of Dan and Javan. Alternate translation: “The people of Dan and Javan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 27 19 v3kv 0 wrought iron a form of iron that can be shaped with a hammer EZK 27 19 sf4p translate-unknown 0 cinnamon This is a type of spice that comes from the bark of a tree. “Cassia” is another name for this spice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EZK 27 19 m7yg translate-unknown 0 calamus a type of grass that people used as perfume and for medicine (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EZK 27 20 jt9g figs-metonymy 0 Dedan was This is a metonym for the people of Dedan. Alternate translation: “The people of Dedan were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 27 20 t1xy 0 saddle blankets A saddle blanket is a piece of cloth that people place on a horse beneath a saddle or seat. -EZK 27 21 cen5 translate-names 0 Arabia…Kedar These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 27 21 cen5 translate-names 0 Arabia … Kedar These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 27 21 pe5d figs-metonymy 0 Arabia This is a metonym for the people of Arabia. Alternate translation: “The people of Arabia” or “The Arabians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 27 22 tk79 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to Tyre. EZK 27 22 i5a5 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre. -EZK 27 22 u136 translate-names 0 Sheba…Raamah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 27 22 u136 translate-names 0 Sheba … Raamah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 27 22 pmg1 0 precious gems “valuable stones” EZK 27 23 p6qs figs-metonymy 0 Haran, Kanneh, and Eden were traders with you, along with Sheba, Ashur, and Kilmad This refers to the people from these places. Alternate translation: “The people of Haran, Kanneh, and Eden were traders with you, along with the people of Sheba, Ashur, and Kilmad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZK 27 23 ad7i translate-names 0 Haran…Kanneh…Eden…Sheba…Ashur…Kilmad These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 27 23 ad7i translate-names 0 Haran … Kanneh … Eden … Sheba … Ashur … Kilmad These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 27 24 r4c9 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to Tyre. EZK 27 24 u2us 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre. EZK 27 24 neq7 0 These were your dealers “They traded with you” @@ -1977,14 +1977,14 @@ EZK 29 15 grg4 figs-metaphor 0 I will diminish them “I will make them small. EZK 29 16 p8ei figs-abstractnouns 0 The Egyptians will no longer be a reason for confidence for the house of Israel The abstract noun “confidence” can be translated with the verbs “trust” or “rely on.” Alternate translation: “The house of Israel will no longer trust in the Egyptians” or “The house of Israel will no longer rely on the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZK 29 16 r6x6 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel Here “house” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” or “the nation of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 29 16 e48h figs-explicit 0 they will be a reminder of the iniquity that Israel committed How Egypt would be a reminder can be stated clearly. The abstract nouns “reminder” and “iniquity” can be expressed with the verbs “remember” and “sin.” Alternate translation: “when Israel sees what I do to Egypt, Israel will remember how Israel sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZK 29 16 mh8u figs-metonymy 0 when they turned to Egypt for help Here “turn…for help” is a metonym for “ask…for help.” Alternate translation: “whenever they asked Egypt to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZK 29 16 mh8u figs-metonymy 0 when they turned to Egypt for help Here “turn … for help” is a metonym for “ask … for help.” Alternate translation: “whenever they asked Egypt to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 29 17 ch2l 0 it came about This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. EZK 29 17 gqc9 translate-ordinal 0 in the twenty-seventh year This was after King Jehoiachin and the people of Judah were taken as exiles to Babylon. Alternate translation: “in the twenty-seventh year of the exile of King Jehoiachin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 29 17 wl2a translate-hebrewmonths 0 on the first of the first month “on the first day of the first month.” This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the beginning of April. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZK 29 17 awb7 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 29 18 t2q3 0 Son of man “Son of a human being” or “Son of humanity.” God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “Mortal person” or “Human” EZK 29 18 l44j figs-explicit 0 to do hard work against Tyre The kind of hard work they did can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “to work hard at attacking Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZK 29 18 xi8j 0 Every head…every shoulder This refers to the heads and shoulders of the Babylonian soldiers. +EZK 29 18 xi8j 0 Every head … every shoulder This refers to the heads and shoulders of the Babylonian soldiers. EZK 29 18 u4f4 0 Every head was rubbed until it was made bald Either their helmets or the heavy things they carried on their heads rubbed the hair off their heads. EZK 29 18 c9ej 0 every shoulder was made raw Either their armor or the heavy things they carried on their shoulders rubbed the skin off their shoulders. Alternate translation: “every shoulder was rubbed raw” or “every shoulder was rubbed bare” EZK 29 18 f8rl figs-metaphor 0 he and his army received no payment from Tyre Here “payment” represents the valuable things that Nebuchadnezzar’s army would steal from Tyre as a reward for defeating it. God speaks of these things as if they were what God would pay them for working for him. Alternate translation: “he and his army did not get any valuable things from Tyre as reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2038,8 +2038,8 @@ EZK 30 9 i4r1 0 It is coming “It” refers to the “great pain” or “gre EZK 30 10 x5ln 0 The Lord Yahweh says this The word “this” refers to what follows. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:5](../05/05.md). EZK 30 10 n8sq 0 I will make an end of the multitudes of Egypt “I will make it so that Egypt will no longer have many people.” EZK 30 10 m1i8 0 by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar Here “the hand” represents Nebuchadnezzar’s military power. Nebuchadnezzar will be the one who brings this punishment about. -EZK 30 11 wyx4 figs-activepassive 0 He and his army with him…will be brought to destroy the land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bring Nebuchadnezzar and his army…to destroy the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZK 30 11 ysz6 figs-activepassive 0 He and his army…will be brought to destroy the land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause him and his army…to go destroy the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZK 30 11 wyx4 figs-activepassive 0 He and his army with him … will be brought to destroy the land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bring Nebuchadnezzar and his army … to destroy the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZK 30 11 ysz6 figs-activepassive 0 He and his army … will be brought to destroy the land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause him and his army … to go destroy the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 30 11 c3dg figs-abstractnouns 0 He and his army with him, the terror of nations Yahweh calls Nebuchadnezzar “the terror of the nations” because all of the nations are greatly afraid of his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army with him, the one who terrifies many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZK 30 11 qe7v figs-metonymy 0 they will draw out their swords against Egypt Here “draw out their swords” represents fighting with their swords. Alternate translation: “they will use their swords and fight against Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 30 11 z8nw figs-hyperbole 0 fill the land with those who have been killed This is an exaggeration to show that the Babylonians will kill very many Egyptians. There will be so many dead Egyptians that it will seem that their dead bodies cover all of the land of Egypt. Alternate translation: “kill so many people that it will seem like dead bodies are everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -2172,7 +2172,7 @@ EZK 31 16 cc1y figs-idiom 0 in the lowest parts of the earth “that were alrea EZK 31 16 fpl1 0 the choicest and best trees of Lebanon; the trees that drank the waters “the best trees of Lebanon that everyone would want; trees that got a lot of water.” This is describing the trees of Eden that were in the lowest parts of the earth. EZK 31 16 c1t9 0 the choicest This is something that everyone would want because it is very good. EZK 31 17 wir1 0 General Information: Yahweh’s parable about the cedar continues. -EZK 31 17 nmq8 figs-idiom 0 they also went down with it to Sheol Here “went down…to Sheol” is an idiom that means to die. Alternate translation: “those trees of Lebanon also died and went down to Sheol with the cedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZK 31 17 nmq8 figs-idiom 0 they also went down with it to Sheol Here “went down … to Sheol” is an idiom that means to die. Alternate translation: “those trees of Lebanon also died and went down to Sheol with the cedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 31 17 pk4t figs-activepassive 0 who had been killed by the sword Here “sword” represents enemies who fought them in battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom enemies had killed with swords” or “who had died in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 31 17 j8k6 figs-metonymy 0 These were its strong arm “These trees of Lebanon were its strong arm.” The phrase “strong arm” represents “power.” Alternate translation: “These trees of Lebanon were the power of the cedar” or “These trees strengthened the cedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 31 18 uk5x figs-rquestion 0 Which of the trees in Eden was your equal in glory and greatness? “Which of these trees in Eden had as much glory as you and was as great as you?” God asks Pharaoh this question to show him that the parable applies to him and his country. It can start with “So Pharaoh” or “So Egypt.” Alternate translation: “None of the trees in Eden was your equal in glory and greatness!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2183,12 +2183,12 @@ EZK 31 18 m128 0 among the uncircumcised “where you will be with people who EZK 31 18 m3da figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 32 intro vpr6 0 # Ezekiel 32 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The prophecy against Egypt and its king concludes in this chapter. Egypt will have its army destroyed, just as happened to so many other nations. Beginning in verse 1, the land of Egypt is addressed through Pharaoh, its king, so God refers to Egypt as “he” and “him.” However, beginning in verse 12, Egypt is referred to as “she” and “her,” as if she were a woman. It was common in Hebrew for lands and countries to be referred to as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 32 1 r6qy 0 Then it happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -EZK 32 1 esv2 translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the twelfth month…on the first of the month This is the twelfth and final month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the end of February. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +EZK 32 1 esv2 translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the twelfth month … on the first of the month This is the twelfth and final month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the end of February. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZK 32 1 vh9u translate-ordinal 0 of the twelfth year This refers to the twelfth year of the reign of King Jehoiachin. Alternate translation: “of the twelfth year of the exile of King Jehoiachin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 32 1 alb1 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 32 2 l8pu 0 Son of man “Son of a human being” or “Son of humanity.” God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “Mortal person” or “Human” EZK 32 2 iu25 0 lift up “sing” -EZK 32 2 w2mp 0 You are like a young lion…like a monster in the seas This could mean: (1) he thought he was like a lion, but he was really only a monster, or (2) he was like a lion and a monster. +EZK 32 2 w2mp 0 You are like a young lion … like a monster in the seas This could mean: (1) he thought he was like a lion, but he was really only a monster, or (2) he was like a lion and a monster. EZK 32 2 u588 figs-simile 0 like a young lion among the nations Egypt was stronger than other nations, like lions are stronger than other animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) EZK 32 2 v3jk figs-simile 0 like a monster in the seas Pharaoh was powerful, but he only caused trouble for others, like this monster in the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) EZK 32 2 ih5d 0 monster A monster is an animal that is big and dangerous. This one might be a crocodile. See how you translated this word in [Ezekiel 29:3](../29/03.md). @@ -2239,7 +2239,7 @@ EZK 32 18 l4kp 0 Son of man “Son of a human being” or “Son of humanity. EZK 32 18 uqn6 0 bring them down—her and the daughters of majestic nations God is perhaps telling Ezekiel to cause this to happen by giving a prophetic command. EZK 32 18 x2hj 0 her Once again, the land of Egypt is referred to as a woman. EZK 32 18 dz2p 0 the daughters of majestic nations This could mean: (1) “the people of powerful nations” or (2) “other powerful nations.” -EZK 32 18 b9j9 figs-idiom 0 the lowest earth “to the places under the ground.” When people died, they were put in the ground. So “bring them down…to the lowest earth” means “make them die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZK 32 18 b9j9 figs-idiom 0 the lowest earth “to the places under the ground.” When people died, they were put in the ground. So “bring them down … to the lowest earth” means “make them die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 32 18 map2 0 with those who have gone down to the pit “with everyone else who has died and gone into the ground” EZK 32 18 rhr2 figs-metonymy 0 the pit “The pit” refers to the grave; because the grave was thought to be the entrance to the world of the dead, the pit also represents that world. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 31:16](../31/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 32 19 fu9n figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Ezekiel. He speaks of the people of Egypt as if they were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2281,16 +2281,16 @@ EZK 32 25 b2qh figs-explicit 0 All of them are uncircumcised The Israelites did EZK 32 25 t44i figs-metonymy 0 pierced by the sword, because The word “pierced” here is a metonym for “killed.” This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “their enemies have killed them with swords because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 32 25 wm2f 0 Elam is among all those who were killed This is very similar to the first part of the verse. Alternate translation: “The dead people gave Elam a place to lie among themselves” EZK 32 26 ev99 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Ezekiel about nations in Sheol. -EZK 32 26 z1f7 0 Meshech…Tubal See how you translated these names in [Ezekiel 27:13](../27/13.md). +EZK 32 26 z1f7 0 Meshech … Tubal See how you translated these names in [Ezekiel 27:13](../27/13.md). EZK 32 26 yyc8 0 Their graves surround them See how you translated “her graves surround her” in [Ezekiel 32:22](../32/22.md). EZK 32 26 cz8c figs-metonymy 0 killed by the sword Here “the sword” represents warfare. Alternate translation: “killed in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 32 26 f99x figs-abstractnouns 0 they had brought their terrors on the land of the living Causing people to fear is spoken of as if it were the act of bringing an object to them. The abstract noun “terrors” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “they terrified everyone in the land of the living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZK 32 26 d3ir 0 All of them…land of the living See how you translated “All of them…land of the living” in [Ezekiel 32:25](../32/25.md). +EZK 32 26 d3ir 0 All of them … land of the living See how you translated “All of them … land of the living” in [Ezekiel 32:25](../32/25.md). EZK 32 27 yw5h figs-metaphor 0 their iniquities over their bones The warriors’ iniquities cover their bodies, although one would expect that their shields would cover them in death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 32 27 ib2c 0 they were the terror of warriors in the land of the living “while they were still alive, they made other warriors very afraid” EZK 32 27 h3q4 figs-metaphor 0 in the land of the living The time during which these warriors were living is spoken of as if it were a place. Alternate translation: “while they were alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 32 28 py7u 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -EZK 32 28 r4lz figs-activepassive 0 you…will be broken “Broken” here represents “destroyed.” This can be put in active form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZK 32 28 r4lz figs-activepassive 0 you … will be broken “Broken” here represents “destroyed.” This can be put in active form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 32 28 i379 0 in the midst of “in the middle of” EZK 32 28 mq69 figs-metonymy 0 those who were pierced The word “pierced” here is a metonym for “killed.” This can be translated in active form. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 32:25](../32/25.md). Alternate translation: “those whose enemies have killed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 32 28 x2sa figs-metonymy 0 by the sword This represents being in warfare. Alternate translation: “in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2329,7 +2329,7 @@ EZK 33 7 kx9j figs-metonymy 0 you will hear the words from my mouth and warn th EZK 33 7 k3xm 0 warn them on my behalf “warn them as my representative” or “give them the warning from me” EZK 33 8 f3uh 0 do not announce this “do not say this” EZK 33 8 uv5c 0 about his way “the way he acts” or “the things he does.” See how you translated “your ways” in [Ezekiel 7:3](../07/03.md). -EZK 33 8 xxx9 figs-metonymy 0 I will require his blood from your hand Here “blood” represents a person’s death. The phrase “require…from your hand” is an idiom that means to consider someone responsible. Alternate translation: “I will consider you responsible for his death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZK 33 8 xxx9 figs-metonymy 0 I will require his blood from your hand Here “blood” represents a person’s death. The phrase “require … from your hand” is an idiom that means to consider someone responsible. Alternate translation: “I will consider you responsible for his death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 33 9 bli4 figs-metaphor 0 he might turn back from it, and if he does not turn back from his way A person no longer behaving in a certain way is spoken of as if he physically turns and goes back on a path. Alternate translation: “he might stop doing bad things, and if he does not stop doing bad things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 33 9 wyw9 0 will have saved your own life “will have kept yourself alive” EZK 33 10 x1yc 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the Israelites. @@ -2358,7 +2358,7 @@ EZK 33 15 a8pz figs-metaphor 0 walks in the statutes that give life Acting or b EZK 33 16 t7vi figs-idiom 0 will be called to mind for him The phrase “call to mind” is an idiom that means to remember. The phrase “will be called” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will I think about” or “will I recall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 33 17 p3b6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the Israelites. EZK 33 17 n2pn 0 your people These are the people of Israel. The word “your” refers to Ezekiel. -EZK 33 17 md4q figs-metaphor 0 The way of the Lord…your ways that are not fair Behaviors or actions is spoken of as if they were a way or road on which a person travels. Alternate translation: “What the Lord does…the things you do that are not fair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 33 17 md4q figs-metaphor 0 The way of the Lord … your ways that are not fair Behaviors or actions is spoken of as if they were a way or road on which a person travels. Alternate translation: “What the Lord does … the things you do that are not fair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 33 17 ek62 figs-123person 0 but it is your ways The word “your” refers to the people of Israel. This can be stated in third person. Alternate translation: “but it is their ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 33 18 lm5w figs-metaphor 0 turns away from his righteousness No longer doing something is spoken of as if it were physically turning away from something. Alternate translation: “stops doing what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 33 18 pvt9 0 die in it “die because of his sins” @@ -2367,7 +2367,7 @@ EZK 33 19 n641 0 because of those things “because he does what is just and r EZK 33 20 nif9 0 you people These are the people of Israel. EZK 33 20 ml7h figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel Here “house” represents people. Alternate translation: “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 33 21 f5bc 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -EZK 33 21 ft4b translate-ordinal 0 the twelfth year…fifth day…tenth month “year 12…day 5…month 10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +EZK 33 21 ft4b translate-ordinal 0 the twelfth year … fifth day … tenth month “year 12…day 5…month 10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZK 33 21 h8in translate-hebrewmonths 0 on the fifth day of the tenth month This is the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar. The fifth day is near the beginning of January on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZK 33 21 b544 figs-exclusive 0 of our captivity Here “our” refers to Ezekiel and the Israelites who have been in Babylon since the time the Babylonians forced King Jehoiachin to leave Jerusalem, but not to the reader. Alternate translation: “after we became captives” or “after the Babylonians took us as captives to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 33 21 t9rx 0 a fugitive came to me from Jerusalem “someone escaped from Jerusalem and came to me” The Babylonians had destroyed Jerusalem and killed the people of Jerusalem, but a few people escaped. @@ -2420,7 +2420,7 @@ EZK 34 2 ej5p 0 Son of man “Son of a human being” or “Son of humanity. EZK 34 2 vn6i figs-metaphor 0 the shepherds of Israel The leaders of Israel are spoken as if they were shepherds. They were supposed to take care of their people like shepherds take care of their flock. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Israel who are like shepherds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 34 2 g6f2 figs-metaphor 0 are shepherding themselves The leaders taking care of themselves instead of the people are spoken of as if they were shepherding themselves. AT “are feeding and taking care of themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 34 2 ws9p figs-rquestion 0 Should not shepherds guard the flock? Yahweh uses this question to scold the leaders for not taking care of the people. Alternate translation: “Shepherds should feed the flock and take care of it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 34 3 q9ux figs-metaphor 0 You eat the fatty portions…dress in wool This continues speaking of the leaders of Israel as if they were bad shepherds that kill the best animals in their flock for food and clothing. Alternate translation: “You are like shepherds who eat the fatty portions…dress in wool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 34 3 q9ux figs-metaphor 0 You eat the fatty portions … dress in wool This continues speaking of the leaders of Israel as if they were bad shepherds that kill the best animals in their flock for food and clothing. Alternate translation: “You are like shepherds who eat the fatty portions … dress in wool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 34 3 nel9 figs-explicit 0 You eat the fatty portions The fatty portions come from the sheep and the goats. Alternate translation: “You eat the fatty parts of the sheep and goats” or “You eat the best parts of the sheep and goats” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 34 3 xv9g 0 dress in wool “wear the wool from the sheep” EZK 34 3 a41p 0 the fatlings “the youngest and fattest sheep and goats” @@ -2450,7 +2450,7 @@ EZK 34 9 k6pi figs-idiom 0 hear the word of Yahweh “listen to Yahweh’s mess EZK 34 10 tc6r figs-123person 0 The Lord Yahweh says this This can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “I, the Lord Yahweh, say this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 34 10 ygs2 0 Behold! The word “Behold” here adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Indeed!” EZK 34 10 ejn3 0 I am against the shepherds “I am opposed to the shepherds” -EZK 34 10 q2jt figs-idiom 0 I will require my flock from their hand The phrase “require…from their hand” is an idiom that means to hold or consider someone responsible for something. Alternate translation: “I will hold them responsible for all the bad things that happen to my flock” or “I will punish them for all the bad things they let happen to my flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZK 34 10 q2jt figs-idiom 0 I will require my flock from their hand The phrase “require … from their hand” is an idiom that means to hold or consider someone responsible for something. Alternate translation: “I will hold them responsible for all the bad things that happen to my flock” or “I will punish them for all the bad things they let happen to my flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 34 10 wm3e 0 I will dismiss them from shepherding the flock “I will not let them shepherd the flock any longer” or “I will not let them be the shepherds of the flock any longer” EZK 34 10 vs2t 0 shepherd themselves “feed and take care of themselves” EZK 34 10 e7dg figs-metonymy 0 from their mouths Here “mouths” represent eating. Alternate translation: “so they cannot eat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2464,7 +2464,7 @@ EZK 34 12 hyn7 figs-explicit 0 they were scattered It is implied that the anima EZK 34 12 vtv8 figs-metaphor 0 on the day of clouds and darkness “on the cloudy and dark day.” Disasters are spoken of as if they were a day of darkness. Alternate translation: “when terrible disasters happened to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 34 13 n8pb 0 bring them “bring my sheep and my goats” or “bring my flock” EZK 34 13 g4u8 0 from among the peoples “from the places where they lived with other peoples” -EZK 34 13 j5tp figs-metaphor 0 I will put them in pastures…every settlement in the land Yahweh bringing his people back from exile to their land so that he can care for them and keep them safe is spoken of as if he were their shepherd who puts his flock in a place where there is plenty of land, food, and water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 34 13 j5tp figs-metaphor 0 I will put them in pastures … every settlement in the land Yahweh bringing his people back from exile to their land so that he can care for them and keep them safe is spoken of as if he were their shepherd who puts his flock in a place where there is plenty of land, food, and water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 34 13 hy5g 0 pastures land that has grass and small plants that sheep and goats can eat EZK 34 13 z8xx 0 settlement This is a place where people live. Usually they live in houses in a settlement. EZK 34 14 f5pn figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the leaders of Israel. Yahweh continues speaking of the people of Israel as if they were a flock of sheep. Here he speaks of himself as their shepherd who will take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2481,7 +2481,7 @@ EZK 34 17 y2f2 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to give Ez EZK 34 17 ql1g 0 behold, I “pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important, I” EZK 34 17 j47n 0 I will be a judge between sheep and sheep “I will judge between one sheep and another” EZK 34 17 iya2 0 rams and male goats The male sheep and goats are usually the strongest in the flock and can get whatever they want from the other animals in the flock. -EZK 34 18 fhe3 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not enough…feet God uses these questions to scold Israel’s leaders, who are spoken of as if they were the stronger animals in the flock that were unkind to the weaker ones. You can translate this as a statement as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 34 18 fhe3 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not enough … feet God uses these questions to scold Israel’s leaders, who are spoken of as if they were the stronger animals in the flock that were unkind to the weaker ones. You can translate this as a statement as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 34 20 zs53 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking of the people of Israel as if they were a flock of sheep and of himself as their shepherd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 34 20 fe7l figs-123person 0 the Lord Yahweh says this This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 34 20 ugv9 0 to them “to my flock” @@ -2518,7 +2518,7 @@ EZK 34 28 fz53 figs-metonymy 0 They will no longer be plunder for the nations H EZK 34 28 v7ul 0 plunder These are things that are stolen or taken by force. See how you translated “plunder” in [Ezekiel 7:21](../07/21.md). EZK 34 29 w9v8 0 be victims of famine “be starved” or “be starving because of lack of food” EZK 34 29 g731 figs-metonymy 0 they will not bear the scorn of the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. The abstract noun “scorn” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “they will no longer hear the people of the nations insult them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZK 34 30 s92f figs-idiom 0 I, Yahweh their God, am with them Here “I…am with them” is an idiom that means Yahweh helps them. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh their God, am helping them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +EZK 34 30 s92f figs-idiom 0 I, Yahweh their God, am with them Here “I … am with them” is an idiom that means Yahweh helps them. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh their God, am helping them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 34 30 j3r4 0 with them. They are my people This can be stated as one sentence. Alternate translation: “with them, and that they are my people” EZK 34 31 r38j figs-metaphor 0 For you are my sheep, the flock of my pasture This speaks of the people of Israel as if they were a flock of sheep and Yahweh is their shepherd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 35 intro nzj1 0 # Ezekiel 35 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Edom

Because the people of Edom rejoiced at the destruction of Israel, they too will be destroyed. @@ -2738,19 +2738,19 @@ EZK 37 27 lwv7 0 My dwelling place “The place where I live” EZK 37 27 srg8 0 I will be their God, and they will be my people See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 11:20](../11/20.md). EZK 38 intro fn3k 0 # Ezekiel 38 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section prophesying against Gog. Later Gog will try to conquer Israel. EZK 38 1 y6kr figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EZK 38 2 er1m translate-symaction 0 set your face toward Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince…Tubal This is a command to stare at Gog and Magog as a symbol of punishing the people there. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “Stare at the land of Magog and at Gog, the chief prince…Tubal” or “Stare at Gog, the chief prince…Tubal, and at the land of Magog so that they will be harmed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +EZK 38 2 er1m translate-symaction 0 set your face toward Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince … Tubal This is a command to stare at Gog and Magog as a symbol of punishing the people there. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “Stare at the land of Magog and at Gog, the chief prince … Tubal” or “Stare at Gog, the chief prince … Tubal, and at the land of Magog so that they will be harmed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EZK 38 2 f2v4 figs-metonymy 0 set your face Here “face” is a metonym for attention or gaze, and “set your face” represents staring. Alternate translation: “stare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 38 2 ugx2 figs-explicit 0 Gog, the land of Magog It is implied that Magog is the land over which Gog rules. Alternate translation: “Gog who rules over the land of Magog” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 38 2 e6y7 translate-names 0 Gog This is the name of a leader or king who ruled in the land of Magog. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 38 2 v7t6 0 Magog This is the name of an ancient nation that was probably located in the land that is now Turkey. Magog might be the ancient nation of Lydia. EZK 38 2 sz93 figs-explicit 0 the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal This expression occurs twice in these verses. Some modern versions, however, interpret the Hebrew expression as “the chief of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal.” This is another title for Gog. Alternate translation: “who is the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZK 38 2 r1k4 0 Meshech…Tubal See how you translated these names in [Ezekiel 32:26](../32/26.md). +EZK 38 2 r1k4 0 Meshech … Tubal See how you translated these names in [Ezekiel 32:26](../32/26.md). EZK 38 3 aqh7 0 Behold! This emphasizes the importance of the statement that follows. It can be translated as “Look!” or “Listen!” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you!” EZK 38 3 w9nd figs-idiom 0 I am against you This idiom means “I am your enemy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 38 4 l3f7 0 General Information: These verses list the various nations who will join Gog’s army. EZK 38 4 pje8 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Gog. EZK 38 4 g7yk figs-metaphor 0 set hooks in your jaw Here “hooks in your jaw” represents God’s control over Gog. People put hooks in the mouths of animals so that they could lead the animals wherever they wanted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 38 4 pks1 0 in full armor…holding swords These phrases describe an army that is ready for battle. +EZK 38 4 pks1 0 in full armor … holding swords These phrases describe an army that is ready for battle. EZK 38 5 j8a5 0 with shields and helmets This phrase describes an army that is ready for battle. EZK 38 6 v89p 0 Gomer a nation that lived north of the Black Sea EZK 38 6 t2fm 0 Beth Togarmah See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 27:14](../27/14.md). @@ -2766,7 +2766,7 @@ EZK 38 9 evz1 figs-simile 0 you will go up as a storm goes This simile means Go EZK 38 9 rk79 figs-simile 0 a cloud covering the land This simile means the army will be so large that it will cover the entire land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) EZK 38 10 q5ud 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Gog. EZK 38 10 fbh4 0 on that day that “at that time” -EZK 38 10 k46y figs-doublet 0 plans will form in your heart…you will devise wicked schemes These phrases mean the same thing and can be combined into a single phrase. Alternate translation: “you will plan to do something very evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EZK 38 10 k46y figs-doublet 0 plans will form in your heart … you will devise wicked schemes These phrases mean the same thing and can be combined into a single phrase. Alternate translation: “you will plan to do something very evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EZK 38 10 dyu8 figs-metonymy 0 plans will form in your heart Here “heart” refers to his thinking. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will think of plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 38 11 d5i1 figs-synecdoche 0 I will Gog will not do these things alone. His army will do most of them. Alternate translation: “My army and I will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZK 38 11 l5sf 0 the open land The following phrases explain that this refers to a land without walls or bars or gates. @@ -2777,17 +2777,17 @@ EZK 38 12 s6jh 0 at the center of the earth “in the middle of the most impor EZK 38 13 p34k 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Gog. EZK 38 13 p8xz 0 Sheba See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 27:22](../27/22.md). EZK 38 13 w24u 0 Dedan See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 25:13](../25/13.md). -EZK 38 13 zl51 figs-rquestion 0 Have you come to plunder? Have you assembled your armies…to haul away much plunder? These two questions are used to accuse Gog of attacking Israel without cause. These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “It is not right for you to assemble your army to plunder, to carry off silver and gold, to take their livestock and property, and to haul away much plunder!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZK 38 13 kc59 figs-doublet 0 to take their livestock and property…to haul away much plunder These phrases have similar meaning and can be combined into a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to take away their livestock and all their valuable possessions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EZK 38 13 zl51 figs-rquestion 0 Have you come to plunder? Have you assembled your armies … to haul away much plunder? These two questions are used to accuse Gog of attacking Israel without cause. These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “It is not right for you to assemble your army to plunder, to carry off silver and gold, to take their livestock and property, and to haul away much plunder!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 38 13 kc59 figs-doublet 0 to take their livestock and property … to haul away much plunder These phrases have similar meaning and can be combined into a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to take away their livestock and all their valuable possessions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EZK 38 14 ij47 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh tells Ezekiel what he is to say to Gog. EZK 38 14 p7li 0 son of man “son of a human being” or “son of humanity.” God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “mortal person” or “human” -EZK 38 14 tne1 figs-rquestion 0 On that day…learn about them? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that Gog will indeed hear about the people living in Israel. Alternate translation: “On that day, when my people Israel are living securely, you will hear about them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 38 14 tne1 figs-rquestion 0 On that day … learn about them? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that Gog will indeed hear about the people living in Israel. Alternate translation: “On that day, when my people Israel are living securely, you will hear about them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 38 16 rg6b figs-simile 0 like a cloud that covers the land This simile means the army will be so large that it will cover the entire land. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 38:9](../38/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) EZK 38 16 yc4c 0 In the latter days This refers to the distant future before the world ends. Alternate translation: “In the last days” or “At the end of time” or “In the distant future” -EZK 38 16 a64a 0 In the latter days…to be holy before their eyes All the nations will understand that Yahweh is holy when they see what he does to Gog. +EZK 38 16 a64a 0 In the latter days … to be holy before their eyes All the nations will understand that Yahweh is holy when they see what he does to Gog. EZK 38 16 v8yu 0 might know me “might know who I am” EZK 38 17 kze5 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues telling Ezekiel what he is to say to Gog. -EZK 38 17 ax3d figs-rquestion 0 Are you not the one…bring you against them? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he was the one who brought Gog to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “You are the one…bring you against them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZK 38 17 ax3d figs-rquestion 0 Are you not the one … bring you against them? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he was the one who brought Gog to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “You are the one … bring you against them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZK 38 17 q4ic 0 of whom I spoke “that I spoke about” EZK 38 17 mr69 0 in former days “in the past” or “a long time ago” EZK 38 17 ul36 figs-metonymy 0 by the hand of my servants Here “hand” refers to the fact that these prophets wrote down Yahweh’s message. Alternate translation: “by means of my servants” or “through my servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2827,13 +2827,13 @@ EZK 39 6 me83 figs-explicit 0 know that I am Yahweh When Yahweh says that peopl EZK 39 7 y4tq 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Gog. EZK 39 7 j1lr figs-metonymy 0 I will make my holy name known in the midst of my people Israel Here the metonym “my holy name” refers to Yahweh’s character. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will make my people, Israel, know that I am holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 39 8 y96a 0 Behold! This tells the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look!” or “Listen!” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you!” -EZK 39 8 k6bb figs-doublet 0 is coming…will take place These two phrases have similar meaning and emphasize the fact that this will really happen. Alternate translation: “is surely going to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EZK 39 8 k6bb figs-doublet 0 is coming … will take place These two phrases have similar meaning and emphasize the fact that this will really happen. Alternate translation: “is surely going to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EZK 39 9 lw4x 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Gog. EZK 39 9 t6ss figs-doublet 0 to kindle and make fires These two phrases mean the same thing. The Israelites will use the wood from the weapons as kindling for fires. Alternate translation: “to start fires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) EZK 39 9 jr6e 0 small shields, large shields, bows, arrows, the clubs and spears This list includes all the typical weapons of war of that day. It may represent weapons in general. EZK 39 9 k28p 0 clubs wooden sticks used as a weapon -EZK 39 10 f3tl figs-doublet 0 wanted to take…wanted to plunder Here “to take” and “to plunder” mean the same thing. Gog intended to take Israel’s possessions, but Yahweh prevented him so that he was not able to do that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -EZK 39 10 l3cu 0 will plunder…wanted to plunder Translate “plunder” as in [Ezekiel 23:46](../23/46.md). +EZK 39 10 f3tl figs-doublet 0 wanted to take … wanted to plunder Here “to take” and “to plunder” mean the same thing. Gog intended to take Israel’s possessions, but Yahweh prevented him so that he was not able to do that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +EZK 39 10 l3cu 0 will plunder … wanted to plunder Translate “plunder” as in [Ezekiel 23:46](../23/46.md). EZK 39 11 r7ks 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh begins to tell Ezekiel what will happen to Gog. EZK 39 11 p4ff 0 it will happen on that day that This signals an important event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could use it here. EZK 39 11 rbw1 0 to the east of the sea A few modern versions interpret the Hebrew expression here as “to the east toward the sea.” @@ -2888,13 +2888,13 @@ EZK 39 26 x3gv 0 they will bear their shame and all the treason Experts do not EZK 39 26 mmr5 0 the treason “the unfaithfulness” EZK 39 27 gzg6 figs-metonymy 0 I will show myself to be holy in the sight of many nations Here “sight” is a metonym for understanding. Alternate translation: “many nations will understand that I am holy because of what I did for the house of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 39 28 j82j 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to give Ezekiel a message about what will happen to Israel. -EZK 39 28 k5li 0 I sent them into captivity…I will gather them back to their land At the time when Ezekiel wrote, Israel was still in captivity in Babylon. +EZK 39 28 k5li 0 I sent them into captivity … I will gather them back to their land At the time when Ezekiel wrote, Israel was still in captivity in Babylon. EZK 39 29 rdl6 figs-idiom 0 I will no longer hide my face from them Here “no longer hide my face” is an idiom that means Yahweh will not continue to abandon Israel to exile in Babylon. Alternate translation: “I will no longer abandon them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZK 39 29 lz2m figs-metaphor 0 when I pour out my Spirit on the house of Israel Here to give the Spirit abundantly is spoken of as to “pour out” the Spirit. Alternate translation: “when I generously give my Spirit to the house of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 39 29 z9b1 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 39 29 jha5 figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 40 intro w1r3 0 # Ezekiel 40 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### The new temple and city

