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JOL front intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Joel<br><br>1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11)<br>- Locusts and drought (1:1–20)<br>- The day of Yahweh (2:1–11)<br>1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12-32)<br>- The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:12–27)<br>- The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:28–32)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1-21)<br>- Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16)<br>- Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Joel about?<br><br>The main idea in the Book of Joel is “the day of Yahweh.” This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).<br><br>The people of Israel looked forward to “the day of Yahweh” as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.<br><br>Joel’s message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, “I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh” and “everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved” (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Joel” or just “Joel.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Joel” or “The Sayings of Joel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Joel?<br><br>This book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?<br><br>Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.<br><br>There are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.<br><br>Joel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.<br><br>Translators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God’s people?<br><br>Joel prophesied that God will defeat Israel’s enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?<br><br>All of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULT presents it in this way. The UST, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])<br>
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JOL 1 intro q2ev 0 # Joel 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Joel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULT is written in poetic form, but the UST has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Locusts<br>This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.<br><br>It was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>The author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br>
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JOL 1 1 qry6 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: God speaks through Joel to the people of Israel using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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JOL 1 1 er8g figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh that came to Joel This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JOL 1 1 qwp8 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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JOL 1 1 m5wr translate-names 0 Pethuel Joel’s father (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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JOL 1 2 t74n figs-rquestion 0 Has anything like this happened in your days or in the days of your ancestors? Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JOL 1 3 vge5 figs-ellipsis 0 their children the next generation You may need to fill in the words that have been left out. Alternate translation: “let their children tell the generation after them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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JOL 1 4 m68u translate-unknown 0 the swarming locust large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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JOL 1 4 ny2z 0 swarming locust…great locust…grasshopper…caterpillar These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
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JOL 1 1 er8g figs-idiom דְּבַר־ יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֔ה אֶל־ יוֹאֵ֖ל 1 the word of Yahweh that came to Joel This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JOL 1 1 qwp8 יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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JOL 1 1 m5wr translate-names פְּתוּאֵֽל 1 Pethuel Joel’s father (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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JOL 1 2 t74n figs-rquestion הֶהָ֤יְתָה זֹּאת֙ בִּֽימֵיכֶ֔ם וְאִ֖ם בִּימֵ֥י אֲבֹֽתֵיכֶֽם 1 Has anything like this happened in your days or in the days of your ancestors? Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JOL 1 3 vge5 figs-ellipsis וּבְנֵיהֶ֖ם לְד֥וֹר אַחֵֽר 1 their children the next generation You may need to fill in the words that have been left out. Alternate translation: “let their children tell the generation after them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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JOL 1 4 m68u translate-unknown הַגָּזָם֙ 1 the swarming locust large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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JOL 1 4 ny2z הַגָּזָם֙…הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה…הַיָּ֑לֶק…הֶחָסִֽיל 1 swarming locust…great locust…grasshopper…caterpillar These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
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JOL 1 5 zk2a 0 General Information: God warns the people of Israel about the coming locust army.
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JOL 1 5 l1nq figs-parallelism 0 you drunkards, and weep! Wail, all you drinkers of wine If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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JOL 1 6 qm8j figs-metaphor 0 a nation The locust swarm is like an invading army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JOL 1 6 jn1q 0 His teeth…he has the teeth The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
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JOL 1 6 mpz6 figs-parallelism 0 His teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he has the teeth of a lioness. These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts’ teeth being as sharp as lions’ teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JOL 1 6 aj1z 0 my land Yahweh’s land
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JOL 1 7 sxr3 0 He has made…He has stripped The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
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JOL 1 7 hi96 0 my vineyard…my fig tree Yahweh’s vineyard and fig tree
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JOL 1 7 k8l9 0 desolate empty and without life
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JOL 1 5 l1nq figs-parallelism שִׁכּוֹרִים֙ וּבְכ֔וּ וְהֵילִ֖לוּ כָּל־ שֹׁ֣תֵי יָ֑יִן 1 you drunkards, and weep! Wail, all you drinkers of wine If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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JOL 1 6 qm8j figs-metaphor גוֹי֙ 1 a nation The locust swarm is like an invading army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JOL 1 6 jn1q שִׁנָּיו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י 1 His teeth…he has the teeth The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
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JOL 1 6 mpz6 figs-parallelism שִׁנָּיו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י אַרְיֵ֔ה וּֽמְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽוֹ 1 His teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he has the teeth of a lioness. These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts’ teeth being as sharp as lions’ teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JOL 1 6 aj1z אַרְצִ֔י 1 my land Yahweh’s land
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JOL 1 7 sxr3 שָׂ֤ם…חָשֹׂ֤ף חֲשָׂפָהּ֙ 1 He has made…He has stripped The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
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JOL 1 7 hi96 גַּפְנִי֙…וּתְאֵנָתִ֖י 1 my vineyard…my fig tree Yahweh’s vineyard and fig tree
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JOL 1 7 k8l9 לְשַׁמָּ֔ה 1 desolate empty and without life
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JOL 1 8 iwe3 0 General Information: God continues speaking to the people of Israel.
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JOL 1 10 zn6h figs-metaphor 0 the ground is mourning Here the land is spoken of as if it were a person. These words could also be seen as a metonym for the people who are mourning or even as hyperbole, that the famine is so bad that even things that are not alive are mourning. Alternate translation: “the farmers are mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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JOL 1 10 j565 figs-activepassive 0 the grain has been destroyed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the locusts have destroyed all of the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JOL 1 10 zn6h figs-metaphor אָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 the ground is mourning Here the land is spoken of as if it were a person. These words could also be seen as a metonym for the people who are mourning or even as hyperbole, that the famine is so bad that even things that are not alive are mourning. Alternate translation: “the farmers are mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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JOL 1 10 j565 figs-activepassive שֻׁדַּ֣ד דָּגָ֔ן 1 the grain has been destroyed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the locusts have destroyed all of the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JOL 1 11 mx5v 0 General Information: God continues speaking to the people of Israel.
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JOL 1 11 eeq1 translate-unknown 0 barley a type of grass, like wheat, whose seeds can be used to make bread (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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JOL 1 12 pk4b 0 withered dried up and died
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JOL 1 12 r11a translate-unknown 0 fig…pomegranate…apple different types of fruit (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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JOL 1 11 eeq1 translate-unknown שְׂעֹרָ֑ה 1 barley a type of grass, like wheat, whose seeds can be used to make bread (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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JOL 1 12 pk4b הוֹבִ֔ישָׁה 1 withered dried up and died
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JOL 1 12 r11a translate-unknown וְהַתְּאֵנָ֖ה…מּ֞וֹן…וְתַפּ֗וּחַ 1 fig…pomegranate…apple different types of fruit (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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JOL 1 13 uv6d 0 General Information: God speaks to the priests in Israel
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JOL 1 13 w9cv 0 the grain offering and the drink offering regular offerings in the temple
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JOL 1 14 z8ne 0 the house of Yahweh your God the temple in Jerusalem
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JOL 1 13 w9cv מִנְחָ֥ה וָנָֽסֶךְ 1 the grain offering and the drink offering regular offerings in the temple
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JOL 1 14 z8ne בֵּ֖ית יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑ם 1 the house of Yahweh your God the temple in Jerusalem
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JOL 1 15 q895 0 General Information: This is what God is telling the priests to say.