In a vision, Ezekiel saw a man measuring the wall of a new temple. The next chapters will give precise measurements for the construction of a temple to be built. This was not the temple of Ezra’s day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -EZK 40 1 c448 translate-ordinal 0 twenty-fifth…tenth…fourteenth These words are the ordinal forms of 25, 10, and 14. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +EZK 40 1 c448 translate-ordinal 0 twenty-fifth … tenth … fourteenth These words are the ordinal forms of 25, 10, and 14. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZK 40 1 i9cg figs-explicit 0 of our captivity Here “our” refers to Ezekiel and the Israelites who have been in Babylon since the Babylonians forced King Jehoiachin to leave Jerusalem, but not to the reader. Alternate translation: “after we became captives” or “after the Babylonians took us as captives to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) EZK 40 1 jqw4 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the beginning of the year on the tenth day of the month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The tenth day is in April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZK 40 1 l36p figs-activepassive 0 the city was captured This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Babylonians captured the city of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3072,7 +3072,7 @@ EZK 41 10 s7ml translate-bdistance 0 cubits See how you translated these “lon EZK 41 11 k3ql translate-bdistance 0 five cubits about 2.7 meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 41 11 hej8 0 The width of this open area was five cubits all around “The entire space between the chambers and the temple was five cubits wide, all around the temple” EZK 41 12 y1mz 0 The building that faced the courtyard on the west side was seventy cubits in width This can be stated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “There was a building on the west side of the temple area, and its entrance was towards the courtyard. It was seventy cubits in width” -EZK 41 12 h18c translate-bdistance 0 seventy cubits…five cubits…ninety cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). “70 cubits…5 cubits…90 cubits” or “about 38 meters…about 2.7 meters…about 49 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 41 12 h18c translate-bdistance 0 seventy cubits … five cubits … ninety cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). “70 cubits…5 cubits…90 cubits” or “about 38 meters … about 2.7 meters … about 49 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 41 13 lhy2 translate-bdistance 0 one hundred cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). “100 cubits” or “about 54 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 41 15 bak3 0 the galleries “the balconies.” The balconies were places that were built higher up than the rest of the building. People could go into balconies and look down on the main floor of the building. EZK 41 15 w8jr translate-bdistance 0 one hundred cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). “100 cubits” or “about 54 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) @@ -3082,7 +3082,7 @@ EZK 41 18 ne31 0 cherubim See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 9:3](../09/0 EZK 41 18 m9dj 0 cherub This is the singular form of “cherubim.” See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 10:9](../10/09.md). EZK 41 20 cf7z 0 the house “the temple” EZK 41 22 fh5t figs-abstractnouns 0 the wooden altar in front of the holy place, which was These words are the end of the sentence that begins with the words “Their appearance was like the appearance of” in verse 21. Possible meanings of the sentence are (1) as it is translated in the ULT or (2) “The appearance of one was like the appearance of the other. The wooden altar in front of the holy place was.” The abstract noun “appearance” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “They appeared the same way the wooden altar in front of the holy place appeared. They were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZK 41 22 lqs8 translate-bdistance 0 three cubits…two cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “about 1.6 meters…about 1.1 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 41 22 lqs8 translate-bdistance 0 three cubits … two cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “about 1.6 meters … about 1.1 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 41 23 wx5m 0 There were double doors for the holy place and the most holy place “The holy place and the most holy place both had two doors” EZK 41 24 p6xg 0 These doors had two hinged door panels each “Each door had two parts that were on hinges.” Hinges connect doors to the wall and allow the doors to swing. EZK 41 24 eq5j 0 two panels for one door and two panels for the other “both of the doors for both the holy place and the most holy place had two parts” @@ -3090,17 +3090,17 @@ EZK 41 25 ik75 0 just as the walls were decorated “just as the walls also ha EZK 41 25 fd1y 0 portico covering in front of an entrance with columns or posts for support. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 8:16](../08/16.md). EZK 42 intro u94p 0 # Ezekiel 42 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. This chapter focused on the storerooms for keeping the holy things of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) EZK 42 1 i2dg 0 the outer courtyard See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 10:5](../10/05.md). -EZK 42 2 b17d translate-bdistance 0 one hundred cubits…fifty cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “100 cubits…50 cubits” or “about 54 meters…about 27 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 42 2 b17d translate-bdistance 0 one hundred cubits … fifty cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “100 cubits…50 cubits” or “about 54 meters … about 27 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 42 3 xw1y translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “20 cubits” or “about 11 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 42 3 hd41 0 Some of those rooms faced the inner courtyard “Some of those rooms were toward the inner courtyard” or “The entrance of some of those rooms was toward the inner courtyard” EZK 42 3 r38c 0 inner courtyard See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 8:16](../08/16.md). EZK 42 3 yg73 0 were open to them “looked out onto the inner courtyard” EZK 42 3 jwp5 0 having a walkway “because there was a place where one could walk along the rooms” EZK 42 3 im4u 0 Some of the rooms looked out onto the outer courtyard “Some of the rooms were toward the outer courtyard” or “The entrance of some of the rooms was toward the outer courtyard” -EZK 42 4 k5dr translate-bdistance 0 ten cubits…one hundred cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “10 cubits…100 cubits” or “about 5.4 meters…about 54 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 42 4 k5dr translate-bdistance 0 ten cubits … one hundred cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “10 cubits…100 cubits” or “about 5.4 meters … about 54 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 42 6 ll69 0 smaller in size compared to the rooms “smaller than the rooms” EZK 42 7 p1zj translate-bdistance 0 fifty cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “50 cubits” or “about 27 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -EZK 42 8 fs43 translate-bdistance 0 fifty cubits…one hundred cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “50 cubits…100 cubits” or “about 27 meters…about 54 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 42 8 fs43 translate-bdistance 0 fifty cubits … one hundred cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “50 cubits…100 cubits” or “about 27 meters … about 54 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 42 11 enm6 figs-abstractnouns 0 They were as the appearance of the rooms on the northern side The abstract noun “appearance” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “The way the rooms on the northern side appeared was the way these rooms appeared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZK 42 12 cb5b 0 at its head “at its beginning” EZK 42 13 w6k1 0 the food offering the grain or flour that the people offered to show that they were thankful to God @@ -3138,13 +3138,13 @@ EZK 43 13 bu5v 0 The border around its surrounding edge “The border going ar EZK 43 13 mj2w translate-bdistance 0 one span A span was 23 centimeters. You may choose not to include this information if you give modern measurements instead of “cubits” as the UST does. Alternate translation: “about 23 centimeters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 43 13 ep6b 0 This will be the base of the altar “These will be the measurements of the base of the altar” EZK 43 13 y37z 0 the base of the altar “the bottom supporting the altar” or “the foundation of the altar” -EZK 43 14 uab7 translate-bdistance 0 two cubits…four cubits Each “long cubit” was about 54 centimeters. You may choose not to include this information if you give modern measurements instead of “cubits” as the UST does. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “about 1.1 meters…about 2.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 43 14 uab7 translate-bdistance 0 two cubits … four cubits Each “long cubit” was about 54 centimeters. You may choose not to include this information if you give modern measurements instead of “cubits” as the UST does. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “about 1.1 meters … about 2.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 43 14 a8sb 0 ledge a narrow and flat surface that sticks out from a wall EZK 43 15 g3f7 0 The hearth the place where sacrifices were either cooked or burnt up with fire EZK 43 15 spz8 translate-bdistance 0 four cubits Each “long cubit” was about 54 centimeters. You may choose not to include this information if you give modern measurements instead of “cubits” as the UST does. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “about 2.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 43 15 c46r 0 horns The horns were the parts of the altar at the four corners of the altar that stuck up above the rest of the altar. EZK 43 16 xxn8 translate-bdistance 0 twelve cubits Each “long cubit” was about 54 centimeters. You may choose not to include this information if you give modern measurements instead of “cubits” as the UST does. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “about 2.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -EZK 43 17 erf8 translate-bdistance 0 fourteen cubits…a half cubit…a cubit Each “long cubit” was about 54 centimeters. You may choose not to include this information if you give modern measurements instead of “cubits” as the UST does. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “about 7.6 meters…about 27 centimeters…about 54 centimeters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 43 17 erf8 translate-bdistance 0 fourteen cubits … a half cubit … a cubit Each “long cubit” was about 54 centimeters. You may choose not to include this information if you give modern measurements instead of “cubits” as the UST does. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “about 7.6 meters … about 27 centimeters … about 54 centimeters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 43 17 swm9 0 with its steps facing east “with steps on the east side of the altar” or “and the altar’s steps are on its east side” EZK 43 18 t97x 0 he said “Yahweh said” EZK 43 18 g966 0 Son of man “Son of a human being” or “Son of humanity.” God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “Mortal person” or “Human” @@ -3154,11 +3154,11 @@ EZK 43 19 q7f2 figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh EZK 43 20 w2ku figs-you 0 Then you will take The word “you” is singular. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 43:19](../43/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EZK 43 20 d2gh 0 four horns The horns were the parts of the altar at the four corners of the altar that stuck up above the rest of the altar. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 43:15](../43/15.md). EZK 43 22 wq8s figs-pronouns 0 you will offer The word “you” and the command refer to Ezekiel and so are singular. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 43:19](../43/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -EZK 43 23 du6v figs-pronouns 0 you finish…offer All instances of “you” and the commands refer to Ezekiel and so are singular. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 43:19](../43/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +EZK 43 23 du6v figs-pronouns 0 you finish … offer All instances of “you” and the commands refer to Ezekiel and so are singular. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 43:19](../43/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EZK 43 24 i436 0 Offer them before Yahweh The altar on which they will sacrifice the bull and ram is in front of the temple, where the presence of Yahweh dwells. EZK 43 25 kse4 figs-pronouns 0 You must prepare This is spoken to Ezekiel and so the word “You” is singular. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 43:19](../43/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EZK 43 27 w2ig 0 it will come about that This phrase is used here to mark an important part of the instructions. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -EZK 43 27 c3ch figs-pronouns 0 your burnt offerings…your peace offerings…accept you The words “your” and “you” are second person plural and refer to the people of Israel in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +EZK 43 27 c3ch figs-pronouns 0 your burnt offerings … your peace offerings … accept you The words “your” and “you” are second person plural and refer to the people of Israel in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EZK 43 27 l94i 0 will accept you “will gladly receive you” EZK 44 intro jl5n 0 # Ezekiel 44 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. Foreigners and the Levites who have worshiped idols are not allowed in the temple. The priests alone will do the temple work. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) EZK 44 1 zm7u 0 to the outer sanctuary gate that faced east “to the outer sanctuary gate on the east side of the temple” @@ -3178,7 +3178,7 @@ EZK 44 6 az1c 0 Let all of your disgusting actions be enough for you “Your d EZK 44 6 bca6 0 disgusting actions See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:9](../05/09.md). EZK 44 8 maa2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the house of Israel. EZK 44 10 zin7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the house of Israel. -EZK 44 10 p8aq figs-metaphor 0 went far from me…wandered away from me, going after their idols The way a person lives is spoken of as walking on a path. Alternate translation: “stopped worshiping me…stopped doing what I wanted them to do. Instead, they worshiped their idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZK 44 10 p8aq figs-metaphor 0 went far from me … wandered away from me, going after their idols The way a person lives is spoken of as walking on a path. Alternate translation: “stopped worshiping me … stopped doing what I wanted them to do. Instead, they worshiped their idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZK 44 11 bkp6 0 are servants in my sanctuary “will be the servants in my temple” EZK 44 11 mm2d 0 watching the gates of the house “performing guard duty at the gates of the house” EZK 44 11 x5sq 0 they will stand before the people and serve them “these Levites will stand before the people, so that they can serve the people” @@ -3224,15 +3224,15 @@ EZK 44 30 k6ar figs-idiom 0 so that blessing may rest on your house This phrase EZK 44 31 ydb2 figs-activepassive 0 or animal torn by a beast, whether bird or beast This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “or any creature that a bird or a wild animal has torn apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 45 intro csg9 0 # Ezekiel 45 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. There should be an area around the temple complex for the homes of the priests and Levites who work at the temple. People should celebrate the festivals. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) EZK 45 1 w2qr 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the house of Israel. -EZK 45 1 j186 translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits in length…ten thousand cubits in width Each cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits long…10,000 cubits wide” or “about 13.5 kilometers long…about 5.4 kilometers wide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 45 1 j186 translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits in length … ten thousand cubits in width Each cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits long…10,000 cubits wide” or “about 13.5 kilometers long … about 5.4 kilometers wide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 45 1 rhe7 0 all its area round about “all of the area inside of the borders around it” -EZK 45 2 ftd5 translate-bdistance 0 five hundred cubits…fifty cubits in width Each cubit was about 54 centimeters. Alternate translation: “500 cubits…50 cubits wide” or “about 270 meters…about 27 meters wide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 45 2 ftd5 translate-bdistance 0 five hundred cubits … fifty cubits in width Each cubit was about 54 centimeters. Alternate translation: “500 cubits…50 cubits wide” or “about 270 meters … about 27 meters wide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 45 3 z3c7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the house of Israel. EZK 45 3 u69s 0 this area the temple and the border surrounding it EZK 45 3 r52y 0 a portion “a portion of land” -EZK 45 3 m67w translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits…ten thousand Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits…10,000 cubits” or “about 13.5 kilometers…about 5.4 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 45 3 m67w translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits … ten thousand Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits…10,000 cubits” or “about 13.5 kilometers … about 5.4 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 45 6 e3un 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the house of Israel. -EZK 45 6 h2xy translate-bdistance 0 five thousand cubits…twenty-five thousand Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “5,000 cubits…25,000 cubits” or “about 2.7 kilometers…about 13.5 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 45 6 h2xy translate-bdistance 0 five thousand cubits … twenty-five thousand Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “5,000 cubits…25,000 cubits” or “about 2.7 kilometers … about 13.5 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 45 6 s6nx figs-activepassive 0 reserved for the holy place This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you gave for the holy place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZK 45 7 uk1u figs-explicit 0 The length will correspond to the length of one of those portions It is implied that Ezekiel is comparing the prince’s land with the size of the land given to each of the tribes. Alternate translation: “The length will be the same as the length of one of the portions given to the tribes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZK 45 7 q8d9 0 from the west to the east It is implied that these are the western and eastern borders of the land of Israel. “from the western border of Israel at the sea to the eastern border at the Jordan River” @@ -3295,7 +3295,7 @@ EZK 46 19 c74n 0 which faced north “which had their main entrances to the no EZK 46 19 bsb4 0 behold! Ezekiel saw something interesting. EZK 46 20 u2ic 0 outer courtyard See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 10:5](../10/05.md). EZK 46 21 e6xs 0 outer courtyard See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 10:5](../10/05.md). -EZK 46 22 pwg8 translate-bdistance 0 forty cubits…thirty Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “40 cubits…30 cubits” or “about 21.6 meters…about 16.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 46 22 pwg8 translate-bdistance 0 forty cubits … thirty Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “40 cubits…30 cubits” or “about 21.6 meters … about 16.2 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 46 23 kg1g 0 cooking hearths places where people can build fire and cook food EZK 47 intro m1ty 0 # Ezekiel 47 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. There was a river flowing from the temple. The land was to be divided among the tribes. The landscape of Jerusalem will have changed in a significant way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) EZK 47 1 ej9g 0 to the right of the altar This is the right side of the altar when a person looks at it while they are facing east, so it is on the south side of the altar. Alternate translation: “on the south side of the altar” @@ -3314,19 +3314,19 @@ EZK 47 11 v9ac 0 marshes places with shallow water and grasses growing in deep EZK 47 13 u197 figs-metonymy 0 Joseph will have two portions The person is a metonym for his descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph will receive two areas of land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZK 47 14 y4rk translate-symaction 0 I lifted up my hand and swore In those days a person would raise his right hand to show that he realized that God would punish him if he did not do what he swore to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EZK 47 15 i8z6 0 boundary the end of an area of land -EZK 47 15 f1mu translate-names 0 Hethlon…Zedad These are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZK 47 16 qdk7 translate-names 0 Berothah…Sibraim…Hazer Hattikon…Hauran These are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 47 15 f1mu translate-names 0 Hethlon … Zedad These are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 47 16 qdk7 translate-names 0 Berothah … Sibraim … Hazer Hattikon … Hauran These are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 47 17 dz8k translate-names 0 Hazar Enan the name of a town (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 47 17 snz2 0 border where two areas of land meet EZK 47 18 b9sb translate-names 0 Hauran This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZK 47 19 j6i9 translate-names 0 Tamar…Meribah Kadesh These are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 47 19 j6i9 translate-names 0 Tamar … Meribah Kadesh These are the names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 47 19 vu4h 0 the brook of Egypt a very large ravine in the northeast part of the Sinai EZK 47 20 u2zi translate-names 0 Hamath This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 47 23 hhn8 0 Then it will happen that See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 21:7](../21/07.md). EZK 47 23 w2zf figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) EZK 48 intro lpq8 0 # Ezekiel 48 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. There is more dividing of the land between the tribes in this chapter as well. EZK 48 1 d7s2 0 one portion of land “one piece of the land that you will distribute” -EZK 48 1 tj9i 0 boundary will run…boundary will go “boundary will be…boundary will be” +EZK 48 1 tj9i 0 boundary will run … boundary will go “boundary will be … boundary will be” EZK 48 1 gf1l 0 Hethlon This is the name of a town. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 47:15](../47/15.md). EZK 48 1 dmd8 0 Lebo Hamath This is the name of a town. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 47:15](../47/15.md) or [Ezekiel 47:20](../47/20.md) EZK 48 1 h3d5 0 Hazar Enan This is the name of a town. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 47:17](../47/17.md). @@ -3334,13 +3334,13 @@ EZK 48 4 q979 0 one portion Translate as you translated “one portion of land EZK 48 4 npr4 0 from the east side to the west See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 48:3](../48/03.md). EZK 48 8 e77l 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the people of Israel. EZK 48 8 t9ii translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits” or “13.5 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -EZK 48 9 k8kq translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits…ten thousand cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits…10,000 cubits” or “13.5 kilometers…5.4 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 48 9 k8kq translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits … ten thousand cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits…10,000 cubits” or “13.5 kilometers…5.4 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 48 10 f9ke figs-activepassive 0 The priests will have land assigned to them This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The leaders of the Israelites will assign land to the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZK 48 10 z5ek translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits…ten thousand cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits…10,000 cubits” or “13.5 kilometers…5.4 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 48 10 z5ek translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits … ten thousand cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits…10,000 cubits” or “13.5 kilometers…5.4 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 48 12 z977 0 The offering for them will be a portion of this most holy land “This smaller portion within the holy portion of the land will belong to these priests, a portion that is more holy than the rest of the holy portion of the land” -EZK 48 13 a2ty translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits…ten thousand cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits…10,000 cubits” or “13.5 kilometers…5.4 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 48 13 a2ty translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits … ten thousand cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits…10,000 cubits” or “13.5 kilometers…5.4 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 48 14 eh61 figs-metaphor 0 this firstfruits “this land which is the firstfruits.” Here “firstfruits” probably means the best things among all the offerings set aside to give to God. This land is spoken of in that way, as land set aside for Yahweh’s use. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZK 48 15 m618 translate-numbers 0 five thousand cubits…twenty-five thousand cubits “5000 cubits…25,000 cubits.” Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “almost 2.3 kilometers…about 13.5 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) +EZK 48 15 m618 translate-numbers 0 five thousand cubits … twenty-five thousand cubits “5000 cubits…25,000 cubits.” Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “almost 2.3 kilometers … about 13.5 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 48 15 z6m7 0 will be for the collective use of the city “will be an area that all the people of the city will share and use” EZK 48 15 xy66 0 the houses, and the pastureland “as a place for houses and for an open space” EZK 48 16 s31f translate-numbers 0 4,500 cubits “four thousand five hundred cubits.” Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “about 2.4 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) @@ -3356,7 +3356,7 @@ EZK 48 21 rn7q 0 the holy offering See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 48: EZK 48 21 c5zx translate-bdistance 0 twenty-five thousand cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “25,000 cubits” or “about 13.5 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EZK 48 23 tp6b 0 one portion Translate as you translated “one portion of land” in [Ezekiel 48:1](../48/01.md). EZK 48 27 lw7n 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the people of Israel. -EZK 48 28 g789 translate-names 0 Tamar…Meribah Kadesh names of towns. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 47:19](../47/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZK 48 28 g789 translate-names 0 Tamar … Meribah Kadesh names of towns. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 47:19](../47/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 48 28 i1hx translate-names 0 the brook of Egypt a very large ravine in the northeast part of the Sinai. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 47:19](../47/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZK 48 29 f7m3 figs-you 0 you This is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EZK 48 29 qi5a 0 cast lots See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 45:1](../45/01.md). diff --git a/en_tn_27-DAN.tsv b/en_tn_27-DAN.tsv index eb53652c4..a0820b319 100644 --- a/en_tn_27-DAN.tsv +++ b/en_tn_27-DAN.tsv @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ DAN 1 1 cps4 0 to cut off all supplies to it “to stop the people from receiv DAN 1 1 sxi6 figs-synecdoche 0 Jehoiakim king of Judah This refers to Jehoiakim and his soldiers, not only to Jehoiakim. Alternate translation: “the army of Jehoiakim king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DAN 1 2 mfr8 figs-synecdoche 0 gave Nebuchadnezzar This refers to Nebuchadnezzar and his soldiers, not only to Nebuchadnezzar. Alternate translation: “gave Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia and his soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DAN 1 2 w31y 0 he gave him Jehoiakim gave Nebuchadnezzar -DAN 1 2 l12t figs-synecdoche 0 He brought…he placed Although Nebuchadnezzar did not do these things alone, it may easier for the reader to retain the singular pronouns. Alternate translation: “They brought…they placed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +DAN 1 2 l12t figs-synecdoche 0 He brought … he placed Although Nebuchadnezzar did not do these things alone, it may easier for the reader to retain the singular pronouns. Alternate translation: “They brought … they placed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DAN 1 2 tb9l 0 He brought them Here “them” probably refers to Jehoiakim and other prisoners, as well as the sacred objects. DAN 1 2 riv5 0 in his god’s treasury This was an act of devotion to his god. DAN 1 3 c2p4 0 The king spoke This refers to Nebuchadnezzar. @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ DAN 1 5 ex12 figs-activepassive 0 These young men were to be trained This can b DAN 1 5 bj35 0 trained “taught skills” DAN 1 6 ln29 0 Among these “Among the young men from Israel” DAN 1 7 k7uc 0 The chief official This refers to Ashpenaz who was King Nebuchadnezzar’s highest official. -DAN 1 7 b656 translate-names 0 Belteshazzar…Shadrach…Meshach…Abednego These are all men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DAN 1 7 b656 translate-names 0 Belteshazzar … Shadrach … Meshach … Abednego These are all men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DAN 1 8 s7sr figs-synecdoche 0 Daniel intended in his mind Here “mind” refers to Daniel himself. Alternate translation: “Daniel decided to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DAN 1 8 xse9 figs-explicit 0 pollute himself To “pollute” something is to make is unclean. Some of the food and drink of the Babylonians would make Daniel ceremonially unclean according to God’s law. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “make himself unclean according to God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 1 8 e52r 0 delicacies This refers to the special, rare, good foods that the king ate. See how you translated this in [Daniel 1:3](../01/03.md). @@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ DAN 1 10 wc2i figs-rquestion 0 Why should he see you looking worse than the oth DAN 1 10 n5lc figs-idiom 0 The king might have my head This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The king might cut off my head” or “The king might kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 1 13 m7rh 0 compare our appearance with the appearance Daniel asked the steward to see if he and his friends looked worse than the other young men. Alternate translation: “compare our appearance to see if it is worse than the appearance” DAN 1 14 thm2 0 tested them tested Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah -DAN 1 15 h7dv 0 their appearance…they were The pronouns refer to Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. +DAN 1 15 h7dv 0 their appearance … they were The pronouns refer to Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. DAN 1 15 pj6p 0 nourished This means to have been made healthy from what you have eaten. -DAN 1 16 uzg5 0 their delicacies…their wine…gave them All of these pronouns refer to Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. +DAN 1 16 uzg5 0 their delicacies … their wine … gave them All of these pronouns refer to Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. DAN 1 17 das8 figs-abstractnouns 0 God gave them knowledge and insight This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “knowledge” and “insight” can be expressed as the verbs “learn” and “understand.” Alternate translation: “God gave them the ability to learn and understand clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DAN 1 17 wn6n figs-hyperbole 0 in all literature and wisdom Here “all” is a generalization to show that they had a very good education and understanding. Alternate translation: “in many things that the Babylonians had written and studied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) DAN 1 19 ita9 0 The king spoke with them The king spoke with the “four young men” ([Daniel 1:17](../01/17.md)). @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ DAN 2 23 x268 0 made known to us the matter that concerns the king “told us DAN 2 24 le8h translate-names 0 Arioch This is the name of the king’s commander. See how you translated this name in [Daniel 2:14](../02/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DAN 2 24 fs73 0 everyone who was wise “the wise men” DAN 2 26 z3qq translate-names 0 Belteshazzar This was the name the Babylonians gave to Daniel. See how you translated this name in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DAN 2 27 b59r figs-activepassive 0 The mystery that the king has asked about…not by astrologers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Those who have wisdom, those who claim to speak with the dead, magicians, and astrologers cannot reveal the mystery about which the king has asked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DAN 2 27 b59r figs-activepassive 0 The mystery that the king has asked about … not by astrologers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Those who have wisdom, those who claim to speak with the dead, magicians, and astrologers cannot reveal the mystery about which the king has asked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 2 27 r8dh 0 The mystery that the king has asked about This phrase refers to the king’s dream. DAN 2 29 fm11 0 General Information: Daniel continues talking to the king. DAN 2 29 as3u figs-explicit 0 the one who reveals mysteries This phrase refers to God. Alternate translation: “God, who reveals mysteries” or “God, who makes mysteries known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ DAN 2 37 e2xg 0 king of the kings “the most important king” or “a king w DAN 2 37 gfj7 figs-doublet 0 the power, the strength These words mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DAN 2 38 lz1m figs-metonymy 0 He has given into your hand the place Here “hand” refers to control. Alternate translation: “He has given you control over the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 2 38 ed9h figs-metonymy 0 the place where the human beings live The place is used to represent the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DAN 2 38 t4ew figs-metonymy 0 He has given over the animals…into your hand Here “hand” refers to control. Alternate translation: “He has given you control over the animals of the fields and the birds of the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +DAN 2 38 t4ew figs-metonymy 0 He has given over the animals … into your hand Here “hand” refers to control. Alternate translation: “He has given you control over the animals of the fields and the birds of the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 2 38 flm9 0 birds of the heavens Here “heavens” is used in the sense of “skies.” DAN 2 38 ffq7 writing-symlanguage 0 You are the statue’s head of gold In the king’s dream the statue’s head represents the king. Alternate translation: “The golden head symbolizes you” or “The golden head is a symbol of you and your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) DAN 2 39 a4tq 0 General Information: Daniel continues talking to the king. @@ -140,12 +140,12 @@ DAN 2 47 q3ru 0 the God of gods, the Lord of kings “greater than all the oth DAN 2 47 ifr1 0 the one who reveals mysteries Translate “the one who reveals mysteries” as in [Daniel 2:29](../02/29.md). DAN 2 47 h6md 0 to reveal this mystery “to reveal the mystery of my dream” DAN 2 48 lz5p 0 He made him ruler “The king made Daniel the ruler” -DAN 2 49 pp5r 0 Shadrach…Meshach…Abednego These were the Babylonian names of the three Jewish men who were brought to Babylon with Daniel. See how you translated these names in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md) +DAN 2 49 pp5r 0 Shadrach … Meshach … Abednego These were the Babylonian names of the three Jewish men who were brought to Babylon with Daniel. See how you translated these names in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md) DAN 3 intro fc6f 0 # Daniel 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The king’s new idol

Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refused to worship the new idol. In the ancient Near East, refusing to worship the king was a sign of rebellion against the king. It was often considered the crime of treason. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]])

### The furnace

There was a fourth person with them in the furnace, and because of this they were not hurt. Most scholars believe this to be Jesus before he was born. -DAN 3 1 vj2c figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar made a gold statue…He set it up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to make a gold statue…They set it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +DAN 3 1 vj2c figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar made a gold statue … He set it up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to make a gold statue … They set it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 3 1 l4e2 translate-bdistance 0 sixty cubits tall and six cubits wide A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 27 meters tall and almost 3 meters wide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) DAN 3 1 r51y translate-names 0 Plain of Dura This is a location within the kingdom of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DAN 3 2 pj4s 0 provincial governors…regional governors…local governors These are officials who have authority over different sizes of territory. +DAN 3 2 pj4s 0 provincial governors … regional governors … local governors These are officials who have authority over different sizes of territory. DAN 3 2 yr48 0 treasurers These officials are in charge of money. DAN 3 3 qh6f 0 the provincial governors, regional governors,…officials of the provinces See how you translated this list in [Daniel 3:2](../03/02.md). DAN 3 3 wy5b figs-metonymy 0 the statue that Nebuchadnezzar had set up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the statue that Nebuchadnezzar’s men had set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -160,20 +160,20 @@ DAN 3 6 xue4 0 fall down Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down” DAN 3 6 x9ik 0 blazing furnace This is a large room filled with a hot fire. DAN 3 7 x2pp 0 all the peoples, nations, and languages Here “all” that means all the people who were present. DAN 3 7 y1q9 figs-metonymy 0 peoples, nations, and languages Here “nations” and “languages” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “people from different nations and who spoke different languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DAN 3 7 i26f 0 the horns, flutes…and pipes These are musical instruments. See how you translated these words in [Daniel 3:5](../03/05.md). +DAN 3 7 i26f 0 the horns, flutes … and pipes These are musical instruments. See how you translated these words in [Daniel 3:5](../03/05.md). DAN 3 7 vyk5 0 fell down Here “fell down” means “quickly lay down” DAN 3 7 xg6t translate-symaction 0 prostrated themselves to They did this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretched themselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) DAN 3 7 mi49 figs-metonymy 0 the golden statue that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue that King Nebuchadnezzar’s men had set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 3 8 vy1k 0 Now This word is used to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells about some new people in the story. DAN 3 9 hf48 0 King, live forever This was a common greeting to the king. -DAN 3 10 dzb5 0 the horns, flutes…and pipes These are musical instruments. See how you translated these words in [Daniel 3:5](../03/05.md). +DAN 3 10 dzb5 0 the horns, flutes … and pipes These are musical instruments. See how you translated these words in [Daniel 3:5](../03/05.md). DAN 3 10 jiv5 0 fall down Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down” DAN 3 10 h3iu translate-symaction 0 prostrate himself to The people would do this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretch himself out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) DAN 3 11 u6bm figs-activepassive 0 Whoever does not fall down and worship must be thrown into a blazing furnace This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Soldiers must throw into a blazing furnace anyone who does not lie down on the ground and worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 3 11 qdc6 0 fall down Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down” DAN 3 11 p2l2 0 blazing furnace This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:6](../03/06.md). DAN 3 12 in2b 0 affairs matters having to do with government -DAN 3 12 anm2 0 Shadrach…Meshach…Abednego These are the Babylonian names of the three Jewish friends of Daniel. See how you translated these names in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md). +DAN 3 12 anm2 0 Shadrach … Meshach … Abednego These are the Babylonian names of the three Jewish friends of Daniel. See how you translated these names in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md). DAN 3 12 ejy1 0 pay no attention to you “do not pay attention to you” DAN 3 12 e3hs translate-symaction 0 prostrate themselves They would do this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretch themselves out on the ground face down in worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) DAN 3 12 a7m8 figs-metonymy 0 the golden statue you have set up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue your men have set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -182,14 +182,14 @@ DAN 3 13 jjl4 0 Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego These are the Babylonian names DAN 3 14 ew5t figs-metonymy 0 Have you made your minds up Here “mind” refers to deciding. To “make up your mind” is an idiom that means to firmly decide. Alternate translation: “Have you firmly decided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 3 14 nn2t translate-symaction 0 prostrate yourselves to The three men would not do this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretch yourselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) DAN 3 14 t6f3 figs-metonymy 0 the golden statue that I have set up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue that my men have set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DAN 3 15 kak3 0 the horns, flutes…and pipes These are musical instruments. See how you translated this list in [Daniel 3:5](../03/05.md). +DAN 3 15 kak3 0 the horns, flutes … and pipes These are musical instruments. See how you translated this list in [Daniel 3:5](../03/05.md). DAN 3 15 l9el 0 fall down Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down” DAN 3 15 ws27 translate-symaction 0 prostrate yourselves to stretch yourselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) DAN 3 15 vth1 0 all will be well “there will no longer be a problem” or “you will be free to go” DAN 3 15 td6r figs-metonymy 0 the statue that I have made Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the statue that my men have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 3 15 gz3y figs-activepassive 0 you will immediately be thrown into a blazing furnace This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my soldiers will immediately throw you into a blazing furnace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 3 15 sl8a 0 blazing furnace This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:6](../03/06.md). -DAN 3 15 z8gt figs-rquestion 0 Who is the god…my hands? The king does not expect an answer. He is threatening the three men. Alternate translation: “No god is able to rescue you from my power!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DAN 3 15 z8gt figs-rquestion 0 Who is the god … my hands? The king does not expect an answer. He is threatening the three men. Alternate translation: “No god is able to rescue you from my power!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DAN 3 15 hw83 figs-metonymy 0 out of my hands Here “hands” refers to power to punish. Alternate translation: “from my punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 3 17 d2kc 0 blazing furnace This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:6](../03/06.md). DAN 3 17 sj5q figs-metonymy 0 out of your hand Here “hand” refers to power to punish. Alternate translation: “from your punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ DAN 3 28 x5ha figs-metaphor 0 they set aside my command Not obeying the king’ DAN 3 28 uld8 figs-idiom 0 they gave up their bodies This phrase refers to the three men’s willingness to die for what they believed. Alternate translation: “they were willing to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 3 28 iz7q translate-symaction 0 prostrate themselves to People would do this to worship their gods. Alternate translation: “stretch themselves out on the ground face down in honor of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) DAN 3 28 s95d 0 any god except their God “any other god except their God” -DAN 3 29 pnl6 figs-activepassive 0 any people, nation, or language…must be torn apart, and that their houses must be made into rubbish heaps This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my servants will tear apart any people, nation, or language…and make their houses into piles of garbage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DAN 3 29 pnl6 figs-activepassive 0 any people, nation, or language … must be torn apart, and that their houses must be made into rubbish heaps This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my servants will tear apart any people, nation, or language … and make their houses into piles of garbage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 3 29 h7gq figs-metonymy 0 any people, nation, or language that speaks Here “nations” and “language” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Daniel 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “any people from any nation, or those who speak any language that says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 3 29 qb3c 0 speaks anything against the God “speaks words that do not respect the God” DAN 3 29 t5vb 0 must be torn apart “must have their bodies torn apart” @@ -225,12 +225,12 @@ DAN 4 1 rcl7 figs-hyperbole 0 who lived on the earth Kings would often exaggera DAN 4 1 ew1j 0 May your peace increase This is a common greeting. DAN 4 2 t8rl figs-doublet 0 signs and wonders These words share similar meanings and refer to the amazing things that God had done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DAN 4 3 jyl3 figs-parallelism 0 How great are his signs, and how mighty are his wonders! Both of these phrases have the same meaning and are used to emphasize how great God’s signs and wonders are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DAN 4 3 mz21 figs-parallelism 0 His kingdom is…generation to generation Both of these phrases have the same meaning and are repeated to emphasize how God’s reign is forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +DAN 4 3 mz21 figs-parallelism 0 His kingdom is … generation to generation Both of these phrases have the same meaning and are repeated to emphasize how God’s reign is forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DAN 4 4 xpm6 figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -DAN 4 4 p8nt figs-parallelism 0 was living happily…was enjoying prosperity These two phrases are parallel and mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DAN 4 4 zv52 figs-doublet 0 my house…my palace These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -DAN 4 5 fmk5 figs-doublet 0 a dream…the images…the visions These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -DAN 4 5 u6n6 figs-parallelism 0 made me afraid…troubled me These phrases are parallel and they mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +DAN 4 4 p8nt figs-parallelism 0 was living happily … was enjoying prosperity These two phrases are parallel and mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +DAN 4 4 zv52 figs-doublet 0 my house … my palace These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +DAN 4 5 fmk5 figs-doublet 0 a dream … the images … the visions These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +DAN 4 5 u6n6 figs-parallelism 0 made me afraid … troubled me These phrases are parallel and they mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DAN 4 6 ep7g 0 all the men of Babylon who had wisdom “all the wise men of Babylon” DAN 4 7 l5u7 figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 8 aej3 figs-activepassive 0 who is named Belteshazzar This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who I named Belteshazzar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -239,17 +239,17 @@ DAN 4 9 x1x7 0 no mystery is too difficult for you The can be stated in positi DAN 4 10 vz2b figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 10 ra4y 0 sights things that you see DAN 4 10 h4t8 0 its height was very great “it was very tall” -DAN 4 11 w5t1 writing-symlanguage 0 Its top reached to the heavens…it could be seen to the ends of the whole earth This is symbolic language that exaggerates how tall and how well-known the tree was. Alternate translation: “It seemed that its top reached up to the sky and that everyone in the world could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +DAN 4 11 w5t1 writing-symlanguage 0 Its top reached to the heavens … it could be seen to the ends of the whole earth This is symbolic language that exaggerates how tall and how well-known the tree was. Alternate translation: “It seemed that its top reached up to the sky and that everyone in the world could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) DAN 4 12 c94i 0 its fruit was abundant “there was a lot of fruit on the tree” DAN 4 12 bvq7 0 was food for all “was food for all people and animals” DAN 4 13 s8rq figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 13 mze4 0 I saw in my mind This refers to seeing a dream or vision. Alternate translation: “I saw in my dream” DAN 4 14 l1nv figs-explicit 0 He shouted and said It can be made clear that the holy messenger was speaking to more than one person. Alternate translation: “He shouted to some people and said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -DAN 4 14 rd55 0 Let the animals flee…from its branches “The animals will flee from under it and the bird will fly away from its branches” +DAN 4 14 rd55 0 Let the animals flee … from its branches “The animals will flee from under it and the bird will fly away from its branches” DAN 4 15 h8je figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. The holy messenger in the vision continues shouting to some people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 15 eb7u 0 stump of its roots This is the part of the tree that is left above the ground after a tree is cut down. DAN 4 15 e8lj 0 dew the moisture on the ground that is found in the mornings -DAN 4 16 f3wx figs-pronouns 0 Let his mind be changed…seven years pass by Since the tree represents Nebuchadnezzar, the masculine pronouns “his” and “him” in verse 16 refer to the same tree as the neuter pronoun “it” in verse 15. Alternate translation: “The man’s mind will change from a man’s mind to an animal’s mind for a period of seven years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) +DAN 4 16 f3wx figs-pronouns 0 Let his mind be changed … seven years pass by Since the tree represents Nebuchadnezzar, the masculine pronouns “his” and “him” in verse 16 refer to the same tree as the neuter pronoun “it” in verse 15. Alternate translation: “The man’s mind will change from a man’s mind to an animal’s mind for a period of seven years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) DAN 4 17 k6kq figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 17 j1fe figs-activepassive 0 It is a decision made by the holy ones This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The holy ones have made this decision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 4 17 m2np figs-explicit 0 the holy ones This phrase probably refers to angels. Alternate translation: “the holy angels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -263,11 +263,11 @@ DAN 4 19 u9rc figs-activepassive 0 who was also named Belteshazzar This can be DAN 4 19 a33v figs-explicit 0 was greatly upset for a while, and his thoughts alarmed him Daniel’s understanding of the meaning of the vision is what alarmed him. This can be explicitly stated. Alternate translation: “did not say anything for some time because he was very worried about the meaning of the dream” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 4 19 kf99 0 may the dream be for those who hate you; may its interpretation be for your enemies Daniel is expressing his wish that the dream was not about Nebuchadnezzar, even though he knew that it really was about the king. DAN 4 20 vj36 figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]). Many terms in this verse are almost the same as in [Daniel 4:11](../04/11.md). See how you translated that verse. -DAN 4 20 x69s figs-hyperbole 0 to the heavens…to the ends of the whole earth These phrases are exaggerations to emphasize that everyone everywhere knew how great Nebuchadnezzar was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +DAN 4 20 x69s figs-hyperbole 0 to the heavens … to the ends of the whole earth These phrases are exaggerations to emphasize that everyone everywhere knew how great Nebuchadnezzar was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) DAN 4 21 mm9p 0 General Information: Many terms in this verse are almost the same as [Daniel 4:12](../04/12.md). See how you translated that verse. DAN 4 21 rfj9 0 whose fruit was abundant “which bore a great amount of fruit” DAN 4 22 uq3h 0 this tree is you, king “this tree represents you, king” -DAN 4 22 gfs2 figs-parallelism 0 Your greatness has grown…your authority reaches These two phrases mean similar things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +DAN 4 22 gfs2 figs-parallelism 0 Your greatness has grown … your authority reaches These two phrases mean similar things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DAN 4 22 s8jt figs-personification 0 Your greatness has grown This phrase is using the word “grown” as a way of saying the king’s greatness has increased. Alternate translation: “Your greatness has increased” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) DAN 4 23 w9s5 figs-123person 0 General Information: This verse is almost the same as [Daniel 4:13-14](./13.md) and [Daniel 4:15-16](./15.md). See how you translated those verses. Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 23 c89t 0 the stump of its roots This is the part of the tree that is left above ground after a tree is cut down. @@ -285,12 +285,12 @@ DAN 4 27 a7um figs-activepassive 0 it may be that your prosperity will be exten DAN 4 28 rq19 figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 29 jn5h figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 29 ns6t translate-numbers 0 Twelve months “12 months” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -DAN 4 30 p8hi figs-rquestion 0 Is this not the great Babylon…for the glory of my majesty? Nebuchadnezzar asks this question to emphasize his own glory. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is the great Babylon…for the glory of my majesty!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +DAN 4 30 p8hi figs-rquestion 0 Is this not the great Babylon … for the glory of my majesty? Nebuchadnezzar asks this question to emphasize his own glory. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is the great Babylon … for the glory of my majesty!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) DAN 4 30 csl9 0 for the glory of my majesty “to show people my honor and my greatness” DAN 4 31 g7xg figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 31 fjl7 figs-idiom 0 While the words were still on the lips of the king This idiom means the king was still in the act of speaking. Alternate translation: “While the king was still speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 4 31 cv67 0 a voice came from heaven “he heard a voice from heaven” -DAN 4 31 pt4u figs-activepassive 0 King Nebuchadnezzar…has been taken away from you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “King Nebuchadnezzar, a decree went out against you that this kingdom no longer belongs to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DAN 4 31 pt4u figs-activepassive 0 King Nebuchadnezzar … has been taken away from you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “King Nebuchadnezzar, a decree went out against you that this kingdom no longer belongs to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 4 32 f4us figs-activepassive 0 You will be driven away from people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will chase you away from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 4 32 m551 0 anyone he wishes “whoever he chooses” DAN 4 33 ydj8 figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -300,8 +300,8 @@ DAN 4 33 t4b6 0 his nails became like birds’ claws “his fingernails looked DAN 4 34 amm1 figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 34-37 Nebuchadnezzar speaks in the first person to describe his response to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 34 b17l 0 At the end of the days This refers back to the seven years in [Daniel 4:32](../04/32.md). DAN 4 34 ltf5 figs-activepassive 0 my sanity was given back to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my sanity came back to me” or “I became sane again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DAN 4 34 ucj3 figs-parallelism 0 I praised…and I honored The two phrases refer to the same action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DAN 4 34 nk8u figs-parallelism 0 For his reign is an everlasting reign…his kingdom endures from all generations to all generations These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasize how God’s reign never ends. Alternate translation: “He rules forever and his kingdom will never end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +DAN 4 34 ucj3 figs-parallelism 0 I praised … and I honored The two phrases refer to the same action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +DAN 4 34 nk8u figs-parallelism 0 For his reign is an everlasting reign … his kingdom endures from all generations to all generations These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasize how God’s reign never ends. Alternate translation: “He rules forever and his kingdom will never end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DAN 4 35 ce6u figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 34-37 Nebuchadnezzar speaks in the first person to describe his response to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 4 35 dgr8 figs-activepassive 0 All the earth’s inhabitants are considered by him to be as nothing This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He considers all the earth’s inhabitants as nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 4 35 cpy8 0 All the earth’s inhabitants “All the people on the earth” @@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ DAN 4 36 rz1d figs-personification 0 my sanity returned to me Here his sanity i DAN 4 36 pb8a figs-personification 0 my majesty and splendor returned to me Here his majesty and splendor are spoken of as if they were able to return by their own power. Alternate translation: “I regained my majesty and my splendor again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) DAN 4 36 nq38 figs-doublet 0 majesty and splendor These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of his glory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DAN 4 36 c3xy 0 my noblemen sought my favor “my noblemen requested my help again” -DAN 4 36 ks6b figs-metonymy 0 I was brought…greatness was given to me Here “throne” refers to his authority to rule. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I returned to rule my kingdom again, and I received even more greatness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DAN 4 36 ks6b figs-metonymy 0 I was brought … greatness was given to me Here “throne” refers to his authority to rule. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I returned to rule my kingdom again, and I received even more greatness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 4 37 zgl2 figs-doublet 0 praise, extol, and honor All three of these words have basically the same meaning and emphasize how greatly he praised God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DAN 4 37 g1df figs-idiom 0 who walk in their own pride This phrase uses “walk” to refer to the person who acts proud. Alternate translation: “who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 5 intro e9pc 0 # Daniel 05 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The writing on the wall