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JOL 1 15 u6hs figs-abstractnouns 0 With it will come destruction from the Almighty The abstract noun “destruction” can be translated using the verb “destroy.” You may need to make explicit what it is the Almighty will destroy. Alternate translation: “On that day the Almighty will destroy his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JOL 1 16 yv6d figs-ellipsis 0 Has not food been cut off from before our eyes, and joy and gladness from the house of our God? It is certain that destruction will come from the Almighty because these things have already happened. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “We know this is true because we have already seen the Almighty cut off our supply of food, and he has cut off joy and gladness from the house of our God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JOL 1 16 r8wr figs-synecdoche 0 from before our eyes “from us.” This refers to all of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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JOL 1 16 f1eb figs-ellipsis 0 joy and gladness from the house of our God You may need to fill in the ellipsis. Alternate translation: “joy and gladness have been cut off from the house of our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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JOL 1 16 ppt5 figs-doublet 0 joy and gladness These two words mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that there is no kind of joyful activity happening at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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JOL 1 17 y7su 0 clods lumps of dirt
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JOL 1 15 u6hs figs-abstractnouns וּכְשֹׁ֖ד מִשַׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא 1 With it will come destruction from the Almighty The abstract noun “destruction” can be translated using the verb “destroy.” You may need to make explicit what it is the Almighty will destroy. Alternate translation: “On that day the Almighty will destroy his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JOL 1 16 yv6d figs-ellipsis הֲל֛וֹא נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖ינוּ אֹ֣כֶל נִכְרָ֑ת מִבֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָגִֽיל 1 Has not food been cut off from before our eyes, and joy and gladness from the house of our God? It is certain that destruction will come from the Almighty because these things have already happened. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “We know this is true because we have already seen the Almighty cut off our supply of food, and he has cut off joy and gladness from the house of our God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JOL 1 16 r8wr figs-synecdoche נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖ינוּ 1 from before our eyes “from us.” This refers to all of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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JOL 1 16 f1eb figs-ellipsis מִבֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָגִֽיל 1 joy and gladness from the house of our God You may need to fill in the ellipsis. Alternate translation: “joy and gladness have been cut off from the house of our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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JOL 1 16 ppt5 figs-doublet שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָגִֽיל 1 joy and gladness These two words mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that there is no kind of joyful activity happening at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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JOL 1 17 y7su מֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם 1 clods lumps of dirt
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JOL 1 18 w5nw 0 General Information: God continues to tell the priests how they should pray for Israel.
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JOL 1 18 ul6j 0 groan make a deep sound because of pain
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JOL 1 20 n9lf 0 brooks small streams
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JOL 1 18 ul6j נֶּאֶנְחָ֣ה 1 groan make a deep sound because of pain
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JOL 1 20 n9lf אֲפִ֣יקֵי 1 brooks small streams
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JOL 2 intro j2gp 0 # Joel 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Locusts<br><br>This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>This chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Metaphor<br>The drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br>
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JOL 2 1 t9j9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Joel continues poetry that began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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JOL 2 1 m7i5 0 Blow the trumpet…sound an alarm Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming.
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JOL 2 2 qmb9 figs-doublet 0 day of darkness and gloom The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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JOL 2 2 st7t 0 gloom total or partial darkness
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JOL 2 2 pcr6 figs-doublet 0 day of clouds and thick darkness This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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JOL 2 2 h3d1 figs-simile 0 Like the dawn that spreads on the mountains, a large and mighty army is approaching When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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JOL 2 2 ekb8 figs-metaphor 0 a large and mighty army The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word “army” could possibly be 1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or 2) referring to a human army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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JOL 2 1 m7i5 תִּקְע֨וּ שׁוֹפָ֜ר…וְהָרִ֨יעוּ֙ 1 Blow the trumpet…sound an alarm Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming.
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JOL 2 2 qmb9 figs-doublet י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 day of darkness and gloom The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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JOL 2 2 st7t וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 gloom total or partial darkness
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JOL 2 2 pcr6 figs-doublet י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַעֲרָפֶ֔ל 1 day of clouds and thick darkness This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 2 h3d1 figs-simile כְּשַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־ הֶֽהָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם 1 Like the dawn that spreads on the mountains, a large and mighty army is approaching When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 2 ekb8 figs-metaphor עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם 1 a large and mighty army The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word “army” could possibly be 1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or 2) referring to a human army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 2 3 xcv4 0 General Information: Joel’s description of the coming army continues.
|
||||
JOL 2 3 fly5 figs-metaphor 0 A fire is consuming everything in front of it A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 3 z5iu figs-metaphor 0 behind it a flame is burning After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 3 yne4 figs-simile 0 land is like the garden of Eden The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 3 fly5 figs-metaphor לְפָנָיו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ 1 A fire is consuming everything in front of it A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 3 z5iu figs-metaphor וְאַחֲרָ֖יו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה 1 behind it a flame is burning After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 3 yne4 figs-simile כְּגַן־ עֵ֨דֶן הָאָ֜רֶץ 1 land is like the garden of Eden The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 4 ex3a 0 General Information: The description continues with the noises of an army of horses.
|
||||
JOL 2 4 ztn5 figs-simile 0 The army’s appearance is like horses The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 4 fdt4 translate-unknown 0 horses A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
JOL 2 4 myc3 figs-simile 0 they run like horsemen Men riding horses move quickly, and the army moves quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 5 m6fl 0 jump A horse jumps or leaps as it runs quickly.
|
||||
JOL 2 5 n75f figs-simile 0 a noise like that of chariots…like the noise of fiery flames…like a mighty army ready for battle These sounds would have been very frightening to Joel’s readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 4 ztn5 figs-simile כְּמַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ֑הוּ 1 The army’s appearance is like horses The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 4 fdt4 translate-unknown סוּסִ֖ים 1 horses A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
JOL 2 4 myc3 figs-simile וּכְפָרָשִׁ֖ים כֵּ֥ן יְרוּצֽוּן 1 they run like horsemen Men riding horses move quickly, and the army moves quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 5 m6fl יְרַקֵּד֔וּן 1 jump A horse jumps or leaps as it runs quickly.
|
||||
JOL 2 5 n75f figs-simile כְּק֣וֹל מַרְכָּב֗וֹת…כְּקוֹל֙ לַ֣הַב אֵ֔שׁ…כְּעַ֣ם עָצ֔וּם עֱר֖וּךְ מִלְחָמָֽה 1 a noise like that of chariots…like the noise of fiery flames…like a mighty army ready for battle These sounds would have been very frightening to Joel’s readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 6 bh52 0 General Information: Joel continues to describe the locust army of Yahweh.
|
||||
JOL 2 7 e5ge figs-personification 0 They run like mighty warriors…climb the walls like soldiers The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 7 d4kv 0 walls walls around the cities
|
||||
JOL 2 7 e5ge figs-personification כְּגִבּוֹרִ֣ים יְרֻצ֔וּן כְּאַנְשֵׁ֥י מִלְחָמָ֖ה יַעֲל֣וּ חוֹמָ֑ה 1 They run like mighty warriors…climb the walls like soldiers The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 7 d4kv חוֹמָ֑ה 1 walls walls around the cities
|
||||
JOL 2 8 u5ew 0 General Information: The description of the locust army of Yahweh continues.
|
||||
JOL 2 8 yt67 0 they break through the defenses they overcome the soldiers defending the city.
|
||||
JOL 2 10 iu1h figs-personification 0 The earth shakes in front of them, the heavens tremble Joel speaks of the earth and heavens as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that the army is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the earth and the heavens are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone on earth and in the heavens is very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
JOL 2 10 lm84 figs-hyperbole 0 the sun and the moon are darkened, and the stars stop shining This exaggeration claims that there are so many locusts that people cannot see the sun, moon, or stars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
JOL 2 11 mi1t 0 Yahweh raises his voice “Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
|
||||
JOL 2 11 tzv4 figs-hendiadys 0 great and very terrible In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
|
||||
JOL 2 11 vht4 figs-rquestion 0 Who can survive it? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahweh’s judgment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 2 12 d1i9 figs-metonymy 0 Return to me with all your heart The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 13 d1sf figs-metonymy 0 Tear your heart and not only your garments The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 13 wfp5 figs-abstractnouns 0 abundant in covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
JOL 2 13 e3gw 0 turn from stop
|
||||
JOL 2 14 a2av figs-rquestion 0 Will he perhaps turn…God? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger…God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 2 14 xys3 0 leave a blessing behind him, a grain offering and a drink offering “leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
|
||||
JOL 2 16 jzj1 0 bridal chambers rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
|
||||
JOL 2 17 fek9 0 do not make your inheritance into an object of scorn “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
|
||||
JOL 2 17 kqr6 figs-metaphor 0 your inheritance Here the people of Israel are spoken of as God’s inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 17 ey9s figs-rquestion 0 Why should they say among the nations, ‘Where is their God?’ This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, ‘Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 2 18 xeg7 0 his land “the nation of Israel”
|
||||
JOL 2 18 im7l 0 his people “the people of Israel”
|
||||
JOL 2 19 lu18 0 Look “Pay attention to what I am about to say”
|
||||
JOL 2 19 jde5 0 You will be satisfied with them “You will have all you need of them”
|
||||
JOL 2 19 tqc6 0 a disgrace “unworthy of respect”
|
||||
JOL 2 8 yt67 וּבְעַ֥ד הַשֶּׁ֛לַח יִפֹּ֖לוּ 1 they break through the defenses they overcome the soldiers defending the city.
|
||||
JOL 2 10 iu1h figs-personification לְפָנָיו֙ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֔רֶץ רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמָ֑יִם 1 The earth shakes in front of them, the heavens tremble Joel speaks of the earth and heavens as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that the army is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the earth and the heavens are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone on earth and in the heavens is very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
JOL 2 10 lm84 figs-hyperbole שֶׁ֤מֶשׁ וְיָרֵ֨חַ֙ קָדָ֔רוּ וְכוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ נָגְהָֽ 1 the sun and the moon are darkened, and the stars stop shining This exaggeration claims that there are so many locusts that people cannot see the sun, moon, or stars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
JOL 2 11 mi1t וַֽיהוָ֗ה נָתַ֤ן קוֹלוֹ֙ 1 Yahweh raises his voice “Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
|
||||
JOL 2 11 tzv4 figs-hendiadys גָד֧וֹל…וְנוֹרָ֥א מְאֹ֖ד 1 great and very terrible In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
|
||||
JOL 2 11 vht4 figs-rquestion וּמִ֥י יְכִילֶֽנּוּ 1 Who can survive it? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahweh’s judgment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 2 12 d1i9 figs-metonymy שֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖י בְּכָל־ לְבַבְכֶ֑ם 1 Return to me with all your heart The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 13 d1sf figs-metonymy וְקִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְכֶם֙ וְאַל־ בִּגְדֵיכֶ֔ם 1 Tear your heart and not only your garments The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 13 wfp5 figs-abstractnouns וְרַב־ חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
JOL 2 13 e3gw וְנִחָ֖ם עַל 1 turn from stop
|
||||
JOL 2 14 a2av figs-rquestion יָשׁ֣וּב וְנִחָ֑ם וְהִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָיו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָנֶ֔סֶךְ לַיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם 1 Will he perhaps turn…God? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger…God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 2 14 xys3 וְהִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָיו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָנֶ֔סֶךְ 1 leave a blessing behind him, a grain offering and a drink offering “leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
|
||||
JOL 2 16 jzj1 מֵחֻפָּתָֽהּ 1 bridal chambers rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
|
||||
JOL 2 17 fek9 וְאַל־ תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְךָ֤ לְחֶרְפָּה֙ 1 do not make your inheritance into an object of scorn “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
|
||||
JOL 2 17 kqr6 figs-metaphor נַחֲלָתְךָ֤ 1 your inheritance Here the people of Israel are spoken of as God’s inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 17 ey9s figs-rquestion לָ֚מָּה יֹאמְר֣וּ בָֽעַמִּ֔ים אַיֵּ֖ה אֱלֹהֵיהֶֽם 1 Why should they say among the nations, ‘Where is their God?’ This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, ‘Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 2 18 xeg7 לְאַרְצ֑וֹ 1 his land “the nation of Israel”
|
||||
JOL 2 18 im7l עַמּֽוֹ 1 his people “the people of Israel”
|
||||
JOL 2 19 lu18 הִנְנִ֨י 1 Look “Pay attention to what I am about to say”
|
||||
JOL 2 19 jde5 וּשְׂבַעְתֶּ֖ם אֹת֑ 1 You will be satisfied with them “You will have all you need of them”
|
||||
JOL 2 19 tqc6 חֶרְפָּ֖ה 1 a disgrace “unworthy of respect”
|
||||
JOL 2 20 q49d 0 General Information: God continues his promise to Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 20 khh7 0 northern…eastern…western These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 20 v9xy 0 the eastern sea the Dead Sea
|
||||
JOL 2 20 ue9y 0 the western sea the Mediterranean Sea
|
||||
JOL 2 20 k6n8 0 he has done great things That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
|
||||
JOL 2 21 g3z3 figs-apostrophe 0 Do not fear, land Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
JOL 2 22 n9lm figs-apostrophe 0 Do not fear, beasts of the field Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
JOL 2 22 t5ty figs-metonymy 0 the pastures of the wilderness will sprout The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 23 xlq6 0 he will…bring down showers for you “he will…cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
|
||||
JOL 2 23 vnx8 0 autumn rain and the spring rain the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
|
||||
JOL 2 20 khh7 הַצְּפוֹנִ֞י…הַקַּדְמֹנִ֔י…הָאַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 northern…eastern…western These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 20 v9xy הַיָּם֙ הַקַּדְמֹנִ֔י 1 the eastern sea the Dead Sea
|
||||
JOL 2 20 ue9y הַיָּ֣ם הָאַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 the western sea the Mediterranean Sea
|
||||
JOL 2 20 k6n8 הִגְדִּ֖יל לַעֲשֽׂוֹת 1 he has done great things That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
|
||||
JOL 2 21 g3z3 figs-apostrophe אַל־ תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Do not fear, land Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
JOL 2 22 n9lm figs-apostrophe אַל־ תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י 1 Do not fear, beasts of the field Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
JOL 2 22 t5ty figs-metonymy דָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר 1 the pastures of the wilderness will sprout The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 23 xlq6 נָתַ֥ן…וַיּ֣וֹרֶד לָכֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם 1 he will…bring down showers for you “he will…cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
|
||||
JOL 2 23 vnx8 מוֹרֶ֥ה וּמַלְק֖וֹשׁ 1 autumn rain and the spring rain the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
|
||||
JOL 2 24 gw97 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh begins a long speech to the Israelites.
|
||||
JOL 2 24 p8u1 0 vats large containers for liquids
|
||||
JOL 2 25 k6bd 0 the years of crops that the swarming locust has eaten “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
|
||||
JOL 2 25 e81a 0 swarming locust…the great locust, the devouring locust, and the destroying locust These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
|
||||
JOL 2 24 p8u1 הַיְקָבִ֖ים 1 vats large containers for liquids
|
||||
JOL 2 25 k6bd אֶת־ הַשָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 the years of crops that the swarming locust has eaten “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
|
||||
JOL 2 25 e81a הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה הַיֶּ֖לֶק וְהֶחָסִ֣יל וְהַגָּזָ֑ם 1 swarming locust…the great locust, the devouring locust, and the destroying locust These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
|
||||
JOL 2 26 qw24 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 26 jy17 figs-metonymy 0 praise the name of Yahweh The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 26 x2qr figs-123person 0 the name of Yahweh…who has done wonders Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name…because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
JOL 2 26 jy17 figs-metonymy וְהִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־ שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 praise the name of Yahweh The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 26 x2qr figs-123person שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־ עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּכֶ֖ם לְהַפְלִ֑יא 1 the name of Yahweh…who has done wonders Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name…because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
JOL 2 28 h1ph 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 28 p6xw 0 It will come about afterward that I “This is what I will do after that: I”
|
||||
JOL 2 28 mc8b figs-metaphor 0 I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 28 ny8x figs-synecdoche 0 all flesh Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
JOL 2 28 p6xw וְהָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־ כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ 1 It will come about afterward that I “This is what I will do after that: I”
|
||||
JOL 2 28 mc8b figs-metaphor אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־ רוּחִי֙ עַל־ כָּל־ בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 28 ny8x figs-synecdoche כָּל־ בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 all flesh Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
JOL 2 30 c326 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 30 fxj8 figs-metonymy 0 blood, fire, and pillars of smoke “blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 31 e1db 0 The sun will turn into darkness “The sun will no longer give light”
|
||||
JOL 2 31 fc5h figs-metonymy 0 the moon into blood Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
JOL 2 30 fxj8 figs-metonymy דָּ֣ם וָאֵ֔שׁ וְתִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָֽׁן 1 blood, fire, and pillars of smoke “blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 31 e1db הַשֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ יֵהָפֵ֣ךְ לְחֹ֔שֶׁךְ 1 The sun will turn into darkness “The sun will no longer give light”
|
||||
JOL 2 31 fc5h figs-metonymy וְהַיָּרֵ֖חַ לְדָ֑ם 1 the moon into blood Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 xyf3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 32 w6nv 0 It will be that everyone “This is what will happen: everyone”
|
||||
JOL 2 32 t1vg figs-metonymy 0 everyone who calls on the name of Yahweh will be saved The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 k5zj figs-doublet 0 on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 j194 figs-ellipsis 0 among the survivors, those whom Yahweh calls The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 e73u 0 survivors people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster
|
||||
JOL 2 32 w6nv וְהָיָ֗ה כֹּ֧ל 1 It will be that everyone “This is what will happen: everyone”
|
||||