God told the new king that he had failed and God was replacing him, showing that God is the real ruler over everything, even kingdoms that do not worship him.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin
These are words in Aramaic. Daniel “transliterates” these words by writing them with Hebrew letters, and then he explains their meanings. In the ULT and UST they are written with English letters. Translators are encouraged to write them using the letters of the target language alphabet. @@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ DAN 5 13 hn7g figs-activepassive 0 Then Daniel was brought before the king This DAN 5 13 sd23 figs-metonymy 0 whom my father the king brought out of Judah In this phrase “father” is being used to represent all of the soldiers. Alternate translation: “whom my father’s soldiers brought out of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 5 14 yxu5 0 the spirit of the gods Belshazzar believed that Daniel’s power came from the false gods that Belshazzar worshiped. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Daniel 4:8](../04/08.md). DAN 5 14 y4ey figs-activepassive 0 light and understanding and excellent wisdom are found in you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have light and understanding and excellent wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DAN 5 15 c33v figs-activepassive 0 Now the men known…have been brought in before me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Now the men known…have come in before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DAN 5 15 c33v figs-activepassive 0 Now the men known … have been brought in before me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Now the men known … have come in before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 5 15 u817 0 make known to me “tell me” DAN 5 16 u2ey figs-activepassive 0 you will be clothed with purple and have a gold chain placed around your neck This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will give you purple clothes and a gold neck chain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 5 16 iyy2 figs-explicit 0 clothed with purple Purple cloth was rare and reserved for royal officials. Alternate translation: “dressed in royal clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ DAN 5 19 q693 figs-metonymy 0 peoples, nations, and languages Here “nations DAN 5 19 bqb5 figs-doublet 0 trembled and feared him These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of the fear. Alternate translation: “were very afraid of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DAN 5 19 ka6v figs-metonymy 0 He put to death those he wanted to die This phrase does not mean King Nebuchadnezzar put people to death himself, but rather those he commanded. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar commanded his soldiers to kill those he wanted to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 5 19 t7ri 0 He raised up those he wanted “He raised up those he wanted to raise up” -DAN 5 19 qzi2 0 wanted…wished These words here mean the same thing. +DAN 5 19 qzi2 0 wanted … wished These words here mean the same thing. DAN 5 19 db8z 0 he humbled those he wished “he humbled those he wished to humble” DAN 5 20 zu9p figs-synecdoche 0 his heart was arrogant Here “heart” refers to the king himself. Alternate translation: “the king was arrogant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DAN 5 20 g3wq figs-synecdoche 0 his spirit was hardened Here “spirit” refers to the king himself. His stubbornness is spoken of as if he were hardened. Alternate translation: “the king became stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ DAN 6 3 ygu7 0 was distinguished above “excelled above” or “was more cap DAN 6 3 aig7 figs-synecdoche 0 he had an extraordinary spirit Here “spirit” refers to Daniel. It means he had was unusually capable. Alternate translation: “he was and exceptional person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DAN 6 3 ef6f 0 extraordinary spirit spirit that made him do better than the others DAN 6 3 ry6m 0 to put him over “to give him authority over” or “to put him in charge of” -DAN 6 4 ex6l figs-explicit 0 Then the other chief administrators and the provincial governors…for the kingdom The other administrators were jealous of Daniel. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Then the other chief administrators and the provincial governors became jealous. So they looked for mistakes in the work Daniel did for the kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +DAN 6 4 ex6l figs-explicit 0 Then the other chief administrators and the provincial governors … for the kingdom The other administrators were jealous of Daniel. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Then the other chief administrators and the provincial governors became jealous. So they looked for mistakes in the work Daniel did for the kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 6 4 rl5p figs-activepassive 0 No mistakes or negligence was found in him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They could find no mistakes or negligence in his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 6 4 zn7x 0 negligence overly looking your responsibilities DAN 6 5 ek64 0 to complain against this Daniel “to complain about Daniel” @@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ DAN 6 10 i5vv 0 When Daniel learned that the document had been signed into law DAN 6 10 r7ul writing-background 0 now his windows were open in his upper room toward Jerusalem This is background information that explains how Daniel’s enemies knew he was praying to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) DAN 6 10 l71q 0 gave thanks before his God “gave thanks to his God” DAN 6 11 v5n3 0 plot a plan with evil intent -DAN 6 12 gwm4 0 Did you not make a decree…lions? They asked this question to make the king confirm that he had made the decree. +DAN 6 12 gwm4 0 Did you not make a decree … lions? They asked this question to make the king confirm that he had made the decree. DAN 6 12 hjs7 0 who makes a petition “who makes a request” DAN 6 12 div1 0 den of lions This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in [Daniel 6:7](../06/07.md). DAN 6 12 zp4n 0 as directed by the law “according to the law” @@ -429,13 +429,13 @@ DAN 6 13 jia1 0 who is one of the people of the exile from Judah “who is an DAN 6 13 l8eb figs-idiom 0 pays no attention to you This idiom means he ignores the king. Alternate translation: “does not obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 6 14 u8lh figs-metonymy 0 he applied his mind Here “mind” refers to his thinking. Alternate translation: “he thought very hard about how” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 6 14 ts98 0 He labored This refers to mental labor, rather than to physical labor. -DAN 6 15 d92j figs-explicit 0 no decree…can be changed The men were implying that since no decree or statute of the king can be changed, Daniel must be thrown into the pit of lions. This can be stated clearly if needed. Alternate translation: “no decree…can be changed. They must throw Daniel into the pit of lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +DAN 6 15 d92j figs-explicit 0 no decree … can be changed The men were implying that since no decree or statute of the king can be changed, Daniel must be thrown into the pit of lions. This can be stated clearly if needed. Alternate translation: “no decree … can be changed. They must throw Daniel into the pit of lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 6 16 zny2 0 they brought in Daniel “his soldiers went and got Daniel” DAN 6 16 q3wc 0 lions’ den This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in [Daniel 6:7](../06/07.md). -DAN 6 16 a268 0 May your God…rescue you The king is expressing his desire for God to save Daniel. +DAN 6 16 a268 0 May your God … rescue you The king is expressing his desire for God to save Daniel. DAN 6 16 jd6x 0 rescue you “save you from the lions” DAN 6 17 szf5 0 den This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in [Daniel 6:7](../06/07.md). -DAN 6 17 xjj7 figs-explicit 0 the king sealed it with his own signet ring and with the signet rings of his nobles…concerning Daniel The function of the signet ring can be stated clearly. The king and the noblemen pressed their rings into a seal made of wax. Alternate translation: “the king pressed his signet ring into a wax seal, the nobles did this too. No one was allowed to break the seal and help Daniel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +DAN 6 17 xjj7 figs-explicit 0 the king sealed it with his own signet ring and with the signet rings of his nobles … concerning Daniel The function of the signet ring can be stated clearly. The king and the noblemen pressed their rings into a seal made of wax. Alternate translation: “the king pressed his signet ring into a wax seal, the nobles did this too. No one was allowed to break the seal and help Daniel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 6 17 p5t2 0 nothing might be changed concerning Daniel “no one could help Daniel” DAN 6 18 un1j translate-symaction 0 he went through the night fasting This symbolic act showed that the king was worried about Daniel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) DAN 6 18 a3xd figs-activepassive 0 No entertainment was brought before him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He did not have anyone entertain him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ DAN 6 26 m5v6 0 Connecting Statement: This continues to state the message that DAN 6 26 n6v5 figs-doublet 0 tremble and fear These two words are similar and can be combined. Alternate translation: “shake with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DAN 6 26 s8va 0 the God of Daniel “the God that Daniel worships” DAN 6 26 ma86 figs-parallelism 0 he is the living God and lives forever The two phrases “the living God” and “lives forever” express the same concept, that God lives forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DAN 6 26 xw4k figs-parallelism 0 his kingdom shall…his dominion shall These two phrases are parallel, emphasizing how God’s kingdom will never end. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +DAN 6 26 xw4k figs-parallelism 0 his kingdom shall … his dominion shall These two phrases are parallel, emphasizing how God’s kingdom will never end. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DAN 6 26 s6yl figs-activepassive 0 his kingdom shall not be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will destroy his kingdom” or “his kingdom will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 6 26 fcy1 0 his dominion shall be to the end “he will rule forever” DAN 6 27 bld2 0 he has kept Daniel safe from the strength of the lions “he has not allowed the strong lions to hurt Daniel” @@ -472,10 +472,10 @@ DAN 7 5 eqm9 writing-symlanguage 0 a second animal, like a bear This was not an DAN 7 5 i32b 0 ribs large curved bones of the chest that connect to the spine DAN 7 5 c38p figs-activepassive 0 It was told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 7 6 fl2z writing-symlanguage 0 another animal, one that looked like a leopard This was not an actual leopard, but a symbolic animal that was similar to a leopard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -DAN 7 6 h4ia writing-symlanguage 0 four wings…four heads The four wings and four heads are symbols, but their meaning is unclear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +DAN 7 6 h4ia writing-symlanguage 0 four wings … four heads The four wings and four heads are symbols, but their meaning is unclear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) DAN 7 6 y1jd 0 it had four heads “the animal had four heads” DAN 7 6 jpn1 figs-activepassive 0 It was given authority to rule This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone gave it authority to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DAN 7 7 g1aj writing-symlanguage 0 a fourth animal…it had ten horns This is also not an actual animal. It is a symbolic creature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +DAN 7 7 g1aj writing-symlanguage 0 a fourth animal … it had ten horns This is also not an actual animal. It is a symbolic creature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) DAN 7 7 w7ww 0 trampled underfoot “walked on and crushed” DAN 7 8 yr9d 0 General Information: Daniel continues to describe his vision of the fourth animal that the saw in [Daniel 7:7](../07/07.md). DAN 7 8 j87p figs-metonymy 0 the horns Translators may write a footnote like this: “Horns are a symbol of power and represent powerful leaders.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -484,12 +484,12 @@ DAN 7 8 d113 figs-synecdoche 0 a mouth that was boasting about great things Her DAN 7 9 dge1 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Most of the text of verses 9-14 is symbolic language with parallel lines that have similar meaning. For this reason, the ULT and UST present them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DAN 7 9 hw4v figs-activepassive 0 thrones were set in place This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone set thrones in their places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 7 9 xvt9 0 the Ancient of Days This is a title for God that means he is eternal. Alternate translation: “the One Who Has Lived Forever” or “the One Who Has Always Lived” -DAN 7 9 rc8y 0 took his seat…His clothing…the hair of his head This passage describes God as sitting down, with clothing and hair like a person. This does not mean that God really is like this, but it is how Daniel saw God in a vision. +DAN 7 9 rc8y 0 took his seat … His clothing … the hair of his head This passage describes God as sitting down, with clothing and hair like a person. This does not mean that God really is like this, but it is how Daniel saw God in a vision. DAN 7 9 crh4 figs-idiom 0 took his seat This is an idiom that means he sat down. Alternate translation: “sat down on his throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 7 9 imw8 0 His clothing was as white as snow His clothing is compared to snow to show that it was very white. Alternate translation: “His clothing was very white” DAN 7 9 d5if figs-simile 0 the hair of his head was like pure wool Something about God’s hair looked like pure wool. Possible meanings are that (1) it was very white or (2) it was thick and curly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) DAN 7 9 jf7e 0 pure wool “clean wool” or “wool that is washed” -DAN 7 9 c4le 0 His throne was flames…its wheels were burning fire This describes the throne of God and its wheels as if they were made of fire. The words “flames” and “burning fire” mean basically the same thing and can be translated the same way. +DAN 7 9 c4le 0 His throne was flames … its wheels were burning fire This describes the throne of God and its wheels as if they were made of fire. The words “flames” and “burning fire” mean basically the same thing and can be translated the same way. DAN 7 9 lhh4 0 its wheels It is unclear why God’s throne is described as having wheels. Thrones normally do not have wheels, but the text clearly states that this throne has some kind of wheels. Use a general term for “wheels” if possible. DAN 7 10 eu94 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Daniel continues to describe his vision of the court in heaven and the response to the fourth animal that he saw in [Daniel 7:7](../07/07.md). Most of the text of verses 9-14 is symbolic language with parallel lines that have similar meaning. For this reason, the ULT and UST present them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DAN 7 10 rab3 figs-metaphor 0 A river of fire flowed out from before him The quick way in which fire came from the presence of God is spoken of as if it was water flowing in a river. Alternate translation: “Fire poured out in front of him like water in a river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -499,23 +499,23 @@ DAN 7 10 f9kw 0 one hundred million This probably refers to a large group rath DAN 7 10 h5d3 0 The court was in session This means that God, the judge, was ready to investigate the evidence and make his judgment. Alternate translation: “The judge was ready to judge” or “The judge was seated” DAN 7 10 pyd5 0 the books were opened These are the books that contain the evidence to be used in court. Alternate translation: “the books of evidence were opened” DAN 7 11 cv15 0 General Information: Daniel continues to describe his vision of the court in heaven and the response to the fourth animal that he saw in [Daniel 7:7](../07/07.md). -DAN 7 11 g8ls figs-activepassive 0 the animal was killed…to be burned up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they killed the fourth animal, destroyed its body, and gave it to someone to burn it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DAN 7 11 g8ls figs-activepassive 0 the animal was killed … to be burned up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they killed the fourth animal, destroyed its body, and gave it to someone to burn it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 7 11 tqd6 figs-explicit 0 the animal was killed The animal was killed because the judge determined that it was guilty. Alternate translation: “they executed the animal” or “the judge commanded and they killed the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 7 11 pms3 0 the animal This refers to the fourth animal that had the ten horns and the horn that spoke boastfully. Alternate translation: “the most frightening animal” or “the animal that had the boastful horn” DAN 7 12 ayx9 0 the rest of the four animals It may be clearer to say, “the other three animals.” DAN 7 12 dj5p figs-activepassive 0 their authority to rule was taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the judge took away their authority to rule” or “their authority to rule ended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 7 12 ru76 figs-activepassive 0 their lives were prolonged for a period of time This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they continued to live for a period of time” or “the judge let them live a little longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 7 13 lvf2 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Most of the text of verses 9-14 is symbolic language with parallel lines that have similar meaning. For this reason, the ULT presents them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -DAN 7 13 j5t6 figs-simile 0 I saw one coming…like a son of man The person that Daniel saw was not a normal man, but had a human figure like a man. “I also saw that night someone coming who resembled a son of man, that is, he had a human figure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +DAN 7 13 j5t6 figs-simile 0 I saw one coming … like a son of man The person that Daniel saw was not a normal man, but had a human figure like a man. “I also saw that night someone coming who resembled a son of man, that is, he had a human figure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) DAN 7 13 n5qi 0 with the clouds of heaven “with the clouds of the sky” DAN 7 13 ln6w 0 the Ancient of Days This refers to God who is eternal. See how you translated this title in [Daniel 7:9](../07/09.md) DAN 7 13 pjn2 figs-activepassive 0 was presented before him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they presented this son of man to the Ancient of Days” or “he stood before him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 7 14 ai49 figs-activepassive 0 Authority to rule and glory and royal power were given to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The one who looked like a son of man received authority to rule, glory, and royal power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 7 14 yv4q 0 royal power This, here, refers to “authority.” DAN 7 14 hc6k figs-metonymy 0 peoples, nations, and languages Here “nations” and “languages” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “people from different nations and who speak different languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DAN 7 14 z6xf figs-parallelism 0 will not pass away…will never be destroyed These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +DAN 7 14 z6xf figs-parallelism 0 will not pass away … will never be destroyed These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DAN 7 14 sl8k figs-activepassive 0 that will never be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that no one will ever destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DAN 7 15 xt3d figs-parallelism 0 my spirit was grieved inside of me…the visions I saw in my mind troubled me These two phrases describe how Daniel was feeling. The second one gives more information about the first one, explaining about his grieved spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +DAN 7 15 xt3d figs-parallelism 0 my spirit was grieved inside of me … the visions I saw in my mind troubled me These two phrases describe how Daniel was feeling. The second one gives more information about the first one, explaining about his grieved spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DAN 7 15 g5s3 figs-synecdoche 0 my spirit was grieved inside of me Here “my spirit” refers to Daniel himself. Alternate translation: “I was very sad inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DAN 7 16 z2w1 0 one of them standing there This is one of the heavenly beings who were standing before God’s throne. Possible meanings (1) these are angels, spirits who serve God (2) these are people who have died and are now in heaven. DAN 7 16 fhe1 0 to show me “to tell me” or “to explain to me” @@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ DAN 7 23 ec9x writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Most of the text of ve DAN 7 23 mv4h 0 This is what that person said This is the person that Daniel approached in [Daniel 7:16](../07/16.md). DAN 7 23 p7zf 0 that person said “that person answered” DAN 7 23 lqc9 0 As for the fourth animal “Concerning the fourth animal” or “Now, about the fourth animal” -DAN 7 23 t6ga figs-metaphor 0 It will devour…it into pieces This does not mean the fourth kingdom will destroy the planet, but that it will brutally attack, conquer, and destroy all other kingdoms on earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DAN 7 23 t6ga figs-metaphor 0 It will devour … it into pieces This does not mean the fourth kingdom will destroy the planet, but that it will brutally attack, conquer, and destroy all other kingdoms on earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DAN 7 24 x4nc 0 As for the ten horns “Concerning the ten horns” or “Now, about the ten horns” DAN 7 24 cn9p figs-explicit 0 out of this kingdom ten kings will arise They will rule one after the other. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “ten kings will rule over this fourth kingdom, one after another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 7 24 iw64 figs-explicit 0 another will arise after them This other king is not one of the ten. It may be helpful to refer to him as “the eleventh king.” Alternate translation: “after that an eleventh king will become powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ DAN 7 24 qun4 0 He will be different from the previous ones “He will be diff DAN 7 24 x7hx figs-explicit 0 he will conquer the three kings He will defeat three of the original ten kings. It may be helpful to state that those three kings are represented by the three horns that were pulled out. Alternate translation: “he will defeat the three kings that were represented by the three horns that were pulled out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 7 25 w3b9 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: The man in Daniel’s vision continues talking to Daniel. Most of the text of verses 23-27 is symbolic language. For this reason, the ULT presents them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) DAN 7 25 xih7 figs-idiom 0 He will speak words against the Most High This means that the newest king will openly disagree with and say bad things about the Most High. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -DAN 7 25 ce61 0 He will try…into his hand The words “He” and “his” refer to the newest king, not the Most High. +DAN 7 25 ce61 0 He will try … into his hand The words “He” and “his” refer to the newest king, not the Most High. DAN 7 25 nt2f 0 the holy people “God’s holy people” DAN 7 25 w16z 0 change the festivals and the law Both terms refer to the law of Moses. The festivals were an important part of the religion of Israel in the Old Testament. DAN 7 25 hn8p figs-metonymy 0 These things will be given into his hand Here “his hand” refers to his control. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The newest king will control the religous festivals and laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ DAN 7 26 iln2 0 they will take his royal power away “the members of the cour DAN 7 26 j3ya 0 royal power This, here, refers to “authority.” See how you translated this in [Daniel 7:14](../07/14.md). DAN 7 26 plf7 figs-activepassive 0 to be consumed and destroyed at the end This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and consume and destroy it in the end” or “and completely destroy his royal power in the end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 7 27 dj39 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: The man in Daniel’s vision continues talking to Daniel. Most of the text of verses 23-27 is symbolic language. For this reason, the ULT presents them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -DAN 7 27 hh11 figs-activepassive 0 The kingdom and the dominion…will be given to the people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will give the kingdom and the dominion…to the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DAN 7 27 hh11 figs-activepassive 0 The kingdom and the dominion … will be given to the people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will give the kingdom and the dominion … to the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 7 27 c6lf figs-doublet 0 The kingdom and the dominion These two terms mean basically the same thing and emphasize that this will concern all forms of official authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DAN 7 27 p5c7 figs-abstractnouns 0 the greatness of the kingdoms The abstract noun “greatness” can be translated with the adjective “great.” Alternate translation: “everything that is great about the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DAN 7 27 ry7e figs-idiom 0 of the kingdoms under the whole heaven The idiom “under the whole heaven” refers to the kingdoms on earth. Alternate translation: “of all the kingdoms on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -570,12 +570,12 @@ DAN 8 intro cbk6 0 # Daniel 08 General Notes
## Special concepts in this c DAN 8 1 rft5 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Chapters 7 and 8 are not in chronological order. They happened while Belshazzar was still the king, before the rule of Darius and Cyrus that was discussed in chapter 6. In Daniel’s vision, he saw animals that were symbols of other things. Later in the vision someone explains the meaning of those symbols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) DAN 8 1 b6kb translate-ordinal 0 In the third year “In year three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) DAN 8 1 er4q 0 Belshazzar This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. See how you translated this name in [Daniel 5:1](../05/01.md). -DAN 8 1 h9fw writing-background 0 had a vision appear to me (after the one…first) This is background information to remind the reader that this is Daniel’s second vision. Alternate translation: “had a second vision appear to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) +DAN 8 1 h9fw writing-background 0 had a vision appear to me (after the one … first) This is background information to remind the reader that this is Daniel’s second vision. Alternate translation: “had a second vision appear to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) DAN 8 2 t4xy 0 fortress a walled city that was guarded and protected -DAN 8 2 m8kv translate-names 0 Susa…Elam…Ulai Canal These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +DAN 8 2 m8kv translate-names 0 Susa … Elam … Ulai Canal These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DAN 8 2 jfs1 0 Canal A canal is a narrow man-made waterway. DAN 8 3 kh4s writing-symlanguage 0 a ram with two horns It is normal for rams to have two horns. These horns, however, have symbolic meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -DAN 8 3 buj1 0 but the longer…passed up in length by it “but the longer one grew more slowly than the shorter one, and the shorter one grew to be even longer than it” +DAN 8 3 buj1 0 but the longer … passed up in length by it “but the longer one grew more slowly than the shorter one, and the shorter one grew to be even longer than it” DAN 8 4 wrr2 0 I saw the ram charging “I saw the ram rushing” or “I saw the ram running very quickly” DAN 8 4 s49e figs-metonymy 0 to rescue anyone out of his hand Rams do not have hands. Here “hand” refers to the ram’s power. Alternate translation: “to rescue anyone from him” or “to rescue anyone from his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 8 5 npd3 figs-hyperbole 0 across the surface of the whole earth The phrase “the whole earth” is an exaggeration that means he came from far away. Alternate translation: “from far away across the surface of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ DAN 8 9 ys25 0 but which became very large “but it became very large” DAN 8 9 i3jg 0 in the south, in the east, and in the land of beauty This probably means it pointed in those directions. This can be stated. Alternate translation: “and pointed toward the south and then toward the east and then toward the beautiful land of Israel” DAN 8 9 umn2 figs-idiom 0 the land of beauty This is a reference to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 8 10 pkh2 figs-personification 0 It became so large as to engage in war Here the horn is given qualities of a person and is engaging in war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -DAN 8 10 h6ex figs-activepassive 0 Some of that army…thrown down to the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: The horn threw some of that army and some of the stars down to the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +DAN 8 10 h6ex figs-activepassive 0 Some of that army … thrown down to the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: The horn threw some of that army and some of the stars down to the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 8 10 iq57 figs-personification 0 it trampled on them Here the horn is given qualities of a person that tramples on the stars and on the army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) DAN 8 11 akq6 figs-personification 0 General Information: The horn is given qualities of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) DAN 8 11 x2bs 0 Connecting Statement: Daniel continues describing his vision of the horn ([Daniel 8:9](../08/09.md)). @@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ DAN 8 20 k8n7 figs-metonymy 0 the kings of Media and Persia This could mean: (1 DAN 8 21 j9y9 figs-metonymy 0 the king of Greece This could mean: (1) this refers to the king of Greece or (2) this is a metonym in which the king represents the kingdom of Greece. Alternate translation: “the kingdom of Greece” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 8 21 h37i 0 The large horn between his eyes is “The large horn between his eyes represents” DAN 8 22 j764 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: In these verses, the angel explains to Daniel the symbolic meaning of the things he saw in his vision. The animals and horns actually represented human rulers or kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -DAN 8 22 qtr7 0 As for the horn that was broken…four others arose “Where the large horn was broken off, four others arose” +DAN 8 22 qtr7 0 As for the horn that was broken … four others arose “Where the large horn was broken off, four others arose” DAN 8 22 c6qn figs-explicit 0 four kingdoms will arise from his nation The four horns represent the four new kingdoms. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “they represent the four kingdoms into which the kingdom of the first king will be divided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 8 22 z39i 0 but not with his great power “but they will not have as much power as the king represented by the large horn” DAN 8 23 gk83 0 At the latter time of those kingdoms “As those kingdoms approach their end” @@ -680,10 +680,10 @@ DAN 9 15 u2zs figs-parallelism 0 still we sinned; we have done wicked things Th DAN 9 15 h9ad figs-exclusive 0 we sinned; we have done wicked things Daniel and Israel sinned and did wicked things, but “we” does not include God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) DAN 9 16 zd1k figs-doublet 0 your anger and your wrath The words “anger” and “wrath” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how terrible God’s anger is when he acts on it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DAN 9 16 g4t8 0 your holy mountain This mountain may be holy because God’s temple is there. Alternate translation: “the mountain where your holy temple is” -DAN 9 16 t4wb figs-exclusive 0 our sins…our ancestors Here “our” refers to Daniel and Israel, but not to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) +DAN 9 16 t4wb figs-exclusive 0 our sins … our ancestors Here “our” refers to Daniel and Israel, but not to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) DAN 9 16 qcc3 0 an object of scorn “a target of disrespect” DAN 9 17 e6hv 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment”, but it is a way to show that the next phase in Daniel’s prayer is about to start. -DAN 9 17 u437 figs-123person 0 your servant…his pleas for mercy The words “your servant” and “his” here refer to Daniel. He speaks about himself in the third person as a sign of respect for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +DAN 9 17 u437 figs-123person 0 your servant … his pleas for mercy The words “your servant” and “his” here refer to Daniel. He speaks about himself in the third person as a sign of respect for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) DAN 9 17 ndy1 0 pleas for mercy “requests for mercy” DAN 9 17 a4vq figs-metaphor 0 make your face shine on The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably as if Yahweh’s face shone a light. Alternate translation: “act kindly toward” or “act with favor toward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DAN 9 17 b52l 0 your sanctuary This refers to the temple in Jerusalem. @@ -706,10 +706,10 @@ DAN 9 24 vmn4 figs-you 0 your people and your holy city The word “your” her DAN 9 24 v75s figs-parallelism 0 to end the guilt and put an end to sin The idea is repeated to emphasize how certain it is that this will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DAN 9 24 dt4s figs-idiom 0 to carry out the vision Here “carry out” is an idiom that means to accomplish. Alternate translation: “to accomplish the vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 9 24 z31h figs-doublet 0 the vision and the prophecy These words in this context mean the same thing. They ensure Daniel that Jeremiah’s vision was indeed a prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -DAN 9 25 hg9s 0 and sixty-two sevens This is not the normal way the Israelites counted. If possible, try to translate in a way that preserves this use of the number seven. Alternate translation: “seven times seven years…and sixty-two times seven years” +DAN 9 25 hg9s 0 and sixty-two sevens This is not the normal way the Israelites counted. If possible, try to translate in a way that preserves this use of the number seven. Alternate translation: “seven times seven years … and sixty-two times seven years” DAN 9 25 z58t figs-doublet 0 Know and understand These words are used together to make the importance clear. Alternate translation: “You must clearly understand” or “You must know for sure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DAN 9 25 cc6s translate-symaction 0 the anointed one Anointing is a symbolic act to show that someone is chosen. Alternate translation: “the person that God anoints” or “the person that God chooses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -DAN 9 25 mg6r 0 seven sevens…and sixty-two sevens These added together are 69 of the 70 sevens spoken of in verse 24. +DAN 9 25 mg6r 0 seven sevens … and sixty-two sevens These added together are 69 of the 70 sevens spoken of in verse 24. DAN 9 25 tg7z figs-activepassive 0 Jerusalem will be rebuilt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will rebuild Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 9 25 gs6w 0 moat a deep ditch around a city or building, usually with water in it DAN 9 25 q3nq 0 the times of distress “a time of great trouble” @@ -719,8 +719,8 @@ DAN 9 26 nzv4 0 the anointed one Anointing is a symbolic act to show that some DAN 9 26 bn3z 0 a coming ruler This is a foreign ruler, not “the anointed one.” Alternate translation: “a foreign ruler who will come” or “a powerful ruler who will come” DAN 9 26 hpa8 figs-metaphor 0 Its end will come with a flood The army will destroy the city and the holy place just as a flood destroys things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DAN 9 26 ite5 figs-activepassive 0 Desolations have been decreed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has decreed ruin for the city and sanctuary” or “God has declared that the enemy army will destroy everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DAN 9 27 a45k 0 He will…he will This refers to the coming ruler who will destroy the anointed one. -DAN 9 27 zqk4 0 one seven…In the middle of the seven Here “seven” is used to refer to a period of seven years. Alternate translation: “seven years…Halfway through the seven years” +DAN 9 27 a45k 0 He will … he will This refers to the coming ruler who will destroy the anointed one. +DAN 9 27 zqk4 0 one seven … In the middle of the seven Here “seven” is used to refer to a period of seven years. Alternate translation: “seven years … Halfway through the seven years” DAN 9 27 rr1b 0 put an end to “stop” or “halt” DAN 9 27 jsh2 figs-doublet 0 the sacrifice and the offering These words basically mean the same thing. The repetition is to show that the ruler will prevent all types of sacrifices. Alternate translation: “all forms of sacrificing” or “every type of offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DAN 9 27 e962 figs-metonymy 0 the wing of abominations This may refer to the defensive structures on top of the walls of the temple, which are called “abominations” because they are full of idols. Alternate translation: “the walls of the temple that are full of abominations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -791,8 +791,8 @@ DAN 11 4 a3z5 figs-activepassive 0 his kingdom will be uprooted for others besi DAN 11 5 vns2 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel. DAN 11 5 xd9k 0 one of his commanders will become even stronger than he and will rule his kingdom with great power A commander of the king of the South will become the king of the North. DAN 11 6 lv1j 0 they will make an alliance The king of the South will make an alliance with the king of the North. This alliance would be a formal agreement that both nations are required to follow. Alternate translation: “the king of the South and the king of the North will promise to work together” -DAN 11 6 n6pd 0 The daughter of the king of the South will come…to confirm the agreement The king of the South will give his daughter in marriage to the king of the North. The marriage will confirm the agreement between the two kings. -DAN 11 6 lf4z figs-metaphor 0 her arm’s strength…his arm Here “arm” stands for power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +DAN 11 6 n6pd 0 The daughter of the king of the South will come … to confirm the agreement The king of the South will give his daughter in marriage to the king of the North. The marriage will confirm the agreement between the two kings. +DAN 11 6 lf4z figs-metaphor 0 her arm’s strength … his arm Here “arm” stands for power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DAN 11 6 d6vs figs-activepassive 0 She will be abandoned This appears to refer to a plot to kill her and those who made the alliance. This phrase may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “They will abandon her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 11 7 r8ie 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel. DAN 11 7 dvw9 figs-metaphor 0 a branch from her roots This family is spoken of as if it were a tree. The roots represent ancestors, and the branch represents a descendant. Alternate translation: “a descendant of her ancestors” or “one of her descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ DAN 11 33 kc6h figs-metaphor 0 they will stumble into captivity and into being DAN 11 34 ji6c figs-activepassive 0 they will be helped with a little help This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “others will give them a little help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DAN 11 34 z23f 0 In hypocrisy many will join themselves with them This refers to other people who will pretend to help the wise persons, but not because they truly wish to help them. DAN 11 34 w3l4 figs-metaphor 0 will join themselves Here “join themselves” represents “come to help.” Alternate translation: “will come to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DAN 11 35 u9tw 0 Some of the wise will stumble…until the time of the end This suffering will continue until the time when God has decided that it will end. +DAN 11 35 u9tw 0 Some of the wise will stumble … until the time of the end This suffering will continue until the time when God has decided that it will end. DAN 11 35 f174 figs-metaphor 0 Some of the wise will stumble Here “stumble” represents experiencing a disaster of one kind or another, including death itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DAN 11 35 ip6i 0 so that refining will happen to them Here “so that” means “with the result that.” Alternate translation: “with the result that refining will happen to them” DAN 11 35 c7it figs-abstractnouns 0 refining will happen to them, and cleansing, and purifying These three activities are expressed here as if they were things. However, they may be expressed as actions, either in passive form or in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be refined, cleansed, and purified” or “their suffering will refine, cleanse, and purify them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ DAN 11 38 a7fh 0 the god of fortresses The king probably believed that this fa DAN 11 38 zdm8 0 instead of these The word “these” refers to the gods mentioned in [Daniel 11:37](../11/37.md). DAN 11 39 xrm1 0 he will divide up the land as a reward This could mean: (1) “he will give the land to his followers as a reward” or (2) “he will sell land to his followers” DAN 11 40 tuf1 0 the time of the end “the final days” or “the end of the world.” See how you translated this in [Daniel 8:17](../08/17.md). -DAN 11 40 m1zi figs-synecdoche 0 the king of the South…The king of the North These phrases stand for the kings and their armies. Alternate translation: “the king of the South and his army…The king of the North and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +DAN 11 40 m1zi figs-synecdoche 0 the king of the South … The king of the North These phrases stand for the kings and their armies. Alternate translation: “the king of the South and his army … The king of the North and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DAN 11 40 r8tv figs-metaphor 0 will storm against him Violently attacking with an army is spoken of as if a storm happened. Alternate translation: “will attack him like a violent storm” or “will violently attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DAN 11 40 nk95 figs-metaphor 0 flood them When an army overruns a country, it is spoken of as if a flood occurred. See how you translated this in [Daniel 11:10](../11/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DAN 11 40 pc82 figs-explicit 0 pass through Nothing will stop the army. Alternate translation: “will pass through the lands with no one to stop him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -927,13 +927,13 @@ DAN 11 45 k8sp figs-metonymy 0 the mountain of the beauty of holiness This refe DAN 12 intro l8k2 0 # Daniel 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The final prophecy concludes in this chapter. It tells about the future resurrection of the dead and the final judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judgmentday]]) DAN 12 1 l9vr 0 General Information: The angel who appeared to Daniel in [Daniel 10:5](../10/05.md) continues speaking. DAN 12 1 c4hl 0 Michael, the great prince Michael is an archangel. Here he is also given the title “great prince.” -DAN 12 1 svv2 figs-idiom 0 Michael…will rise up Here “rise up” is an idiom that means to appear. Alternate translation: “Michael…will appear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +DAN 12 1 svv2 figs-idiom 0 Michael … will rise up Here “rise up” is an idiom that means to appear. Alternate translation: “Michael … will appear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 12 1 c1ic figs-activepassive 0 your people will be saved This can be stated in active form. You can also make it clear that God will save the people. Alternate translation: “God will save your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 12 1 n3vd figs-activepassive 0 whose name is found written in the book This can be stated in active form. You can also make it clear that God writes names in the book. Alternate translation: “whose name God has written in the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 12 2 e327 figs-euphemism 0 those who sleep in the dust of the earth will rise up The phrase “sleep in the dust of the earth” is another way of referring to those who have died. Here “rise up” is an idiom that means to come back to life. Alternate translation: “those who have died will come back to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 12 3 yt7b figs-simile 0 Those who are wise will shine like the brightness of the sky above This refers to God’s people who will share their wisdom with those around them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) DAN 12 3 g6t2 figs-metaphor 0 those who turn many to righteousness This refers to those who help others understand that they are separated from God, as if they were changing the direction in which they were going. Alternate translation: “those who teach others to live righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DAN 12 3 jd17 figs-simile 0 those who turn…are like the stars forever and ever These people are compared to the stars that shine. Alternate translation: “those who turn…will shine brightly like the stars forever and ever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +DAN 12 3 jd17 figs-simile 0 those who turn … are like the stars forever and ever These people are compared to the stars that shine. Alternate translation: “those who turn … will shine brightly like the stars forever and ever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) DAN 12 4 qed5 figs-metonymy 0 close up these words; keep the book sealed Here “words” represents the book. Alternate translation: “close this book and keep it sealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DAN 12 4 mb3v 0 time of the end “the final days” or “the end of the world.” See how you translated this in [Daniel 8:17](../08/17.md). DAN 12 4 krj6 figs-explicit 0 Many will run here and there, and knowledge will increase This seems to happen before “the time of the end” during which time the book is sealed. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Before that happens, many people will travel here and there, learning more and more about many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ DAN 12 10 nnz4 0 refined purified by removing anything that does not belong in DAN 12 10 b2dg 0 but the wicked will act wickedly The evil people will do evil or sinful things. DAN 12 10 z62c 0 None of the wicked will understand The evil people can not understand spiritual knowledge. DAN 12 10 j874 0 but those who are wise will understand “but those who obey Yahweh are wise and will understand” -DAN 12 11 ux9k figs-explicit 0 the regular burnt offering is…is set up The king of the north is the one who stops the temple sacrifices. Alternate translation: “the king of the North takes away the regular burnt offering and sets up the abomination that causes complete desolation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +DAN 12 11 ux9k figs-explicit 0 the regular burnt offering is … is set up The king of the north is the one who stops the temple sacrifices. Alternate translation: “the king of the North takes away the regular burnt offering and sets up the abomination that causes complete desolation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DAN 12 11 cg65 figs-idiom 0 the abomination that causes complete desolation This refers to an idol that will make the temple desolate, that is, that will cause God to leave his temple. See how you translated this in [Daniel 11:31](../11/31.md). Alternate translation: “the disgusting idol that will cause God to abandon the temple” or “the disgusting thing that will make the temple unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DAN 12 11 f32x translate-numbers 0 1,290 days “one thousand two and hundred ninety days” or “twelve hundred and ninety days.” Here “days” refers to a period of time. Most commonly rendered as days, but can also imply years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DAN 12 12 f6x5 0 General Information: The angel clothed in linen continues speaking to Daniel. diff --git a/en_tn_28-HOS.tsv b/en_tn_28-HOS.tsv index a8079ec75..fdf157b2e 100644 --- a/en_tn_28-HOS.tsv +++ b/en_tn_28-HOS.tsv @@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ HOS front intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea
## Part 1: General Introduc HOS 1 intro ud3c 0 # Hosea 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-11.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Hosea’s marriage
God does not approve of prostitution, but he told Hosea to marry a prostitute so that the message of Israel’s unfaithfulness would be shown to the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])

Hosea’s marriage to Gomer is a metaphor for the kingdom of Israel’s relationship to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. Gomer was a woman who was unfaithful to her husband broke her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor

Hosea 1-4 is controlled by a metaphor that Hosea lived out. He was personifying the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. Hosea played the part of Yahweh, and Gomer played the part of Israel. HOS 1 1 x3qa figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh that came This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the word that Yahweh God spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) HOS 1 1 fhy8 translate-names 0 Beeri This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -HOS 1 1 f238 translate-names 0 Uzziah…Jotham…Ahaz…Hezekiah…Jeroboam…Joash The events in this book happened during the time of these kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +HOS 1 1 f238 translate-names 0 Uzziah … Jotham … Ahaz … Hezekiah … Jeroboam … Joash The events in this book happened during the time of these kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) HOS 1 1 ghv4 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. HOS 1 2 m57n figs-metaphor 0 great prostitution Here “prostitution” represents the people being unfaithful to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HOS 1 3 l8fb translate-names 0 Gomer…Diblaim These are names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +HOS 1 3 l8fb translate-names 0 Gomer … Diblaim These are names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) HOS 1 4 gin3 figs-metaphor 0 the house of Jehu Here “house” means “family,” including Jehu’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HOS 1 4 ykw9 figs-metaphor 0 the house of Israel This expression refers to kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HOS 1 5 e655 figs-metonymy 0 the bow of Israel Here “bow” refers to the power of the army. Alternate translation: “the military power of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ HOS 4 12 b2e9 figs-personification 0 their walking sticks give them prophecies HOS 4 12 gu5r figs-personification 0 a mind of promiscuity has misled them Worshiping the idols and sleeping with the temple prostitutes has developed in the people of Israel the desire to always sin against Yahweh in these ways. Here “mind” is spoken of as if it were a separate person who was able to convince the people to disobey Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) HOS 4 12 mu4t figs-metaphor 0 has misled has convinced the people to sin (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HOS 4 13 f8ym 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Israel. -HOS 4 13 u9e7 0 on the tops of the mountains…on the hills It was common for the people to set up idols in these places, often called “high places” in the Old Testament. +HOS 4 13 u9e7 0 on the tops of the mountains … on the hills It was common for the people to set up idols in these places, often called “high places” in the Old Testament. HOS 4 14 q3pu 0 sacred prostitutes These were women who had sexual relations with men who came to worship certain idols. This was viewed as a sacred action in honor of the false gods. HOS 4 14 asb1 figs-metaphor 0 So this people who does not understand will be thrown down Yahweh will destroy the nation of Israel because they do not understand or obey God’s commandments. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HOS 4 15 n41g 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Judah and Israel. @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ HOS 5 3 ki2p 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Israel. HOS 5 3 b88u figs-synecdoche 0 I know Ephraim, and Israel is not hidden from me Here, “Ephraim” and “Israel” both refer to the whole northern kingdom of Israel, and represent the people who live there. Here God says that he knows what they are like and what they are doing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) HOS 5 3 vw9u figs-simile 0 Ephraim, now you have become like a prostitute Ephraim is presented in terms of a prostitute because the people have become unfaithful to God, as a prostitute is faithful to no man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) HOS 5 4 xz8q 0 for the mind of adultery is in them This means they have the desire to be unfaithful to God. They want to worship idols. -HOS 5 4 hh5e 0 to turn to God…they do not know Yahweh The translator can represent this as “to turn to me…they do not know me,” or “to turn to me…they do not know me, Yahweh.” +HOS 5 4 hh5e 0 to turn to God … they do not know Yahweh The translator can represent this as “to turn to me … they do not know me,” or “to turn to me … they do not know me, Yahweh.” HOS 5 4 kub1 0 they do not know Yahweh Israel no longer obeys Yahweh in any way. They do not acknowledge Yahweh as their God. HOS 5 5 iu6y 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Israel. HOS 5 5 rch3 figs-personification 0 The pride of Israel testifies against him This describes “pride” as a person who testifies against the people of Israel in court. Their prideful attitude and behavior show that they are guilty of no longer obeying Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ HOS 5 11 f3tb figs-metaphor 0 walked after idols Here “walked” represents t HOS 5 11 ww39 0 idols The Hebrew word translated here as “idols” is uncertain in its meaning, and is translated by modern versions in many different ways. HOS 5 12 jy1j 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Judah and Israel. HOS 5 12 z5lp figs-simile 0 I will be like a moth to Ephraim, and like rot to the house of Judah A moth on a piece of wool and rot in a piece of wood are both destructive. Yahweh will destroy both nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -HOS 5 12 y9bw 0 moth…rot These two terms are translated in various ways because the meaning of the Hebrew word is either very broad or it is uncertain. +HOS 5 12 y9bw 0 moth … rot These two terms are translated in various ways because the meaning of the Hebrew word is either very broad or it is uncertain. HOS 5 13 pf8f figs-metaphor 0 When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah saw his wound Both Ephraim (the northern kingdom of Israel) and Judah (the southern kingdom of Israel) realized that they were in danger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HOS 5 13 e5lq 0 then Ephraim went to Assyria, and Judah sent messengers to the great king Ephraim and Judah asked Assyria for help instead of asking Yahweh for help. “Great king” was a title for the king of Assyria. HOS 5 13 be1d 0 But he was not able Here “he” refers to the king of Assyria. @@ -182,10 +182,10 @@ HOS 5 15 gc86 0 I will go and return to my place Yahweh will leave his rebelli HOS 5 15 w7fg figs-metaphor 0 seek my face Try to come into God’s presence by means of worship and sacrifice. Alternate translation: “ask me to pay attention to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HOS 6 intro xu4q 0 # Hosea 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues using the poetic form to show how Yahweh will still show mercy to his wayward people, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. Gilead is an area in the northern kingdom of Israel where several of the tribes lived. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Change in speaker
There is a change in person from 6:1-3 to 6:4-11. In the first passage, the speaker is an anonymous Israelite, but in the rest of the chapter, the speaker is Yahweh.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
Throughout the chapter, the author uses the metaphor of prostitution to say that his people have abandoned him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HOS 6 1 a6ue 0 Connecting Statement: The people of Israel confess their need to repent. -HOS 6 1 u9ye figs-parallelism 0 he has torn us to pieces…he has injured us God has punished the people of Israel because they disobeyed him and worshiped idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -HOS 6 1 ntx5 figs-parallelism 0 he will heal us…he will bandage our wounds Israel believes that God will be merciful to them when they repent and he will deliver them from their troubles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +HOS 6 1 u9ye figs-parallelism 0 he has torn us to pieces … he has injured us God has punished the people of Israel because they disobeyed him and worshiped idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +HOS 6 1 ntx5 figs-parallelism 0 he will heal us … he will bandage our wounds Israel believes that God will be merciful to them when they repent and he will deliver them from their troubles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) HOS 6 2 yn3u figs-idiom 0 After two days he will revive us; he will raise us up on the third day This represents a short period of time. Israel believes God will quickly come to rescue them from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -HOS 6 2 id69 translate-numbers 0 two days…the third day “2 days…day 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +HOS 6 2 id69 translate-numbers 0 two days … the third day “2 days … day 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) HOS 6 3 fc9r 0 Let us know Yahweh Here “know” means not only to learn God’s character and laws, but also to become faithful to him. HOS 6 3 mk9b figs-simile 0 His coming out is as sure as the dawn Yahweh will come to help his people just as surely as the sun rises each morning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) HOS 6 4 e5w6 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh is speaking. @@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ HOS 6 6 r5ls 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking. HOS 6 6 vj1l 0 For I desire faithfulness and not sacrifice This grammatical construction in Hebrew signals here the idea of “more than,” as the next line shows (“and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings”). Alternate translation: “For I desire faithfulness more than sacrifice” HOS 6 7 xuu2 figs-metonymy 0 Like Adam This could mean: (1) this refers to Adam, the first man or (2) this is a metonym that represents the people who live in a city in Israel called Adam. Alternate translation: “Like the people in the city of Adam” or (3) this refers to people in general. The word “Adam” means “man” or “humankind.” Alternate translation: “Like all of humankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HOS 6 8 cwt2 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking. -HOS 6 8 jyk1 figs-metonymy 0 Gilead is a city…with footprints of blood “Footprints of blood” probably represents the evildoers and their acts of murder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HOS 6 8 jyk1 figs-metonymy 0 Gilead is a city … with footprints of blood “Footprints of blood” probably represents the evildoers and their acts of murder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HOS 6 9 drp6 0 the priests band together to commit murder on the way to Shechem We do not know what this refers to. Were priests actually guilty of attacking people on their way to Shechem, which was an important religious and political center? Or is the prophet saying that the priests have “killed” true knowledge and worship of Yahweh? It is best to translate this expression as plainly as possible. HOS 6 10 k436 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking. HOS 6 10 tac2 figs-metonymy 0 Ephraim’s prostitution Here “prostitution” refers to Ephraim’s worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ HOS 7 10 l7dg figs-personification 0 The pride of Israel testifies against him HOS 7 10 d1v1 figs-metaphor 0 nor have they sought him Israel’s lack of interest in Yahweh is spoken of as if he was lost and they were not trying to find him. Alternate translation: “nor have they tried to get him to pay attention to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HOS 7 10 l1iz 0 in spite of all this Here “this” refers God allowing foreigners to defeat them and make them weak. HOS 7 11 wu9b figs-simile 0 Ephraim is like a dove, gullible and without sense Doves were thought to be foolish birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -HOS 7 11 jpu5 0 Egypt…Assyria These were powerful nations that Israel could ask for help. +HOS 7 11 jpu5 0 Egypt … Assyria These were powerful nations that Israel could ask for help. HOS 7 12 hur1 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking. HOS 7 12 jg68 figs-metaphor 0 I will spread my net over them This is a way to catch birds. Yahweh continues to compare the people of Israel to doves. When they go to Egypt or Assyria for help, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HOS 7 12 zeb8 figs-simile 0 I will bring them down like the birds of the sky Yahweh speaks of the way he will judge Israel as if they were birds that he would catch in a net. Alternate translation: “I will hunt them like birds” or “I will catch them like a hunter catches birds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ HOS 9 4 yxx6 0 For their food will be for themselves only; it will not come in HOS 9 4 n7e6 figs-personification 0 it will not come into the house of Yahweh The unclean food is spoken of as if it were able to go places by itself. Of course, people actually had to take it with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) HOS 9 5 nbi8 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking. HOS 9 5 i5uf figs-rquestion 0 What will you do on the day of an appointed festival, on the day of a festival for Yahweh? Hosea uses this question to emphasize that the people will no longer be able to observe their festivals when their enemies defeat them and take them captive. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to celebrate the festivals that Yahweh appointed for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -HOS 9 5 vze5 figs-parallelism 0 the day of an appointed festival…the day of a festival for Yahweh Both of these mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +HOS 9 5 vze5 figs-parallelism 0 the day of an appointed festival … the day of a festival for Yahweh Both of these mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) HOS 9 6 x9gb figs-123person 0 if they escape Here “they” still refers to the people of Israel. You can continue stating this is second person. Alternate translation: “if you escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) HOS 9 6 n2rn figs-metonymy 0 Egypt will gather them, and Memphis will bury them Egypt and Memphis refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the army of Egypt will capture you. You will die there, and the people in the city of Memphis will bury you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HOS 9 6 ymw7 figs-metaphor 0 As for their treasures of silver—sharp briers will possess them Briers growing in the places where Israelites stored their silver is spoken of as if the briers were human enemies that would take the Israelite’s precious possessions for themselves. Alternate translation: “Sharp briers will grow where they store their treasures of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ HOS 9 11 p7n6 figs-simile 0 their glory will fly away like a bird The people of HOS 9 12 t5yp figs-metaphor 0 when I turn away from them When God stops helping the northern kingdom, it will be as if he physically turned away from them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HOS 9 13 vx3t 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking. HOS 9 13 us3g figs-metaphor 0 I have seen Ephraim, just like Tyre, planted in a meadow This speaks of the people being in a safe place as if they were a tree planted in a peaceful meadow. Alternate translation: “The nation of Israel was once beautiful and pleasant like the city of Tyre, like a tree that someone plants in a meadow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HOS 9 13 bkh2 figs-synecdoche 0 Ephraim…Tyre Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. These places refer to the people who live in them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HOS 9 13 bkh2 figs-synecdoche 0 Ephraim … Tyre Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. These places refer to the people who live in them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HOS 9 13 n919 figs-metonymy 0 but Ephraim will bring out his children The word “children” are the people from that nation. Alternate translation: “but the people of Israel will bring out their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HOS 9 14 m7l2 figs-rquestion 0 Give them, Yahweh—what will you give them? Give them Hosea uses a question to emphasize that he wants Yahweh to give the people of Israel what they deserve. Alternate translation: “This is what I ask you, Yahweh, to give them: give them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) HOS 9 14 hqc1 0 a miscarrying womb To “miscarry” means that a pregnancy ends too early and the baby dies. Hosea is asking that all the nation’s women be like that. @@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ HOS 10 intro yd8u 0 # Hosea 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Locusts