JOL 2 32 t1vg figs-metonymy כֹּ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־ יִקְרָ֛א בְּשֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה יִמָּלֵ֑ט 1 everyone who calls on the name of Yahweh will be saved The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 k5zj figs-doublet בְּהַר־ צִיּ֨וֹן וּבִירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם 1 on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 j194 figs-ellipsis וּבַ֨שְּׂרִידִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה קֹרֵֽא 1 among the survivors, those whom Yahweh calls The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 e73u 1 survivors people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster
|
||||
JOL 3 intro jcn7 0 # Joel 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>There is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>The mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.<br>
|
||||
JOL 3 1 b14f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 3 1 nha5 0 Behold “Listen” or “Pay attention”
|
||||
JOL 3 1 zy3s figs-doublet 0 in those days and at that time The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 3 1 c3ys 0 when I return the exiles of Judah and Jerusalem “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
|
||||
JOL 3 2 xs2u 0 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
|
||||
JOL 3 2 idt3 figs-doublet 0 my people and my inheritance Israel These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 3 3 z4y6 figs-explicit 0 traded a boy for a prostitute, and sold a girl for wine so they could drink These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JOL 3 1 nha5 כִּ֗י הִנֵּ֛ה 1 Behold “Listen” or “Pay attention”
|
||||
JOL 3 1 zy3s figs-doublet בַּיָּמִ֥ים הָהֵ֖מָּה וּבָעֵ֣ת הַהִ֑יא 1 in those days and at that time The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 3 1 c3ys אֲשֶׁ֥ר אשוב אֶת־ שְׁב֥וּת יְהוּדָ֖ה וִירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 when I return the exiles of Judah and Jerusalem “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
|
||||
JOL 3 2 xs2u עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
|
||||
JOL 3 2 idt3 figs-doublet עַמִּ֨י וְנַחֲלָתִ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 my people and my inheritance Israel These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 3 3 z4y6 figs-explicit וַיִּתְּנ֤וּ הַיֶּ֨לֶד֙ בַּזּוֹנָ֔ה וְהַיַּלְדָּ֛ה מָכְר֥וּ בַיַּ֖יִן וַיִּשְׁתּֽוּ 1 traded a boy for a prostitute, and sold a girl for wine so they could drink These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JOL 3 4 k66w 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 3 4 qj6v figs-rquestion 0 why are you angry at me…Philistia? Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me…Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 3 4 xaa9 figs-rquestion 0 Will you repay me? “Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 3 4 ns7f figs-synecdoche 0 I will immediately return your retribution on your own head Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
JOL 3 4 wdm3 0 retribution “revenge” or “payback”
|
||||
JOL 3 4 qj6v figs-rquestion וְ֠גַם מָה־ אַתֶּ֥ם לִי֙ צֹ֣ר וְצִיד֔וֹן וְכֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת 1 why are you angry at me…Philistia? Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me…Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 3 4 xaa9 figs-rquestion הַגְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔י 1 Will you repay me? “Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 3 4 ns7f figs-synecdoche קַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְכֶ֖ם בְּרֹאשְׁכֶֽם 1 I will immediately return your retribution on your own head Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
JOL 3 4 wdm3 גְּמֻלְכֶ֖ם 1 retribution “revenge” or “payback”
|
||||
JOL 3 7 d8mh 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 3 7 sum8 0 Look “Pay attention” or “Listen”
|
||||
JOL 3 7 dc6d figs-explicit 0 out of the place where you sold them The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JOL 3 7 uh32 0 return payment “give back what you deserve”
|
||||
JOL 3 8 pww6 figs-metonymy 0 I will sell your sons and your daughters, by the hand of the people of Judah The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
JOL 3 8 t9jc translate-names 0 Sabeans the people of the land of Sabea (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
JOL 3 7 sum8 הִנְנִ֣י 1 Look “Pay attention” or “Listen”
|
||||
JOL 3 7 dc6d figs-explicit מִן־ הַ֨מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־ מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖ם שָׁ֑מָּה 1 out of the place where you sold them The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JOL 3 7 uh32 וַהֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְכֶ֖ם 1 return payment “give back what you deserve”
|
||||
JOL 3 8 pww6 figs-metonymy וּמָכַרְתִּ֞י אֶת־ בְּנֵיכֶ֣ם וְאֶת־ בְּנֽוֹתֵיכֶ֗ם בְּיַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 I will sell your sons and your daughters, by the hand of the people of Judah The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
JOL 3 8 t9jc translate-names לִשְׁבָאיִ֖ם 1 Sabeans the people of the land of Sabea (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
JOL 3 9 ih66 figs-irony 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel. Here he begins an ironic call to the nations to prepare for a war in which Yahweh will completely destroy the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
JOL 3 9 d6ny 0 rouse the mighty men “make the mighty men ready for action”
|
||||
JOL 3 10 t93c figs-parallelism 0 Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning knives into spears These two phrases share similar meanings. Both of them instruct the people to turn their farming tools into weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
JOL 3 10 ze4m 0 plowshares tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
|
||||
JOL 3 10 epv7 0 pruning knives knives that are used to cut off small branches
|
||||
JOL 3 9 d6ny הָעִ֨ירוּ֙ הַגִּבּוֹרִ֔ים 1 rouse the mighty men “make the mighty men ready for action”
|
||||
JOL 3 10 t93c figs-parallelism כֹּ֤תּוּ אִתֵּיכֶם֙ לַֽחֲרָב֔וֹת וּמַזְמְרֹֽתֵיכֶ֖ם לִרְמָחִ֑ים 1 Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning knives into spears These two phrases share similar meanings. Both of them instruct the people to turn their farming tools into weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
JOL 3 10 ze4m אִתֵּיכֶם֙ 1 plowshares tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
|
||||
JOL 3 10 epv7 וּמַזְמְרֹֽתֵיכֶ֖ם 1 pruning knives knives that are used to cut off small branches
|
||||
JOL 3 11 iq6r 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 3 11 rp2a figs-irony 0 Hurry and come…together there These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
JOL 3 11 p5mc figs-explicit 0 gather yourselves together The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JOL 3 11 e3ig 0 Yahweh, bring down your mighty warriors Possible meanings are 1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or 2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
|
||||
JOL 3 11 rp2a figs-irony ע֣וּשׁוּ וָבֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־ הַגּוֹיִ֛ם מִסָּבִ֖יב וְנִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּה 1 Hurry and come…together there These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
JOL 3 11 p5mc figs-explicit וְנִקְבָּ֑צוּ 1 gather yourselves together The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JOL 3 11 e3ig הַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽיךָ 1 Yahweh, bring down your mighty warriors Possible meanings are 1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or 2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
|
||||
JOL 3 12 b1jw 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 3 12 ul2y 0 Let the nations wake themselves…all the surrounding nations The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
|
||||
JOL 3 12 pq55 0 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
|
||||
JOL 3 13 hq7f figs-metaphor 0 Put in the sickle…the winepress is full Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if 1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or 2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 13 iw8d figs-metaphor 0 Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 13 i8r2 figs-metaphor 0 Put in the sickle “Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 13 zx33 0 sickle a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
|
||||
JOL 3 13 rua7 0 the harvest is ripe “the grain is ready to be harvested”
|
||||
JOL 3 13 tz4a figs-metaphor 0 Come, crush the grapes, for the winepress is full Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 13 haw5 figs-metaphor 0 The vats overflow, for their wickedness is enormous Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 14 y2ge 0 a tumult, a tumult A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
|
||||
JOL 3 14 r3ir 0 Valley of Judgment…Valley of Judgment This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
|
||||
JOL 3 14 fq2i figs-abstractnouns 0 Valley of Judgment There is no known place with this name. The abstract noun “judgment” can be translated using the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “Valley Where Yahweh Judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 fj29 0 General Information: Yahweh begins speaking in verse 17.
|
||||
JOL 3 16 fe1r figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh will roar from Zion, and raise his voice from Jerusalem Both phrases mean Yahweh will shout with a loud, clear and powerful voice from Jerusalem. If your language only has one word for speaking very loudly, this can be used as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will shout from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 yr8u figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will roar Possible meanings are 1) “Yahweh will roar like a lion” or 2) “Yahweh will roar like thunder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 lf34 figs-hyperbole 0 The heavens and earth will shake Joel speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that Yahweh’s roar is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the heavens and earth are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the heavens and on the earth is very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 vd5q 0 will shake This word is the past form of the word translated “tremble” in [Joel 2:10](../02/10.md).
|
||||
JOL 3 16 lr5v figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will be a shelter for his people, and a fortress for the people of Israel Both of these phrases mean Yahweh will protect his people. A fortress is a strong shelter used to protect people during war. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be a strong fortress for his people, the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
JOL 3 17 isx1 0 So you will know “When I do these things, you will know”
|
||||
JOL 3 12 ul2y הַגּוֹיִ֔ם…אֶת־ כָּל־ הַגּוֹיִ֖ם מִסָּבִֽיב 1 Let the nations wake themselves…all the surrounding nations The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
|
||||
JOL 3 12 pq55 עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
|
||||
JOL 3 13 hq7f figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל…מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Put in the sickle…the winepress is full Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if 1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or 2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 13 iw8d figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 13 i8r2 figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל 1 Put in the sickle “Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 13 zx33 מַגָּ֔ל 1 sickle a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
|
||||
JOL 3 13 rua7 בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 the harvest is ripe “the grain is ready to be harvested”
|
||||
JOL 3 13 tz4a figs-metaphor בֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־ מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Come, crush the grapes, for the winepress is full Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 13 haw5 figs-metaphor הֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַיְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽם 1 The vats overflow, for their wickedness is enormous Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 14 y2ge הֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים 1 a tumult, a tumult A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
|
||||
JOL 3 14 r3ir בְּעֵ֖מֶק הֶֽחָר֑וּץ…בְּעֵ֖מֶק הֶחָרֽוּץ 1 Valley of Judgment…Valley of Judgment This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
|
||||
JOL 3 14 fq2i figs-abstractnouns בְּעֵ֖מֶק הֶֽחָר֑וּץ 1 Valley of Judgment There is no known place with this name. The abstract noun “judgment” can be translated using the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “Valley Where Yahweh Judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 fj29 1 General Information: Yahweh begins speaking in verse 17.
|
||||
JOL 3 16 fe1r figs-parallelism וַיהוָ֞ה מִצִּיּ֣וֹן יִשְׁאָ֗ג וּמִירוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יִתֵּ֣ן קוֹל֔וֹ 1 Yahweh will roar from Zion, and raise his voice from Jerusalem Both phrases mean Yahweh will shout with a loud, clear and powerful voice from Jerusalem. If your language only has one word for speaking very loudly, this can be used as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will shout from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 yr8u figs-metaphor וַיהוָ֞ה…יִשְׁאָ֗ג 1 Yahweh will roar Possible meanings are 1) “Yahweh will roar like a lion” or 2) “Yahweh will roar like thunder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 lf34 figs-hyperbole וְרָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמַ֣יִם וָאָ֑רֶץ 1 The heavens and earth will shake Joel speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that Yahweh’s roar is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the heavens and earth are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the heavens and on the earth is very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 vd5q וְרָעֲשׁ֖וּ 1 will shake This word is the past form of the word translated “tremble” in [Joel 2:10](../02/10.md).
|
||||
JOL 3 16 lr5v figs-metaphor וַֽיהוָה֙ מַֽחֲסֶ֣ה לְעַמּ֔וֹ וּמָע֖וֹז לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Yahweh will be a shelter for his people, and a fortress for the people of Israel Both of these phrases mean Yahweh will protect his people. A fortress is a strong shelter used to protect people during war. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be a strong fortress for his people, the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
JOL 3 17 isx1 וִֽידַעְתֶּ֗ם 1 So you will know “When I do these things, you will know”
|
||||
JOL 3 18 kj6z 0 General Information: God continues to speak about the day of the Lord.
|
||||
JOL 3 18 y22f 0 It will come about on that day that the mountains “This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
|
||||
JOL 3 18 m6v9 figs-hyperbole 0 the mountains will drip with sweet wine “sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
JOL 3 18 yj7w figs-metaphor 0 the hills will flow with milk “milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 18 l5yu 0 all the brooks of Judah will flow with water “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
|
||||
JOL 3 18 k6qq 0 water the Valley of Shittim “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
|
||||
JOL 3 18 f69l translate-names 0 Shittim This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
JOL 3 19 la92 0 Egypt will become an abandoned devastation “Everyone will leave Egypt and no one will live there”
|
||||
JOL 3 19 au36 0 Edom will become an abandoned wilderness “Everyone will leave Edom and it will look like no people have ever lived there”
|
||||
JOL 3 19 c2r8 0 because of the violence done to the people of Judah “because of the violent things Egypt and Edom did to the people of Judah”
|
||||
JOL 3 19 t6ay figs-metonymy 0 because they shed innocent blood in their land The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 3 18 y22f וְהָיָה֩ בַיּ֨וֹם הַה֜וּא…הֶהָרִ֣ים 1 It will come about on that day that the mountains “This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
|
||||
JOL 3 18 m6v9 figs-hyperbole יִטְּפ֧וּ הֶהָרִ֣ים עָסִ֗יס 1 the mountains will drip with sweet wine “sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
JOL 3 18 yj7w figs-metaphor וְהַגְּבָעוֹת֙ תֵּלַ֣כְנָה חָלָ֔ב 1 the hills will flow with milk “milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 18 l5yu וְכָל־ אֲפִיקֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה יֵ֣לְכוּ מָ֑יִם 1 all the brooks of Judah will flow with water “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
|
||||
JOL 3 18 k6qq וְהִשְׁקָ֖ה אֶת־ נַ֥חַל הַשִּׁטִּֽים 1 water the Valley of Shittim “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
|
||||
JOL 3 18 f69l translate-names הַשִּׁטִּֽים 1 Shittim This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
JOL 3 19 la92 מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לִשְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 Egypt will become an abandoned devastation “Everyone will leave Egypt and no one will live there”
|
||||
JOL 3 19 au36 וֶאֱד֕וֹם לְמִדְבַּ֥ר שְׁמָמָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֑ה 1 Edom will become an abandoned wilderness “Everyone will leave Edom and it will look like no people have ever lived there”
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JOL 3 19 c2r8 מֵֽחֲמַס֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 because of the violence done to the people of Judah “because of the violent things Egypt and Edom did to the people of Judah”
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||||
JOL 3 19 t6ay figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁר־ שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם־ נָקִ֖יא בְּאַרְצָֽם 1 because they shed innocent blood in their land The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 3 20 y198 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about the day of the Lord.
|
||||
JOL 3 20 gi4z figs-activepassive 0 Judah will be inhabited forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JOL 3 20 f72t figs-activepassive 0 Jerusalem will be inhabited from generation to generation This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
JOL 3 21 dj9s figs-metonymy 0 I will avenge their blood that I have not yet avenged Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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||||
JOL 3 20 gi4z figs-activepassive וִיהוּדָ֖ה לְעוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֑ב 1 Judah will be inhabited forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
JOL 3 20 f72t figs-activepassive וִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְד֥וֹר וָדֽוֹר 1 Jerusalem will be inhabited from generation to generation This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JOL 3 21 dj9s figs-metonymy וְנִקֵּ֖יתִי דָּמָ֣ם לֹֽא־ נִקֵּ֑יתִי 1 I will avenge their blood that I have not yet avenged Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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OBA front intro jrz8 0 # Introduction to Obadiah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Obadiah<br><br>1. Yahweh will judge Edom (1:1-16)<br>- Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:1–9)<br>- Why Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:10–14)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (1:15–16)<br>1. Yahweh will deliver his people (1:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Obadiah about?<br><br>After Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, the Edomites captured fleeing Jews. Then they gave these Jews over to Babylon. The Book of Obadiah is about Yahweh judging the Edomites for harming his people. This book would be comforting to the exiled people of Judah.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Obadiah” or just “Obadiah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Sayings of Obadiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah?<br><br>The prophet Obadiah probably wrote this book. We know nothing more about Obadiah. His name in Hebrew means “Servant of Yahweh.”<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was Edom’s relationship to Israel?<br><br>Obadiah referred to Edom as Israel’s brother. This is because the Edomites descended from Esau, and the Israelites descended from Jacob. Jacob and Esau were brothers. This made Edom betraying Israel much worse.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How do I translate the concept of “pride”?<br><br>The Book of Obadiah speaks of the pride of Edom. This meant that the Edomites thought their enemies or Yahweh could not defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/proud]])<br>
|
||||
OBA 1 1 xm1w 0 The vision of Obadiah This is the title of the book. Here “vision” is used in the general sense of a message from Yahweh, rather than to indicate how Obadiah received the message. Alternate translation: “The message of Obadiah” or “The prophesy of Obadiah”
|
||||
OBA 1 1 sv9x 0 The Lord Yahweh says this concerning Edom This tells the reader that the entire book is a message about Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 1 s7if 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
|
||||
OBA 1 1 r27r figs-activepassive 0 an ambassador has been sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent an ambassador” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 1 pez6 0 Rise up “Stand up.” This phrase is used to tell people to get ready.