This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

This chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])

### Metaphor
The drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOL 2 1 t9j9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Joel continues poetry that began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JOL 2 1 m7i5 תִּקְע֨וּ שׁוֹפָ֜ר…וְ⁠הָרִ֨יעוּ֙ 1 Blow the trumpet…sound an alarm Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming. +JOL 2 1 m7i5 תִּקְע֨וּ שׁוֹפָ֜ר…וְ⁠הָרִ֨יעוּ֙ 1 Blow the trumpet … sound an alarm Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming. JOL 2 2 qmb9 figs-doublet י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 day of darkness and gloom The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOL 2 2 st7t וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 gloom total or partial darkness JOL 2 2 pcr6 figs-doublet י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַ⁠עֲרָפֶ֔ל 1 day of clouds and thick darkness This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ JOL 2 4 ztn5 figs-simile כְּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ JOL 2 4 fdt4 translate-unknown סוּסִ֖ים 1 horses A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) JOL 2 4 myc3 figs-simile וּ⁠כְ⁠פָרָשִׁ֖ים כֵּ֥ן יְרוּצֽוּ⁠ן 1 they run like horsemen Men riding horses move quickly, and the army moves quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOL 2 5 m6fl יְרַקֵּד֔וּ⁠ן 1 jump A horse jumps or leaps as it runs quickly. -JOL 2 5 n75f figs-simile כְּ⁠ק֣וֹל מַרְכָּב֗וֹת…כְּ⁠קוֹל֙ לַ֣הַב אֵ֔שׁ…כְּ⁠עַ֣ם עָצ֔וּם עֱר֖וּךְ מִלְחָמָֽה 1 a noise like that of chariots…like the noise of fiery flames…like a mighty army ready for battle These sounds would have been very frightening to Joel’s readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JOL 2 5 n75f figs-simile כְּ⁠ק֣וֹל מַרְכָּב֗וֹת…כְּ⁠קוֹל֙ לַ֣הַב אֵ֔שׁ…כְּ⁠עַ֣ם עָצ֔וּם עֱר֖וּךְ מִלְחָמָֽה 1 a noise like that of chariots … like the noise of fiery flames … like a mighty army ready for battle These sounds would have been very frightening to Joel’s readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOL 2 6 bh52 0 General Information: Joel continues to describe the locust army of Yahweh. -JOL 2 7 e5ge figs-personification כְּ⁠גִבּוֹרִ֣ים יְרֻצ֔וּ⁠ן כְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֥י מִלְחָמָ֖ה יַעֲל֣וּ חוֹמָ֑ה 1 They run like mighty warriors…climb the walls like soldiers The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +JOL 2 7 e5ge figs-personification כְּ⁠גִבּוֹרִ֣ים יְרֻצ֔וּ⁠ן כְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֥י מִלְחָמָ֖ה יַעֲל֣וּ חוֹמָ֑ה 1 They run like mighty warriors … climb the walls like soldiers The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JOL 2 7 d4kv חוֹמָ֑ה 1 walls walls around the cities JOL 2 8 u5ew 0 General Information: The description of the locust army of Yahweh continues. JOL 2 8 yt67 וּ⁠בְעַ֥ד הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛לַח יִפֹּ֖לוּ 1 they break through the defenses they overcome the soldiers defending the city. @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ JOL 2 12 d1i9 figs-metonymy שֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־לְ JOL 2 13 d1sf figs-metonymy וְ⁠קִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠אַל־בִּגְדֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 Tear your heart and not only your garments The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOL 2 13 wfp5 figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOL 2 13 e3gw וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל 1 turn from stop -JOL 2 14 a2av figs-rquestion יָשׁ֣וּב וְ⁠נִחָ֑ם וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Will he perhaps turn…God? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger…God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOL 2 14 a2av figs-rquestion יָשׁ֣וּב וְ⁠נִחָ֑ם וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Will he perhaps turn … God? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger … God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOL 2 14 xys3 וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ 1 leave a blessing behind him, a grain offering and a drink offering “leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings. JOL 2 16 jzj1 מֵ⁠חֻפָּתָֽ⁠הּ 1 bridal chambers rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies JOL 2 17 fek9 וְ⁠אַל־תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ לְ⁠חֶרְפָּה֙ 1 do not make your inheritance into an object of scorn “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless” @@ -82,22 +82,22 @@ JOL 2 19 lu18 הִנְ⁠נִ֨י 1 Look “Pay attention to what I am about to JOL 2 19 jde5 וּ⁠שְׂבַעְתֶּ֖ם אֹת֑⁠ 1 You will be satisfied with them “You will have all you need of them” JOL 2 19 tqc6 חֶרְפָּ֖ה 1 a disgrace “unworthy of respect” JOL 2 20 q49d 0 General Information: God continues his promise to Israel. -JOL 2 20 khh7 הַ⁠צְּפוֹנִ֞י…הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י…הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 northern…eastern…western These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel. +JOL 2 20 khh7 הַ⁠צְּפוֹנִ֞י…הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י…הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 northern … eastern … western These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel. JOL 2 20 v9xy הַ⁠יָּם֙ הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י 1 the eastern sea the Dead Sea JOL 2 20 ue9y הַ⁠יָּ֣ם הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 the western sea the Mediterranean Sea JOL 2 20 k6n8 הִגְדִּ֖יל לַ⁠עֲשֽׂוֹת 1 he has done great things That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.” JOL 2 21 g3z3 figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Do not fear, land Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JOL 2 22 n9lm figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י 1 Do not fear, beasts of the field Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JOL 2 22 t5ty figs-metonymy דָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר 1 the pastures of the wilderness will sprout The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOL 2 23 xlq6 נָתַ֥ן…וַ⁠יּ֣וֹרֶד לָ⁠כֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם 1 he will…bring down showers for you “he will…cause much rain to fall so that you will live well” +JOL 2 23 xlq6 נָתַ֥ן…וַ⁠יּ֣וֹרֶד לָ⁠כֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם 1 he will … bring down showers for you “he will … cause much rain to fall so that you will live well” JOL 2 23 vnx8 מוֹרֶ֥ה וּ⁠מַלְק֖וֹשׁ 1 autumn rain and the spring rain the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May JOL 2 24 gw97 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh begins a long speech to the Israelites. JOL 2 24 p8u1 הַ⁠יְקָבִ֖ים 1 vats large containers for liquids JOL 2 25 k6bd אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 the years of crops that the swarming locust has eaten “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten” -JOL 2 25 e81a הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶק וְ⁠הֶ⁠חָסִ֣יל וְ⁠הַ⁠גָּזָ֑ם 1 swarming locust…the great locust, the devouring locust, and the destroying locust These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md). +JOL 2 25 e81a הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶק וְ⁠הֶ⁠חָסִ֣יל וְ⁠הַ⁠גָּזָ֑ם 1 swarming locust … the great locust, the devouring locust, and the destroying locust These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md). JOL 2 26 qw24 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel. JOL 2 26 jy17 figs-metonymy וְ⁠הִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 praise the name of Yahweh The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOL 2 26 x2qr figs-123person שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠הַפְלִ֑יא 1 the name of Yahweh…who has done wonders Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name…because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +JOL 2 26 x2qr figs-123person שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠הַפְלִ֑יא 1 the name of Yahweh … who has done wonders Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name … because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JOL 2 28 h1ph 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel. JOL 2 28 p6xw וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ 1 It will come about afterward that I “This is what I will do after that: I” JOL 2 28 mc8b figs-metaphor אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־רוּחִ⁠י֙ עַל־כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ JOL 3 2 xs2u עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Je JOL 3 2 idt3 figs-doublet עַמִּ֨⁠י וְ⁠נַחֲלָתִ֤⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 my people and my inheritance Israel These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JOL 3 3 z4y6 figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֤וּ הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ בַּ⁠זּוֹנָ֔ה וְ⁠הַ⁠יַּלְדָּ֛ה מָכְר֥וּ בַ⁠יַּ֖יִן וַ⁠יִּשְׁתּֽוּ 1 traded a boy for a prostitute, and sold a girl for wine so they could drink These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOL 3 4 k66w 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel. -JOL 3 4 qj6v figs-rquestion וְ֠⁠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִ⁠י֙ צֹ֣ר וְ⁠צִיד֔וֹן וְ⁠כֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת 1 why are you angry at me…Philistia? Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me…Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JOL 3 4 qj6v figs-rquestion וְ֠⁠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִ⁠י֙ צֹ֣ר וְ⁠צִיד֔וֹן וְ⁠כֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת 1 why are you angry at me … Philistia? Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me … Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOL 3 4 xaa9 figs-rquestion הַ⁠גְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔⁠י 1 Will you repay me? “Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JOL 3 4 ns7f figs-synecdoche קַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם 1 I will immediately return your retribution on your own head Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOL 3 4 wdm3 גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 retribution “revenge” or “payback” @@ -137,13 +137,13 @@ JOL 3 10 t93c figs-parallelism כֹּ֤תּוּ אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לַֽ JOL 3 10 ze4m אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ 1 plowshares tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops JOL 3 10 epv7 וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 pruning knives knives that are used to cut off small branches JOL 3 11 iq6r 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel. -JOL 3 11 rp2a figs-irony ע֣וּשׁוּ וָ⁠בֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֛ם מִ⁠סָּבִ֖יב וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּ⁠ה 1 Hurry and come…together there These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +JOL 3 11 rp2a figs-irony ע֣וּשׁוּ וָ⁠בֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֛ם מִ⁠סָּבִ֖יב וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּ⁠ה 1 Hurry and come … together there These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JOL 3 11 p5mc figs-explicit וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ 1 gather yourselves together The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOL 3 11 e3ig הַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Yahweh, bring down your mighty warriors This could mean: (1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or (2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer. JOL 3 12 b1jw 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel. -JOL 3 12 ul2y הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֔ם…אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם מִ⁠סָּבִֽיב 1 Let the nations wake themselves…all the surrounding nations The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem. +JOL 3 12 ul2y הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֔ם…אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם מִ⁠סָּבִֽיב 1 Let the nations wake themselves … all the surrounding nations The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem. JOL 3 12 pq55 עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md). -JOL 3 13 hq7f figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל…מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Put in the sickle…the winepress is full Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if (1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or (2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JOL 3 13 hq7f figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל…מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Put in the sickle … the winepress is full Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if (1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or (2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOL 3 13 iw8d figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOL 3 13 i8r2 figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל 1 Put in the sickle “Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOL 3 13 zx33 מַגָּ֔ל 1 sickle a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain @@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ JOL 3 13 rua7 בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 the harvest is ripe “the grain JOL 3 13 tz4a figs-metaphor בֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Come, crush the grapes, for the winepress is full Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOL 3 13 haw5 figs-metaphor הֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַ⁠יְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽ⁠ם 1 The vats overflow, for their wickedness is enormous Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOL 3 14 y2ge הֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים 1 a tumult, a tumult A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people. -JOL 3 14 r3ir בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ…בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶ⁠חָרֽוּץ 1 Valley of Judgment…Valley of Judgment This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen. +JOL 3 14 r3ir בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ…בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶ⁠חָרֽוּץ 1 Valley of Judgment … Valley of Judgment This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen. JOL 3 14 fq2i figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ 1 Valley of Judgment There is no known place with this name. The abstract noun “judgment” can be translated using the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “Valley Where Yahweh Judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JOL 3 16 fj29 1 General Information: Yahweh begins speaking in verse 17. JOL 3 16 fe1r figs-parallelism וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה מִ⁠צִּיּ֣וֹן יִשְׁאָ֗ג וּ⁠מִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יִתֵּ֣ן קוֹל֔⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh will roar from Zion, and raise his voice from Jerusalem Both phrases mean Yahweh will shout with a loud, clear and powerful voice from Jerusalem. If your language only has one word for speaking very loudly, this can be used as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will shout from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) diff --git a/en_tn_30-AMO.tsv b/en_tn_30-AMO.tsv index 181f53606..f27130d2b 100644 --- a/en_tn_30-AMO.tsv +++ b/en_tn_30-AMO.tsv @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ AMO 1 1 vmr4 figs-explicit 0 two years before the earthquake The assumed knowle AMO 1 2 x1sx figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh will roar from Zion; he will raise his voice from Jerusalem These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that Yahweh shouts loudly as he prepares to judge the nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) AMO 1 2 q17j figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will roar The author speaks of the voice of Yahweh as if it sounded like the roar of a lion or the roar of thunder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 1 2 ws32 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -AMO 1 3 rk7r 0 For three sins of…even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but it indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. +AMO 1 3 rk7r 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but it indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. AMO 1 3 rpv5 figs-metonymy 0 Damascus Here “Damascus” represents the people of the city of Damascus. Alternate translation: “the people of Damascus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 3 cnr9 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. Alternate translation: “I will certainly punish those people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) AMO 1 3 b7ie figs-idiom 0 they threshed Gilead with instruments of iron Yahweh speaks of how Damascus treated Gilead as if they had threshed grain with iron tools or weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ AMO 1 3 z99i figs-metonymy 0 Gilead Here “Gilead” represents the people of AMO 1 4 viv5 figs-metaphor 0 I will send a fire into the house of Hazael Here Yahweh speaks of his judgment against the house of Hazael as if it were a consuming fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 1 4 h2l1 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Hazael The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Hazael’s descendants, who were rulers of the country where Damascus was located. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 4 ik4f figs-metaphor 0 it will devour the fortresses of Ben Hadad Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 1 4 yi4i translate-names 0 Hazael…Ben Hadad These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +AMO 1 4 yi4i translate-names 0 Hazael … Ben Hadad These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) AMO 1 5 mq54 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on Damascus. AMO 1 5 j6ku figs-metaphor 0 cut off the man Here to “cut off” means either to destroy or to drive away, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “destroy the man” or “drive away the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 1 5 na9l translate-names 0 Valley of Aven This is the name of a place that means “valley of wickedness.” This could mean: (1) this is the name of an actual place in that region or (2) this is a metonym for Damascus or the surrounding region. Alternate translation: “the valley of wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 5 aji7 figs-metonymy 0 the man who holds the scepter in This is a metonym for the ruler of that city or region. Alternate translation: “the ruler of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 5 q6cf translate-names 0 Beth Eden This is the name of a place that means “house of pleasure.” This could mean: (1) this is the name of an actual place in that region or (2) this is another metonym for Damascus or the surrounding region. Alternate translation: “the house of pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 5 zgv6 translate-names 0 Kir This is the name of a region from which the people of Aram originally came. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -AMO 1 6 wc1b 0 For three sins of…even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but it indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). +AMO 1 6 wc1b 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but it indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). AMO 1 6 ir17 figs-metonymy 0 Gaza Here “Gaza” represents the people of the region of Gaza. Alternate translation: “the people of Gaza” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 6 pd54 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) AMO 1 6 mxg6 0 hand them over to “deliver them up to” or “sell them to” @@ -37,31 +37,31 @@ AMO 1 8 pn5f figs-metaphor 0 cut off the man Here to “cut off” means either AMO 1 8 z6mc figs-metonymy 0 the man who holds the scepter This is a metonym for the ruler of that city or region. Alternate translation: “the ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 8 m7rn figs-metonymy 0 I will turn my hand against Ekron Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power that he would use against Ekron. Alternate translation: “I will strike Ekron” or “I will destroy Ekron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 8 w6im figs-metonymy 0 Ekron Here “Ekron” represents the people of the city of Ekron. Alternate translation: “the people of Ekron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -AMO 1 9 dw8j 0 For three sins of…even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). +AMO 1 9 dw8j 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). AMO 1 9 m576 figs-metonymy 0 Tyre Here “Tyre” represents the people of the city of Tyre. Alternate translation: “the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 9 s55w figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) AMO 1 9 a5jh 0 their covenant of brotherhood “the agreement they made to treat you as brothers” AMO 1 10 q6k1 figs-metaphor 0 it will devour her fortresses Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 1 11 a393 0 For three sins of…even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). +AMO 1 11 a393 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). AMO 1 11 re3j figs-metonymy 0 Edom Here “Edom” represents the people of the country of Edom. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 11 y8u9 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) AMO 1 11 t3ng figs-explicit 0 he pursued his brother The assumed knowledge is that Esau, from whom the people of Edom were descended, was the brother of Jacob, from whom the people of Israel were descended. Here “his brother” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “he pursued the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 1 11 we19 0 cast off all pity “showed them no mercy” AMO 1 11 hrl2 figs-parallelism 0 His anger raged continually, and his wrath lasted forever These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize his continued anger. The abstract nouns “anger” and “wrath” can be translated using the adjectives “angry” and “furious.” Alternate translation: “He was continually angry and always furious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) AMO 1 11 e4yz figs-hyperbole 0 his wrath lasted forever This is an exaggeration that is meant to express the ongoing nature of his wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -AMO 1 12 u6m8 translate-names 0 Teman…Bozrah These are names of places. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] +AMO 1 12 u6m8 translate-names 0 Teman … Bozrah These are names of places. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] AMO 1 12 rv98 figs-metaphor 0 it will devour the palaces of Bozrah Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the palaces. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 1 13 cc91 0 For three sins of…even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). +AMO 1 13 cc91 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). AMO 1 13 qdx6 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) AMO 1 13 b1tz 0 enlarge their borders “extend their boundaries” or “expand their territory” AMO 1 14 g9vi 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Ammon. AMO 1 14 i3cd figs-metaphor 0 it will devour the palaces Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the palaces. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 1 14 hpu5 figs-metaphor 0 with a tempest in the day of the whirlwind The fighting against the people of Ammon is spoken of as if it were a violent storm. Alternate translation: “and the fighting will be like a great storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 1 14 xh9x 0 tempest…whirlwind These are two kinds of violent storms. +AMO 1 14 xh9x 0 tempest … whirlwind These are two kinds of violent storms. AMO 1 14 zf7h 0 whirlwind a strong wind that spins very quickly as it moves and can cause damage AMO 1 15 s4xt figs-abstractnouns 0 Their king will go into captivity The abstract noun “captivity” can be translated as the verb “capture.” This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their enemies will capture their king and take him away as a prisoner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) AMO 2 intro ibd6 0 # Amos 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter consists of oracles against Moab and Judah by using poetic language and imagery. But the UST translates it using prose. If possible, translate this chapter as poetry, but you may translate as narrative.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom
You will notice that the phrase “For three sins of Judah, even for four,” is used to begin each of these oracles. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -AMO 2 1 g1vl 0 For three sins of…even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). +AMO 2 1 g1vl 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). AMO 2 1 uc48 figs-metonymy 0 Moab This represents the Moabite people. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 2 1 pft8 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) AMO 2 1 w5dg 0 he burned the bones The word “he” refers to Moab. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab burned the bones” @@ -72,13 +72,13 @@ AMO 2 2 w2hn figs-metonymy 0 Moab will die Here “Moab” represents the peopl AMO 2 2 zm8i 0 in an uproar An uproar is a very loud noise. AMO 2 3 c3j7 0 the judge in her “the ruler of Moab” AMO 2 3 bj82 0 all the princes “all the officials” or “all the leaders” -AMO 2 4 fu1p 0 For three sins of…even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). +AMO 2 4 fu1p 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). AMO 2 4 csn5 figs-metonymy 0 Judah This represents the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 2 4 gt89 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he will punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) AMO 2 4 d67w figs-metaphor 0 Their lies This expression here probably refers to worshiping false gods or idols. Alternate translation: “Their worship of idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 2 4 p387 figs-metaphor 0 go astray…walked Worshiping false gods is spoken of as if people were walking behind them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +AMO 2 4 p387 figs-metaphor 0 go astray … walked Worshiping false gods is spoken of as if people were walking behind them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 2 5 h9pg figs-metaphor 0 it will devour the fortresses of Jerusalem Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 2 6 c6wx 0 For three sins of…even for four This is a poetic device. It does not meaan that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many of sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). +AMO 2 6 c6wx 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not meaan that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many of sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). AMO 2 6 w27a figs-metonymy 0 Israel This represents the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 2 6 pk79 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) AMO 2 6 py15 figs-nominaladj 0 the innocent This refers to innocent people in general. Alternate translation: “innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ AMO 2 13 gch1 0 General Information: The word “you” in these verses refers AMO 2 13 kk7s 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel. AMO 2 13 pae9 0 Look This alerts the reader to pay attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” AMO 2 13 ak7p figs-simile 0 I will crush you as a cart that is full of grain can crush someone Yahweh compares his judgment on the people of Israel to crushing them with something very heavy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -AMO 2 14 x39h figs-nominaladj 0 The swift…the strong…the mighty These adjectives refer to people in general. Alternate translation: “Swift people…strong people…mighty people” or “The strong person…the strong person…the mighty person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +AMO 2 14 x39h figs-nominaladj 0 The swift … the strong … the mighty These adjectives refer to people in general. Alternate translation: “Swift people … strong people … mighty people” or “The strong person … the strong person … the mighty person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) AMO 2 15 pt37 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel. AMO 2 15 qs5b 0 The archer will not stand Here “stand” means to keep one’s place in battle. AMO 2 15 q2w6 figs-explicit 0 the fast runner will not escape The implied information is that the fast runner will not escape from his enemies. Alternate translation: “the fast runner will be captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ AMO 2 16 i9l6 0 in that day “at that time” AMO 2 16 szp1 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) AMO 3 intro gtz5 0 # Amos 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Amos continues to use poetic form in this chapter to prophesy the disaster coming to the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
This chapter begins with a number of rhetorical questions. The last question provides the reader with some answers: “Yahweh has certainly spoken through his prophets. So listen to them.” The answer to these rhetorical questions have the expected response of “no” because they are things that are not expected to happen. The writer is helping the reader to conclude that God uses the prophets to speak his message. AMO 3 1 em48 0 Hear this word “Hear this message” or “Listen to this message” -AMO 3 1 k2d9 0 that Yahweh has spoken against you…against the whole family “this word that Yahweh has spoken about you…about the whole family” or “Yahweh’s message about you…about the whole family” -AMO 3 1 kc3z 0 you, people of Israel…the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt These two phrases refer to the same group of people. The people God is speaking to are the descendants of those he had taken out of Egypt. +AMO 3 1 k2d9 0 that Yahweh has spoken against you … against the whole family “this word that Yahweh has spoken about you … about the whole family” or “Yahweh’s message about you … about the whole family” +AMO 3 1 kc3z 0 you, people of Israel … the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt These two phrases refer to the same group of people. The people God is speaking to are the descendants of those he had taken out of Egypt. AMO 3 1 kg5e figs-metonymy 0 the whole family Here “the whole family” represents to the whole nation. The people of Israel were all descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “the whole nation” or “the whole clan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 3 2 zb95 figs-explicit 0 I have chosen only you from all the families of the earth This implies that they should have obeyed him. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I have chosen only you from all the families of the earth, so you should have obeyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 3 2 d1zb figs-metonymy 0 all the families of the earth Here “families” represents nations or people groups. Alternate translation: “all the nations of the earth” or “all the clans on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ AMO 3 6 yr88 figs-explicit 0 If a trumpet sounds in a city The purpose of sound AMO 3 6 y7gn figs-explicit 0 tremble The reason for trembling can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tremble because they are afraid” or “be afraid of the enemy and tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 3 6 h6pa figs-rquestion 0 If disaster overtakes a city, has Yahweh not sent it? Amos uses this question to remind the people of what they should already know about what causes a disaster. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If disaster overtakes a city, Yahweh has sent it.” or “If disaster overtakes a city, we know that Yahweh has sent it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) AMO 3 6 ffj9 figs-metaphor 0 If disaster overtakes a city, Something terrible happening to a city is spoken of as if disaster overtakes it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 3 7 rg1r figs-explicit 0 Surely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless…the prophets The relationship between this sentence and the rhetorical questions in [Amos 3:3](../03/03.md) to [Amos 3:6](./06.md) can be shown with the words “So also.” Alternate translation: “So also, the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless…the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -AMO 3 7 v3ey figs-doublenegatives 0 Surely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless he reveals…prophets This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Surely the Lord Yahweh will reveal…prophets before he does anything” or “So also, the Lord will punish people only if he has revealed his plan to his servants the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +AMO 3 7 rg1r figs-explicit 0 Surely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless … the prophets The relationship between this sentence and the rhetorical questions in [Amos 3:3](../03/03.md) to [Amos 3:6](./06.md) can be shown with the words “So also.” Alternate translation: “So also, the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless … the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +AMO 3 7 v3ey figs-doublenegatives 0 Surely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless he reveals … prophets This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Surely the Lord Yahweh will reveal … prophets before he does anything” or “So also, the Lord will punish people only if he has revealed his plan to his servants the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) AMO 3 8 b8bk figs-rquestion 0 The lion has roared; who will not fear? Amos uses this question to remind people of what people do when a lion roars. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The lion has roared; so we know that everyone will be afraid.” or “The lion has roared; so of course everyone will be afraid.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) AMO 3 8 ext3 figs-rquestion 0 The Lord Yahweh has spoken; who will not prophesy? Amos uses this question to emphasize what people should already know about what prophets do when God speaks. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has spoken; so we know that the prophets will prophesy.” or “The Lord Yahweh has spoken; so of course the prophets will prophesy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) AMO 3 9 lte7 0 Assemble yourselves This command is to Israel’s enemies in Ashdod and Egypt. @@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ AMO 3 10 v5xa figs-metonymy 0 They store up violence and destruction Here “vi AMO 3 11 zag9 figs-explicit 0 Therefore, this is what the Lord Yahweh says It can be stated clearly who God was saying this to. Alternate translation: “Therefore, this is what the Lord Yahweh says to the people of Israel living in Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 3 11 av1v 0 An enemy will surround the land “An enemy army will surround the land” AMO 3 11 njz8 0 plunder your fortresses “steal all the things in your fortresses” -AMO 3 12 j2v9 figs-simile 0 As the shepherd rescues…so will the people of Israel…be rescued The Lord compares the people of Israel being rescued with an unsuccessful attempt to rescue an animal from a lion. They will not be completely rescued. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +AMO 3 12 j2v9 figs-simile 0 As the shepherd rescues … so will the people of Israel … be rescued The Lord compares the people of Israel being rescued with an unsuccessful attempt to rescue an animal from a lion. They will not be completely rescued. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) AMO 3 12 d9dl figs-explicit 0 As the shepherd rescues out of the mouth of the lion two legs only, or a piece of an ear It can be stated clearly that the shepherd tries to rescue the whole animal. Alternate translation: “As the shepherd tries to rescue an animal from the lion’s mouth, but is able to save only two legs or a piece of an ear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -AMO 3 12 t7nu figs-genericnoun 0 As the shepherd…the lion Here the phrases “the shepherd” and “the lion” refer to any shepherd or lion. Alternate translation: “As a shepherd…a lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +AMO 3 12 t7nu figs-genericnoun 0 As the shepherd … the lion Here the phrases “the shepherd” and “the lion” refer to any shepherd or lion. Alternate translation: “As a shepherd … a lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) AMO 3 12 wn55 0 they will be left with only the corner of a couch or a piece of a bed This phrase shows that they will not be completely rescued. Almost all of their possessions will be stolen. This passage in Hebrew is difficult to understand, and some modern versions interpret it differently. AMO 3 12 ln9g 0 couch This is a soft chair big enough to lie down on. AMO 3 13 u9dn figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. They were the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -181,9 +181,9 @@ AMO 4 3 th6y figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of h AMO 4 4 l9eu 0 General Information: God gives several commands in verse 4, but he does so to show that he is angry AMO 4 4 sca9 0 Connecting Statement: God continues to speak to the people of Israel. AMO 4 4 plw6 figs-irony 0 Go to Bethel and sin, to Gilgal and multiply sin People would go to Bethel and Gilgal to make sacrifices to God, but they kept sinning anyway. God makes these commands to show that he is angry with them for doing these things. These commands can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “You go to Bethel to worship, but you sin. You go to Gilgal to worship, but you sin even more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -AMO 4 4 rpw1 figs-irony 0 bring your sacrifices…every three days God makes these commands in order to show the people that he is angry that even though they do these things, they continue to sin against him in other ways. These commands can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “You bring your sacrifices…every three days, but it does you no good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +AMO 4 4 rpw1 figs-irony 0 bring your sacrifices … every three days God makes these commands in order to show the people that he is angry that even though they do these things, they continue to sin against him in other ways. These commands can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “You bring your sacrifices … every three days, but it does you no good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) AMO 4 4 nz43 0 every three days This could mean: (1) on the third day or (2) every third day. Some versions have “every three years,” because the Israelites were supposed to bring their tithes to God once every three years. -AMO 4 5 uc1y figs-irony 0 Offer a thanksgiving sacrifice…proclaim freewill offerings; announce them, for this pleases God makes these commands in order to show the people that even though they do these things, he is angry because they continue to sin against him in other ways. Use the form in your language that shows that they will do these things no matter what Yahweh says, but these things will do them no good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +AMO 4 5 uc1y figs-irony 0 Offer a thanksgiving sacrifice … proclaim freewill offerings; announce them, for this pleases God makes these commands in order to show the people that even though they do these things, he is angry because they continue to sin against him in other ways. Use the form in your language that shows that they will do these things no matter what Yahweh says, but these things will do them no good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) AMO 4 5 m5ne 0 announce them “boast about them” AMO 4 5 xk7i figs-explicit 0 for this pleases you, you people of Israel Yahweh rebukes them for being proud about their offerings and sacrifices. They think that God should be pleased with them, but he is not. Alternate translation: “for this pleases you, you people of Israel. But it does not please me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 4 5 td4d figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated the similar phrase “this is Yahweh’s declaration” in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh declares” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -212,15 +212,15 @@ AMO 4 10 lz2s figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of AMO 4 11 cjh1 figs-metaphor 0 You were like a burning stick snatched out of the fire God speaks of those who survived the plague and war as if they were a burning stick that someone pulled out of a fire. Alternate translation: “Some of you survived, like a burning stick that someone pulls out of a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) AMO 4 12 bg4y 0 Connecting Statement: God continues to speak to the people of Israel. AMO 4 12 p5ze figs-123person 0 prepare to meet your God God says this to warn the people of Israel that he will judge them. Alternate translation: “prepare to meet me, your God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -AMO 4 13 krg8 figs-123person 0 he who forms the mountains…reveals his thoughts…is his name It is not clear whether Amos is speaking about God, or God is speaking about himself. If God is speaking about himself, it can be translated with the words “I” and “me.” Alternate translation: “I who form the mountains…reveal my thoughts…is my name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +AMO 4 13 krg8 figs-123person 0 he who forms the mountains … reveals his thoughts … is his name It is not clear whether Amos is speaking about God, or God is speaking about himself. If God is speaking about himself, it can be translated with the words “I” and “me.” Alternate translation: “I who form the mountains … reveal my thoughts … is my name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) AMO 4 13 n7pa 0 makes the morning darkness This could mean: (1) God causes the day to be very dark with thick clouds. Alternate translation: “makes the morning dark” or (2) God causes time to pass, so every day becomes night. Alternate translation: “makes morning and evening” AMO 4 13 s3jv figs-metaphor 0 treads on the high places of the earth God ruling over all the earth is spoken of as if he walks on the highest places of the earth. Alternate translation: “rules over all the earth” or “rules over even the highest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 4 13 sha6 0 Yahweh, God of hosts, is his name By declaring his full name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things. Your language may have a way for people to do this. AMO 5 intro w1eh 0 # Amos 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues to be written in a poetic format and foretells the destruction of the kingdom of Israel.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Place Names
This chapter refers to various places in land of Israel (i.e. Gilgal, Bethel, Beersheba). Normally these places have good connotations, but here they are referred to negatively. This is most likely because these cities became known for their idol worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### City gate
The “city gate” is mentioned several times. This was a place where people would go with legal and financial issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 5 1 u6w8 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants. Alternate translation: “you people of Israel” or “you Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -AMO 5 2 cqa2 figs-metaphor 0 The virgin Israel has fallen…no one to raise her up The phrase “The virgin Israel” represents the nation of Israel. The nation of Israel being destroyed and having no other nation to help them become strong again is spoken of as if it were a young woman who has fallen and has no one to raise her up. Alternate translation: “The nation of Israel is like a woman who has fallen…no one to help her get up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +AMO 5 2 cqa2 figs-metaphor 0 The virgin Israel has fallen … no one to raise her up The phrase “The virgin Israel” represents the nation of Israel. The nation of Israel being destroyed and having no other nation to help them become strong again is spoken of as if it were a young woman who has fallen and has no one to raise her up. Alternate translation: “The nation of Israel is like a woman who has fallen … no one to help her get up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 5 2 lta8 figs-activepassive 0 she is forsaken on her land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have forsaken her” or “they have abandoned her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -AMO 5 3 ecu7 figs-genericnoun 0 The city that went out with a thousand…the one that went out with a hundred These phrases refer to any cities that sent out large numbers of soldiers. Alternate translation: “Cities that went out with a thousand…cities that went out with a hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +AMO 5 3 ecu7 figs-genericnoun 0 The city that went out with a thousand … the one that went out with a hundred These phrases refer to any cities that sent out large numbers of soldiers. Alternate translation: “Cities that went out with a thousand … cities that went out with a hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) AMO 5 3 z3m4 figs-explicit 0 The city that went out with a thousand will have a hundred left The phrases “a thousand” and “a hundred” refer to a thousand soldiers and a hundred soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 5 3 m7h5 figs-explicit 0 The city that went out with a thousand “The city that went out” represents the soldiers of that city going out. It can be stated clearly why they went out. Alternate translation: “The city out of which a thousand soldiers went to fight” or “The city that sent out a thousand soldiers to fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 5 3 xna6 0 will have a hundred left “will have a hundred soldiers who have not been killed” or “will have only a hundred soldiers still alive.” Here being “left” refers to not being killed by the enemy. @@ -237,8 +237,8 @@ AMO 5 6 ir1n 0 there will be no one to quench it “there will no one to stop AMO 5 7 eqb9 figs-metaphor 0 turn justice into a bitter thing Here “a bitter thing” represents actions that harm people, and “turn justice into a bitter thing” represents harming people rather than doing for them what is just. Alternate translation: “say that they are doing what is just, but instead they harm people” or “refuse to do what is just and harm people instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 5 7 jjl7 figs-metaphor 0 throw righteousness down to the ground This represents treating righteousness as if it were worthless. Alternate translation: “treat righteousness as though it were as unimportant as dirt” or “you despise what is righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 5 8 uny6 translate-unknown 0 the Pleiades and Orion People saw patterns in the stars in the sky and gave names to them. These are two of those patterns. Alternate translation: “the stars” or “the groups of stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -AMO 5 8 fkp9 0 he turns darkness into the morning…day dark with night “he makes the night become morning, and he makes the day become night.” This refers to causing the times of the day. -AMO 5 8 jzr4 figs-metaphor 0 calls for the waters…on the surface of the earth This represents God causing the sea water to fall on the earth as rain. Alternate translation: “he takes the waters of the sea and makes them rain down on the surface of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +AMO 5 8 fkp9 0 he turns darkness into the morning … day dark with night “he makes the night become morning, and he makes the day become night.” This refers to causing the times of the day. +AMO 5 8 jzr4 figs-metaphor 0 calls for the waters … on the surface of the earth This represents God causing the sea water to fall on the earth as rain. Alternate translation: “he takes the waters of the sea and makes them rain down on the surface of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 5 8 rb72 0 Yahweh is his name! By declaring his name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things. AMO 5 9 u2if figs-abstractnouns 0 He brings sudden destruction on the strong The abstract noun “destruction” can be translated with the verb “destroy.” The phrase “the strong” refers to strong people, specifically soldiers. Alternate translation: “He suddenly destroys the strong people” or “He suddenly destroys the soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) AMO 5 9 t2g1 figs-abstractnouns 0 so that destruction comes on the fortresses The abstract noun “destruction” can be translated with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “so that the fortresses are destroyed” or “and he destroys the fortresses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -272,11 +272,11 @@ AMO 5 21 f4xx 0 I take no delight in your solemn assemblies “Your solemn ass AMO 5 23 i5jv figs-metaphor 0 Remove from me the noise of your songs This speaks of the noise of songs as if it could be put somewhere else. It represents stopping singing. Alternate translation: “Stop singing your noisy songs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 5 23 es63 0 noise unpleasant sounds AMO 5 24 nn21 figs-simile 0 let justice flow like water, and righteousness like a constantly flowing stream This represents causing there to be much justice and righteous. Alternate translation: “let there be so much justice that it is like flowing water, and let there be so much righteousness that it is like a constantly flowing stream” or “let justice abound like a flood, and let righteousness abound like a stream that never stops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -AMO 5 25 a3v7 figs-rquestion 0 Did you bring me sacrifices…Israel? This could mean: (1) God uses this question to rebuke them because they did not offer sacrifices. Alternate translation: “You did not bring me sacrifices…Israel.” or (2) God uses this question to remind them that the sacrifices were not the most important part about their relationship. Alternate translation: “You did not have to bring me sacrifices…Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +AMO 5 25 a3v7 figs-rquestion 0 Did you bring me sacrifices … Israel? This could mean: (1) God uses this question to rebuke them because they did not offer sacrifices. Alternate translation: “You did not bring me sacrifices … Israel.” or (2) God uses this question to remind them that the sacrifices were not the most important part about their relationship. Alternate translation: “You did not have to bring me sacrifices … Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) AMO 5 25 ye8l figs-metonymy 0 Did you bring God speaks as though the Israelites he is speaking to were part of the group that wandered in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “Did your ancestors bring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 5 25 fma5 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants. See how you translated it in [Amos 5:1](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: “you people of Israel” or “you Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -AMO 5 26 qnx9 figs-metonymy 0 You have lifted up the images of Sikkuth…and Kaiwan Here “lifted up the images” represents worshiping them. Alternate translation: “You have worshiped the images of Sikkuth…and Kaiwan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -AMO 5 26 tjr6 translate-names 0 Sikkuth…Kaiwan These are the names of two false gods. The people had made images to represent them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +AMO 5 26 qnx9 figs-metonymy 0 You have lifted up the images of Sikkuth … and Kaiwan Here “lifted up the images” represents worshiping them. Alternate translation: “You have worshiped the images of Sikkuth … and Kaiwan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +AMO 5 26 tjr6 translate-names 0 Sikkuth … Kaiwan These are the names of two false gods. The people had made images to represent them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) AMO 5 26 q6vz 0 Kaiwan Some versions write this as “Kiyyun.” AMO 6 intro cn1s 0 # Amos 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues to be written in poetic style except for verses 9-10, which are in prose. These two verses contain many interested features.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

Verses 9-10 will probably be difficult to translate because the situation is vague and details don’t appear to align easily. It is appropriate to translate these verses with some ambiguity remaining. It may be helpful to read many different versions prior to translating these verses. AMO 6 1 psf7 0 who are at ease “who feel safe.” The people are comfortable and not concerned that God will judge them. @@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ AMO 6 2 fd2m figs-rquestion 0 Are they better than your two kingdoms? The notab AMO 6 2 h68z figs-rquestion 0 Is their border larger than your border? The notable men use this question to emphasize that their kingdoms are larger than those other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “Their border is smaller than yours.” or “Those countries are smaller than Judah and Samaria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) AMO 6 3 hft9 figs-metaphor 0 to those who put off the day of disaster Refusing to believe that Yahweh will cause disaster is spoken of as if the “day of disaster” were an object the people could put far from themselves. Alternate translation: “to those who refuse to believe that I will cause them to experience disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 6 3 k8kh figs-metonymy 0 and make the throne of violence come near Here “throne” is a metonym that represents reign or rule. The people doing evil things, which causes Yahweh to bring disaster on them, is spoken of as if they were causing “violence” to rule them. Alternate translation: “but who are actually causing me to send violent people to destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 6 4 zn5w 0 lie…lounge Israelites at that time usually ate while sitting on a floor cloth or a simple seat. +AMO 6 4 zn5w 0 lie … lounge Israelites at that time usually ate while sitting on a floor cloth or a simple seat. AMO 6 4 nte4 0 beds of ivory “beds decorated with ivory” or “costly beds” AMO 6 4 hge8 translate-unknown 0 ivory a white substance made from the teeth and horns of large animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) AMO 6 4 iy9i 0 lounge lie around like lazy people @@ -303,28 +303,28 @@ AMO 6 8 l8fw figs-metonymy 0 I detest the pride of Jacob Here “Jacob” repre AMO 6 8 n646 figs-explicit 0 I hate his fortresses It is implied that Yahweh hates the fortresses because the people believed the fortresses would keep them safe. Alternate translation: “I hate the people of Israel because they trust in their fortresses, not in me, to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 6 9 y9m6 figs-hypo 0 General Information: In 6:9-10 Amos describes a hypothetical situation of what it will be like when Yahweh hands the people of Israel over to their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) AMO 6 9 rz49 figs-explicit 0 if there are ten men left in one house, they will all die This seems to imply that something terrible is happening, and these ten men go into the house to hide. Alternate translation: “if ten men are hiding inside of a house, they will all still die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -AMO 6 10 s8i5 0 a man’s relative comes to take their bodies up—the one who is to cremate them after bringing the corpses out of the house—if he says to the person in the house, “Is…you?” The meaning of these words is not clear. This could mean: (1) the “man’s relative” is the one who will “take their bodies up” and “cremate…the corpses,” and he speaks to a person who hid in the house after the ten family members died or (2) the “man’s relative” who “comes to take their bodies up” is a different person from “the one who is to cremate…the corpses,” and they talk to each other in the house. Alternate translation: “a man’s relative comes to take their bodies up, and the one who will burn the corpses after they have been brought out of the house is with him—if while they are in the house the relative says to the burner of the corpses, ‘Is…you?’” +AMO 6 10 s8i5 0 a man’s relative comes to take their bodies up—the one who is to cremate them after bringing the corpses out of the house—if he says to the person in the house, “Is … you?” The meaning of these words is not clear. This could mean: (1) the “man’s relative” is the one who will “take their bodies up” and “cremate … the corpses,” and he speaks to a person who hid in the house after the ten family members died or (2) the “man’s relative” who “comes to take their bodies up” is a different person from “the one who is to cremate … the corpses,” and they talk to each other in the house. Alternate translation: “a man’s relative comes to take their bodies up, and the one who will burn the corpses after they have been brought out of the house is with him—if while they are in the house the relative says to the burner of the corpses, ‘Is … you?’” AMO 6 10 v4gf 0 cremate to burn a dead body AMO 6 10 e57y 0 bringing the corpses “bringing the dead bodies” AMO 6 10 qj51 figs-explicit 0 Then he will say, “Be quiet, for we must not mention Yahweh’s name.” The meaning of this is not clear. It seems to imply that the one who asked the question is afraid the one answering will mention Yahweh’s name carelessly. If he does this, it may draw Yahweh’s attention to them, and he may kill them too. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 6 11 bc74 0 look “listen” or “pay attention” AMO 6 11 q1t3 figs-parallelism 0 the big house will be smashed to pieces, and the little house to bits These two phrases share similar meanings. The contrast between “the big house” and “the little house” means that this refers to all houses. Alternate translation: “all the houses will be smashed into small pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) AMO 6 11 j5da figs-activepassive 0 the big house will be smashed to pieces This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy will smash the big house to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -AMO 6 11 dc2l 0 to pieces…to bits You can use the same word for both of these phrases. +AMO 6 11 dc2l 0 to pieces … to bits You can use the same word for both of these phrases. AMO 6 11 q1uc figs-ellipsis 0 the little house to bits This can be stated with the understood information included. Alternate translation: “enemies will smash the little house to bits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) AMO 6 12 s3ja 0 General Information: Amos uses two rhetorical questions to draw attention to the rebuke that follows. AMO 6 12 i1av figs-rquestion 0 Do horses run on the rocky cliffs? It is impossible for a horse to run on rocky cliffs without getting hurt. Amos uses this rhetorical question to rebuke them for their actions. Alternate translation: “Horses do not run on rocky cliffs.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) AMO 6 12 v9sc figs-rquestion 0 Does one plow there with oxen? One does not plow on rocky ground. Amos uses this rhetorical question to rebuke them for their actions. Alternate translation: “A person does not plow with oxen on rocky ground.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) AMO 6 12 fbq3 figs-metaphor 0 Yet you have turned justice into poison Distorting what is just is spoken of as if the leaders “turned justice into poison.” Alternate translation: “Yet you distort what is just” or “But you make laws that hurt innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 6 12 w7di figs-parallelism 0 the fruit of righteousness into bitterness This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. Distorting what is right is spoken of as if righteousness were a sweet fruit that the people made bitter tasting. Alternate translation: “you distort what is right” or “you punish those who do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 6 13 dfq3 translate-names 0 Lo Debar…Karnaim These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +AMO 6 13 dfq3 translate-names 0 Lo Debar … Karnaim These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) AMO 6 13 c8kb figs-rquestion 0 Have we not taken Karnaim by our own strength? The people use a question to emphasize that they believe they captured a city because of their own power. Alternate translation: “We captured Karnaim by our own power!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) AMO 6 14 yze1 0 look “listen” or “pay attention” AMO 6 14 u8j4 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 3:13](../03/13.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) AMO 6 14 alt4 figs-metonymy 0 from Lebo Hamath to the brook of the Arabah Here “Lebo Hamath” represents the northern border of Israel, and “brook of the Arabah” represents the southern border. Alternate translation: “from the northern border of your nation to the southern border” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 6 14 jfe8 0 brook a small river that flows only during the wet season AMO 7 intro vkd3 0 # Amos 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is mainly written as a narrative about the prophet Amos interacting with Yahweh. Yahweh presents three different scenarios of judgment before Amos who pleads with God and he does not carry out His judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Reported speech
In the latter part of the chapter, it is important to follow the conversation carefully to understand who is speaking. There are some instances of “reported speech.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -AMO 7 1 h8xv 0 Look…look The writer is telling the reader that he is about to say something surprising. Your language may have a way of doing this. +AMO 7 1 h8xv 0 Look … look The writer is telling the reader that he is about to say something surprising. Your language may have a way of doing this. AMO 7 1 e1ul 0 locust See how you translated this in [Amos 4:9](../04/09.md). AMO 7 1 s8l3 0 after the king’s harvest “after the king takes his share from the harvest” AMO 7 2 w1h8 figs-ellipsis 0 please forgive The words “your people” or “us” are understood. Alternate translation: “please forgive your people” or “please forgive us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ AMO 7 7 s6wg 0 plumb line thin rope with a weight at one end used in building AMO 7 8 tbb9 figs-rquestion 0 what do you see? Yahweh uses a question to teach Amos. Alternate translation: “tell me what you see.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) AMO 7 8 t5nq figs-metaphor 0 I will put a plumb line among my people Israel Judging the people and determining they are wicked is spoken of as if the Israelites were a wall, and Yahweh determines the wall is not straight by using a plumb line. Alternate translation: “my people Israel are wicked. They are like a wall that is not straight up and down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 7 9 j2t3 figs-metonymy 0 The high places of Isaac will be destroyed, the sanctuaries of Israel will be ruined, and I will rise against the house of Jeroboam with the sword Here “sword” represents an army. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will send an army to attack the house of Jeroboam, and the army will destroy the high places of Isaac and the sanctuaries of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -AMO 7 9 u5md figs-metonymy 0 Isaac…Israel Both of these represent the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Isaac…the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +AMO 7 9 u5md figs-metonymy 0 Isaac … Israel Both of these represent the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Isaac … the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 7 9 g5em figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jeroboam Here “house” represents “family.” Translate “Jeroboam” as you did in [Amos 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Jeroboam and his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 7 10 g3gt 0 Amaziah, the priest of Bethel This could mean: (1) Amaziah was the only priest at Bethel or (2) Amaziah was the leader of the priests at Bethel. AMO 7 10 wue4 translate-names 0 Amaziah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -366,14 +366,14 @@ AMO 8 5 t9jd 0 We will make the measure small and increase the price, as we ch AMO 8 6 y683 figs-ellipsis 0 the needy for a pair of sandals The words “and buy” are understood. Alternate translation: “buy the needy for a pair of sandals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) AMO 8 7 by14 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has sworn by the pride of Jacob Here “pride of Jacob” is a title for Yahweh. Also “Jacob” represents his descendants, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sworn by himself, saying” or “Yahweh, of whom the Israelites are so proud, has sworn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 8 8 dgd5 figs-rquestion 0 Will not the land quake for this, and every one who lives in it mourn? Amos uses a question to emphasize that these things will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the land to shake, and every one who lives in it will mourn.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -AMO 8 8 phh2 figs-simile 0 All of it will rise up like the Nile River…like the river of Egypt Amos compares the rising and sinking of the waters of the Nile River to how Yahweh will cause the land to shake when he judges the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +AMO 8 8 phh2 figs-simile 0 All of it will rise up like the Nile River … like the river of Egypt Amos compares the rising and sinking of the waters of the Nile River to how Yahweh will cause the land to shake when he judges the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) AMO 8 8 t1gv 0 river of Egypt This is another name for the Nile River. AMO 8 9 xwg6 0 It will come in that day “It will happen at that time” AMO 8 10 ng1i translate-symaction 0 have baldness on every head A person shaves his head to show that he is grieving. Alternate translation: “cause you all to shave your heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) AMO 8 10 tj9n figs-ellipsis 0 like mourning for an only son It is understood that the only son has died. Alternate translation: “like mourning for an only son who has died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) AMO 8 10 g3j6 figs-metaphor 0 a bitter day to its end Terrible and sad things happening during a day is spoken of as if the day had a bitter taste. Alternate translation: “everything that happens at that time will cause you great sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 8 11 f43n figs-metaphor 0 the days are coming This speaks of a future time as if “days are coming.” Alternate translation: “there will be a time” or “in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 8 11 i4s1 figs-metaphor 0 when I will send a famine in the land…but for hearing the words of Yahweh Yahweh refusing to give messages when the people want to hear from him is spoken of as if there would be a famine of his words. Alternate translation: “when I will cause something like a famine in the land…but for hearing the words of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +AMO 8 11 i4s1 figs-metaphor 0 when I will send a famine in the land … but for hearing the words of Yahweh Yahweh refusing to give messages when the people want to hear from him is spoken of as if there would be a famine of his words. Alternate translation: “when I will cause something like a famine in the land … but for hearing the words of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 8 11 f1wu figs-123person 0 the words of Yahweh This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “words from me, Yahweh” or “my messages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) AMO 8 12 ez94 figs-merism 0 They will stagger from sea to sea; they will run from the north to the east to seek the word of Yahweh Here “sea to sea” and “the north to the east” represent all of the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “They will wander here and there and search all over for the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) AMO 8 12 g73n figs-explicit 0 from sea to sea This implies the Dead Sea in the south and the Mediterranean Sea in the west. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -385,14 +385,14 @@ AMO 8 14 bfm8 0 As the way to Beersheba exists This is probably a reference to AMO 8 14 s65t figs-idiom 0 they will fall This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “they will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) AMO 9 intro ych5 0 # Amos 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is written in poetic form and continues to show the awesome and terrible judgment of Yahweh on his people. In verse 11, the writer writes about the forgiveness and mercy of God on the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “The declaration of Yahweh”
This phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. Try to remain consistent in translating this phrase throughout the book. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) AMO 9 1 h5x6 0 General Information: Yahweh shows Amos another vision. -AMO 9 1 iv3s 0 Strike the tops…Break them It is uncertain to whom Yahweh is speaking these commands. +AMO 9 1 iv3s 0 Strike the tops … Break them It is uncertain to whom Yahweh is speaking these commands. AMO 9 1 rj89 figs-explicit 0 Strike the tops of the pillars so that the foundations will shake It is implied that Yahweh is speaking about the pillars and foundations of a temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 9 1 bl1r figs-synecdoche 0 so that the foundations will shake Here “foundations” represents the whole temple. Alternate translation: “so that the whole temple will shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) AMO 9 1 x4lx figs-synecdoche 0 Break them in pieces on all of their heads Here “heads” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Break the pillars so that the temple falls on all of the people and kills them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) AMO 9 1 r9h6 figs-metonymy 0 I will kill the last of them with the sword Here “sword” represents an army attacking with their weapons. Alternate translation: “I will send an enemy army to kill the rest of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 9 2 gx89 figs-hyperbole 0 Though they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them. Though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down Yahweh uses an exaggerated image of people fleeing to Sheol or heaven to try to escape being killed. Here “Sheol” and “heaven” are a merism that represents all places. Alternate translation: “Even if they were to flee to Sheol or to heaven, they would not be able to escape me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) AMO 9 2 v2qa figs-metonymy 0 there my hand will take them Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “I will pull them up from there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -AMO 9 3 lgc3 figs-hyperbole 0 Though they hide on the top of Carmel…Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea Yahweh gives an exaggerated image of the people fleeing to the top of mount Carmel or to the bottom of the sea to escape being killed. Here “top of Carmel” and “bottom of the sea” are a merism that represents all places. Alternate translation: “Even if they were to hide on the top of Carmel…Even if they tried to go the bottom sea, thinking that I could not see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +AMO 9 3 lgc3 figs-hyperbole 0 Though they hide on the top of Carmel … Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea Yahweh gives an exaggerated image of the people fleeing to the top of mount Carmel or to the bottom of the sea to escape being killed. Here “top of Carmel” and “bottom of the sea” are a merism that represents all places. Alternate translation: “Even if they were to hide on the top of Carmel … Even if they tried to go the bottom sea, thinking that I could not see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) AMO 9 3 di6k 0 serpent an unknown fierce sea animal, not the snake in the garden of Eden and not a common snake AMO 9 4 z1fj figs-activepassive 0 Though they go into captivity, driven by their enemies before them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Though enemies capture them and force them to go to a foreign land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) AMO 9 4 rm94 figs-metonymy 0 there will I give orders to the sword, and it will kill them Here “sword” represents their enemies. Alternate translation: “there I will cause their enemies to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -400,16 +400,16 @@ AMO 9 4 p2p1 figs-metonymy 0 I will keep my eyes on them for harm and not for g AMO 9 5 v6tg figs-simile 0 all of it will rise up like the River, and sink again like the river of Egypt Here “the River” and “river of Egypt” both refer to the Nile river. Yahweh causing the land to shake violently is compared to the waters of the Nile river rising and sinking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) AMO 9 6 mvb4 figs-metonymy 0 he who builds his steps in the heavens These are probably the steps that ancient people imagined led up to God’s palace in the heavens. However, some modern versions wish to read a different Hebrew word meaning “palace” or “rooms.” Here “his steps” probably is a metonym for God’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 9 6 i2gt figs-explicit 0 has established his vault over the earth Here “vault” refers to the sky which biblical writers described as being a dome over the earth. Alternate translation: “he sets the sky over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -AMO 9 6 c441 figs-metaphor 0 He calls for the waters of the sea…on the surface of the earth This represents God causing the sea water to fall on the earth as rain. See how you translated this in [Amos 5:8](../05/08.md). Alternate translation: “He takes the waters of the sea and makes them rain down on the surface of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +AMO 9 6 c441 figs-metaphor 0 He calls for the waters of the sea … on the surface of the earth This represents God causing the sea water to fall on the earth as rain. See how you translated this in [Amos 5:8](../05/08.md). Alternate translation: “He takes the waters of the sea and makes them rain down on the surface of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 9 6 l573 0 Yahweh is his name By declaring his name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things. See how you translated this in [Amos 5:8](../05/08.md). -AMO 9 7 zrb4 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not like the people of Cush to me,…Israel—this…declaration—did I not bring up Israel…the Philistines…the Arameans from Kir? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people of Israel are no more special to him than the people of Cush, the Philistines, and the Arameans. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel, you are certainly no more important to me than the people of Cush—this…declaration—I brought up Israel…the Philistines…the Arameans from Kir.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +AMO 9 7 zrb4 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not like the people of Cush to me,…Israel—this … declaration—did I not bring up Israel … the Philistines … the Arameans from Kir? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people of Israel are no more special to him than the people of Cush, the Philistines, and the Arameans. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel, you are certainly no more important to me than the people of Cush—this … declaration—I brought up Israel … the Philistines … the Arameans from Kir.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) AMO 9 7 g7zv figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this i what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) AMO 9 7 gig3 0 Kir See how you translated the name of this place in [Amos 1:5](../01/05.md). AMO 9 8 c978 figs-metonymy 0 the eyes of the Lord Yahweh are on the sinful kingdom Here “eyes” represents seeing. Also, Yahweh speaks of himself in third person. Alternate translation: “I, the Lord Yahweh, see that the people of this kingdom are very sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) AMO 9 8 exs8 figs-idiom 0 I will destroy it from the face of the earth The idiom “from the face of the earth” means “completely.” Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy this kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) AMO 9 8 qv9x figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob Here “house” represents a family. And, “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 9 9 ka3c figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel Here “house” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -AMO 9 9 m5bp figs-simile 0 I will shake the house of Israel…as one shakes grain in a sieve, so that not the smallest stone will fall to the ground The picture here is of grain falling through the sieve and stones being kept out. The idea is that Yahweh will remove all of the sinful people from Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +AMO 9 9 m5bp figs-simile 0 I will shake the house of Israel … as one shakes grain in a sieve, so that not the smallest stone will fall to the ground The picture here is of grain falling through the sieve and stones being kept out. The idea is that Yahweh will remove all of the sinful people from Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) AMO 9 9 s4w3 0 sieve a surface with many small holes that allow small things to pass through and keep larger things from passing through AMO 9 10 rxt3 figs-metonymy 0 All the sinners of my people will die by the sword Here “sword” represents their enemies. Alternate translation: “Enemies will kill all the sinners of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) AMO 9 10 rgi9 figs-metaphor 0 Disaster will not overtake or meet us Experiencing disaster is spoken of as disaster could overtake or meet someone. Alternate translation: “We will not experience disaster” or “Bad things will not happen to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -421,8 +421,8 @@ AMO 9 11 b46a 0 breaches parts of a wall that have fallen down AMO 9 12 fi4l 0 the remnant of Edom “the remaining part of Edom’s territory” AMO 9 12 gc63 figs-metonymy 0 all the nations that are called by my name Here “name” represents Yahweh. The idiom “called by my name” means they once belonged to Yahweh. This means that in the past the people had conquered and taken control of these territories. Alternate translation: “all the nations that once belonged to me” or “all the nations that I caused the people of Israel to conquer in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) AMO 9 13 v7us 0 Look The writer is telling the reader that he is going to say something surprising. Your language may have a way of doing this. -AMO 9 13 q7il figs-metaphor 0 the days will come…when the plowman A future time is spoken of as if “days will come.” Alternate translation: “there will be a time…when the plowman” or “in the future…the plowman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -AMO 9 13 yi58 0 when the plowman…him who plants seed These are two images of Yahweh restoring prosperity in Israel. This means grain will grow faster than the people can harvest it, and there will be so many grapes, those crushing the grapes will still be working when farmers start planting more vineyards. +AMO 9 13 q7il figs-metaphor 0 the days will come … when the plowman A future time is spoken of as if “days will come.” Alternate translation: “there will be a time … when the plowman” or “in the future … the plowman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +AMO 9 13 yi58 0 when the plowman … him who plants seed These are two images of Yahweh restoring prosperity in Israel. This means grain will grow faster than the people can harvest it, and there will be so many grapes, those crushing the grapes will still be working when farmers start planting more vineyards. AMO 9 13 s1fu figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) AMO 9 13 i41r figs-parallelism 0 The mountains will drip sweet wine, and all the hills will flow with it These two lines mean basically the same thing. The huge amount of grapes and wine in Israel is spoken of as if wine flows down the hills and mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) AMO 9 15 cl8k figs-metaphor 0 I will plant them upon their land, and they will never again be uprooted from the land Bringing the people back to their land and keeping them safe from enemies is spoken of as if Israel were a plant that Yahweh would put in the ground and not let anyone pull the plant up from the ground. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to live in the land forever like a plant that is never uprooted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/en_tn_31-OBA.tsv b/en_tn_31-OBA.tsv index 4df425876..5e011817b 100644 --- a/en_tn_31-OBA.tsv +++ b/en_tn_31-OBA.tsv @@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ OBA 1 6 w96y figs-activepassive נִבְע֖וּ מַצְפֻּנָֽי⁠ו 1 OBA 1 7 yobe figs-explicit עַֽד־הַ⁠גְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּ⁠ךָ כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 If it does not make sense in your language to say that someone would be attacked by someone with whom they have a **covenant**, that is, an ally, then you can add in the missing step of their betrayal, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) OBA 1 7 n3t6 figs-youcrowd בְרִיתֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 your covenant Yahweh is still addressing the people of Edom here, so the word **your** refers to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) OBA 1 7 cr88 עַֽד־הַ⁠גְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּ⁠ךָ 1 are sending you away as far as the border There are two possibilities for what **the border** could refer to. (1) It could refer to the border of the country of Edom. Alternate translation: “will force you out of your country” or (2) it could refer to the border of a formerly friendly country. Alternate translation: “will reject you from taking refuge in their country” -OBA 1 7 a612 figs-parallelism כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔⁠ךָ…אַנְשֵׁ֣י שְׁלֹמֶ֑⁠ךָ לַחְמְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 All the men of your covenant…The men of your peace…They of your bread All three phrases refer to Edom’s allies. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once in similar ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +OBA 1 7 a612 figs-parallelism כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔⁠ךָ…אַנְשֵׁ֣י שְׁלֹמֶ֑⁠ךָ לַחְמְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 All the men of your covenant … The men of your peace … They of your bread All three phrases refer to Edom’s allies. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once in similar ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) OBA 1 7 jd15 figs-ellipsis לַחְמְ⁠ךָ֗ יָשִׂ֤ימוּ מָזוֹר֙ תַּחְתֶּ֔י⁠ךָ 1 They of your bread will set a trap under you Hebrew says simply **your bread**. In this poetic style, hearers and readers are expected to understand the meaning and supply the missing words **The men of** from the previous two lines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) OBA 1 7 rc1i figs-aside אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 There is no understanding in him. There are four possibilities for the meaning of this phrase. (1) Yahweh could be saying this as an aside in order to express his evaluation of the people of Edom. If this would be confusing in your language, you can continue the address to Edom in the second person, as in the UST. (2) the former allies could be saying this about Edom. Alternate translation: “Then they will say to you, ‘you are not as clever as you thought you were’” (3) It could be referring to the trap just mentioned. Alternate translation: “and there is no perception of it” (4) It could be referring to the shocking situation of Edom being betrayed by its allies. Alternate translation: “There is no understanding of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]]) OBA 1 7 jd17 figs-abstractnouns אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 understanding You could translate the abstract noun “understanding” with a verb. Alternate translation: “He does not understand anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) OBA 1 7 jd19 figs-personification בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 in him Here, **him** probably refers to Edom, which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “in the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -OBA 1 8 i4rg figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא…וְ⁠הַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽ⁠אֱד֔וֹם 1 Will I not on that day (a declaration of Yahweh) destroy wise men from Edom, and understanding from the mountain of Esau? This is a rhetorical question. Yahweh uses the question form here to emphasize that he will certainly do this. Alternate translation: “On that day…I will certainly destroy the wise men from Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +OBA 1 8 i4rg figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא…וְ⁠הַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽ⁠אֱד֔וֹם 1 Will I not on that day (a declaration of Yahweh) destroy wise men from Edom, and understanding from the mountain of Esau? This is a rhetorical question. Yahweh uses the question form here to emphasize that he will certainly do this. Alternate translation: “On that day … I will certainly destroy the wise men from Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) OBA 1 8 jd21 figs-explicit וְ⁠הַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽ⁠אֱד֔וֹם 1 wise men The original audience would have known that Edom was famous for its wisdom. So this means that even their famous wisdom cannot save them from Yahweh’s destruction. If it would be clearer, you could indicate this information as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) OBA 1 8 i6ry figs-rquestion וּ⁠תְבוּנָ֖ה מֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 This is the second part of the rhetorical question. You could also start a new sentence here. Yahweh continues the question form here to emphasize that he will certainly do this. Alternate translation: “and I will certainly destroy their understanding” or “On that day I will certainly remove understanding from the mountain of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) OBA 1 8 mupa figs-explicit וּ⁠תְבוּנָ֖ה מֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 In this poetic style, the reader is expected to use the words **will I not on that day destroy** from the first rhetorical question in order to understand this second one. If that is not clear in your language, you can repeat those words here. Alternate translation: “and will I not on that day destroy understanding from the mountain of Esau?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ OBA 1 10 jd43 figs-explicit וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off Yo OBA 1 10 jd45 figs-idiom וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off As in [verse 5](../01/05.md), **cut off** is an idiom for being destroyed. See how you translated it there. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) OBA 1 11 w6hj figs-metaphor עֲמָֽדְ⁠ךָ֣ מִ⁠נֶּ֔גֶד 1 stood opposite This is a metaphor that pictures the people of Edom as a person who was just standing around and not helping a relative. Alternate translation: “you did not help him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) OBA 1 11 s38y figs-parallelism שְׁב֥וֹת זָרִ֖ים חֵיל֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠נָכְרִ֞ים בָּ֣אוּ שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 strangers took captive his wealth, and foreigners entered his gates These two phrases mean similar things. They are used together to emphasize that Judah was in a desperate situation. Invading armies were plundering the cities of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -OBA 1 11 rtj8 figs-personification חֵיל֑⁠וֹ…שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his wealth…his gates Here, **his** refers to **your brother Jacob** in [verse 10](../01/10.md), meaning the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +OBA 1 11 rtj8 figs-personification חֵיל֑⁠וֹ…שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his wealth … his gates Here, **his** refers to **your brother Jacob** in [verse 10](../01/10.md), meaning the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) OBA 1 11 jd46 חֵיל֑⁠וֹ 1 his wealth In this context, the term translated **wealth** could also mean “army.” But since it clearly means “wealth” in [verse 13](../01/13.md), it seems best to translate it as “wealth” here, as well. OBA 1 11 jd47 figs-synecdoche שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his gates Here, **gates** stands for “city.” The gates, the part of a city through which people would come and go, are being used to represent the whole city. Alternate translation: “all the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) OBA 1 11 i8sr figs-metaphor וְ⁠עַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל 1 and cast lots for Jerusalem There are two possibilities for the meaning here. (1) This is a figurative way of saying that the **foreigners** had complete control of **Jerusalem**, with Jerusalem pictured as something that everybody wants to have, but it cannot be divided, so they cast lots to see who will get it. Alternate translation: “they even plundered Jerusalem” or (2) The name of the city may be standing for the wealth of the city. Alternate translation: “and they divided the wealth of Jerusalem among themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ OBA 1 12 q8md figs-personification אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 your brother As in [v OBA 1 12 f7lt figs-gendernotations לִ⁠בְנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֖ה 1 over the sons of Judah Here, the word **sons** does not refer only to men. It refers to all of the descendants of Jacob’s son Judah, and more broadly to all of the Israelites from a number of the different tribes of Israel who had come to live in the kingdom of Judah at this time. Alternate translation: “over the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) OBA 1 12 lxg7 figs-idiom וְ⁠אַל־תַּגְדֵּ֥ל פִּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 And you should not have made your mouth great This is an idiom for bragging or mocking. In this context of observing someone else’s misfortune, mocking makes better sense. Alternate translation: “You should not have mocked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) OBA 1 13 dwn2 figs-parallelism בְּ⁠י֣וֹם אֵידָ֔⁠ם…בְּ⁠י֣וֹם אֵיד֑⁠וֹ…בְּ⁠י֥וֹם אֵידֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this poetic style, the same phrase is used at the end of each line to emphasize how terrible the **calamity** was. If this style does not work in your language to communicate an increased emphasis, then you could combine the three occurrences into one and communicate that this was a very bad thing in another way, as in the UST.
(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -OBA 1 13 wg54 figs-personification אֵידָ֔⁠ם…אֵיד֑⁠וֹ…אֵידֽ⁠וֹ 1 their calamity…his calamity…his calamity In the first line of this verse, **their** refers to **my people**. In the second and third lines, God’s people are once again pictured as their ancestor Jacob, and so the singular pronoun **his** is used (see [verse 10](../01/10.md)). If this change is confusing in your language, you can avoid the personification and refer to the people with plural pronouns in all three lines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +OBA 1 13 wg54 figs-personification אֵידָ֔⁠ם…אֵיד֑⁠וֹ…אֵידֽ⁠וֹ 1 their calamity … his calamity … his calamity In the first line of this verse, **their** refers to **my people**. In the second and third lines, God’s people are once again pictured as their ancestor Jacob, and so the singular pronoun **his** is used (see [verse 10](../01/10.md)). If this change is confusing in your language, you can avoid the personification and refer to the people with plural pronouns in all three lines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) OBA 1 13 f9q3 figs-exclamations גַם־אַתָּ֛ה 1 Yes, you! Yahweh is accusing the people of Edom directly, and he adds this exclamation to emphasize this. This exclamation expresses anger, demands their attention, and also may be a warning that they cannot claim to be innocent. If it is confusing to have this in the middle of another sentence, you could make this a separate sentence ending in an exclamation mark, either before or after the current sentence. Alternate translation: “I am talking to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) OBA 1 13 crs5 figs-idiom אַל־תֵּ֧רֶא 1 you should not have looked In this context, **looked on** is an idiom for “enjoyed looking at.” See how you translated this in [verse 12](../01/12.md). Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) OBA 1 13 jz38 figs-you וְ⁠אַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ 1 And you women should not have looted their wealth Here, the word translated as **you** is feminine and plural. In the rest of Obadiah, it is masculine and singular. It may be that God is addressing the women specifically here in case they thought that they were not also guilty. So use a feminine plural form here, or mark this in some other way so that it means “you women.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ OBA 1 17 f4ur אֵ֖ת מוֹרָֽשֵׁי⁠הֶם 1 Here, **possessions** r OBA 1 18 rm2e figs-parallelism וְ⁠הָיָה֩ בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּ⁠בֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה 1 And the house of Jacob will be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flame These two expressions have similar meanings. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once. Both **house of Jacob** and **house of Joseph** stand for all of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The Israelites will be like a fire. Yes, they will be like a flame” If saying this twice is confusing, you could combine them into one expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) OBA 1 18 cr15 figs-metonymy בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב 1 the house of Jacob Here, the word **house** means all of the people descended from a particular person. All of the descendants of Jacob are being described figuratively as if they were one household living together. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) OBA 1 18 cr17 figs-synecdoche וּ⁠בֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף 1 and the house of Joseph The descendants of Joseph are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Joseph was the son of Jacob, and his descendants made up a large part of the people of Israel. So Yahweh is using his descendants to represent the whole nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -OBA 1 18 yt8j figs-metonymy וּ⁠בֵ֤ית עֵשָׂו֙…לְ⁠בֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 and the house of Esau…for the house of Esau The descendants of Esau (Edom) are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +OBA 1 18 yt8j figs-metonymy וּ⁠בֵ֤ית עֵשָׂו֙…לְ⁠בֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 and the house of Esau … for the house of Esau The descendants of Esau (Edom) are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) OBA 1 18 cr19 figs-metaphor אֵ֜שׁ…לֶהָבָ֗ה…לְ⁠קַ֔שׁ 1 fire, flame, stubble In this metaphor, Yahweh is saying that the Israelites will be like fire and flame, that the people of Edom will be like dry grass, and that the Israelites will do to the people of Edom what fire and flame do to dry grass. In other words, just as fire and flame burn up dry grass until it is all gone, the Israelites who survive will conquer all of Edom. If this metaphor is not clear in your language, you could make it a simile, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) OBA 1 18 hj8x translate-unknown לְ⁠קַ֔שׁ 1 stubble The word **stubble** means the dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after their stalks have been cut. Alternate translation: “like dry grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) OBA 1 18 cr23 figs-doublet וְ⁠דָלְק֥וּ בָ⁠הֶ֖ם וַ⁠אֲכָל֑וּ⁠ם 1 And they will burn them, and consume them **Burn** and **consume** mean almost the same thing. Yahweh uses the words together to intensify the meaning. If you do not have two similar words in your language or if it would be confusing to say this twice, you can combine them into one phrase and intensify the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “and they will burn them until they are all burned up” or “and they will burn them up completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) OBA 1 18 amum figs-explicit כִּ֥י 1 Here, **For** indicates that what follows is the reason for what came before. Yahweh is reminding the reader that these things will certainly happen, because this message comes from him. If that would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) OBA 1 18 c5jr figs-123person כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֵּֽר 1 for Yahweh has spoken Yahweh is speaking of himself in the third person here. If that is confusing in your language, you can change it to first person, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -OBA 1 19 cr25 וְ⁠יָרְשׁ֨וּ 1 And they…will possess…And they will possess This verse as a whole describes people who live in different parts of Israel conquering the territories next to them. Alternate translation: “will conquer” +OBA 1 19 cr25 וְ⁠יָרְשׁ֨וּ 1 And they … will possess … And they will possess This verse as a whole describes people who live in different parts of Israel conquering the territories next to them. Alternate translation: “will conquer” OBA 1 19 zu8p figs-metonymy הַ⁠נֶּ֜גֶב 1 The **Negev** is the name of the southern region of Judea that is dry, rocky, and barren. It is being used to represent the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land that they live in. Alternate translation: “The Israelites who live in the Negev” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) OBA 1 19 cr27 figs-synecdoche הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 the mountain of Esau This was one of the mountains in Edom. See how you translated this in verses 8 and 9. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by using the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the country of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) OBA 1 19 m7qk figs-metonymy וְ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁפֵלָה֙ 1 they of the Shephelah The **Shephelah** is the name of the western foothills in the land of Israel. That location is being used figuratively to represent the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land that they live in. Alternate translation: “the Israelites who live in the western foothills.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/en_tn_32-JON.tsv b/en_tn_32-JON.tsv index 25e8245bf..3f49ccdb1 100644 --- a/en_tn_32-JON.tsv +++ b/en_tn_32-JON.tsv @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ JON 2 8 u1l9 figs-idiom מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְ JON 2 8 fac9 חַסְדָּ֖⁠ם יַעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 forsake their covenant faithfulness Here, **covenant faithfulness** could refer to (1) the faithfulness of God or (2) the faithfulness of the people. Therefore, it could mean (1) “are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them” or (2) “are abandoning their commitment to you” JON 2 9 q3yb grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י 1 But as for me, This expression shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “but I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) JON 2 9 nfd2 בְּ⁠ק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving This phrase probably means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully. -JON 2 9 jdrh יְשׁוּעָ֖תָ⁠ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 Salvation belongs to Yahweh This last line of the poem can be understood in one of two ways: either (1) as being addressed to Yahweh as part of the description of the prayer; or (2) as being addressed to another person as a conclusion to the description of the prayer. See also the Note concerning the phrase “I cried out to Yahweh from my distress …” in [2:2](../02/02/jdrc). +JON 2 9 jdrh יְשׁוּעָ֖תָ⁠ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 Salvation belongs to Yahweh This last line of the poem can be understood in one of two ways: either (1) as being addressed to Yahweh as part of the description of the prayer; or (2) as being addressed to another person as a conclusion to the description of the prayer. See also the Note concerning the phrase “I cried out to Yahweh from my distress…” in [2:2](../02/02/jdrc). JON 2 9 r4j4 figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעָ֖תָ⁠ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 Salvation belongs to Yahweh This can be reworded so that the abstract noun **salvation** is expressed as the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־הַ⁠יַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 onto the dry land “upon the ground” or “onto the shore” JON 3 intro z3ut 0 # Jonah 03 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Animals

According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Size of Nineveh

When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase “three days’ journey” is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So, although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.

### God repenting or relenting

The last verse of this chapter says, “So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.” This concept of God changing His mind may seem inconsistent with the fact that God’s character and his plans do not change. But this whole book is written from a human viewpoint, and so it presents the actions of God as Jonah saw them. God had told Jonah to warn the Ninevites of judgment for their sin.