|
||||
OBA 1 1 c9e2 figs-metonymy 0 rise up against her Here “her” refers to Edom. This is a metonym for the people of Edom, so it could also be translated as “them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
OBA 1 2 cc3h 0 Behold, I will make you Beginning in verse 2, Obadiah records the words that Yahweh speaks directly to Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 2 npn6 0 Behold This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
|
||||
OBA 1 2 l6dc figs-parallelism 0 I will make you small among the nations, you will be greatly despised These two phrases mean similar things and are used to emphasize that Edom will lose its important status. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
OBA 1 2 ec8m figs-metaphor 0 I will make you small among the nations Something that is insignificant is spoken of as if it is of small size, and can easily be overlooked. Alternate translation: “I will make you insignificant among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
OBA 1 2 ch1u figs-activepassive 0 you will be greatly despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 1 xm1w חֲז֖וֹן עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה 1 The vision of Obadiah This is the title of the book. Here “vision” is used in the general sense of a message from Yahweh, rather than to indicate how Obadiah received the message. Alternate translation: “The message of Obadiah” or “The prophesy of Obadiah”
|
||||
OBA 1 1 sv9x כֹּֽה־ אָמַר֩ אֲדֹנָ֨י יְהוִ֜ה לֶאֱד֗וֹם 1 The Lord Yahweh says this concerning Edom This tells the reader that the entire book is a message about Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 1 s7if יְהוִ֜ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
|
||||
OBA 1 1 r27r figs-activepassive וְצִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח 1 an ambassador has been sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent an ambassador” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 1 pez6 ק֛וּמוּ 1 Rise up “Stand up.” This phrase is used to tell people to get ready.
|
||||
OBA 1 1 c9e2 figs-metonymy וְנָק֥וּמָה עָלֶיהָ 1 rise up against her Here “her” refers to Edom. This is a metonym for the people of Edom, so it could also be translated as “them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
OBA 1 2 cc3h הִנֵּ֥ה…נְתַתִּ֖יךָ 1 Behold, I will make you Beginning in verse 2, Obadiah records the words that Yahweh speaks directly to Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 2 npn6 הִנֵּ֥ה 1 Behold This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
|
||||
OBA 1 2 l6dc figs-parallelism קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽ 1 I will make you small among the nations, you will be greatly despised These two phrases mean similar things and are used to emphasize that Edom will lose its important status. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
OBA 1 2 ec8m figs-metaphor קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם 1 I will make you small among the nations Something that is insignificant is spoken of as if it is of small size, and can easily be overlooked. Alternate translation: “I will make you insignificant among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
OBA 1 2 ch1u figs-activepassive בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד 1 you will be greatly despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 3 i96n 0 General Information: Obadiah’s vision concerning Edom continues.
|
||||
OBA 1 3 qpw7 figs-metonymy 0 The pride of your heart has deceived you The “heart” was associated with emotions. The Edomites’ pride caused them to be deceived about their security. Alternate translation: “Your pride has deceived you” or “Your pride causes you think you are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
OBA 1 3 q6sz 0 in the clefts of the rock “in the cracks in the rock.” This here has the sense of a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks.
|
||||
OBA 1 3 k9sw 0 in your lofty home “in your home that was built in a high place”
|
||||
OBA 1 3 r5zj figs-idiom 0 say in your heart Here “in your heart” is an idiom that means “to yourself.” Alternate translation: “say to yourselves” or “think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
OBA 1 3 i2hx figs-rquestion 0 Who will bring me down to the ground? This question expresses that the Edomites were proud and felt safe. Alternate translation: “No one can bring me down to the ground.” or “I am safe from all attackers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
OBA 1 4 xn9f figs-hyperbole 0 Though you soar high like the eagle and though your nest is set among the stars Both of these exaggerations say that Edom is built in a very high place by saying it is built much higher than possible. Alternate translation: “And I tell you that even if you had wings and could fly higher than eagles fly, and if you could make your homes among the stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
OBA 1 4 bbu3 figs-idiom 0 I will bring you down from there Pride is associated with height while humility is associated with being low. To “bring down” is an idiom that means to humble someone. Alternate translation: “I will humble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
OBA 1 3 qpw7 figs-metonymy זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ הִשִּׁיאֶ֔ךָ 1 The pride of your heart has deceived you The “heart” was associated with emotions. The Edomites’ pride caused them to be deceived about their security. Alternate translation: “Your pride has deceived you” or “Your pride causes you think you are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
OBA 1 3 q6sz בְחַגְוֵי־ סֶּ֖לַע 1 in the clefts of the rock “in the cracks in the rock.” This here has the sense of a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks.
|
||||
OBA 1 3 k9sw מְר֣וֹם שִׁבְתּ֑וֹ 1 in your lofty home “in your home that was built in a high place”
|
||||
OBA 1 3 r5zj figs-idiom אֹמֵ֣ר בְּלִבּ֔וֹ 1 say in your heart Here “in your heart” is an idiom that means “to yourself.” Alternate translation: “say to yourselves” or “think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
OBA 1 3 i2hx figs-rquestion מִ֥י יוֹרִדֵ֖נִי אָֽרֶץ 1 Who will bring me down to the ground? This question expresses that the Edomites were proud and felt safe. Alternate translation: “No one can bring me down to the ground.” or “I am safe from all attackers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
OBA 1 4 xn9f figs-hyperbole אִם־ תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁר וְאִם־ בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ 1 Though you soar high like the eagle and though your nest is set among the stars Both of these exaggerations say that Edom is built in a very high place by saying it is built much higher than possible. Alternate translation: “And I tell you that even if you had wings and could fly higher than eagles fly, and if you could make your homes among the stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
OBA 1 4 bbu3 figs-idiom מִשָּׁ֥ם אוֹרִֽידְךָ֖ 1 I will bring you down from there Pride is associated with height while humility is associated with being low. To “bring down” is an idiom that means to humble someone. Alternate translation: “I will humble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
OBA 1 5 y8jh 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 5 w86v figs-rquestion 0 If thieves came to you…would they not steal only as much as they needed? This question is used to imply that Yahweh’s punishment of Edom would be worse than what thieves would do when they steal. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “If thieves came to you…they would only steal as much as they needed, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
OBA 1 5 q1pg figs-hendiadys 0 If thieves came to you, if robbers came by night These two phrases mean the same thing and are used to emphasize people who steal. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “When thieves break into someone’s house during the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
|
||||
OBA 1 5 w64v 0 if robbers came by night “or if robbers came during the night”
|
||||
OBA 1 5 mt7z 0 robbers people who steal things from other people
|
||||
OBA 1 5 b93f 0 how you will be ruined! Yahweh adds this phrase in the middle of another sentence to express that the punishment of Edom is shocking. Alternate translation: “you are completely destroyed!”
|
||||
OBA 1 5 k12c figs-rquestion 0 If grape gatherers came to you, would they not leave the gleanings? This question is used to imply that Yahweh’s punishment of Edom would be more thorough than what grape gatherers would do when they harvest grapes. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “If grape gatherers came to you, they would leave some grapes, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
OBA 1 6 zsf7 figs-activepassive 0 How Esau has been ransacked, his hidden treasures will be searched out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Ah, enemies have stolen everything from Esau; they have found his hidden treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 6 m9p3 0 Esau The people of Edom were the descendants of Esau. Therefore, in this book “Edom” and “Esau” refer to the same group of people.
|
||||
OBA 1 6 lf9t 0 has been ransacked This means the enemies have search through Esau’s things, taken everything valuable, and left everything else in a mess or damaged.
|
||||
OBA 1 5 w86v figs-rquestion אִם־ גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־ לְךָ֙…הֲל֥וֹא יִגְנְב֖וּ דַּיָּ֑ם 1 If thieves came to you…would they not steal only as much as they needed? This question is used to imply that Yahweh’s punishment of Edom would be worse than what thieves would do when they steal. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “If thieves came to you…they would only steal as much as they needed, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
OBA 1 5 q1pg figs-hendiadys אִם־ גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־ לְךָ֙ אִם־ שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה 1 If thieves came to you, if robbers came by night These two phrases mean the same thing and are used to emphasize people who steal. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “When thieves break into someone’s house during the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
|
||||
OBA 1 5 w64v אִם־ שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה 1 if robbers came by night “or if robbers came during the night”
|
||||
OBA 1 5 mt7z שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי 1 robbers people who steal things from other people
|
||||
OBA 1 5 b93f אֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה 1 how you will be ruined! Yahweh adds this phrase in the middle of another sentence to express that the punishment of Edom is shocking. Alternate translation: “you are completely destroyed!”
|
||||
OBA 1 5 k12c figs-rquestion אִם־ בֹּֽצְרִים֙ בָּ֣אוּ לָ֔ךְ הֲל֖וֹא יַשְׁאִ֥ירוּ עֹלֵלֽוֹת 1 If grape gatherers came to you, would they not leave the gleanings? This question is used to imply that Yahweh’s punishment of Edom would be more thorough than what grape gatherers would do when they harvest grapes. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “If grape gatherers came to you, they would leave some grapes, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
OBA 1 6 zsf7 figs-activepassive אֵ֚יךְ נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ עֵשָׂ֔ו נִבְע֖וּ מַצְפֻּנָֽיו 1 How Esau has been ransacked, his hidden treasures will be searched out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Ah, enemies have stolen everything from Esau; they have found his hidden treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 6 m9p3 עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 Esau The people of Edom were the descendants of Esau. Therefore, in this book “Edom” and “Esau” refer to the same group of people.
|
||||
OBA 1 6 lf9t נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ 1 has been ransacked This means the enemies have search through Esau’s things, taken everything valuable, and left everything else in a mess or damaged.
|
||||
OBA 1 7 xk3q 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 7 a612 0 All the men of your alliance…The men who were at peace with you…They who eat your bread All three of these phrases refer to Edom’s allies.
|
||||
OBA 1 7 n3t6 0 your alliance The word “your” refers to the nation of Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 7 cr88 0 will send you on your way to the border “will send you out of their land.” The people of Edom will try to take refuge in the land of their allies, but their allies will not let the people of Edom stay in their land.
|
||||
OBA 1 7 rc1i 0 There is no understanding in him. Possible meanings are 1) the allies say this about Edom. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Edom does not understand anything.’” or 2) this is a statement about the betrayal of the allies. Alternate translation: “No one can understand why they did this.”
|
||||
OBA 1 8 i4rg figs-rquestion 0 Will I not on that day,” says Yahweh, “destroy…mountain of Esau? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize the certainty of the destruction of Edom. Alternate translation: “‘On that day,’ says Yahweh, ‘I surely will destroy…mountain of Esau.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
OBA 1 8 z8tf 0 the mountain of Esau Most of the land of Esau was mountains, so this is one way of referring to the land of Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 9 e7d9 0 Your mighty men will be dismayed “Your strong warriors will be afraid”
|
||||
OBA 1 9 qvg3 translate-names 0 Teman This is the name of a region in the land of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
OBA 1 9 ljv4 figs-activepassive 0 so that every man may be cut off from the mountain of Esau by slaughter This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that there will be no more people in the mountains of Esau because enemies killed them” or “so that they will slaughter every person in the mountain of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 9 q6s7 0 be cut off “be destroyed”
|
||||
OBA 1 7 a612 כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ…אַנְשֵׁ֣י שְׁלֹמֶ֑ךָ לַחְמְךָ֗ 1 All the men of your alliance…The men who were at peace with you…They who eat your bread All three of these phrases refer to Edom’s allies.
|
||||
OBA 1 7 n3t6 בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ 1 your alliance The word “your” refers to the nation of Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 7 cr88 עַֽד־ הַגְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּךָ 1 will send you on your way to the border “will send you out of their land.” The people of Edom will try to take refuge in the land of their allies, but their allies will not let the people of Edom stay in their land.
|
||||
OBA 1 7 rc1i אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽוֹ 1 There is no understanding in him. Possible meanings are 1) the allies say this about Edom. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Edom does not understand anything.’” or 2) this is a statement about the betrayal of the allies. Alternate translation: “No one can understand why they did this.”
|
||||
OBA 1 8 i4rg figs-rquestion הֲל֛וֹא בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא נְאֻם־ יְהוָ֑ה וְהַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽאֱד֔וֹם וּתְבוּנָ֖ה מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 Will I not on that day,” says Yahweh, “destroy…mountain of Esau? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize the certainty of the destruction of Edom. Alternate translation: “‘On that day,’ says Yahweh, ‘I surely will destroy…mountain of Esau.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
OBA 1 8 z8tf מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 the mountain of Esau Most of the land of Esau was mountains, so this is one way of referring to the land of Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 9 e7d9 וְחַתּ֥וּ גִבּוֹרֶ֖יךָ 1 Your mighty men will be dismayed “Your strong warriors will be afraid”
|
||||
OBA 1 9 qvg3 translate-names תֵּימָ֑ן 1 Teman This is the name of a region in the land of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
OBA 1 9 ljv4 figs-activepassive לְמַ֧עַן יִכָּֽרֶת־ אִ֛ישׁ מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו מִקָּֽטֶל 1 so that every man may be cut off from the mountain of Esau by slaughter This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that there will be no more people in the mountains of Esau because enemies killed them” or “so that they will slaughter every person in the mountain of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 9 q6s7 יִכָּֽרֶת 1 be cut off “be destroyed”
|
||||
OBA 1 10 ypi3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 10 ui6g figs-metonymy 0 your brother Jacob Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Because Jacob was the brother of Esau, the people of Edom are spoken of as if they were the brothers of the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
OBA 1 10 f8g6 figs-idiom 0 you will be covered with shame To be covered with something is an idiom for fully experiencing it. Alternate translation: “you will be completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
OBA 1 10 a113 figs-activepassive 0 will be cut off forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will never exist again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 11 w6hj 0 stood aloof “watched and did nothing to help”
|
||||
OBA 1 11 s38y 0 strangers people from other nations
|
||||
OBA 1 11 rtj8 0 his wealth The word “his” refers to “Jacob,” which is another way of referring to the people of Israel.
|
||||
OBA 1 11 i8sr figs-explicit 0 cast lots for Jerusalem This phrase means “they cast lots to decide who would get the valuable things that they took from Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
OBA 1 11 s4y1 figs-explicit 0 you were like one of them “it was as though you were one of these strangers and foreigners.” This implies that they did not help the Israelites. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you were like one of the enemies and did not help Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
OBA 1 10 ui6g figs-metonymy אָחִ֥יךָ יַעֲקֹ֖ב 1 your brother Jacob Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Because Jacob was the brother of Esau, the people of Edom are spoken of as if they were the brothers of the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
OBA 1 10 f8g6 figs-idiom תְּכַסְּךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה 1 you will be covered with shame To be covered with something is an idiom for fully experiencing it. Alternate translation: “you will be completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
OBA 1 10 a113 figs-activepassive וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ לְעוֹלָֽם 1 will be cut off forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will never exist again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 11 w6hj עֲמָֽדְךָ֣ מִנֶּ֔גֶד 1 stood aloof “watched and did nothing to help”
|
||||
OBA 1 11 s38y זָרִ֖ים 1 strangers people from other nations
|
||||
OBA 1 11 rtj8 חֵיל֑ 1 his wealth The word “his” refers to “Jacob,” which is another way of referring to the people of Israel.
|
||||
OBA 1 11 i8sr figs-explicit וְעַל־ יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל 1 cast lots for Jerusalem This phrase means “they cast lots to decide who would get the valuable things that they took from Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
OBA 1 11 s4y1 figs-explicit גַּם־ אַתָּ֖ה כְּאַחַ֥ד מֵהֶֽם 1 you were like one of them “it was as though you were one of these strangers and foreigners.” This implies that they did not help the Israelites. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you were like one of the enemies and did not help Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
OBA 1 12 axp9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom. Verses 12-14 consist of a series of negative commands that Yahweh gives to tell the people of Edom how not to treat the Israelites.
|
||||
OBA 1 12 e7cd 0 do not gloat over “do not be happy because of” or “do not take pleasure in”
|
||||
OBA 1 12 q8md 0 your brother’s day Here “your brother” refers to the people of Israel because Jacob and Esau were brothers.
|
||||
OBA 1 12 b6h1 0 the day of his misfortune “the time at which bad things happen to him”
|
||||
OBA 1 12 f7lt 0 the day Each of the several occurrences of “day” refer to the time when Babylon attacked and destroyed Jerusalem.
|
||||
OBA 1 12 lxg7 0 in the day of their destruction “at the time when their enemies destroy them”
|
||||
OBA 1 12 b8al 0 in the day of their distress “at the time when they suffer”
|
||||
OBA 1 13 wg54 0 calamity…disaster…ruin These are all different translations of the same word. If your language has one word that can translate all three of these ideas, you could use it here.