Yahweh is just, but he is also merciful. Because the Ninevites repented, God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, and Jonah described that in a human way as “changing his mind.” The reader understands that this was God’s plan from the beginning. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/en_tn_33-MIC.tsv b/en_tn_33-MIC.tsv index bace067d7..e50da5371 100644 --- a/en_tn_33-MIC.tsv +++ b/en_tn_33-MIC.tsv @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ MIC 1 1 d1fd 0 which he saw “which he heard in a vision” MIC 1 2 ya6p 0 General Information: Micah 1:2-7 is about God’s judgment on Samaria. MIC 1 2 x9l2 figs-apostrophe 0 Listen, all you peoples. Listen, earth, and all that is in you This begins Micah’s prophecy. Micah speaks to the people of Samaria as if all the people of the earth and even the earth itself were able to hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) MIC 1 3 i37k figs-metaphor 0 he will come down and tread on the high places of the earth Micah speaks as if Yahweh were a mighty soldier coming down from heaven and beginning to march on top of the mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MIC 1 3 gq79 0 he will…tread “he will…march” +MIC 1 3 gq79 0 he will … tread “he will … march” MIC 1 3 c6u6 0 the high places of the earth “the high mountains” MIC 1 4 dgb2 figs-metaphor 0 The mountains will melt under him; the valleys will break apart, like wax before fire, like waters that are poured down a steep place Micah speaks as if Yahweh were a hot, solid object that melted the earth as it moved. Alternate translation: “He will crush the mountains and the valleys as he marches over them; he will destroy them, and they will completely disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 1 5 rgh7 figs-metonymy 0 because of the sins of the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “because the people of Israel have sinned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ MIC 1 5 t7bt figs-metonymy 0 Is it not Samaria? Here “Samaria” is a metonym MIC 1 5 rj3v figs-synecdoche 0 What is Judah’s high place? Here “high place” is a synecdoche for the entire system of idol worship. “Judah” is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Where do the people of Judah go to worship idols?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MIC 1 5 rjt6 figs-metonymy 0 Is it not Jerusalem? Here “Jerusalem” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Micah uses a question to emphasize that the people know what the truth is. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MIC 1 6 m3rh 0 I will make Here “I” refers to Yahweh. -MIC 1 6 wu3l figs-metaphor 0 Samaria…her stones…her foundations Yahweh speaks of Samaria as if the city were a woman. Alternate translation: “Samaria…its stones…the foundations of the buildings in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MIC 1 6 wu3l figs-metaphor 0 Samaria … her stones … her foundations Yahweh speaks of Samaria as if the city were a woman. Alternate translation: “Samaria … its stones … the foundations of the buildings in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 1 6 mrm3 0 I will pour her stones Here “her” refers to the city of Samaria. -MIC 1 7 eu6l figs-metaphor 0 her carved figures…her gifts that she received…her idols Yahweh speaks of Samaria as if the city were a woman. Alternate translation: “the carved figures in the city…the gifts that people gave to the temple in the city…the idols in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MIC 1 7 eu6l figs-metaphor 0 her carved figures … her gifts that she received … her idols Yahweh speaks of Samaria as if the city were a woman. Alternate translation: “the carved figures in the city … the gifts that people gave to the temple in the city … the idols in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 1 7 n921 figs-activepassive 0 All her carved figures will be broken to pieces This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will break all her carved figures to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MIC 1 7 a2ef figs-activepassive 0 all her gifts…will be burned with fire This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will burn with fire all the gifts that she received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MIC 1 7 a2ef figs-activepassive 0 all her gifts … will be burned with fire This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will burn with fire all the gifts that she received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MIC 1 7 nci4 0 she received “people gave her” MIC 1 7 syr2 figs-metaphor 0 Since she gathered her gifts from the wages of prostitutes, they will become the wages of prostitutes again Yahweh speaks of the people giving gifts to idols as if the people were hiring prostitutes. When the Assyrians destroy Samaria, they will take to Assyria the gifts the people of Samaria gave to their idols and give them as gifts to their own idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MIC 1 8 y14v 0 General Information: Micah 1:8-16 is about God’s judgment on Judah. @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ MIC 1 8 agj7 0 I will lament Here “I” refers to Micah. MIC 1 8 evd3 0 I will lament and wail “Lament” refers to the inner feeling of sadness, and “wail” refers to the activity of making a loud, sad sound. MIC 1 8 sl7i 0 I will go barefoot and naked This is a sign of extreme mourning and distress. Another possible meaning is “I will look like someone has taken off my clothes; I will be naked” MIC 1 8 ly5n 0 naked probably wearing only a loincloth -MIC 1 8 y5zc figs-simile 0 like the jackals…like owls Jackals and owls live in wastelands, and their loud cries sound like people wailing or weeping. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MIC 1 8 y5zc figs-simile 0 like the jackals … like owls Jackals and owls live in wastelands, and their loud cries sound like people wailing or weeping. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MIC 1 9 v3yc figs-metaphor 0 For her wound is incurable Here “her” refers to the city of Samaria. This means nothing can stop the enemy army from destroying the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 1 9 j8a2 figs-metaphor 0 for it has come to Judah Micah uses contagious disease as a metaphor for the army that Yahweh has sent to judge Samaria. Here “it” refers to the “wound,” that is, to the army that God will use to punish Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 1 10 ty72 translate-names 0 Beth Leaphrah You may want to make a footnote saying, “The name of this city means ‘house of dust.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ MIC 2 3 zi71 0 this clan This “clan” refers to the entire community of Isr MIC 2 3 k4i7 figs-metaphor 0 from which you will not remove your necks Yahweh speaks of punishing the people as if he were putting a yoke around their necks. Alternate translation: “from which you will not be able to escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 2 4 t7xt 0 sing a song about you “sing a song to make fun of you” MIC 2 4 ymz1 figs-irony 0 lament with a wailing lamentation “they will cry loudly.” They are pretending to mourn, as if those they love have died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -MIC 2 4 frk2 figs-irony 0 We Israelites…to traitors This is the song that the enemies will sing to make fun of the Israelites and laugh as the Israelites suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +MIC 2 4 frk2 figs-irony 0 We Israelites … to traitors This is the song that the enemies will sing to make fun of the Israelites and laugh as the Israelites suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) MIC 2 4 hz57 figs-rquestion 0 How can he remove it from me? The enemy mocks the surprise the rich leaders of Israel feel because God has taken their land and given it to someone else just as they had taken the land from the poor. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “How wrong he is to take it from me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) MIC 2 5 rnf9 0 Therefore, you rich people will have no descendants to divide up the territory by lot in the assembly of Yahweh This could mean: (1) Micah looks forward to a time after the exile when those who return will divide up the land or (2) he is speaking of a custom of his time when the tribe or clan would divide up their land and give it to individuals. MIC 2 6 eli9 0 General Information: Micah speaks to false prophets, as well as to the rich who have abused their power. @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ MIC 2 6 a888 figs-you 0 Do not prophesy The speakers are speaking to Micah and MIC 2 6 iph5 0 they say “the people of Israel say” MIC 2 6 nl1s 0 They must not prophesy “The prophets must not prophesy” MIC 2 6 dqe6 figs-metaphor 0 reproaches must not come Reproach is spoken of as if it were a robber chasing a person. It can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “we will not allow you to reproach us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -MIC 2 7 d2pm figs-rquestion 0 Should it really be said…“Is the Spirit…his deeds?” Micah is scolding the Israelites by using this question. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you do not need to ask…‘Is the Spirit…his deeds?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MIC 2 7 d2pm figs-rquestion 0 Should it really be said…“Is the Spirit … his deeds?” Micah is scolding the Israelites by using this question. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you do not need to ask…‘Is the Spirit … his deeds?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MIC 2 7 cd55 figs-metonymy 0 house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MIC 2 7 hr6w figs-rquestion 0 said…“Is the Spirit of Yahweh angry? Are these really his deeds?” This could mean: (1) the people really do not know if they are seeing Yahweh act. Alternate translation: “asked…‘Is the Spirit of Yahweh angry? Are these really his deeds?’” or (2) the people do not believe that Yahweh is really punishing them. These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “said…‘The Spirit of Yahweh is not really angry. These are not really his deeds.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MIC 2 7 dhy6 figs-rquestion 0 Do not my words do good to anyone who walks uprightly? Micah uses a question to teach the people. It can bee translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “My message does good to those who walk uprightly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -82,11 +82,11 @@ MIC 2 9 h3sh 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the wicked ri MIC 2 9 vit8 0 you take my blessing from their young children forever This refers, in general, to blessings God has given to his people. It might refer to (1) being landowners in Israel, (2) a promising future or (3) to the children’s fathers, farmers who worked hard to establish the nation. MIC 2 9 sez8 0 my blessing Micah speaks as if he were Yahweh. MIC 2 10 x485 figs-activepassive 0 it is destroyed with complete destruction This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MIC 2 11 fn9u figs-you 0 comes to you…will prophesy to you Micah is speaking to the people of Judah, so both instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 2 11 fn9u figs-you 0 comes to you … will prophesy to you Micah is speaking to the people of Judah, so both instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MIC 2 11 mwp4 figs-you 0 he would be considered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people would consider him” or “you would consider him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MIC 2 12 xls8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. At the end of this chapter, Yahweh shows himself to be a shepherd who protects his people. He may especially be addressing those in Jerusalem who have returned from Assyria. MIC 2 12 l2ie figs-you 0 all of you, Jacob Micah is speaking to some of the descendants of Jacob, so the word “you” is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MIC 2 13 wz2q 0 Someone who breaks open their way…Yahweh will be at their head. This is a picture of a king leading his people out of an enclosed city. +MIC 2 13 wz2q 0 Someone who breaks open their way … Yahweh will be at their head. This is a picture of a king leading his people out of an enclosed city. MIC 3 intro wy5w 0 # Micah 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Justice
An unjust society was considered sinful. It was considered to be against the law of Moses. If these kingdoms did not have justice, they were not obedient to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
There are vivid pictures used in this chapter which show how the leaders of the people were treating the Israelites. These situations are absurd unless taken as a metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 3 1 lg8w 0 General Information: Chapter 3 focuses on the corrupt leaders in Israel. MIC 3 1 bi75 0 I said Here “I” refers to Micah. @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ MIC 3 5 q1tf 0 General Information: Micah continues to speak judgment against MIC 3 5 wvm2 figs-metaphor 0 who lead my people astray Walking on a good path is a metaphor for obeying God. Going astray from the path is a metaphor for disobeying God, in this case perhaps without knowing it. Alternate translation: “who lead my people to disobey me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 3 5 uud3 figs-metaphor 0 if one gives them something to eat, they proclaim, ‘Peace.’ Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. The phrase “something to eat” is an ironic way of speaking of a small payment. Alternate translation: “they tell people who pay them even a small amount that things will go well for those people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) MIC 3 5 jn8z figs-metaphor 0 if he puts nothing in their mouths, they dedicate themselves to wage war on him Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. The phrase “puts nothing in their mouths” is an ironic exaggeration for not giving what they want. Alternate translation: “they do all they can to destroy people who pay them too little” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -MIC 3 6 v4xh figs-metaphor 0 it will be night for you…the day will be dark on them Darkness is a metaphor for Yahweh not speaking to the prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MIC 3 6 v4xh figs-metaphor 0 it will be night for you … the day will be dark on them Darkness is a metaphor for Yahweh not speaking to the prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 3 6 r42r 0 no vision for you “you will no longer see visions” MIC 3 7 xh15 figs-activepassive 0 The seers will be put to shame, and the diviners will be confused This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause the seers to be ashamed, and I will confuse the diviners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MIC 3 7 pe2m figs-metonymy 0 All of them will cover their lips Here “lips” represents speaking. Alternate translation: “They shall no longer speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -119,11 +119,11 @@ MIC 3 10 ca1v figs-metaphor 0 You build Zion with blood and Jerusalem with iniq MIC 3 11 yn4t figs-rquestion 0 Is not Yahweh with us? The leaders strongly believe that Yahweh is with them. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We know that Yahweh is with us!” or “We know that Yahweh will help us do what we want to do!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MIC 3 11 aeh5 0 evil See how you translated “disaster” in [Micah 1:12](../01/12.md). MIC 3 12 r9xr 0 because of you Here “you” refers to the priests, prophets, and leaders ([Micah 3:11](../03/11.md)). -MIC 3 12 aqg2 figs-metaphor 0 Zion will become a plowed field…and the hill of the temple will become a thicket “Zion” and “the hill of the temple” refer to the same place. When a farmer plows a field, he turns over all the dirt and uproots all the plants that are growing there. A thicket is so full of bushes that no one can use it for anything. These two metaphors cannot be literally true at the same time, but they emphasize that Yahweh will allow the invaders to completely destroy the temple area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MIC 3 12 aqg2 figs-metaphor 0 Zion will become a plowed field … and the hill of the temple will become a thicket “Zion” and “the hill of the temple” refer to the same place. When a farmer plows a field, he turns over all the dirt and uproots all the plants that are growing there. A thicket is so full of bushes that no one can use it for anything. These two metaphors cannot be literally true at the same time, but they emphasize that Yahweh will allow the invaders to completely destroy the temple area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 3 12 k2is 0 a plowed field “a field that a farmer has plowed” MIC 3 12 m86y 0 a thicket a place where many small woody plants grow MIC 4 intro pzv8 0 # Micah 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the poetic form to communicate that God will one day restore Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Remanant
Micah speaks about a future hope and a remnant who will return to their homeland. Verses 1-8 are a vision of the future when God will restore Israel to its former glory. These verses will give hope to those about to be removed from their homeland. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) -MIC 4 1 rn5h figs-metaphor 0 the mountain…other mountains Yahweh making the temple mount higher than all other mountains and hills is a metaphor for making his temple the most important place on earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MIC 4 1 rn5h figs-metaphor 0 the mountain … other mountains Yahweh making the temple mount higher than all other mountains and hills is a metaphor for making his temple the most important place on earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 4 1 a15l figs-activepassive 0 the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” or “Yahweh will make the mountain on which his temple is built great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MIC 4 1 pbd3 0 over the other mountains Mount Zion will be the most important of all the mountains. It might also mean that this mountain will become the highest in the world, and not only in the region where it is located. MIC 4 1 ttd5 figs-activepassive 0 It will be exalted above the hills This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will exalt it above the hills” or “Yahweh will make it higher than the hills” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -139,18 +139,18 @@ MIC 4 3 vin5 0 will not lift up sword will not threaten to start a war MIC 4 4 sv2r 0 General Information: Micah continues describing the “last days” when people learn and obey Yahweh’s law. MIC 4 4 h22j figs-explicit 0 they will sit every person under his vine and under his fig tree Both the “vine” and the “fig tree” are symbols of prosperity. This phrase describes actions in which people live prosperously and in peace. If grapevines or fig trees are unknown you can translate this more generally. Alternate translation: “they will sit peacefully in their own gardens and fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MIC 4 4 j4rc figs-synecdoche 0 for the mouth of Yahweh of hosts has spoken The mouth is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh of hosts has spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -MIC 4 5 iek8 figs-metaphor 0 the peoples walk…in the name of their god…we will walk in the name of Yahweh Walking on a path is a metaphor for living one’s life. Walking in the name of someone is a metaphor for worshiping and obeying. Alternate translation: “the peoples…worship and obey their god…we will worship and obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MIC 4 5 iek8 figs-metaphor 0 the peoples walk … in the name of their god … we will walk in the name of Yahweh Walking on a path is a metaphor for living one’s life. Walking in the name of someone is a metaphor for worshiping and obeying. Alternate translation: “the peoples … worship and obey their god … we will worship and obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 4 6 c9uu figs-synecdoche 0 the lame This refers to those who cannot walk well. Being lame is a synecdoche for having any form of disability. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MIC 4 6 ri25 0 gather the outcast “gather those whom I drove out of Jerusalem” MIC 4 7 b2he figs-activepassive 0 the ones driven away into a strong nation The words “I will turn” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. The phrase “the ones driven away” can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “I will turn the ones I drove away into a strong nation” or “I will make the ones I forcefully sent away into a strong nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MIC 4 8 c64g figs-apostrophe 0 As for you, watchtower for the flock, hill of the daughter of Zion—to you it will come, your former dominion Micah speaks to the people of Jerusalem by speaking to the temple mount as if it could hear him. You may need to make explicit that Micah is giving his message to the people. Alternate translation: “As for the temple mount, the place from which Yahweh watches over you, his sheep, the place that Jerusalem’s people are most proud of—its former dominion will return” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) MIC 4 8 y9gn figs-metaphor 0 watchtower for the flock The people of Jerusalem protecting the other people in surrounding areas is spoken of as if they were a shepherd in a watchtower watching over his flock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MIC 4 8 p2dj figs-metaphor 0 daughter of Zion…daughter of Jerusalem The people who live in a place are spoken of as if the place is a mother and they are the daughter. Alternate translation: “people who live in Zion…people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MIC 4 8 p2dj figs-metaphor 0 daughter of Zion … daughter of Jerusalem The people who live in a place are spoken of as if the place is a mother and they are the daughter. Alternate translation: “people who live in Zion … people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 4 8 tc2d 0 hill Some modern versions understand this Hebrew word to mean “fortress” or “stronghold” here. MIC 4 8 ccs1 figs-abstractnouns 0 to you it will come, your former dominion The abstract noun “dominion” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “you will rule over the nations as you did before” or “I will make you rule over the nations as you did before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MIC 4 9 g6px figs-rquestion 0 Now, why do you shout so loudly? Micah is mocking the people, trying to make them think about why God is dealing with them in this way. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at how you are shouting loudly.” or “Think carefully about why you are shouting loudly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MIC 4 9 b1zk figs-rquestion 0 Is there no king among you? Has your counselor died? Is this why pain grips you like that of a woman in labor? Micah continues to mock the people. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You have a king, but he is useless to you. All your wise people are still alive, but they have nothing wise to say to you. This is why you are weeping loudly like a woman who is giving birth to a baby.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -MIC 4 10 qn9l figs-simile 0 Be in pain…like a woman in labor Micah compares the suffering the people will experience when enemies force them away from their cities to the pain a woman experiences when giving birth to a baby. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +MIC 4 10 qn9l figs-simile 0 Be in pain … like a woman in labor Micah compares the suffering the people will experience when enemies force them away from their cities to the pain a woman experiences when giving birth to a baby. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MIC 4 10 rci7 figs-activepassive 0 There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will rescue you Yahweh says the same thing in both active and passive forms to emphasize that he will do what he has said he will do. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “There Yahweh will rescue you. There he will rescue you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) MIC 4 10 nv5c figs-metonymy 0 the hand of your enemies Possible meanings for the word “hand” are (1) it could be a metonym for the power that the hand exercises, Alternate translation: “the power of your enemies” or (2) it could be a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MIC 4 11 b5e1 0 General Information: Jerusalem will defeat her enemies. @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ MIC 4 11 xj2l figs-activepassive 0 Let her be defiled This can be translated in MIC 4 11 l329 figs-synecdoche 0 let our eyes gloat over Zion The eye is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “let us gloat over Zion” or “let us enjoy watching the invaders destroy Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MIC 4 12 j472 figs-simile 0 for he has gathered them like bundles of grain prepared for the threshing floor The writer speaks of Yahweh being ready to destroy the nations as if Yahweh were a farmer who has put his bundles of grain on his threshing floor and is now ready to thresh them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MIC 4 13 bj1p 0 General Information: Yahweh presents the imagery of the threshing floor ([Micah 4:12](../04/12.md)). -MIC 4 13 mm6h figs-you 0 Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion…your horn…your hooves…You will crush All instances of “your” and “you,” as well as the commands, refer to the “daughter of Zion” and so are singular and feminine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 4 13 mm6h figs-you 0 Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion … your horn … your hooves … You will crush All instances of “your” and “you,” as well as the commands, refer to the “daughter of Zion” and so are singular and feminine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MIC 4 13 m3uk figs-metaphor 0 Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion, for I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze Yahweh speaks of the people of Zion as if they were strong oxen about to thresh wheat and their enemies were the wheat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) MIC 4 13 tq8x figs-metaphor 0 I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze If your reader is not familiar with oxen or iron or bronze, you can remove the metaphor. Alternate translation: “for I will make you able to defeat and destroy every enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) MIC 4 13 igd2 0 their unjust wealth “the wealth they got by acting unjustly” or “the things they stole from other people” @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ MIC 5 4 apx2 figs-metonymy 0 in the majesty of the name of Yahweh his God The p MIC 5 4 kkz1 0 They will remain the people of Israel will remain MIC 5 4 yry5 0 remain “live in safety” MIC 5 4 jkd7 0 he will be great to the ends of the earth All people from every nation will give honor to Israel’s ruler. -MIC 5 5 m8sd figs-metaphor 0 seven shepherds and eight leaders over men Here “shepherds” is a metonym for “rulers,” another way of saying “leaders over men.” The phrase “seven…and eight” is an idiom for “more than enough.” Alternate translation: “enough, even more than enough, rulers” or “more than enough shepherds and leaders over men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +MIC 5 5 m8sd figs-metaphor 0 seven shepherds and eight leaders over men Here “shepherds” is a metonym for “rulers,” another way of saying “leaders over men.” The phrase “seven … and eight” is an idiom for “more than enough.” Alternate translation: “enough, even more than enough, rulers” or “more than enough shepherds and leaders over men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MIC 5 6 t2fh figs-metaphor 0 They will shepherd the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod in its entrances The sword is a metonym for killing in war. Here the Israelites ruling over the Assyrians is spoken of ironically as if they were killing sheep instead of herding them. The land of Assyria is a metonym for the people who live there. The entrances to cities were where official business took place. Alternate translation: “They will make war against the people of Assyria, and they will rule the cities of the land of Nimrod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MIC 5 6 upk5 figs-ellipsis 0 and the land of Nimrod The words “they will shepherd” are understood from the beginning of the sentence. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “and they will shepherd the land of Nimrod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) MIC 5 6 p1ya translate-names 0 land of Nimrod This is another name for the land of Assyria. Nimrod was a hunter and early ruler. Translators may add this footnote: “The name ‘Nimrod’ means ‘rebellion.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -195,47 +195,47 @@ MIC 5 8 bv7a figs-doublet 0 among the nations, among many peoples These two phr MIC 5 8 rch5 figs-simile 0 like a lion among the animals of the forest, like a young lion among the flocks of sheep Lions are able to kill and eat any wild animal of the forest, and they easily kill sheep. Alternate translation: “like the fiercest of wild animals, like a wild animal that kills helpless livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) MIC 5 8 fsg4 0 When he goes through them when the young lion goes through the flocks of sheep MIC 5 8 l3ju 0 will trample over them and tear “will jump on them so they fall down, and then he will tear” -MIC 5 9 qjw5 figs-you 0 Your hand…your enemies The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so both instances of “your” are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 5 9 qjw5 figs-you 0 Your hand … your enemies The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so both instances of “your” are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MIC 5 9 g937 figs-metonymy 0 Your hand will be lifted against your enemies The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the whole person. To lift the hand is to exercise power. Alternate translation: “You will completely defeat your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MIC 5 9 a5bh figs-synecdoche 0 it will destroy them The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MIC 5 10 yvv1 figs-explicit 0 I will destroy your horses from among you and will demolish your chariots The people of Israel used horses and chariots only in battle, and they may have traded for them with the godless nations around them. God did not want the people to trust in their weapons of war to protect them more than they trusted in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MIC 5 10 t7yg figs-you 0 your horses…among you…your chariots Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MIC 5 11 p7xv figs-you 0 your land…your strongholds Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 5 10 t7yg figs-you 0 your horses … among you … your chariots Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 5 11 p7xv figs-you 0 your land … your strongholds Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MIC 5 12 j7fb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. MIC 5 12 w5rn figs-metonymy 0 the witchcraft in your hand Being in the “hand” represents the actions that the person does. Alternate translation: “the witchcraft that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MIC 5 12 b4vf figs-you 0 your hand…you will Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MIC 5 13 udr6 figs-you 0 your carved…your stone…among you. You will…your hands Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 5 12 b4vf figs-you 0 your hand … you will Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 5 13 udr6 figs-you 0 your carved … your stone … among you. You will … your hands Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MIC 5 13 s47c figs-abstractnouns 0 the workmanship of your hands The abstract noun “workmanship” can be translated using the verb “make.” Alternate translation: “what your hands have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -MIC 5 14 dd8m figs-you 0 your Asherah…among you…your cities Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 5 14 dd8m figs-you 0 your Asherah … among you … your cities Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MIC 5 14 p6df figs-metaphor 0 will uproot your Asherah poles Yahweh speaks of Asherah poles as if they were trees that he would pull out of the ground. Alternate translation: “will pull your Asherah poles out of the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 6 intro k235 0 # Micah 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is written as a court case or lawsuit by Yahweh against His people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Names in Lawsuit
Moses, Aaron and Miriam are mentioned as witnesses for Yahweh and against Israel.
Ahab and Omri are mentioned as kings who were evil and did not follow Yahweh. Obedience to the law of Moses is contrasted with disobedience to the law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) MIC 6 1 wer4 figs-apostrophe 0 Now listen Micah speaks to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to mountains that can hear him, so both instances of “listen” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -MIC 6 1 sz7c figs-you 0 Arise…state Micah speaks to the people of Israel as if they were one man, so the commands and the word “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 6 1 sz7c figs-you 0 Arise … state Micah speaks to the people of Israel as if they were one man, so the commands and the word “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MIC 6 1 zxw4 figs-personification 0 Arise and state your case before the mountains; let the hills hear your voice Yahweh speaks as if he is in court and the mountains and hills are the judges. He commands the people of Israel to tell the judges why they have done what they did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) MIC 6 2 vyc6 figs-apostrophe 0 Listen to Yahweh’s lawsuit Micah speaks to the people of Israel as if he were speaking to mountains that can hear him, so both instances of “listen” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -MIC 6 2 pbw6 figs-personification 0 you mountains…you enduring foundations of the earth Micah is speaking to these things as if they are humans. Micah is using the mountains, hills, and foundations of the earth as an eternal witness against his people’s idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +MIC 6 2 pbw6 figs-personification 0 you mountains … you enduring foundations of the earth Micah is speaking to these things as if they are humans. Micah is using the mountains, hills, and foundations of the earth as an eternal witness against his people’s idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) MIC 6 3 if48 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s lawsuit against the people of Israel ([Micah 6:1-2](./01.md)). MIC 6 3 smg8 figs-rquestion 0 My people, what have I done to you? How have I wearied you? Testify against me! God uses questions to emphasize that he is a good God, and he has done nothing to cause the people to stop worshiping him. Alternate translation: “My people, I have been good to you. I have done nothing to make you tired of me. If you think I have, testify against me, now.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MIC 6 3 h6ec figs-you 0 to you…wearied you? Testify Yahweh speaks to the people as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and all the commands are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MIC 6 4 y7re figs-you 0 brought you…rescued you…Miriam to you Yahweh speaks to the people as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and all the commands are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 6 3 h6ec figs-you 0 to you … wearied you? Testify Yahweh speaks to the people as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and all the commands are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 6 4 y7re figs-you 0 brought you … rescued you … Miriam to you Yahweh speaks to the people as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and all the commands are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) MIC 6 4 s8wt figs-metaphor 0 house of bondage A house is a metaphor for a place in which one lives for a long time. The abstract noun “bondage” can be translated as “to be slaves.” Alternate translation: “the place where you were slaves for a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MIC 6 5 q1ew figs-you 0 remember…you went…you may know Yahweh speaks to the people as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and all the commands are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MIC 6 5 ddx5 0 what Balak…devised “the plans Balak…made to harm you -MIC 6 5 q2uj figs-explicit 0 how Balaam…answered him This could mean: (1) Balaam obeyed Balak by coming when Balak called him, Alternate translation: “how Balaam…did what Balak asked him to do” or (2) Balaam explained to Balak why Balaam had blessed the Israelites instead of cursing them as Balak had commanded. Alternate translation: “what Balaam told Balak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +MIC 6 5 q1ew figs-you 0 remember … you went … you may know Yahweh speaks to the people as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and all the commands are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) +MIC 6 5 ddx5 0 what Balak … devised “the plans Balak … made to harm you +MIC 6 5 q2uj figs-explicit 0 how Balaam … answered him This could mean: (1) Balaam obeyed Balak by coming when Balak called him, Alternate translation: “how Balaam … did what Balak asked him to do” or (2) Balaam explained to Balak why Balaam had blessed the Israelites instead of cursing them as Balak had commanded. Alternate translation: “what Balaam told Balak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) MIC 6 5 mpf3 translate-names 0 Beor This is the name of Balaam’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MIC 6 5 rmf6 0 Shittim This is the name of a place in Moab. MIC 6 5 w4n8 figs-123person 0 so you may know the righteous acts of Yahweh Yahweh refers to himself by his own name. Alternate translation: “so that you may remember the righteous things that I, Yahweh, have done for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -MIC 6 6 n2hi figs-rquestion 0 What should I bring to Yahweh…God? Should I come…old? Micah speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. This could mean: (1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or (2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: “I know that I do no need to bring to Yahweh…God, or come…old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MIC 6 7 yc7f figs-rquestion 0 Will Yahweh be pleased…oil? Should I give…sin? Micah continues to speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. This could mean: (1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or (2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: “I know that Yahweh will not be pleased…oil or if I give…sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -MIC 6 7 mxx1 figs-rquestion 0 thousands of rams…ten thousand rivers of oil “rams in groups of 1,000…10,000 rivers of oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +MIC 6 6 n2hi figs-rquestion 0 What should I bring to Yahweh … God? Should I come … old? Micah speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. This could mean: (1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or (2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: “I know that I do no need to bring to Yahweh … God, or come … old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MIC 6 7 yc7f figs-rquestion 0 Will Yahweh be pleased … oil? Should I give … sin? Micah continues to speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. This could mean: (1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or (2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: “I know that Yahweh will not be pleased … oil or if I give … sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MIC 6 7 mxx1 figs-rquestion 0 thousands of rams … ten thousand rivers of oil “rams in groups of 1,000…10,000 rivers of oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) MIC 6 8 y8pq 0 He has told you “Yahweh has told you” -MIC 6 8 xd8t 0 good, and what Yahweh requires from you: Act…God Many versions read, “good. And what does Yahweh require from you? He wants you to act…God.” or “good. And what does Yahweh require from you but to act…God?” +MIC 6 8 xd8t 0 good, and what Yahweh requires from you: Act … God Many versions read, “good. And what does Yahweh require from you? He wants you to act … God.” or “good. And what does Yahweh require from you but to act … God?” MIC 6 8 qii1 figs-abstractnouns 0 love kindness The abstract noun “kindness” can be translated using the adjective “kind.” Alternate translation: “love being kind to people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MIC 6 9 jf56 figs-metonymy 0 even now wisdom acknowledges your name Wisdom is spoken of as a person and is a metonym for the wise person. The word “name” here is a metonym for the person himself, what people think of him, and his authority. Alternate translation: “and the wise person will fear you” or “and the wise person will acknowledge that you are good and will obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) MIC 6 9 mll1 figs-metaphor 0 Pay attention to the rod, and to the one who has put it in place Here “rod” refers to the enemy army with which Yahweh, who “has put it in place,” will discipline his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 6 10 va73 figs-metonymy 0 There is wealth in the houses of the wicked that is dishonest Dishonest wealth is a metonym for wealth that people have gained by acting dishonestly. The words “the wicked” refer to wicked people. Houses are a synecdoche for everything a person possesses. Alternate translation: “Wicked people have acted dishonestly to gain wealth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MIC 6 10 s6dk 0 false measures incorrect weights that people use with scales to increase their wealth by deceiving those with whom they trade -MIC 6 11 j82a figs-rquestion 0 Should I consider a person to be innocent…weights? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I certainly will not consider a person innocent…weights.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MIC 6 11 j82a figs-rquestion 0 Should I consider a person to be innocent … weights? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I certainly will not consider a person innocent … weights.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MIC 6 11 h4pk 0 deceptive weights weights with which sellers deceive buyers MIC 6 12 ig8k figs-metaphor 0 The rich men are full of violence Rich men are spoken of as if they were containers, and people treating each other violently is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be put into a container. Alternate translation: “The rich men act violently toward everyone” or “The rich men act violently all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 6 12 j5fx figs-synecdoche 0 their tongue in their mouth is deceitful The tongue is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “Everything they say is a lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -243,15 +243,15 @@ MIC 6 13 c1sc figs-metaphor 0 I will strike you with a terrible blow Yahweh str MIC 6 14 f2m4 figs-metaphor 0 your emptiness will remain inside you A person or thing being hungry is spoken of as if it were something that could be put in a container, and the people are spoken of as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “You will be hungry, and you will not be able to eat enough to satisfy yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 6 16 i4a3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. MIC 6 16 ke6t figs-activepassive 0 The regulations made by Omri have been kept, and all the deeds of the house of Ahab This can be translated in active form, and you may need to supply the words that the ellipsis omitted. Alternate translation: “You have done what Omri commanded, and you have done the same things the house of Ahab did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MIC 6 16 tc63 translate-names 0 Omri…Ahab Both of these men were kings over the northern kingdom of Israel. God considered both of them to be very wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +MIC 6 16 tc63 translate-names 0 Omri … Ahab Both of these men were kings over the northern kingdom of Israel. God considered both of them to be very wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) MIC 6 16 n2j5 0 house of Ahab The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ahab” MIC 6 16 em7h figs-metaphor 0 You walk by their advice Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “You do what Omri and Ahab told the people to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 6 16 s6wy figs-apostrophe 0 I will make you, city, a ruin, and you inhabitants an object of hissing Micah speaks to the people of the city, who can hear him, as if he were speaking to the city itself, which cannot hear him. You may need to make explicit the words that the ellipsis omits. Alternate translation: “I will make your city a ruin, and I will make you inhabitants an object of hissing” or “I will make you, city, a ruin, and I will cause everyone who sees you, inhabitants of the city, to hiss at you” or “I will make the city a ruin, and I will make people hiss at the inhabitants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) MIC 6 16 q68q 0 you will bear the reproach of my people “you will suffer because my people will reproach you” MIC 7 intro kf61 0 # Micah 07 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Last days
This chapter looks forward to the hope of the coming savior for the faithful remnant. This is the future restoration of Israel when true peace will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/savior]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])

### Prophet
The prophet was able to speak to God on behalf of the people. Often in this chapter, the prophet speaks in Israel’s place and offers repentance to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) MIC 7 1 wf5y figs-metaphor 0 I have become like the gathering of summer fruit, and like the grapes that have been gleaned Micah speaks of looking for faithful people but being unable to find any as if he were a person looking for food after the harvesters have taken it all. The idea of a person wanting to gather fruit can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I have become like someone looking for fruit after the gathering of summer fruit, like a gleaner after the grapes have been gleaned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MIC 7 1 jz29 figs-metaphor 0 no grape cluster…no ripe early fig Micah speaks of faithful, upright people as if they were fruit that is good to eat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MIC 7 2 x5ss figs-hyperbole 0 The faithful ones have disappeared…land; there is no upright person…They all lie in wait…blood; each one hunts These are exaggerations. Alternate translation: “I feel as though faithful people have disappeared…land and there is no upright person…I feel as though they all lie in wait…blood, and each one hunts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +MIC 7 1 jz29 figs-metaphor 0 no grape cluster … no ripe early fig Micah speaks of faithful, upright people as if they were fruit that is good to eat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MIC 7 2 x5ss figs-hyperbole 0 The faithful ones have disappeared … land; there is no upright person … They all lie in wait … blood; each one hunts These are exaggerations. Alternate translation: “I feel as though faithful people have disappeared … land and there is no upright person … I feel as though they all lie in wait … blood, and each one hunts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) MIC 7 2 qea8 figs-metaphor 0 to shed blood Blood is a metaphor for the death of innocent people. Alternate translation: “to kill innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 7 3 ew8e 0 General Information: Micah continues speaking about the people of Israel. MIC 7 3 m27f figs-synecdoche 0 Their hands are very good The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “The people are very good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ MIC 7 7 pvd9 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: In verse 8 Micah begins speak MIC 7 7 z1eq 0 But as for me Here “me” refers to Micah. MIC 7 7 p8kj figs-abstractnouns 0 I will wait for the God of my salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I will wait for the God who saves me” or “I will wait for God, who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MIC 7 7 wd6x figs-metonymy 0 will hear me The word “hear” represents hearing and acting. Alternate translation: “will act to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -MIC 7 8 yb44 figs-metaphor 0 fall…rise These words are metaphors for suffering from disaster and then recovering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MIC 7 8 yb44 figs-metaphor 0 fall … rise These words are metaphors for suffering from disaster and then recovering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 7 8 ln69 figs-metaphor 0 sit in darkness These words are a metaphor for suffering from disaster. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 7 9 le5t figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Micah continues the poem that began in [Micah 7:8](../07/08.md), speaking as if he were one woman speaking to her enemy, another woman. This is perhaps the daughter of Zion ([Micah 1:13](../01/13.md)), who represents the people of Israel, speaking to the “daughter of soldiers” ([Micah 5:1](../05/01.md)), who represents the nations which attacked Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 7 9 d2c6 figs-metaphor 0 I will bear his rage Rage is spoken of as if it were a solid object that Yahweh was forcing Micah to carry. Alternate translation: “I will suffer because he is angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ MIC 7 9 sc18 0 executes judgment for me “brings about justice for me” MIC 7 9 p8yt figs-metaphor 0 He will bring me to the light Bringing Micah from darkness ([Micah 7:8](../07/08.md)) to light is a metaphor for ending the suffering from disaster and enabling him to live well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 7 9 t4wh 0 rescue me in his justice “bring justice to me and rescue me” MIC 7 10 i9mq figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Micah continues and ends the poem that began in [Micah 7:8](../07/08.md), speaking as if he were one woman speaking to her enemy, another woman. This is perhaps the daughter of Zion ([Micah 1:13](../01/13.md)), who represents the people of Israel, speaking to the “daughter of soldiers” ([Micah 5:1](../05/01.md)), who represents the nations which attacked Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MIC 7 10 wv5q 0 my enemy…the one who said…your God…My eyes The words “enemy,” “one,” “your,” and “my” here refer to the women in the poem and so are feminine singular. +MIC 7 10 wv5q 0 my enemy … the one who said … your God … My eyes The words “enemy,” “one,” “your,” and “my” here refer to the women in the poem and so are feminine singular. MIC 7 10 ize3 figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh your God? The enemy uses a question to mock the people of Israel. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God cannot help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MIC 7 10 fx2c figs-synecdoche 0 My eyes This phrase here refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I” or “We” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) MIC 7 10 d12h figs-activepassive 0 she will be trampled down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “her enemies will trample her down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -296,15 +296,15 @@ MIC 7 14 cu5w figs-metaphor 0 They live alone in a thicket, in the midst of a p MIC 7 14 l8a3 0 a thicket a place where many small woody plants grow MIC 7 14 brz2 0 Bashan and Gilead These regions are known as rich land for growing food. MIC 7 14 whi8 figs-explicit 0 as in the old days Bashan and Gilead had been part of Israel long ago, when David was king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -MIC 7 15 e3z5 0 As in the days…them wonders Yahweh speaks to the people. +MIC 7 15 e3z5 0 As in the days … them wonders Yahweh speaks to the people. MIC 7 16 mhq2 figs-metaphor 0 The nations The word “nations” is a metonym for the people who live in many nations. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations nearby” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MIC 7 16 mzy2 translate-symaction 0 They will put their hands on their mouths They do this to show that they are ashamed of what they have done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) MIC 7 16 n9vh figs-idiom 0 their ears will be deaf This is an idiom. Nothing anyone says will have any effect on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MIC 7 17 e21s figs-hyperbole 0 They will lick the dust like a snake Snakes slither on the ground where dust gets on them, and here the people are being compared to snakes, though it is probably an exaggeration that they will lick the dust. Possible meanings are that these people (1) will literally lie on the ground in shame or (2) will be so ashamed and humbled that it will be as if they were lying on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) MIC 7 17 zg31 figs-metaphor 0 their dens The people are spoken of as if they were animals, because animals live in “dens.” Alternate translation: “their homes” or “their hiding places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MIC 7 18 g3i6 figs-rquestion 0 Who is a God like you—who takes…inheritance? Micah is emphasizing that there is no God like Yahweh. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that there is no God like you, who takes…inheritance.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +MIC 7 18 g3i6 figs-rquestion 0 Who is a God like you—who takes … inheritance? Micah is emphasizing that there is no God like Yahweh. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that there is no God like you, who takes … inheritance.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MIC 7 18 kr7v 0 the remnant of his inheritance “those of his chosen people who have survived his punishment” -MIC 7 18 a8d2 figs-123person 0 you…of the remnant of his inheritance? He does not keep his anger forever, because he delights in his covenant faithfulness. Here the words “his” and “he” can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you…of the remnant of your inheritance, who do not keep your anger forever, because you delight in your covenant faithfulness?” or “you…of the remnant of your inheritance? You do not keep your anger forever, because you delights in your covenant faithfulness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +MIC 7 18 a8d2 figs-123person 0 you … of the remnant of his inheritance? He does not keep his anger forever, because he delights in his covenant faithfulness. Here the words “his” and “he” can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you … of the remnant of your inheritance, who do not keep your anger forever, because you delight in your covenant faithfulness?” or “you … of the remnant of your inheritance? You do not keep your anger forever, because you delights in your covenant faithfulness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) MIC 7 18 f1lp figs-abstractnouns 0 he delights in his covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “he delights in being faithful to his covenant” or “he delights in being faithful to his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) MIC 7 18 ups5 0 passes over ignores MIC 7 18 mcd3 0 does not keep his anger “does not stay angry” diff --git a/en_tn_34-NAM.tsv b/en_tn_34-NAM.tsv index f091ffa5a..3f1a75bf7 100644 --- a/en_tn_34-NAM.tsv +++ b/en_tn_34-NAM.tsv @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ NAM 1 6 pb6q figs-parallelism 0 Who can stand before his wrath? Who can resist NAM 1 6 s5dd 0 fierceness of his anger “intensity of his anger” or “amount of his anger” NAM 1 6 b6tk figs-metaphor 0 His wrath is poured out like fire Nahum speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that he pours out and which burns like fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He pours out his wrath like fire” or “He expresses his fierce anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NAM 1 6 s5l3 figs-activepassive 0 the rocks are broken apart by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he breaks apart the rocks” or “he causes the rocks to break apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NAM 1 7 vrf3 figs-metaphor 0 a stronghold…those who take refuge in him Nahum speaks of Yahweh as if he were a place where people can be safe from those who wish to harm them, and of those who trust Yahweh to protect them as if they were taking refuge inside that safe place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +NAM 1 7 vrf3 figs-metaphor 0 a stronghold … those who take refuge in him Nahum speaks of Yahweh as if he were a place where people can be safe from those who wish to harm them, and of those who trust Yahweh to protect them as if they were taking refuge inside that safe place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NAM 1 7 z4wh 0 in the day of trouble “in times of trouble” or “when troubles happen.” The word “day” here refers to a general period of time. NAM 1 8 uz38 figs-idiom 0 he will make a full end to his enemies The idiom “make a full end” refers to causing his enemies to die. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy his enemies” or “he will kill all his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NAM 1 8 b39g figs-metaphor 0 with an overwhelming flood Nahum speaks of Yahweh destroying his enemies in such a way that they will be powerless to avoid death as if Yahweh caused them to drown in a great flood of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ NAM 1 13 qfl7 figs-metaphor 0 Now will I break that people’s yoke from off yo NAM 1 14 en7t figs-metaphor 0 I will cut off the carved figures and the cast metal figures from the houses of your gods Yahweh speaks of destroying the Assyrian idols as if he were cutting them off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. The word “house” is a metonym for the temples in which the people worshiped these idols. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the carved figures and the cast metal figures that are in the temples of your gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NAM 1 14 s2bh figs-explicit 0 I will dig your graves It is implied that Yahweh will also bury them in the graves that he digs for them. Alternate translation: “I will dig your graves and bury you in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NAM 1 15 n617 figs-synecdoche 0 on the mountains there are the feet of someone who is bringing good news Here the word “feet” represent the person who is running in order to declare a message. Alternate translation: “on the mountains there is someone who is bringing good news” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -NAM 1 15 l31d 0 wicked one…he Nahum refers to the people of Nineveh as though they were one person. +NAM 1 15 l31d 0 wicked one … he Nahum refers to the people of Nineveh as though they were one person. NAM 1 15 ink2 figs-metaphor 0 he is completely cut off Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh being completely destroyed as if they had been cut off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he is completely destroyed” or “Yahweh has completely destroyed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NAM 2 intro m3yl 0 # Nahum 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

Despite being divided into three chapters, this book contains one long prophecy.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Complete destruction
At that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true and did so very suddenly. At times, this chapter is very violent in describing the destruction of Assyria, and this violence should not be toned down through the use of euphemism. NAM 2 1 c5dg writing-poetry 0 General Information: Nahum often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. Here he begins to describe the destruction of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -78,14 +78,14 @@ NAM 2 7 wzf8 0 her female servants moan like doves The moaning sounds that the NAM 2 7 c3va 0 her female servants If the word “Huzzab” refers to a queen, then this phrase refers to the young women who attended her. If the word “Huzzab” refers to an idol, then this phrase refers to the young women who worked as temple prostitutes. NAM 2 7 ya8w translate-symaction 0 beating on their breasts Beating one’s breast was a gesture used to express great mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) NAM 2 8 awl5 figs-simile 0 Nineveh is like a leaking pool of water, with its people fleeing away like rushing water Nahum compares the way that the people flee from the city of Nineveh with the way that water gushes from a reservoir of water when the dam has been broken. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -NAM 2 9 e4pv figs-apostrophe 0 Take the silver plunder…Nineveh’s beautiful things It is not clear who is speaking here. This may be an apostrophe in which Nahum gives directions to the attackers, or the attackers may be speaking and giving directions to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) +NAM 2 9 e4pv figs-apostrophe 0 Take the silver plunder … Nineveh’s beautiful things It is not clear who is speaking here. This may be an apostrophe in which Nahum gives directions to the attackers, or the attackers may be speaking and giving directions to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) NAM 2 9 t4z8 0 Take the silver plunder, take the gold plunder The word “plunder” means things stolen by force, usually in war. Alternate translation: “Take the silver as plunder, take the gold as plunder” or “Take the silver, take the gold” NAM 2 9 tli3 figs-hyperbole 0 there is no end to it The words “no end” are an exaggeration to express that there is a great amount of something. Alternate translation: “there is so much of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) NAM 2 9 sn5k figs-ellipsis 0 to the splendor of all Nineveh’s beautiful things This phrase refers to the silver, gold, and other treasures in Nineveh. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “there is no end to the splendor of all Nineveh’s beautiful treasures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NAM 2 10 dib5 figs-metaphor 0 Everyone’s heart melts Nahum speaks of the people losing courage as if their hearts melt like wax. Alternate translation: “Everyone loses courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NAM 2 10 haf9 0 everyone’s knees strike together This describes a physical response to great fear. The people’s legs shake so badly that their knees knock together and they are unable to walk or run. NAM 2 11 as2e figs-metaphor 0 General Information: In these verses, Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were a group of lions, and of the city Nineveh as if it were their den. The metaphor speaks of the way in which the Assyrians would conquer other people and take their possessions as their own as if they were lions hunting prey and bringing the dead animals back to their den. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NAM 2 11 n3ki figs-rquestion 0 Where now is the lions’ den…afraid of nothing? Nahum uses this rhetorical question to mock Nineveh, which has been destroyed. Alternate translation: “The lions’ den is nowhere to be found…afraid of nothing.” or “Look at what has become of the lions’ den…afraid of nothing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +NAM 2 11 n3ki figs-rquestion 0 Where now is the lions’ den … afraid of nothing? Nahum uses this rhetorical question to mock Nineveh, which has been destroyed. Alternate translation: “The lions’ den is nowhere to be found … afraid of nothing.” or “Look at what has become of the lions’ den … afraid of nothing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NAM 2 12 f91d figs-explicit 0 he strangled victims “he choked victims.” This is probably a reference to the way that lions usually kill their prey, by biting its throat. Alternate translation: “he killed his victims” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NAM 2 12 f3cw figs-parallelism 0 filled his cave with victims, his dens with torn carcasses These two phrases are saying the same thing in different ways. The verb may be supplied for the second phrase. Alternate translation: “filled his cave with victims, and filled his dens with torn carcasses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NAM 2 13 hg33 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ NAM 3 6 s894 translate-symaction 0 I will throw disgusting filth on you The wor NAM 3 7 wgg3 figs-rquestion 0 who will weep for her? The people ask this rhetorical question to emphasize the negative answer. Alternate translation: “no one will weep for her.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NAM 3 7 ysl2 figs-rquestion 0 Where can I find anyone to comfort you? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there will be no one who will be able to comfort Nineveh. Alternate translation: “There will be no one to comfort you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NAM 3 8 v76u figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -NAM 3 8 ii6k figs-rquestion 0 are you better than Thebes…itself? Nahum asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the negative answer that it anticipates. Alternate translation: “you are not better than Thebes…itself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +NAM 3 8 ii6k figs-rquestion 0 are you better than Thebes … itself? Nahum asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the negative answer that it anticipates. Alternate translation: “you are not better than Thebes … itself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NAM 3 8 c7qr translate-names 0 Thebes This was the former capital of Egypt, which the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NAM 3 8 w92b 0 that was built on the Nile River “that was situated by the Nile River” NAM 3 8 a2y2 figs-metaphor 0 whose defense was the ocean, whose wall was the sea itself These two phrases share similar meanings. The words “ocean” and “sea” both refer to the Nile River, which ran near the city. Nahum speaks of the Nile as if it were the wall that protected the city. Alternate translation: “which had the Nile river as its defenses, as some cities have a wall for theirs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ NAM 3 13 sc8s figs-metaphor 0 the gates of your land have been opened wide to y NAM 3 13 ea7i figs-metaphor 0 fire has devoured their bars This could mean: (1) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the Nineveh’s defenses, then “their bars” refers to the bars that locked the gates in the walls around Nineveh. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed the bars that lock your city gates” or (2) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders, then “their bars” is a metaphor in which those cities are spoken of as if they were locked gates that prevented enemy armies from entering the land. Alternate translation: “the cities on your borders can no longer protect you, just as gates can no longer protect a city when fire has destroyed their bars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NAM 3 13 i4p2 figs-metaphor 0 fire has devoured Nahum speaks of fire burning up and destroying as if fire were eating. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed” or “fire has burned up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NAM 3 14 g9i1 figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum continues to speak to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -NAM 3 14 w932 figs-irony 0 Go draw water for the siege…pick up the molds for the bricks Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh. He tells them to prepare for battle and to repair the walls, although he knows that the enemy will destroy the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +NAM 3 14 w932 figs-irony 0 Go draw water for the siege … pick up the molds for the bricks Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh. He tells them to prepare for battle and to repair the walls, although he knows that the enemy will destroy the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) NAM 3 14 d5xh 0 strengthen your fortresses “repair the fortifications” NAM 3 14 tja5 0 go into the clay and tread the mortar; pick up the molds for the bricks These phrases refer to making mud bricks that they will use to repair the city’s wall. NAM 3 15 x9p7 figs-metaphor 0 Fire will devour you there Nahum speaks of fire burning and destroying as if it were eating. Alternate translation: “Fire will destroy you there” or “Your enemies will burn you with fire there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/en_tn_35-HAB.tsv b/en_tn_35-HAB.tsv index 024d5ba6c..1e29c2269 100644 --- a/en_tn_35-HAB.tsv +++ b/en_tn_35-HAB.tsv @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ HAB 1 6 cc7f 0 impetuous This could mean: (1) “violent” or (2) “hasty. HAB 1 6 l91v figs-hyperbole 0 the breadth of the land This can mean (1) everywhere in Judah or (2) everywhere in the world. This would be an exaggeration to emphasize how powerful the Chaldean army is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) HAB 1 7 rf3w figs-doublet 0 They are terrifying and fearsome The words “terrifying” and “fearsome” share similar meanings. Together they emphasize the fear that the Chaldeans instilled in other people. Alternate translation: “They cause others to be greatly terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) HAB 1 7 rl2c figs-metaphor 0 their judgment and splendor proceed from themselves The word “splendor” represents their pride in how they view themselves. Yahweh speaks of their opinion of themselves as if the qualities of judgment and splendor came from them. Alternate translation: “because they are prideful, they decide for themselves what judgment looks like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HAB 1 8 de5l 0 Their horses…their horses the horses of the Chaldean soldiers +HAB 1 8 de5l 0 Their horses … their horses the horses of the Chaldean soldiers HAB 1 8 mf8c translate-unknown 0 leopards large, swift cats (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) HAB 1 8 aan3 0 the evening wolves This refers to wolves that hunt their prey at night. HAB 1 8 cmk6 0 their horsemen the Chaldean soldiers who ride the horses @@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ HAB 1 13 f9bv figs-irony 0 those more righteous than they are This refers to th HAB 1 14 l8zj figs-simile 0 You make men like fish in the sea Habakkuk compares the way in which the Chaldeans will kill people without remorse with the way in which people will kill fish without remorse. Alternate translation: “You cause men to become no more important than fish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) HAB 1 14 r8p4 figs-ellipsis 0 like creeping things without a ruler over them The words “creeping things” refer to insects and other bugs that crawl about. Just as insects have no ruler to organize and defend them, the people are defenseless before the Chaldean army. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “you make men as defenseless as insects that have no ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) HAB 1 15 qcq6 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues speaking to Yahweh about the Chaldeans. -HAB 1 15 g2sa figs-synecdoche 0 He brings…he drags…his fishnet…he gathers…his dragnet…he rejoices…he is glad The words “he” and “his” refer to a Babylonian solider who represents all of the Babylonian soldiers. These pronouns can be stated as plural. Alternate translation: “They bring…they drag…their fishnets…they gather…their dragnet…they rejoice…they are glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -HAB 1 15 qt1d figs-123person 0 all of them…drags men away…gathers them Here “them” and “men” refer to people in general. This can be stated in first person to include Habakkuk as one of the people. Alternate translation: “all of us…drags us away…gathers us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -HAB 1 15 x5s1 figs-metaphor 0 He brings all of them up with a fishhook…in his dragnet Habakkuk speaks of the Chaldeans conquering people easily as if the people were fish that the Chaldeans catch with fishhooks and fishnets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HAB 1 15 h1ey 0 fishhook…fishnet…dragnet tools used to catch fish -HAB 1 16 ey7r figs-metaphor 0 he sacrifices…his net…his dragnet…he lives…his food Habakkuk speaks of the weapons that the Chaldeans use to conquer people and nations as if the weapons were fishing nets that they use to catch fish. The words “he” and “his” refer to a Babylonian solider who represents all of the Babylonian soldiers. These pronouns can be stated as plural. Alternate translation: “they sacrifice…their nets…their dragnets…they live…their food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +HAB 1 15 g2sa figs-synecdoche 0 He brings … he drags … his fishnet … he gathers … his dragnet … he rejoices … he is glad The words “he” and “his” refer to a Babylonian solider who represents all of the Babylonian soldiers. These pronouns can be stated as plural. Alternate translation: “They bring … they drag … their fishnets … they gather … their dragnet … they rejoice … they are glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +HAB 1 15 qt1d figs-123person 0 all of them … drags men away … gathers them Here “them” and “men” refer to people in general. This can be stated in first person to include Habakkuk as one of the people. Alternate translation: “all of us … drags us away … gathers us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +HAB 1 15 x5s1 figs-metaphor 0 He brings all of them up with a fishhook … in his dragnet Habakkuk speaks of the Chaldeans conquering people easily as if the people were fish that the Chaldeans catch with fishhooks and fishnets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HAB 1 15 h1ey 0 fishhook … fishnet … dragnet tools used to catch fish +HAB 1 16 ey7r figs-metaphor 0 he sacrifices … his net … his dragnet … he lives … his food Habakkuk speaks of the weapons that the Chaldeans use to conquer people and nations as if the weapons were fishing nets that they use to catch fish. The words “he” and “his” refer to a Babylonian solider who represents all of the Babylonian soldiers. These pronouns can be stated as plural. Alternate translation: “they sacrifice … their nets … their dragnets … they live … their food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) HAB 1 17 y2y3 figs-explicit 0 Will he therefore keep emptying his net, and will he continually slaughter the nations without mercy? Habakkuk asks this question because he is frustrated and wants to know how long Yahweh will allow the Chaldeans to continue to destroy people and nations. Alternate translation: “Will you therefore let them empty their fishing nets and continue to slaughter the nations while they feel no compassion?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -HAB 1 17 re7y figs-synecdoche 0 Will he…keep emptying his net…will he continually slaughter In 1:15-17 the singular pronoun “he” and “his” refer to a Babylonian solider who represents all of the Babylonian soldiers. These pronouns can be stated as plural. Alternate translation: “Will they…keep emptying their net…will they continually slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +HAB 1 17 re7y figs-synecdoche 0 Will he … keep emptying his net … will he continually slaughter In 1:15-17 the singular pronoun “he” and “his” refer to a Babylonian solider who represents all of the Babylonian soldiers. These pronouns can be stated as plural. Alternate translation: “Will they … keep emptying their net … will they continually slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) HAB 1 17 rz38 figs-metaphor 0 keep emptying his net Habakkuk speaks of the Chaldeans preparing to conquer more nations as if they were fishermen who empty their nets so that they can use them to catch more fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HAB 2 intro qke1 0 # Habakkuk 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:1-20.

This chapter is arranged in a series of questions and answers between Yahweh and Habakkuk.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “The righteous will live by his faith”
This is an important phrase in Scripture. Paul also uses it to explain that man is justified by his faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) HAB 2 1 m4n8 figs-parallelism 0 I will stand at my guard post and station myself on the watchtower These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) Habakkuk went to an actual post in the watchtower or (2) this is a metaphor in which Habakkuk speaks of waiting eagerly for Yahweh’s response as if he were a watchman waiting at his post for the arrival of a messenger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ HAB 2 2 z55g 0 General Information: Yahweh answers Habakkuk. HAB 2 2 p6bb figs-parallelism 0 Record this vision, and write plainly on the tablets Both of these phrases are saying the same thing in two different ways. Alternate translation: “Write this vision clearly on the tablets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) HAB 2 2 f1dy 0 tablets These are flat pieces of stone or clay that were used for writing. HAB 2 2 c1m9 figs-metaphor 0 so that the one reading them might run This could mean: (1) that the message is easy enough to read that a messenger can read it as he runs from place to place proclaiming the message. Alternate translation: “so that the one reading the tablets might be able to run as he reads” or (2) this is a metaphor in which Yahweh speaks of reading something very quickly as if the person who reads it is running. Alternate translation: “so that the one reading the tablets might be able to read quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HAB 2 3 bh8y figs-metaphor 0 the vision…will finally speak Yahweh speaks of the events in the vision happening as if the vision were a person who speaks. Alternate translation: “the vision…will finally happen” or “the vision…will finally come true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +HAB 2 3 bh8y figs-metaphor 0 the vision … will finally speak Yahweh speaks of the events in the vision happening as if the vision were a person who speaks. Alternate translation: “the vision … will finally happen” or “the vision … will finally come true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) HAB 2 3 l26r figs-metaphor 0 Though it delays, wait for it. For it will surely come and will not tarry Yahweh speaks of the events of the vision taking a long time to happen as if the vision were a person who does not arrive soon at his destination. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) HAB 2 3 mw1n 0 will not tarry This could mean: (1) “will not be late” or (2) “will not come slowly” HAB 2 4 w3ij figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk. Here he speaks of the Chaldeans as if they were one prideful, drunken man who can never have enough. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ HAB 2 6 f4yt figs-metaphor 0 For how long will you increase the weight of the p HAB 2 7 j97n figs-rquestion 0 Will the ones biting at you not rise up suddenly, and the ones terrifying you awaken? This negative rhetorical question emphasizes the positive answer. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The ones biting at you will certainly rise up suddenly, and the ones terrifying you will awaken.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) HAB 2 7 dc6e figs-metaphor 0 the ones biting at you The Hebrew word translated here as “the ones biting” can also mean “the ones paying interest” or “debtors.” In this context, the word probably has both meanings. The phrase is a metaphor in which those whom the man has oppressed and made debtors by forcing them to give him pledges will now oppress him, which is spoken of as if they were biting him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HAB 2 7 sv25 0 the ones terrifying you This refers to the same debtors. They will terrify the Chaldeans by attacking them in revenge for the pledges that they were forced to give. -HAB 2 7 g3a4 figs-metaphor 0 rise up…awaken The people of the nations beginning to act against the Chaldeans is spoken of as if they were to “rise up” and to “awaken” from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HAB 2 7 g3a4 figs-metaphor 0 rise up … awaken The people of the nations beginning to act against the Chaldeans is spoken of as if they were to “rise up” and to “awaken” from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HAB 2 8 dmt3 0 plunder to rob or take things by force HAB 2 8 eji9 figs-idiom 0 you have shed human blood The idiom “to shed blood” means “to murder.” Alternate translation: “you have murdered people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) HAB 2 9 n7s9 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ HAB 2 13 s42e figs-explicit 0 peoples labor for fire This means that the things HAB 2 14 j8ng figs-simile 0 the land will be filled with the knowledge of the glory of Yahweh as the waters cover the sea This simile compares the way in which people everywhere will know of Yahweh’s glory with how water fills every part of the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) HAB 2 14 y4eq figs-abstractnouns 0 the land will be filled with the knowledge of the glory of Yahweh The word “knowledge” can be translated with a verbal phrase. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people throughout the land will know the glory of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HAB 2 15 r22i figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -HAB 2 15 xbs7 figs-metaphor 0 the one who forces his neighbors to drink…you make them drunk The way that the Chaldeans cruelly treated other nations is spoken of as if they were a man who forces his neighbors to become drunk so that he can humiliate them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HAB 2 15 xbs7 figs-metaphor 0 the one who forces his neighbors to drink … you make them drunk The way that the Chaldeans cruelly treated other nations is spoken of as if they were a man who forces his neighbors to become drunk so that he can humiliate them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HAB 2 15 k19h figs-explicit 0 the one who forces his neighbors to drink It is implied that he makes his neighbor drink wine. Alternate translation: “the one who forces his neighbors to drink wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HAB 2 15 tyu9 figs-explicit 0 in order to look at their nakedness “so you can look at them when they are naked.” This refers to the practice of publicly humiliating people by stripping them naked in front of others. Alternate translation: “so that you can humiliate them publicly by stripping them naked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HAB 2 16 dx69 figs-metaphor 0 You will be filled with shame instead of glory The Chaldeans passionately pursuing their own glory is spoken of as if they were eating or drinking it greedily and excessively. Instead of attaining glory, they will find only shame. Alternate translation: “You will bring shame upon yourself instead of the glory that you seek” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ HAB 2 17 jmf4 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer H HAB 2 17 j29e figs-metaphor 0 The violence done to Lebanon will overwhelm you The Chaldeans being punished for the violence done to Lebanon is spoken of as if their violent actions were a person who will overpower them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) HAB 2 17 a82q figs-metonymy 0 The violence done to Lebanon Here, **Lebanon** could mean: (1) it represents the forest of Lebanon. Alternate translation: “The violence done to the trees of Lebanon” or (2) it represents the people of Lebanon. Alternate translation: “The violence done to the people of Lebanon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HAB 2 17 e9sz figs-metaphor 0 the destruction of animals will terrify you The Chaldeans being punished for destroying the animals in Lebanon is spoken of as if their destruction were a person who will terrify them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -HAB 2 17 q3ze 0 For you have shed human blood…all who live in them See how you translated this sentence in [Habakkuk 2:8](../02/08.md). +HAB 2 17 q3ze 0 For you have shed human blood … all who live in them See how you translated this sentence in [Habakkuk 2:8](../02/08.md). HAB 2 17 ag1e figs-idiom 0 you have shed human blood The idiom “to shed blood” means “to murder.” Alternate translation: “you have murdered people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) HAB 2 18 d15q figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HAB 2 18 g5ec figs-rquestion 0 What does the carved figure profit you? This rhetorical question emphasizes the negative answer that it anticipates. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The carved figure profits you nothing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ HAB 2 19 nlw7 figs-ellipsis 0 Or to the silent stone The verb may be supplied f HAB 2 19 a365 figs-rquestion 0 Do these things teach? This rhetorical question emphasizes the negative answer that it anticipates. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “These things cannot teach.” or “Wood and stone cannot teach.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) HAB 2 19 u5fx 0 See, it is overlaid “Look at it. You can see for yourself that it is overlaid” HAB 2 19 xks1 figs-activepassive 0 it is overlaid with gold and silver This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a person overlays the wood or stone with gold and silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -HAB 2 19 uq17 figs-idiom 0 there is no breath at all within it The idiom “no breath…within it” means that it is not alive, but dead. Alternate translation: “it is not alive” or “it is dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +HAB 2 19 uq17 figs-idiom 0 there is no breath at all within it The idiom “no breath … within it” means that it is not alive, but dead. Alternate translation: “it is not alive” or “it is dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) HAB 2 20 qts3 figs-metonymy 0 all the land Here the word “land” is a metonym for the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “everyone in the land” or “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HAB 3 intro i7n7 0 # Habakkuk 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-19.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Poetry
Although this is a prayer, it is in the form of poetry. Habakkuk uses startling imagery to show his fear of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) HAB 3 1 j4yf figs-explicit 0 The prayer of Habakkuk the prophet: These words introduce the third chapter of this book. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “This is the prayer that Habakkuk the prophet prayed to Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ HAB 3 4 d92s 0 there he hid his power The word “there” refers to Yahweh’ HAB 3 6 bh72 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh. HAB 3 6 gh3f 0 He stood This means that Yahweh stopped walking and stood still, not that he stood up from a seated position. HAB 3 6 yt5m 0 measured the earth This could mean: (1) the word translated as “measured” can be “shook” or (2) he surveyed the earth the way a conqueror would before assigning portions to his governors. -HAB 3 6 id6p 0 eternal mountains…everlasting hills “mountains that have existed since the beginning of time…hills that will exist until the end of time.” If your language has no different words for “hills” and “mountains” or for “eternal” and “everlasting,” you can combine them as the UST has done. +HAB 3 6 id6p 0 eternal mountains … everlasting hills “mountains that have existed since the beginning of time … hills that will exist until the end of time.” If your language has no different words for “hills” and “mountains” or for “eternal” and “everlasting,” you can combine them as the UST has done. HAB 3 6 ey5u figs-activepassive 0 Even the eternal mountains were shattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Even the eternal mountains crumbled” or “He shattered even the eternal mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) HAB 3 6 g6cm figs-personification 0 the everlasting hills bowed down The hills being flattened like level ground is spoken of as if they were people who bow down before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the everlasting hills collapsed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) HAB 3 6 a4zl figs-metaphor 0 His path is everlasting This could mean: (1) the words “His path” may be a metaphor that speaks of Yahweh and his actions as a path on which he walks. Alternate translation: “He is everlasting” or (2) Habakkuk speaks of the path upon which Yahweh walks in the vision as being everlasting, indicating that this is the same path that Yahweh had taken in ancient times. Alternate translation: “He walks along an ancient path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ HAB 3 10 t3k6 figs-metaphor 0 It lifted up its waves The level of the water in HAB 3 11 n9kb 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh. HAB 3 11 f391 figs-metaphor 0 The sun and moon stood still The sun and moon not moving in the sky is spoken of as if they were people who stopped walking and stood still. Alternate translation: “The sun and moon stopped moving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) HAB 3 11 wrz3 0 in their high places “in the sky” -HAB 3 11 hqb4 figs-parallelism 0 at the flash of your arrows…at the lightning of your flashing spear These two phrases share similar meanings and tell why the sun and moon have stood still. The lightning flashes in the sky are spoken of as if they were arrows that Yahweh shoots from his bow or a shining spear that he throws through the sky. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +HAB 3 11 hqb4 figs-parallelism 0 at the flash of your arrows … at the lightning of your flashing spear These two phrases share similar meanings and tell why the sun and moon have stood still. The lightning flashes in the sky are spoken of as if they were arrows that Yahweh shoots from his bow or a shining spear that he throws through the sky. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HAB 3 11 zte1 0 the flash of your arrows as they fly “the flash of your flying arrows” HAB 3 12 vd76 0 indignation anger of a person who has suffered injustice HAB 3 12 q7gg figs-metaphor 0 you have threshed the nations Yahweh punishing the people of the nations is spoken of as if he threshed the nations. Threshing refers to the practice of having an ox or some other animal trample upon grain stalks in order to crush them and remove the grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/en_tn_36-ZEP.tsv b/en_tn_36-ZEP.tsv index 1ad0d3f71..faca296d3 100644 --- a/en_tn_36-ZEP.tsv +++ b/en_tn_36-ZEP.tsv @@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ ZEP 1 3 kw4a 0 the ruins This could mean: (1) the piles of rubble that will re ZEP 1 3 xxd9 figs-metaphor 0 cut off Destroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. Alternate translation: “destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEP 1 4 zb97 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh’s judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahweh’s judgment on the people of Judah. ZEP 1 4 q6dj figs-idiom 0 I will reach out with my hand over Judah This is an idiom that means God will punish. Alternate translation: “I will punish Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ZEP 1 4 wn2w figs-ellipsis 0 I will cut off every remnant…the names of the idolatrous people among the priests The verb “cut off” applies to each of these phrases, but has been used only once to avoid repetition. Alternate translation: “I will cut off every remnant…I will cut off the names of the idolatrous people among the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ZEP 1 4 wn2w figs-ellipsis 0 I will cut off every remnant … the names of the idolatrous people among the priests The verb “cut off” applies to each of these phrases, but has been used only once to avoid repetition. Alternate translation: “I will cut off every remnant … I will cut off the names of the idolatrous people among the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ZEP 1 4 gdu9 figs-metaphor 0 cut off Destroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. See how you translated this in [Zephaniah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ZEP 1 4 h6cv figs-idiom 0 cut off…the names of the idolatrous people among the priests Here “cut off…the names” is an idiom that means to cause people to forget them. Alternate translation: “cause everyone…to forget the priests who are idolatrous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ZEP 1 5 u98g figs-ellipsis 0 the people who on the housetops…the people who worship and swear The verb “cut off” ([Zechariah 1:4] (./04.md)) applies to these phrases, but has been used only once to avoid repetition. Alternate translation: “I will cut off the people who on the housetops…I will cut off the people who worship and swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +ZEP 1 4 h6cv figs-idiom 0 cut off … the names of the idolatrous people among the priests Here “cut off … the names” is an idiom that means to cause people to forget them. Alternate translation: “cause everyone … to forget the priests who are idolatrous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ZEP 1 5 u98g figs-ellipsis 0 the people who on the housetops … the people who worship and swear The verb “cut off” ([Zechariah 1:4] (./04.md)) applies to these phrases, but has been used only once to avoid repetition. Alternate translation: “I will cut off the people who on the housetops … I will cut off the people who worship and swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ZEP 1 5 w2r8 0 by their king See the footnote about the possible rendering of this as “by Milcom.” ZEP 1 6 ql66 figs-metaphor 0 neither seek Yahweh nor ask for his guidance Seeking **Yahweh** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “do not think about Yahweh or ask him to guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEP 1 7 ztx9 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh’s judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahweh’s judgment on the people of Judah. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ZEP 1 14 r2si 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh’s judgmen ZEP 1 14 a6kw figs-doublet 0 near, near and hurrying quickly The repetition of the word “near,” along with the phrase “hurrying quickly,” emphasize that the day when Yahweh judges the people will soon happen. Alternate translation: “close and will be here soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ZEP 1 14 ky2m 0 the day of Yahweh See how you translated this phrase in [Zephaniah 1:7](../01/07.md). ZEP 1 14 nu8q 0 a warrior crying bitterly This could mean: (1) a soldier crying in despair or (2) a soldier’s battle cry. -ZEP 1 15 xb57 0 That day…a day These phrases refer back to the “day of Yahweh” in [Zephaniah 1:14](../01/14.md). +ZEP 1 15 xb57 0 That day … a day These phrases refer back to the “day of Yahweh” in [Zephaniah 1:14](../01/14.md). ZEP 1 15 lw4t figs-doublet 0 a day of distress and anguish The words “distress” and “anguish” mean about the same thing and emphasize the intensity of the people’s distress. Alternate translation: “a day when people feel terrible distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ZEP 1 15 ud2q figs-doublet 0 a day of storm and devastation Here the word “storm” refers to divine judgment. The word “devastation” describes the effects of that judgment. Alternate translation: “a day of devastating storms” or “a day of devastating judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEP 1 15 jub4 figs-doublet 0 a day of darkness and gloom The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of darkness. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “a day that is full of darkness” or “a day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ ZEP 2 3 rm7u figs-metaphor 0 Seek Yahweh Seeking Yahweh represents either (1) a ZEP 2 3 rg17 figs-abstractnouns 0 Seek righteousness. Seek humility The abstract nouns “righteousness” and “humility” can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “Try to do what is right and to be humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ZEP 2 3 s75g figs-activepassive 0 you will be protected in the day of Yahweh’s wrath This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect you in the day of his wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ZEP 2 4 r1bq 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah. -ZEP 2 4 dth6 0 Gaza…Ashkelon…Ashdod…Ekron These were the four major Philistine cities of that day. -ZEP 2 4 f893 figs-parallelism 0 will be abandoned…will turn into a devastation These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the complete destruction of these cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ZEP 2 4 dth6 0 Gaza … Ashkelon … Ashdod … Ekron These were the four major Philistine cities of that day. +ZEP 2 4 f893 figs-parallelism 0 will be abandoned … will turn into a devastation These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the complete destruction of these cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ZEP 2 4 mi6f 0 They will drive out Ashdod at noon Here “They” refers to the enemies of the Philistines. Possible meanings for “at noon” are (1) the enemies will defeat Ashdod before noon or (2) the enemies will attack Ashdod at noon while the people are resting and unaware. ZEP 2 4 sb41 figs-metaphor 0 they will uproot Ekron The defeat of Ekron is spoken of as if it was a tree that was pulled from the ground and thrown away. Alternate translation: “they will take the people of Ekron away as if uprooting a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEP 2 5 p4be 0 the inhabitants of the seacoast, the nation of the Kerethites The first phrase explains where the Kerethites lived. @@ -88,13 +88,13 @@ ZEP 2 6 ip1f 0 sheep pens A sheep pen is a small area surrounded by a fence to ZEP 2 7 h1ww 0 Their people “The people of Judah” ZEP 2 7 e8k3 0 lie down “lie down to sleep” ZEP 2 8 yb33 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah. -ZEP 2 8 ep73 figs-parallelism 0 the taunts…the reviling “the taunts…the insults.” These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that both Moab and Ammon have insulted Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ZEP 2 8 ep73 figs-parallelism 0 the taunts … the reviling “the taunts … the insults.” These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that both Moab and Ammon have insulted Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ZEP 2 8 zd77 0 violated their borders This refers to crossing over into Judah’s territory in order to attack them. ZEP 2 9 hzr2 figs-idiom 0 as I live “as surely as I am alive.” Yahweh uses this expression to show that what he says next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEP 2 9 pi3w figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ZEP 2 9 b2lh figs-explicit 0 like Sodom…like Gomorrah These two cities were so wicked that God completely destroyed them with fire from heaven. These similes therefore refer to complete destruction. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “completely destroyed like Sodom…like Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ZEP 2 9 b2lh figs-explicit 0 like Sodom … like Gomorrah These two cities were so wicked that God completely destroyed them with fire from heaven. These similes therefore refer to complete destruction. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “completely destroyed like Sodom … like Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ZEP 2 9 l2f5 0 a place of nettles and a salt pit “a place with thorns and a salt pit.” This describes a barren, useless land. -ZEP 2 9 dr9e figs-parallelism 0 the remnant of my people…the remainder of my nation These two phrases mean the same thing and refer to the Israelites that survived Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ZEP 2 9 dr9e figs-parallelism 0 the remnant of my people … the remainder of my nation These two phrases mean the same thing and refer to the Israelites that survived Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ZEP 2 12 ai2t 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah. ZEP 2 12 dr9y figs-metonymy 0 You Cushites also will be pierced by my sword Here “pieced by my sword” is a metonym for being killed in battle. Alternate translation: “I will kill you people of Cush in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ZEP 2 13 rqc2 figs-metonymy 0 God’s hand Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “God’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ ZEP 3 4 u7tc 0 Her prophets are insolent and treasonous men “Her prophets do ZEP 3 4 q96w 0 have profaned what is holy “have treated holy things with disrespect” ZEP 3 4 xm2b 0 have done violence to the law “have broken the law” ZEP 3 5 ine1 0 General Information: In verses 3:1-5, Zephaniah speaks Yahweh’s message of judgment to the sinful people of Jerusalem. -ZEP 3 5 a3p2 figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh is righteous…He can do no wrong These two phrases mean the same thing, and emphasize Yahweh’s righteousness even among the wicked people in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ZEP 3 5 a3p2 figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh is righteous … He can do no wrong These two phrases mean the same thing, and emphasize Yahweh’s righteousness even among the wicked people in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ZEP 3 5 z4ht 0 in her midst “among them” ZEP 3 5 fe75 figs-idiom 0 Morning by morning This idiom means “Every day” or “Day after day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEP 3 5 cvu6 figs-metaphor 0 he will dispense his justice Yahweh’s just treatment of every person is spoken of as if he was handing out a commodity. Alternate translation: “he will treat people justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -133,44 +133,44 @@ ZEP 3 6 t3em figs-explicit 0 General Information: In verses 3:6-7, Yahweh rebuk ZEP 3 6 ie5c figs-parallelism 0 I have made their streets ruins, so that no one passes over them. Their cities are destroyed so that there is no man inhabiting them These two sentences express the same idea in two different ways in order to emphasize the complete destruction of the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ZEP 3 6 y9qd 0 no one passes over them “no one walks on them” ZEP 3 6 asi4 0 there is no man inhabiting them “no one lives there.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “all the people are dead” -ZEP 3 7 mvv5 figs-quotations 0 I said, ‘Surely you will fear me…I have planned to do to you.’ This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I thought they would surely fear me and accept correction so that they would not be cut off from their homes by all that I have planned to do to them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +ZEP 3 7 mvv5 figs-quotations 0 I said, ‘Surely you will fear me … I have planned to do to you.’ This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I thought they would surely fear me and accept correction so that they would not be cut off from their homes by all that I have planned to do to them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ZEP 3 7 g15j figs-idiom 0 and do not be cut off from your homes Here “cut off” is an idiom that means to be removed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that I will not remove you from your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ZEP 3 7 u1c9 0 by corrupting all their deeds “by doing deeds that were corrupt” ZEP 3 8 lfl4 0 General Information: In verse 3:8, Yahweh warns that he will judge all nations. -ZEP 3 8 my26 0 wait for me…until the day This phrase implies that they are waiting for judgment. +ZEP 3 8 my26 0 wait for me … until the day This phrase implies that they are waiting for judgment. ZEP 3 8 rhe9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ZEP 3 8 izp2 figs-metaphor 0 I rise up to seize the prey Yahweh’s judgment on the nations is spoken of as if he was an hungry animal that attacked a smaller animal. Alternate translation: “I will rise up and destroy them as an animal seizes its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEP 3 8 mvx7 figs-doublet 0 to assemble the nations, to gather the kingdoms These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will judge all of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ZEP 3 8 q1ml figs-doublet 0 my anger—all of my burning wrath The words “anger” and “burning wrath” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of Yahweh’s anger. Alternate translation: “my very fierce wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ZEP 3 8 ge59 figs-activepassive 0 in the fire of my jealousy all the earth will be consumed This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the fire of my jealousy will devour all the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ZEP 3 8 hc95 figs-metaphor 0 in the fire of my jealousy…consumed Yahweh’s jealousy is here spoken of as if it were fire that could consume something. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “my jealousy will consume all the earth as a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ZEP 3 8 hc95 figs-metaphor 0 in the fire of my jealousy … consumed Yahweh’s jealousy is here spoken of as if it were fire that could consume something. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “my jealousy will consume all the earth as a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ZEP 3 9 cs8h 0 General Information: In verses 3:9-10, Yahweh says that he will renew the Gentiles after the judgment. ZEP 3 9 la62 figs-metonymy 0 I will purify the lips of the peoples Here “lips” refers to the ability to speak. Alternate translation: “I will cause the peoples to speak what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEP 3 9 k8y7 figs-idiom 0 call upon the name of Yahweh This is an idiom that means they worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEP 3 9 f339 figs-idiom 0 serve him shoulder to shoulder Here “shoulder to shoulder” is an idiom that means “side by side.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEP 3 10 zs4q 0 beyond the river of Cush This may refer to the area where Sudan is located today. ZEP 3 11 hvk2 0 General Information: In verses 3:11-13, Yahweh encourages the remnant of Israel who survive the judgment. -ZEP 3 11 ryq3 0 In that day…at that time “When that happens…at that time.” These phrases here refer to the time of peace and restoration that immediately follows the day of Yahweh. +ZEP 3 11 ryq3 0 In that day … at that time “When that happens … at that time.” These phrases here refer to the time of peace and restoration that immediately follows the day of Yahweh. ZEP 3 11 xcx2 figs-activepassive 0 will not be put to shame for all your deeds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will no longer be ashamed of all your deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ZEP 3 11 y6pj 0 those who celebrated your pride “all the people who are very proud” ZEP 3 12 q74i 0 General Information: In verses 3:11-13, Yahweh encourages the remnant of Israel who survive the judgment. ZEP 3 12 c1gc figs-metaphor 0 they will find refuge in the name of Yahweh Yahweh’s protection of this remnant is spoke of as if he was a refuge or a fortress. Here “name of Yahweh” refers to his person. Alternate translation: “they will come to Yahweh and he will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEP 3 13 y163 0 The remnant of Israel This refers to the “lowly and poor people” of [Zephaniah 3:12](../03/12.md). ZEP 3 13 b2m7 0 commit injustice “do unjust things” -ZEP 3 13 ja4i figs-activepassive 0 no deceitful tongue will be found in their mouth Here “tongue…in their mouth” represents the things that the tongue enables the mouth to speak. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “none of them will speak deceitful things” or “they will not say deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ZEP 3 13 ja4i figs-activepassive 0 no deceitful tongue will be found in their mouth Here “tongue … in their mouth” represents the things that the tongue enables the mouth to speak. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “none of them will speak deceitful things” or “they will not say deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEP 3 13 pe7k figs-metaphor 0 they will graze and lie down Yahweh speaks of his provision for the people of Israel as if they are a flock of sheep that grazes and rests in safety. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEP 3 14 d65d 0 General Information: In verses 3:14-20, Zephaniah tells the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment that they should rejoice. -ZEP 3 14 d6q3 figs-idiom 0 daughter of Zion…daughter of Jerusalem Here “daughter” refers to all the people who lived in the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +ZEP 3 14 d6q3 figs-idiom 0 daughter of Zion … daughter of Jerusalem Here “daughter” refers to all the people who lived in the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEP 3 14 x7wg figs-doublet 0 Be glad and rejoice These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how happy they should be. Alternate translation: “Be very happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ZEP 3 14 qj83 figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart Here “heart” refers to the inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “with all your inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEP 3 15 lb51 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh has taken away your punishment Here to “take away” punishment is an idiom that means to stop doing it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has stopped punishing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEP 3 15 t4fy figs-abstractnouns 0 You will never again fear evil The abstract noun “evil” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “You will no longer be afraid that people will harm you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ZEP 3 16 v9ia 0 In that day “At that time” or “When this happens.” This phrase here refers to the time of peace and restoration that immediately follows the day of Yahweh. -ZEP 3 16 eh5e figs-metonymy 0 say to Jerusalem…Zion The names of these cities here refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “say to the people of Jerusalem…people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ZEP 3 16 eh5e figs-metonymy 0 say to Jerusalem … Zion The names of these cities here refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “say to the people of Jerusalem … people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEP 3 16 pc5c figs-metaphor 0 Do not let your hands falter To feel weak or helpless is spoken of as if their hands became physically weak. Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Do not become weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ZEP 3 17 w8tr 0 General Information: In verses 3:14-20, Zephaniah tells the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment that they should rejoice. ZEP 3 17 g95f figs-metaphor 0 a mighty one to save you “he is mighty and will save you.” Yahweh is spoken of as a mighty warrior. Alternate translation: “he is a mighty warrior and will give you victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ZEP 3 17 gk13 figs-parallelism 0 He will celebrate over you with joy…he will be glad over you with a shout for joy These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize Yahweh’s joy that the remnant is restored to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +ZEP 3 17 gk13 figs-parallelism 0 He will celebrate over you with joy … he will be glad over you with a shout for joy These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize Yahweh’s joy that the remnant is restored to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ZEP 3 17 h9ek 0 he will be silent over you in his love This could mean: (1) “he will quiet you by his love for you” or (2) “he will renew you because he loves you.” ZEP 3 18 i4ff figs-metaphor 0 no longer bear any shame for it Here shame is spoken of as if it was a heavy thing that a person had to carry. Alternate translation: “no longer be ashamed because of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEP 3 19 ih9r 0 General Information: In verses 3:19-20, Yahweh speaks directly to the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment and tells them that they should rejoice. diff --git a/en_tn_37-HAG.tsv b/en_tn_37-HAG.tsv index 07132dfc5..6550da46c 100644 --- a/en_tn_37-HAG.tsv +++ b/en_tn_37-HAG.tsv @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo HAG front intro hz6m 0 # Introduction to Haggai
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Haggai

1. The people must finish the temple for Yahweh to bless them again (1:1–15)
1. This temple will be more glorious than the first temple (2:1–9)
1. Yahweh will bless a defiled people (2:10–19)
1. Yahweh will defeat the nations and establish his ruler (2:20–23)

### What is the Book of Haggai about?

The people of Israel lacked food and warm clothes. The prophet Haggai told them it was because they were not obeying Yahweh. If they would listen to him and start rebuilding the temple, then Yahweh would send rain and bless them again. The people listened and began to work on the temple. Yahweh encouraged the people, the priests, and the leaders. He told them that he was with them and would bless them.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

This book traditionally has been titled “Haggai” or “The Book of Haggai.” Translators may decide to call it “The Sayings of Haggai.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### Who wrote the Book of Haggai?

The prophet Haggai wrote this book. He wrote it after the exiles returned from Babylon. They returned during the reign of the Persian king Darius I. Haggai probably gave all the prophesies in this book during a four-month period of time.

Very little is known about Haggai. He lived at the same time as the prophet Zechariah.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Did Haggai prophesy before Ezra and Nehemiah?

It is likely that Haggai prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What does “consider your ways” mean?

Yahweh told the people to “consider your ways” several times in this book. This means that he wants them to think carefully about how they have lived and behaved. HAG 1 intro n84r 0 # Haggai 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Farming imagery
Scripture frequently uses the imagery of farming in reference to spiritual matters. The statement “You have sown much seed, but bring in little harvest” indicates that they had done a lot but have very little to show for it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]]) HAG 1 1 qt5i translate-ordinal 0 In the second year of Darius the king “In the second year of the reign of Darius the king” or “After Darius had been king for more than a year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -HAG 1 1 ha87 translate-names 0 Darius…Haggai…Zerubbabel…Shealtiel…Joshua…Jehozadak These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +HAG 1 1 ha87 translate-names 0 Darius … Haggai … Zerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) HAG 1 1 y3ei translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the sixth month, on the first day of the month “on the first day of the sixth month.” This is the sixth month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) HAG 1 1 ria7 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) HAG 1 1 fdv5 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ HAG 1 1 wn8q figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Haggai Here the word “hand” r HAG 1 2 cav8 0 Yahweh’s house the temple HAG 1 3 xs12 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) HAG 1 3 wk3b figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Haggai Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -HAG 1 4 ms19 figs-rquestion 0 Is it a time for you…ruined? Yahweh is rebuking the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now is not the time for you…ruined.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +HAG 1 4 ms19 figs-rquestion 0 Is it a time for you … ruined? Yahweh is rebuking the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now is not the time for you … ruined.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) HAG 1 4 u9tf 0 this house the temple of Yahweh HAG 1 6 rma3 0 but cannot get drunk There is not enough wine to satisfy the people’s thirst and not nearly enough for drunkenness. The reader should understand that the text is not calling drunkenness a good thing. HAG 1 6 aw8t figs-metaphor 0 the wage earner earns money only to put it into a bag full of holes Not earning enough money to buy necessary goods is spoken of as if the person were losing the money that falls out through holes in the money bag. Alternate translation: “the money the worker earns is gone before he finishes buying everything he needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ HAG 1 10 suc8 figs-metaphor 0 the heavens withhold the dew from you The dew tha HAG 1 11 a7ds figs-personification 0 I have summoned a drought upon the land Rain not falling for a long time is spoken of as if Yahweh had told a person to come and make the land dry. Alternate translation: “I have kept the rain from falling on the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) HAG 1 11 v7pk figs-metonymy 0 upon the new wine, upon the oil “Wine” and “oil” are metonyms for grapes and olives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HAG 1 11 ird4 figs-abstractnouns 0 all the labor of your hands The abstract noun “labor” can be translated using the phrase “work hard.” The labor that the hands perform is a metonym for the things that the labor produces. The hand is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “everything you have worked hard to make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HAG 1 12 n5g8 translate-names 0 Zerubbabel…Shealtiel…Joshua…Jehozadak…Haggai See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -HAG 1 12 c4he figs-metonymy 0 obeyed the voice of Yahweh…the words of Haggai The voice and the words are metonyms for the persons. Alternate translation: “obeyed Yahweh and Haggai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +HAG 1 12 n5g8 translate-names 0 Zerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak … Haggai See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +HAG 1 12 c4he figs-metonymy 0 obeyed the voice of Yahweh … the words of Haggai The voice and the words are metonyms for the persons. Alternate translation: “obeyed Yahweh and Haggai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HAG 1 12 e9sl figs-synecdoche 0 the people feared the face of Yahweh This could mean: (1) the face could be a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the people feared Yahweh” or (2) the face could be a metonym for the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “the people were afraid to be in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HAG 1 13 dtj5 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” HAG 1 14 n1e7 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh stirred up the spirit of the governor of Judah, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and the spirit of the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and the spirit of all the remnant of the people Stirring the spirit is a metonym for making someone want to act. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made the governor of Judah, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and all the remnant of the people want to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -35,25 +35,25 @@ HAG 2 1 v31v translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the seventh month on the twenty-first HAG 2 1 fm14 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) HAG 2 1 t1us figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Haggai Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) HAG 2 1 hz54 translate-names 0 Haggai See how you translated this man’s name in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -HAG 2 2 q56p translate-names 0 Zerubbabel…Shealtiel…Joshua…Jehozadak See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +HAG 2 2 q56p translate-names 0 Zerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) HAG 2 3 wy32 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the people about the new temple they are building. They are building it on the same place their ancestors built the former temple, which Nebuchadnezzar completely destroyed. This new temple is much smaller than the former temple. HAG 2 3 m1jr figs-rquestion 0 Who is left among you who saw this house in its former glory? Yahweh speaks of the new temple as if it were the same building as the old temple. He is telling those who had seen the former temple to pay attention. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I want those among you who saw this house in its former glory to pay attention.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HAG 2 3 x5q5 figs-rquestion 0 How do you see it now? Yahweh is telling them that he knows what they are thinking about the new temple. He speaks of the new temple as if it were the same building as the old temple. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know what you think of this new temple.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HAG 2 3 tsx7 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not like nothing in your eyes? Yahweh is telling the people that he understands that they are disappointed because the new temple is so small. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that you think it is not important at all.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) HAG 2 4 y2v9 0 Now, be strong “From now on, be strong” HAG 2 4 x8wv figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -HAG 2 6 e2qq figs-metaphor 0 I will…shake the heavens…the earth…the sea…the dry land The words “I will shake the earth” could be translated as “I will cause an earthquake,” and that earthquake would shake “the sea” as well as “the dry land,” a merism for the entire earth. Yahweh speaks of the heavens and every nation as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +HAG 2 6 e2qq figs-metaphor 0 I will … shake the heavens … the earth … the sea … the dry land The words “I will shake the earth” could be translated as “I will cause an earthquake,” and that earthquake would shake “the sea” as well as “the dry land,” a merism for the entire earth. Yahweh speaks of the heavens and every nation as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) HAG 2 6 l2sj 0 shake Use the verb you usually use for pushing trees back and forth to get fruit or other objects to fall from them. -HAG 2 7 hre1 figs-metaphor 0 I will shake every nation The metaphor that begins with the words “I will…shake the heavens” in verse 6 ends here. Yahweh speaks of every nation as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +HAG 2 7 hre1 figs-metaphor 0 I will shake every nation The metaphor that begins with the words “I will … shake the heavens” in verse 6 ends here. Yahweh speaks of every nation as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) HAG 2 7 u8qx figs-metaphor 0 I will fill this house with glory Yahweh speaks of glory as if it were a solid or liquid that could be put into a container, the temple. This could mean: (1) the temple will become very beautiful. Alternate translation: “I will make this house very beautiful” or (2) the “precious things” that “every nation will bring” include much silver and gold and other forms of wealth. Alternate translation: “I will have people bring many beautiful things into this house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) HAG 2 8 f56d figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) HAG 2 10 wc9p translate-hebrewmonths 0 On the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) HAG 2 10 if92 translate-ordinal 0 in the second year of Darius “in the second year of the reign of Darius” or “when Darius had been king for more than one year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -HAG 2 10 i4py translate-names 0 Darius…Haggai See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +HAG 2 10 i4py translate-names 0 Darius … Haggai See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) HAG 2 10 s26v figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -HAG 2 12 x84u 0 meat that is set apart to Yahweh…holy The words “that is set apart to Yahweh” and the word “holy” translate the same Hebrew word. “holy meat…holy” +HAG 2 12 x84u 0 meat that is set apart to Yahweh … holy The words “that is set apart to Yahweh” and the word “holy” translate the same Hebrew word. “holy meat … holy” HAG 2 13 bg3q 0 because of death “because he has touched a dead body” -HAG 2 14 q5p8 0 So Haggai answered and said, “So it is…is unclean Haggai answers the priests with the words that Yahweh told Haggai to tell the priests. Alternate translation: “So Haggai answered and told them Yahweh’s words: ‘So it is…is unclean” +HAG 2 14 q5p8 0 So Haggai answered and said, “So it is … is unclean Haggai answers the priests with the words that Yahweh told Haggai to tell the priests. Alternate translation: “So Haggai answered and told them Yahweh’s words: ‘So it is … is unclean” HAG 2 14 dv6p 0 So it is with this people and this nation before me “I look at this people and this nation the same way.” Yahweh reminds the priests that a clean thing that touches an unclean thing becomes unclean. He then reminds them that he thinks of them as unclean because they have been worshiping idols, and so everything they touch and make becomes unclean. HAG 2 14 ua4f figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) HAG 2 15 l2sc figs-activepassive 0 Before stone was placed upon stone in the temple This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Before you laid the first stones for the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ HAG 2 21 v17h 0 shake Use the verb you usually use for pushing trees back and HAG 2 21 fbc6 figs-merism 0 the heavens and the earth This is a merism for “the whole universe” or “everything that exists.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) HAG 2 22 ni5i figs-metonymy 0 I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms The throne is a metonym for the person sitting on the throne. Alternate translation: “I will take kings off of their thrones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HAG 2 22 sv3n figs-metonymy 0 the throne of kingdoms Here “throne” is a metonym for the king who sits on it. Alternate translation: “government ruled by kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -HAG 2 22 gza6 figs-explicit 0 I will…destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the nations You may need to make explicit that “the nations” are Israel’s enemies. Alternate translation: “I will make it so the kingdoms of the nations that are Israel’s enemies are no longer strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +HAG 2 22 gza6 figs-explicit 0 I will … destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the nations You may need to make explicit that “the nations” are Israel’s enemies. Alternate translation: “I will make it so the kingdoms of the nations that are Israel’s enemies are no longer strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) HAG 2 22 js5m figs-metonymy 0 each one because of his brother’s sword The sword here is a metonym for violent death. Alternate translation: “each one because his brother has killed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) HAG 2 23 p75j figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -HAG 2 23 p3ww translate-names 0 Zerubbabel…Shealtiel See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +HAG 2 23 p3ww translate-names 0 Zerubbabel … Shealtiel See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) HAG 2 23 itg1 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) HAG 2 23 h7nz figs-simile 0 I will make you like a signet ring Kings used a signet ring to seal documents to show that they truly had his authority. Zerubbabel would have authority from Yahweh because he would speak Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/en_tn_38-ZEC.tsv b/en_tn_38-ZEC.tsv index 2c8a400ef..e18ef3345 100644 --- a/en_tn_38-ZEC.tsv +++ b/en_tn_38-ZEC.tsv @@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ ZEC 1 1 if96 translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the eighth month This is the eighth mo ZEC 1 1 fpf6 translate-ordinal 0 the second year of Darius’ reign “the second year of the reign of Darius the king” or “the second year since Darius became king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) ZEC 1 1 qr9f figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEC 1 1 e6fd 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -ZEC 1 1 ge9j translate-names 0 Berechiah…Iddo These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ZEC 1 1 ge9j translate-names 0 Berechiah … Iddo These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ZEC 1 2 huv9 0 exceedingly angry with your fathers “very angry with your forefathers” -ZEC 1 3 wv9b figs-metaphor 0 Turn to me…and I will return to you Yahweh speaks of having a change of attitude toward another person as if it were turning or returning. The people turning to Yahweh means that they will again be devoted to him and worship him, while Yahweh returning to the people means that he will again bless them and help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ZEC 1 3 wv9b figs-metaphor 0 Turn to me … and I will return to you Yahweh speaks of having a change of attitude toward another person as if it were turning or returning. The people turning to Yahweh means that they will again be devoted to him and worship him, while Yahweh returning to the people means that he will again bless them and help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEC 1 3 ymr9 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ZEC 1 4 le2q figs-metaphor 0 Turn from your evil ways and wicked practices No longer doing certain actions is spoken of as if it were turning away from those actions. The phrases “evil ways” and “wicked practices” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Stop doing all of your wicked actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ZEC 1 4 g1te figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Zechariah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ ZEC 1 6 pc8u figs-doublet 0 our ways and actions The words “ways” and “ac ZEC 1 7 kav5 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the twenty-fourth day of the eleventh month, which is the month of Shebat “Shebat” is the eleventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of February on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ZEC 1 7 epb7 translate-ordinal 0 in the second year of Darius’ reign “in the second year of the reign of Darius the king” or “in the second year since Darius became king.” See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) ZEC 1 7 al5n figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ZEC 1 7 li5w translate-names 0 Berechiah…Iddo These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ZEC 1 7 li5w translate-names 0 Berechiah … Iddo These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ZEC 1 8 rsm4 0 look The word “look” here shows that Zechariah was surprised by what he saw. ZEC 1 8 fg97 translate-unknown 0 myrtle trees a kind of small tree with colorful flowers (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ZEC 1 9 rb9l 0 I said, “What are these things, Lord?” Then the angel who talked with me Here Zechariah speaks to an unidentified angel. This is not the same as the “man” who was “riding on a red horse.” @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ ZEC 1 10 uiv2 figs-idiom 0 the man who stood among the myrtle trees These phras ZEC 1 10 m3qf figs-explicit 0 These are those The word “these” refers to the red, reddish-brown, and white horses that were behind the man who was among the myrtle trees. This could mean: (1) it is implicit that there were other men who were riding the horses, and that these phrases refer to the riders or (2) the horses are personified as being able to speak like people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ZEC 1 10 paz1 figs-explicit 0 to roam throughout the earth It is implicit that Yahweh sent these out to walk about in order to patrol the earth. This does not suggest that they were wandering or lost. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ZEC 1 11 p8ce figs-idiom 0 the angel of Yahweh who stood among the myrtle trees This phrase refers to the man who “was riding on a red horse” in [Zechariah 1:8](../01/08.md). This could mean: (1) the man dismounted his horse and stood or (2) the word “stood” is an idiom that means he was located in that position. Alternate translation: “the angel of Yahweh who was among the myrtle trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ZEC 1 11 vum3 figs-explicit 0 They answered…they said The word “they” refers to the red, reddish-brown, and white horses that were behind the man who was among the myrtle trees. This could mean: (1) it is implicit that there were other men who were riding the horses, and that these phrases refer to the riders or (2) the horses are personified as being able to speak like people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +ZEC 1 11 vum3 figs-explicit 0 They answered … they said The word “they” refers to the red, reddish-brown, and white horses that were behind the man who was among the myrtle trees. This could mean: (1) it is implicit that there were other men who were riding the horses, and that these phrases refer to the riders or (2) the horses are personified as being able to speak like people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ZEC 1 11 z1nt figs-metaphor 0 all the earth sits still and is at rest There being peace and quiet in the world is spoken of as if the earth were a person who is still and resting. This could mean: (1) this is a good thing that means that there is peace between nations or (2) this is a bad thing that means that there is no war because nations are helpless to fight against a stronger nation that has subdued them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEC 1 12 hd8w figs-metonymy 0 to Jerusalem and to the cities of Judah Here the words “Jerusalem” and “cities” refer to the people who live in those cities. Alternate translation: “to the people of Jerusalem and to the people of the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 1 13 ea77 0 with good words, words of comfort “with good, comforting words” @@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ ZEC 2 1 dn7b 0 measuring line a rope with a certain length that a person would ZEC 2 2 eb3u 0 So he said to me “So the man with the measuring line said to me” ZEC 2 3 he2k writing-participants 0 another angel went out to meet him This angel is a new participant who has not appeared before this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ZEC 2 4 ty6u 0 The second angel said to him “The second angel said to the angel who had talked with me” -ZEC 2 4 mt9q figs-explicit 0 Jerusalem will sit in the open country…beasts within her The phrase “will sit in the open country” translates a word that refers to a city that has no walls. There will be so many inhabitants in the city that it will be too large to have walls around it. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem will not have walls around it…beasts within the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ZEC 2 5 ync4 figs-metaphor 0 I…will become for her a wall of fire around her People built walls around their cities for protection. Here Yahweh speaks of protecting Jerusalem as if he himself were a wall of fire around the city. Alternate translation: “I…will protect the city, like a wall of fire around it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ZEC 2 4 mt9q figs-explicit 0 Jerusalem will sit in the open country … beasts within her The phrase “will sit in the open country” translates a word that refers to a city that has no walls. There will be so many inhabitants in the city that it will be too large to have walls around it. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem will not have walls around it … beasts within the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ZEC 2 5 ync4 figs-metaphor 0 I … will become for her a wall of fire around her People built walls around their cities for protection. Here Yahweh speaks of protecting Jerusalem as if he himself were a wall of fire around the city. Alternate translation: “I … will protect the city, like a wall of fire around it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEC 2 5 e11h figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ZEC 2 6 c7zp figs-doublet 0 Up! Up! These two words express urgency and add emphasis to the following command. The words can be translated with an expression that communicates urgency in your language. Alternate translation: “Run! Run!” or “Hurry! Hurry!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ZEC 2 7 nj7k figs-metaphor 0 you who live with the daughter of Babylon The phrase “daughter of Babylon” refers to the city of Babylon. Yahweh speaks of the city as if it were a daughter. Alternate translation: “you who live in Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ ZEC 4 7 k6l1 figs-explicit 0 he will bring out the top stone The top stone is t ZEC 4 7 cbj6 figs-explicit 0 to shouts of ‘Grace! Grace to it!’ This could mean: (1) the word “grace” refers to God’s grace and the people are requesting that God bless the completed temple. Alternate translation: “while people shout, ‘May God bless it! May God bless it!’” or (2) the word “grace” refers to beauty and the people are declaring how beautiful the completed temple is. Alternate translation: “while people shout, ‘Beautiful! It is beautiful!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ZEC 4 8 j4n7 0 Connecting Statement: The angel who speaks with Zechariah continues to explain the vision. ZEC 4 8 lpf1 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to me. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ZEC 4 9 z7ve figs-synecdoche 0 The hands of Zerubbabel have laid…his hands will bring it to completion Here the word “hands” represents Zerubbabel. Alternate translation: “Zerubbabel has laid…he will bring it to completion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ZEC 4 9 z7ve figs-synecdoche 0 The hands of Zerubbabel have laid … his hands will bring it to completion Here the word “hands” represents Zerubbabel. Alternate translation: “Zerubbabel has laid … he will bring it to completion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ZEC 4 9 gn3u figs-metonymy 0 the foundation of this house The word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the foundation of this temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 4 10 w6q1 figs-rquestion 0 Who has despised the day of small things? These people will rejoice Zechariah uses this rhetorical question to speak specifically about those who have “despised the day of small things.” It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Those who have despised the day of small things will rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ZEC 4 10 a9tc figs-explicit 0 the day of small things “the time of small things.” This phrase refers to the time when the people were building the temple and appeared to be making little progress. Alternate translation: “the time when progress was slow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -134,8 +134,8 @@ ZEC 5 2 gh1w translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits long and ten cubits wide A cub ZEC 5 3 c87q 0 General Information: The angel continues to speak with Zechariah. ZEC 5 3 lv5p figs-metonymy 0 This is the curse The word “this” refers to the scroll. The scroll is a metonym for what is written on the scroll. Alternate translation: “On this scroll is the curse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 5 3 mys3 figs-idiom 0 that goes out over the surface of the whole land The phrase “the surface of the whole land” refers to every place within the land. It is implied that the curse will apply to every person who lives in the land. Alternate translation: “that is upon every person within the whole land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ZEC 5 3 iha6 figs-metaphor 0 every thief will be cut off…everyone who swears a false oath will be cut off Yahweh removing these people from the land is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off every thief…Yahweh will cut off everyone who swears a false oath” or “Yahweh will remove every thief from the land…Yahweh will remove from the land everyone who swears a false oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ZEC 5 3 pu8h 0 what it says on the one side…what it says on the other side “what the scroll says on one side…what the scroll says on the other side” +ZEC 5 3 iha6 figs-metaphor 0 every thief will be cut off … everyone who swears a false oath will be cut off Yahweh removing these people from the land is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off every thief … Yahweh will cut off everyone who swears a false oath” or “Yahweh will remove every thief from the land … Yahweh will remove from the land everyone who swears a false oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ZEC 5 3 pu8h 0 what it says on the one side … what it says on the other side “what the scroll says on one side … what the scroll says on the other side” ZEC 5 4 jt2j 0 I will send it out “I will send out the curse” ZEC 5 4 alf7 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ZEC 5 4 y2v5 figs-metaphor 0 consume its timber and stones The curse destroying the houses of the thief and of the one who swears falsely is spoken of as if the curse would consume the building materials that people had used to build the houses. Alternate translation: “destroy its wood and stones” or “completely destroy it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ ZEC 5 6 bcy6 writing-symlanguage 0 This is their iniquity in the whole land The ZEC 5 7 un6a figs-activepassive 0 a lead covering was lifted off the basket This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: someone lifted a lead covering off the basket” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ZEC 5 7 nn4h 0 there was a woman under it sitting in it “there was a woman under the lead covering sitting in the basket” ZEC 5 8 xg5w writing-symlanguage 0 This is Wickedness The woman represents wickedness. Alternate translation: “This woman represents wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -ZEC 5 8 glc2 0 He threw her…he threw the lead cover “He thrust her…he forced the lead cover.” The word “threw” indicates the force with which the angel did these things. He did not literally throw the woman or the cover. +ZEC 5 8 glc2 0 He threw her … he threw the lead cover “He thrust her … he forced the lead cover.” The word “threw” indicates the force with which the angel did these things. He did not literally throw the woman or the cover. ZEC 5 9 zcp4 figs-synecdoche 0 I lifted my eyes Here the word “eyes” represents the person who sees. Alternate translation: “I looked up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ZEC 5 9 mt2r figs-idiom 0 wind was in their wings This idiom means that they were flying. Alternate translation: “they were flying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEC 5 9 gde6 0 they had wings like a stork’s wings A stork is a type of large bird that has a wingspan of two to four meters. Zechariah compares the size of the women’s wings with the size of the stork’s wings. @@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ ZEC 6 5 j43m writing-symlanguage 0 These are the four winds of heaven The chari ZEC 6 5 cai5 0 the four winds of heaven This phrase refers to the four directions from which the wind blows: north, east, south, and west. However, some modern versions interpret this Hebrew expression to mean “four spirits.” ZEC 6 5 u5ms figs-idiom 0 standing before the Lord of all the earth The idiom to “stand before” means to be in a person’s presence and to serve him. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 4:14](../04/14.md). Alternate translation: “serving the Lord of all the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEC 6 6 v88q 0 the white horses are going out to the west country Some modern versions interpret this Hebrew phrase to mean “the white horses are going out after them,” that is, following the black horses to the north country. -ZEC 6 6 g5r6 figs-metonymy 0 the white horses are…the spotted gray horses are Here the horses represent the chariots that they pull. Alternate translation: “the chariot with the white horses is…the chariot with the spotted gray horses is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ZEC 6 6 g5r6 figs-metonymy 0 the white horses are … the spotted gray horses are Here the horses represent the chariots that they pull. Alternate translation: “the chariot with the white horses is … the chariot with the spotted gray horses is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 6 8 ny4a 0 he called out to me “the angel called out to me” ZEC 6 8 n3x1 0 Look at the ones “Look at the black horses” ZEC 6 8 c7ix figs-metonymy 0 they will appease my spirit concerning the north country The words “my spirit” refer to Yahweh, so many translations change this to read “Yahweh’s spirit.” This could mean: (1) the word “spirit” represents Yahweh’s emotions and appeasing his spirit means that the chariots will cause Yahweh no longer to be angry with the north country Alternate translation: “they will calm my anger concerning the north country” or (2) the word “spirit” represents Yahweh’s presence and the chariots will cause the Jews who live in the north land to experience Yahweh’s blessings. Alternate translation: “they will cause my spirit to rest in the north country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ ZEC 6 12 w53q figs-metaphor 0 He will grow up where he is The phrase “grow up ZEC 6 13 lm52 0 He will be a priest on his throne This could mean: (1) the “Branch” will be both priest and king or (2) the “Branch” will be king, and another person will be a priest who will share the royal power. Alternate translation: “There will be a priest upon his throne” ZEC 6 13 uyq6 0 he will bear a counsel of peace between the two The words “the two” refer to the roles of king and priest. The meaning of this phrase depends upon the meaning of the previous phrase. This could mean: (1) the “Branch” will faithfully carry out his duties as both priest and king and not forsake one in order to fulfill the other or (2) the “Branch” who serves as king and the other person who serves as a priest will each carry out their duties faithfully and they will work together in peace. ZEC 6 14 ea75 figs-activepassive 0 The crown will given This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will give the crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ZEC 6 14 xn98 translate-names 0 Heldai, Tobijah, Jedaiah…Hen These are the names of men. See how you translated these in [Zechariah 6:10](../06/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ZEC 6 14 xn98 translate-names 0 Heldai, Tobijah, Jedaiah … Hen These are the names of men. See how you translated these in [Zechariah 6:10](../06/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ZEC 6 14 f3px 0 for Hen son of Zephaniah as a memorial Some modern versions interpret this phrase as “as a memorial to the generosity of the son of Zephaniah” or “as a memorial to the one who is gracious, the son of Zephaniah.” Also, some modern versions interpret the name “Hen” as meaning the name “Josiah.” ZEC 6 15 e6jp figs-explicit 0 those who are far off This refers to the Israelites who remain in Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ZEC 6 15 u2bz figs-you 0 so you will know The word “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ ZEC 7 1 t9mu figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Zechariah This idiom is us ZEC 7 2 sb2z translate-names 0 Sharezer and Regem-Melek These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ZEC 7 2 y9hy 0 beg Here the word “beg” means to plead or ask urgently. ZEC 7 2 b1wi figs-metonymy 0 before the face of Yahweh Here “face” is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ZEC 7 3 kg2p 0 They spoke…they said The word “they” refers to Sharezer and Regem Melek. +ZEC 7 3 kg2p 0 They spoke … they said The word “they” refers to Sharezer and Regem Melek. ZEC 7 3 ty6c translate-ordinal 0 Should I mourn in the fifth month “Should I mourn in month 5.” The assumed knowledge is that the Jewish people fasted during a part of the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar because this is when the Babylonians destroyed the temple in Jerusalem. The fifth month is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) ZEC 7 3 i8ej 0 by means of a fast “by fasting” ZEC 7 4 g84y figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh of hosts came to me, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts gave me a message. He said” or “Yahweh of hosts spoke this message to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ ZEC 7 5 d7zd figs-explicit 0 for these seventy years The assumed knowledge is t ZEC 7 5 n3dw figs-rquestion 0 were you truly fasting for me? This question is asked to make the people think about what their real reason for fasting had been. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you were not really fasting for me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ZEC 7 6 p43p 0 When you ate and drank This could mean: (1) when they feasted and drank when celebrating religious festivals or (2) when they ate and drank whenever they were not fasting. ZEC 7 6 ax5v figs-rquestion 0 did you not eat and drink for yourselves? This question is used to make the people think about whether they were honoring Yahweh when they ate and drank. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “it was for yourselves that you ate and drank.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ZEC 7 7 qy27 figs-rquestion 0 Were these not the same words…to the west? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “These are the same words…to the west.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ZEC 7 7 qy27 figs-rquestion 0 Were these not the same words … to the west? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “These are the same words … to the west.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ZEC 7 7 dqw4 figs-metonymy 0 by the mouth of the former prophets Here “mouth” is a metonym for the words spoken by the mouth. Alternate translation: “by the words of the former prophets” or “through the former prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 7 7 n812 0 you still inhabited Jerusalem “you still lived in Jerusalem” ZEC 7 7 vp7q 0 foothills hills at the base of a mountain or mountain range @@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ ZEC 9 3 p2xv figs-hyperbole 0 heaped up silver like dust and refined gold like ZEC 9 4 ps4e 0 Look! The Lord will dispossess her Here “Look!” tells the reader to pay attention to the important statement that follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention! The Lord will take away Tyre’s possessions” ZEC 9 4 nf2a figs-metonymy 0 destroy her strength on the sea Tyre’s “strength on the sea” refers to the ships that were used for commerce and conquest. Alternate translation: “destroy Tyre’s ships in which men fight on the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 9 4 rk76 figs-activepassive 0 so she will be devoured by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and enemies will burn the city to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ZEC 9 5 zx4k figs-metonymy 0 Ashkelon…Gaza…Ekron, her hopes These cities each refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “The people of Ashkelon…the people of Gaza…the hopes of the people of Ekron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ZEC 9 5 zx4k figs-metonymy 0 Ashkelon … Gaza … Ekron, her hopes These cities each refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “The people of Ashkelon … the people of Gaza … the hopes of the people of Ekron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 9 5 ae33 0 will see “will see Tyre be destroyed” ZEC 9 6 fmu2 0 Strangers will make their homes in Ashdod “Foreigners will take over Ashdod and live there” ZEC 9 6 r481 figs-idiom 0 I will cut off the pride of the Philistines Here “cut off” is an idiom that means to stop their pride. Alternate translation: “I will make the Philistines to be proud of themselves no longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ ZEC 9 8 lp3e 0 for now “For at that time” ZEC 9 8 gnt8 figs-metonymy 0 I see with my own eyes Here “my own eyes” represent Yahweh’s personal attention. Alternate translation: “I will personally watch over my land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 9 9 iqk3 0 General Information: Yahweh appears to be the speaker in verses 9-13. ZEC 9 9 u6p1 figs-parallelism 0 Shout with great joy, daughter of Zion! Shout with happiness, daughter of Jerusalem! These two sentences mean the same thing and intensify the command to rejoice. Yahweh is speaking to the people of Jerusalem as if they were present, but they were not there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -ZEC 9 9 apz5 0 daughter of Zion…daughter of Jerusalem “Zion” is the same as “Jerusalem.” The prophet speaks of the city as if it is a daughter. See how you translated “daughter of Zion” in [Zechariah 2:10](../02/10.md). +ZEC 9 9 apz5 0 daughter of Zion … daughter of Jerusalem “Zion” is the same as “Jerusalem.” The prophet speaks of the city as if it is a daughter. See how you translated “daughter of Zion” in [Zechariah 2:10](../02/10.md). ZEC 9 9 sey9 0 Behold! This alerts the reader to pay special attention to the surprising statement that follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention!” or “Here is a surprising fact!” ZEC 9 9 ke7v 0 Your king is coming to you with righteousness and is rescuing you “Your king is righteous and is coming to rescue you” ZEC 9 9 kjw8 figs-doublet 0 on a donkey, on the colt of a donkey These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to one animal. The second phrase clarifies that this is a young donkey. Alternate translation: “on a young donkey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -338,12 +338,12 @@ ZEC 9 15 ure5 figs-simile 0 Then they will drink and shout like men drunk on wi ZEC 9 15 t8ng figs-simile 0 they will be filled with wine like bowls This probably refers to the bowls that the priests used to carry animal’s blood to the altar. Alternate translation: “they will be as full of wine as the basins with which priests carry blood to the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ZEC 9 15 h8j2 figs-simile 0 like the corners of the altar Altars had projecting corners that were drenched in animal blood. Alternate translation: “they will be drenched as the corners of the altar are covered in blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ZEC 9 16 t4gy 0 General Information: In verses 14-16, Zechariah describes how Yahweh will rescue Israel from their enemies. -ZEC 9 16 i4qw figs-simile 0 God will rescue them…as the flock of his people The people of Israel are spoken of as if they are God’s sheep that he cares for and protects. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ZEC 9 16 i4qw figs-simile 0 God will rescue them … as the flock of his people The people of Israel are spoken of as if they are God’s sheep that he cares for and protects. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ZEC 9 16 kyv5 figs-metaphor 0 They are the jewels of a crown The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were the expensive jewels in the crown of a king that show how glorious he is. Alternate translation: “They will be like beautiful stones in a crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEC 9 17 udt9 figs-exclamations 0 How good and how beautiful they will be! This is an exclamation, and not a question. Alternate translation: “They will be very good and beautiful!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) ZEC 9 17 rzm2 figs-parallelism 0 The young men will flourish on grain and the virgins on sweet wine! This sentence uses a parallel structure to express that everyone will have plenty to eat and drink. If your readers might think that only the men ate and only the women drank, you may want to adjust the wording. Alternate translation: “All of the people, both men and women, will have plenty of grain to eat and sweet wine to drink!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ZEC 9 17 uf1p figs-parallelism 0 The young men…the virgins These two phrases are parallel and together represent the entire population of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ZEC 9 17 x8zq figs-parallelism 0 grain…sweet wine These two phrases are parallel and together represent all of the different kinds of the food and drink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ZEC 9 17 uf1p figs-parallelism 0 The young men … the virgins These two phrases are parallel and together represent the entire population of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +ZEC 9 17 x8zq figs-parallelism 0 grain … sweet wine These two phrases are parallel and together represent all of the different kinds of the food and drink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ZEC 10 intro jmh9 0 # Zechariah 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is written mainly in prose but still uses figurative language as the writer shares a message of redemption and hope for the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]])

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 10:1-2.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Redemption
This book, and especially this chapter, uses the concepts of redemption and remnant to share the relationship that the people of Judah have with their God. So many of the people of Israel perished as their kingdom went into exile. Now they are returning to the land, but the land is no longer theirs. They are living under foreign rule. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) ZEC 10 1 v7qp 0 General Information: Zechariah continues speaking to the people of Israel. ZEC 10 1 ybt5 0 vegetation in the field “causes plants to grow in the field” @@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ ZEC 10 2 tc8c 0 diviners envision a lie “diviners see false visions” ZEC 10 2 e8gu figs-explicit 0 they tell deceitful dreams It is implied that they know these dreams are false. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “diviners lie about their dreams in order to deceive people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ZEC 10 2 xi1f 0 empty comfort This refers to words that sooth temporarily, but do not provide any longterm help. ZEC 10 2 nb46 figs-simile 0 they wander like sheep The people who do not have true prophets who tell the truth are spoken of as sheep who do not have a shepherd to tell them where to go. Alternate translation: “the people who listen to the false prophets are like sheep who do not know which way to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ZEC 10 2 zr2e figs-simile 0 they…suffer because there is no shepherd The people who do not have true prophets are spoken of as sheep who suffer because they do not have a shepherd to tell them where to go. Alternate translation: “the people who listen to the false prophets…are suffering like sheep who do not have a shepherd to guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ZEC 10 2 zr2e figs-simile 0 they … suffer because there is no shepherd The people who do not have true prophets are spoken of as sheep who suffer because they do not have a shepherd to tell them where to go. Alternate translation: “the people who listen to the false prophets … are suffering like sheep who do not have a shepherd to guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ZEC 10 3 e9x1 0 General Information: It is unclear whether Yahweh is speaking, or if Zechariah is speaking for Yahweh in verses 3-5. ZEC 10 3 iq7u figs-metaphor 0 My wrath burns against the shepherds Here “the shepherds” represent the leaders of God’s people. The intensity of Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it was a blazing fire. Alternate translation: “My anger toward the shepherds of my people is as intense as a fire” or “I am very angry with the leaders of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEC 10 3 ir6n figs-metaphor 0 it is the male goats—the leaders—that I will punish Male goats are typically more dominant than female goats. Here “male goats” represents the oppressive leaders of God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -361,11 +361,11 @@ ZEC 10 3 t1tc figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a meto ZEC 10 3 dd5g figs-metaphor 0 make them like his warhorse in battle Yahweh changes the metaphor for his people from defenseless sheep to a mighty war horse. He speaks of his people as if they were a strong horse in battle. Alternate translation: “will cause them to be strong like war horses in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ZEC 10 4 l1sr 0 General Information: It is unclear whether Yahweh is speaking, or if Zechariah is speaking for Yahweh in verses 3-5. ZEC 10 4 se8u figs-metaphor 0 From Judah will come the cornerstone “The cornerstone will come from Judah.” The most important ruler is spoken of as if he where the main foundation stone of a building. Alternate translation: “One of the descendants of Judah will become the most important ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ZEC 10 4 xep2 writing-symlanguage 0 the cornerstone…the tent peg…the war bow This could mean: (1) they may be symbolic language that refers to the Messiah who will come from the tribe of Judah or (2) they may refer to different leaders who will come from Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) +ZEC 10 4 xep2 writing-symlanguage 0 the cornerstone … the tent peg … the war bow This could mean: (1) they may be symbolic language that refers to the Messiah who will come from the tribe of Judah or (2) they may refer to different leaders who will come from Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) ZEC 10 4 q653 figs-metaphor 0 from him will come the tent peg “the tent peg will come from him.” The tent pegs held the ropes that supported tents in which people lived. Here the most important ruler is spoken of as if he where the main peg that holds a tent in place. Alternate translation: “the leader who will hold the nation together will come from Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEC 10 4 mgt1 figs-metaphor 0 from him will come the war bow “the war bow will come from him.” Here the most important ruler is spoken of as if he where the a war bow that was used in battle. Alternate translation: “the military leader will come from Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEC 10 4 cw1m 0 from him will come every ruler together “every ruler will come from Judah” -ZEC 10 5 sg3z figs-simile 0 They will be like warriors…streets in battle The rulers from Judah are spoken of as if they were victorious warriors. Alternate translation: “They will be mighty in battle, trampling their enemies into the mud of the streets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ZEC 10 5 sg3z figs-simile 0 They will be like warriors … streets in battle The rulers from Judah are spoken of as if they were victorious warriors. Alternate translation: “They will be mighty in battle, trampling their enemies into the mud of the streets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ZEC 10 5 f7n7 figs-idiom 0 who trample their enemies into the mud of the streets in battle To trample them into the mud is an idiom that means to completely defeat them. Alternate translation: “who defeat their enemies completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEC 10 5 xrr5 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh is with them Here “with them” is an idiom that means he is present to help them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ZEC 10 5 a47d figs-metonymy 0 they will shame those who ride warhorses Here shame accompanies and represents defeat. Alternate translation: “they will defeat their enemies who ride warhorses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ ZEC 12 1 vy11 0 General Information: These verses begin a section that tells a ZEC 12 1 mz3s figs-metaphor 0 who stretched out the skies This is a metaphor that speaks of the sky as if it were like a scroll that is rolled up and needs to be stretched out. Alternate translation: “the one who created the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEC 12 1 gzl6 figs-metaphor 0 laid the foundation of the earth This is a metaphor that speaks of the earth as if it were a building with a foundation. Alternate translation: “put all the earth into place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEC 12 1 gnm5 0 fashions the spirit of mankind within man This is a metaphor that speaks of the spirit as if it were like clay that a potter shapes. Alternate translation: “creates the human spirit” -ZEC 12 2 ez4w figs-metaphor 0 I am about to make Jerusalem into a cup…to stagger about Yahweh using Jerusalem to punish the surrounding peoples is spoken of as if Yahweh would make Jerusalem a cup full of an alcoholic drink that will cause the surrounding peoples to get drunk and stagger. Alternate translation: “Soon it will be like I make Jerusalem into a cup…to stagger about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ZEC 12 2 ez4w figs-metaphor 0 I am about to make Jerusalem into a cup … to stagger about Yahweh using Jerusalem to punish the surrounding peoples is spoken of as if Yahweh would make Jerusalem a cup full of an alcoholic drink that will cause the surrounding peoples to get drunk and stagger. Alternate translation: “Soon it will be like I make Jerusalem into a cup … to stagger about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ZEC 12 2 s5lx figs-metonymy 0 into a cup Here “cup” represents the cup and the contents within the cup. Alternate translation: “into a cup full of wine” or “into a cup full of an alcoholic drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 12 2 h8sn figs-personification 0 surrounding her Here “her” refers to the city of Jerusalem. It was common in Hebrew to speak of a city or country as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ZEC 12 3 u546 figs-metaphor 0 I will make Jerusalem a heavy stone for all the peoples Yahweh using Jerusalem to punish the surrounding peoples is spoken of as if he would make Jerusalem a heavy stone. Alternate translation: “It will be like I will make Jerusalem a heavy stone for all the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ ZEC 12 5 g3n8 figs-metonymy 0 say in their hearts Here “hearts” represents ZEC 12 5 w95z figs-abstractnouns 0 are our strength The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong” or “encourage.” Alternate translation: “make us strong” or “encourage us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ZEC 12 5 u38m 0 Yahweh of hosts, their God “Yahweh of hosts, the God they worship” ZEC 12 6 t6hr 0 General Information: This verse continues telling about the coming attack against Jerusalem and how God will rescue the city. -ZEC 12 6 zv3y figs-simile 0 like firepots among wood…standing grain This simile means Yahweh will enable the leaders of Judah to be strong and able to lead the people to defeat their enemies. Alternate translation: “like firepots among stacked firewood…unharvested stalks of grain standing in a field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ZEC 12 6 zv3y figs-simile 0 like firepots among wood … standing grain This simile means Yahweh will enable the leaders of Judah to be strong and able to lead the people to defeat their enemies. Alternate translation: “like firepots among stacked firewood … unharvested stalks of grain standing in a field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ZEC 12 6 cjb8 0 firepots clay pots in which ancient people often carried burning coals ZEC 12 6 vm57 0 flaming torch a wooden stick that is burning at one end which gives light as one travels or carries fire somewhere ZEC 12 6 iv6n figs-metaphor 0 will consume all the surrounding peoples Completely destroying the peoples is spoken of as if the people of Judah will “devour” them. Alternate translation: “will destroy the surrounding peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -461,10 +461,10 @@ ZEC 12 10 rxx7 figs-ellipsis 0 for an only son It is understood that the “son ZEC 12 11 mcu4 translate-names 0 the laments in Jerusalem will be like the laments at Hadad Rimmon Hadad Rimmon may have been the place where the good King Josiah died of battle wounds after the Battle of Megiddo. It appears that the custom arose to hold periodic mourning there for his death. Some people, however, think that Hadad Rimmon was the name of a false god who was believed to die every year, an event for which his worshipers would go into mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ZEC 12 11 qg93 translate-names 0 Megiddo This is the name of a plain in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ZEC 12 12 jj6q figs-metonymy 0 The land will mourn This represents all the people living in the land of Judah. Alternate translation: “All the people in the land of Judah will mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ZEC 12 12 qth7 figs-metonymy 0 The clan of the house of David…The clan of the house of Nathan Here “house” represents descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of David…The descendants of Nathan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ZEC 12 12 qth7 figs-metonymy 0 The clan of the house of David … The clan of the house of Nathan Here “house” represents descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of David … The descendants of Nathan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 12 13 r6fc figs-metonymy 0 The clan of the house of Levi Here “house” represents descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Levi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 13 intro jz2l 0 # Zechariah 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is written partly in prose and partly in poetry.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 13:7-9.

## Special concepts in this chapter

Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase “that day” or “in that day.” When referencing a future “day,” the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -ZEC 13 1 f2a5 figs-metaphor 0 a spring will be opened…for their sin and impurity Forgiving the people’s sins is spoken of as if a spring of water will wash away their sins. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will be like a spring opens…to cleanse their sin and impurity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ZEC 13 1 f2a5 figs-metaphor 0 a spring will be opened … for their sin and impurity Forgiving the people’s sins is spoken of as if a spring of water will wash away their sins. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will be like a spring opens … to cleanse their sin and impurity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ZEC 13 1 f3zc 0 a spring a place where water flows naturally out of the ground ZEC 13 1 s36v figs-metonymy 0 the house of David Here “house” represents descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ZEC 13 2 x2wt figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ ZEC 14 3 l9z1 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of ZEC 14 3 m5ez 0 as when he wages war on the day of battle “just as he fought battles in the past” ZEC 14 4 v1g4 0 On that day “At that time” ZEC 14 4 ak3r figs-synecdoche 0 his feet will stand on the Mount of Olives Here “feet” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “he will stand on the Mount of Olives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ZEC 14 4 kpm4 figs-activepassive 0 The Mount of Olives will be split…by a very great valley This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The presences of Yahweh will split the Mount of Olives…causing there to be a very great valley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ZEC 14 4 kpm4 figs-activepassive 0 The Mount of Olives will be split … by a very great valley This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The presences of Yahweh will split the Mount of Olives … causing there to be a very great valley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ZEC 14 5 x9i7 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the final war for the city of Jerusalem and of how God will save her. ZEC 14 5 u952 figs-you 0 you will flee Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ZEC 14 5 n974 0 between Yahweh’s mountains This refers to the mountains created after the Mount of Olives split in half. @@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ ZEC 14 10 sj4y translate-names 0 Arabah This is the name of a plain in the Jord ZEC 14 10 sxq5 translate-names 0 Geba This is the name of a town on the northern border of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ZEC 14 10 rz4c translate-names 0 Rimmon This is the name of a town south of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ZEC 14 10 uk8u grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 Jerusalem will continue to be raised up This contrasts Jerusalem, which will remain at a higher elevation, to the surrounding area, which is lower in elevation. The contrast can be indicated by adding the word “but.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But, Jerusalem will remain high up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ZEC 14 10 eay1 translate-names 0 the Benjamin Gate…the first gate…the Corner Gate These are names of gates in the northeast part of city wall of Jerusalem. This could mean: (1) “the first gate” and “the Corner Gate” refer to the same gate or (2) “the first gate” and “the Corner gate” are separate gates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ZEC 14 10 eay1 translate-names 0 the Benjamin Gate … the first gate … the Corner Gate These are names of gates in the northeast part of city wall of Jerusalem. This could mean: (1) “the first gate” and “the Corner Gate” refer to the same gate or (2) “the first gate” and “the Corner gate” are separate gates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ZEC 14 10 t1rw translate-names 0 the Tower of Hananel This refers to a strong point in the city defenses on the northern wall. It was probably built by a man named Hananel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ZEC 14 10 rki8 figs-explicit 0 the king’s winepresses This probably refers to the place where wine was made for the royal family. It was located in the southwest part of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ZEC 14 11 gbk1 figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem will live in safety Here “Jerusalem” represents the people. Alternate translation: “The people will live safely in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/en_tn_39-MAL.tsv b/en_tn_39-MAL.tsv index 0f7e4edf6..ee110d0ab 100644 --- a/en_tn_39-MAL.tsv +++ b/en_tn_39-MAL.tsv @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ MAL 3 intro wb48 0 # Malachi 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this MAL 3 1 zeq2 0 General Information: Yahweh begins speaking again to the people of Israel in verse 1, but the prophet Malachi begins speaking in verse 2. MAL 3 1 v6se 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” MAL 3 1 j5pe figs-metaphor 0 he will prepare the way before me Here getting people ready to welcome Yahweh is spoken of as if a road were being cleared for Yahweh to travel on. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAL 3 1 d1j7 0 Then the Lord, whom you seek…The messenger of the covenant in whom you delight Some modern versions translate this in a way that implies that these two expressions refer to the same person. Other modern versions leave this matter ambiguous. We recommend that translations leave this matter ambiguous, as the ULT and UST do. +MAL 3 1 d1j7 0 Then the Lord, whom you seek … The messenger of the covenant in whom you delight Some modern versions translate this in a way that implies that these two expressions refer to the same person. Other modern versions leave this matter ambiguous. We recommend that translations leave this matter ambiguous, as the ULT and UST do. MAL 3 1 w8yf 0 The messenger of the covenant Almost all versions leave ambiguous the sense of this expression. But translators may need to make explicit the relationship between “messenger” and “the covenant.” The UST presents “the messenger” as one promised by the covenant that Yahweh had with Israel. Another choice is to present the messenger as a person who will either confirm that covenant or announce a new covenant. MAL 3 2 f24j figs-rquestion 0 But who will be able to endure the day of his coming? Who will be able to stand when he appears? These rhetorical questions imply that no one will be able to resist Yahweh when he comes. They can be combined into one statement. Alternate translation: “However, no one will be able to resist Yahweh when he comes to judge them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) MAL 3 2 phd6 0 the day of his coming Here “day” stands for “time.” Alternate translation: “the time when he comes” @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ MAL 3 9 mr47 0 you are robbing me, the whole nation Here “nation” stands f MAL 3 10 v6qw 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel. MAL 3 10 n4ch 0 the full tithe “all the tithes” MAL 3 10 dmr8 figs-metaphor 0 my house Here “house” stands for the temple. Alternate translation: “my temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAL 3 10 wcp4 figs-metaphor 0 and test me now in this…if I do not open to you the windows of heaven Here the command “test me” stands for something that the people can do and should do: “if you test me.” This can be divided into two sentences also. Alternate translation: “And if you test me…I will open up the windows of heaven” or “And you should test me…If you do, I will open up the windows of heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +MAL 3 10 wcp4 figs-metaphor 0 and test me now in this … if I do not open to you the windows of heaven Here the command “test me” stands for something that the people can do and should do: “if you test me.” This can be divided into two sentences also. Alternate translation: “And if you test me … I will open up the windows of heaven” or “And you should test me … If you do, I will open up the windows of heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAL 3 12 mfq1 figs-metaphor 0 All the nations will call you blessed Here to be called blessed stands for being blessed. Alternate translation: “All the nations will know that you have been blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAL 3 12 bvs1 figs-metonymy 0 All the nations This expression stands for the people in all the nations. Alternate translation: “The people in all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAL 3 12 rm7v figs-abstractnouns 0 a land of delight Here “delight” stands for the condition in which the inhabitants of a land take delight in their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ MAL 3 18 d9hz 0 distinguish between “see a difference between” or “treat MAL 4 intro azp5 0 # Malachi 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Last days
Although the Jews may have hoped these prophecies referenced a time in the near future to them, the prophecies of this chapter exclusively relate to the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) MAL 4 1 q73f 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” MAL 4 1 y5w1 figs-metaphor 0 the day is coming, burning like a furnace The disaster occurring at this time is spoken of as if the day itself were burning. God’s judgment is often spoken of as if it were a fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -MAL 4 1 e9jy 0 arrogant…evildoers See how you translated these wordsd in [Malachi 3:15](../03/15.md). +MAL 4 1 e9jy 0 arrogant … evildoers See how you translated these wordsd in [Malachi 3:15](../03/15.md). MAL 4 1 i1qy figs-metaphor 0 all the arrogant and all the evildoers will become stubble These people are spoken of as if they will become dried-up plants fit only for being burned. It is common for the Bible to speak of people as if they were plants or trees. Alternate translation: “all the arrogant and all the evildoers will burn up like dry plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MAL 4 1 f4xr figs-metonymy 0 The day that is coming will burn them up Here “the day” stands for the events that will occur on that day. Alternate translation: “On that day I will burn them up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) MAL 4 1 x4ll figs-merism 0 it will leave them neither root nor branch This expression continues to speak of people as if they were plants or trees. So being deprived of all roots and branches stands for being completely killed off. Alternate translation: “nothing will be left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])