|
||||
OBA 1 13 f9q3 0 over their affliction “because of the bad things that happen to them”
|
||||
OBA 1 13 jz38 0 do not loot their wealth “do not take their wealth” “or “do not steal their wealth”
|
||||
OBA 1 14 ixs7 0 crossroads a place where two roads come together
|
||||
OBA 1 14 p7i1 0 to cut down his fugitives “to kill the people of Israel who are trying to escape” or “to catch those who were trying to escape”
|
||||
OBA 1 14 qdx9 0 do not deliver up his survivors “do not capture those who are still alive and give them to their enemies”
|
||||
OBA 1 12 e7cd וְאַל־ תֵּ֤רֶא 1 do not gloat over “do not be happy because of” or “do not take pleasure in”
|
||||
OBA 1 12 q8md בְיוֹם־ אָחִ֨יךָ֙ 1 your brother’s day Here “your brother” refers to the people of Israel because Jacob and Esau were brothers.
|
||||
OBA 1 12 b6h1 בְּי֣וֹם נָכְר֔וֹ 1 the day of his misfortune “the time at which bad things happen to him”
|
||||
OBA 1 12 f7lt בְּי֣וֹם 1 the day Each of the several occurrences of “day” refer to the time when Babylon attacked and destroyed Jerusalem.
|
||||
OBA 1 12 lxg7 בְּי֣וֹם אָבְדָ֑ם 1 in the day of their destruction “at the time when their enemies destroy them”
|
||||
OBA 1 12 b8al בְּי֥וֹם צָרָֽה 1 in the day of their distress “at the time when they suffer”
|
||||
OBA 1 13 wg54 אֵידָ֔ם…בְּרָעָת֖וֹ 1 calamity…disaster…ruin These are all different translations of the same word. If your language has one word that can translate all three of these ideas, you could use it here.
|
||||
OBA 1 13 f9q3 בְּרָעָת֖וֹ 1 over their affliction “because of the bad things that happen to them”
|
||||
OBA 1 13 jz38 וְאַל־ תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְחֵיל֖וֹ 1 do not loot their wealth “do not take their wealth” “or “do not steal their wealth”
|
||||
OBA 1 14 ixs7 הַפֶּ֔רֶק 1 crossroads a place where two roads come together
|
||||
OBA 1 14 p7i1 לְהַכְרִ֖ית אֶת־ פְּלִיטָ֑יו 1 to cut down his fugitives “to kill the people of Israel who are trying to escape” or “to catch those who were trying to escape”
|
||||
OBA 1 14 qdx9 וְאַל־ תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖יו 1 do not deliver up his survivors “do not capture those who are still alive and give them to their enemies”
|
||||
OBA 1 15 bb23 0 General Information: Yahweh concludes his message to Edom in verse 15. In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 15 fa9m 0 For the day of Yahweh is near…will return on your own head Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section, or goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section.
|
||||
OBA 1 15 e5t7 0 For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations “Soon the time will come when Yahweh will show all the nations that he is Lord”
|
||||
OBA 1 15 rd8g figs-activepassive 0 As you have done, it will be done to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will do to you the same things that you did to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
OBA 1 15 djk9 figs-idiom 0 your deeds will return on your own head Here “return on your own head” means they will be punished for those things. Alternate translation: “you will suffer the consequences for the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
OBA 1 16 nf6s 0 For as you The word “you” is plural and probably refers to the people of Judah.
|
||||
OBA 1 16 fu2y figs-metaphor 0 as you have drunk The punishment that Judah received from the enemy nations is spoken of as if a bitter liquid that they drank. Alternate translation: “as you have drunk suffering” or “as I have punished you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
OBA 1 16 ujj9 0 my holy mountain This was a way of referring to Jerusalem.
|
||||
OBA 1 16 qz7p figs-metaphor 0 so will all the nations drink continually Yahweh’s punishment of the other nations is spoken of as if it was a bitter liquid that he will cause them to drink continually. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will drink in suffering continually” or “so I will punish all of the nations without stopping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
OBA 1 16 a8v3 figs-metaphor 0 They will drink and swallow and it will be as though they had never existed Yahweh continues the metaphor of drinking punishment. Here “swallow” expresses that they will fully experience the punishment, with the result that it will destroy them completely. Alternate translation: “They will drink in my punishment fully until they cease to exist” or “I will continue to punish them fully until I completely destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
OBA 1 15 fa9m כִּֽי־ קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־ יְהוָ֖ה עַל־ כָּל־ הַגּוֹיִ֑ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ 1 For the day of Yahweh is near…will return on your own head Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section, or goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section.
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OBA 1 15 e5t7 כִּֽי־ קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־ יְהוָ֖ה עַל־ כָּל־ הַגּוֹיִ֑ם 1 For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations “Soon the time will come when Yahweh will show all the nations that he is Lord”
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OBA 1 15 rd8g figs-activepassive כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ 1 As you have done, it will be done to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will do to you the same things that you did to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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OBA 1 15 djk9 figs-idiom גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ 1 your deeds will return on your own head Here “return on your own head” means they will be punished for those things. Alternate translation: “you will suffer the consequences for the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 16 nf6s שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 For as you The word “you” is plural and probably refers to the people of Judah.
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OBA 1 16 fu2y figs-metaphor כִּ֗י כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 as you have drunk The punishment that Judah received from the enemy nations is spoken of as if a bitter liquid that they drank. Alternate translation: “as you have drunk suffering” or “as I have punished you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 16 ujj9 הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔י 1 my holy mountain This was a way of referring to Jerusalem.
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OBA 1 16 qz7p figs-metaphor יִשְׁתּ֥וּ כָֽל־ הַגּוֹיִ֖ם תָּמִ֑יד 1 so will all the nations drink continually Yahweh’s punishment of the other nations is spoken of as if it was a bitter liquid that he will cause them to drink continually. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will drink in suffering continually” or “so I will punish all of the nations without stopping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 16 a8v3 figs-metaphor וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ וְהָי֖וּ כְּל֥וֹא הָיֽוּ 1 They will drink and swallow and it will be as though they had never existed Yahweh continues the metaphor of drinking punishment. Here “swallow” expresses that they will fully experience the punishment, with the result that it will destroy them completely. Alternate translation: “They will drink in my punishment fully until they cease to exist” or “I will continue to punish them fully until I completely destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 17 zi69 0 General Information: In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
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OBA 1 17 cc36 figs-explicit 0 those that escape These are the people of Jerusalem that are still alive after Yahweh has finished punishing the city. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “some of the Israelites who escape the punishment of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 17 y9pz 0 it will be holy The word “it” refers to “mount Zion.”
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OBA 1 17 b4sh figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 18 rm2e figs-metaphor 0 house of Jacob will be a fire…Joseph a flame Yahweh speaks of the houses of Jacob and Joseph as if they were fire because they will destroy Esau like a fire that quickly and completely burns up straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 18 hj8x 0 stubble The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
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OBA 1 18 bte3 0 and they The word “they” refers to the house of Jacob and the house of Joseph.
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OBA 1 18 jk84 0 will burn them The word “them” refers to the descendants of Esau, who are the nation of Edom.
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OBA 1 18 wf4e 0 There will be no survivors to the house of Esau “Not one person of the house of Esau will survive”
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OBA 1 18 yt8j figs-metonymy 0 the house of Esau The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Esau’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 18 c5jr 0 for Yahweh has spoken it This is an oath formula that means it will certainly happen because Yahweh said it.
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OBA 1 17 cc36 figs-explicit פְלֵיטָ֖ה 1 those that escape These are the people of Jerusalem that are still alive after Yahweh has finished punishing the city. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “some of the Israelites who escape the punishment of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 17 y9pz וְהָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 it will be holy The word “it” refers to “mount Zion.”
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OBA 1 17 b4sh figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב 1 the house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 18 rm2e figs-metaphor וְהָיָה֩ בֵית־ יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּבֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה 1 house of Jacob will be a fire…Joseph a flame Yahweh speaks of the houses of Jacob and Joseph as if they were fire because they will destroy Esau like a fire that quickly and completely burns up straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 18 hj8x לְקַ֔שׁ 1 stubble The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
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OBA 1 18 bte3 וְדָלְק֥וּ 1 and they The word “they” refers to the house of Jacob and the house of Joseph.
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OBA 1 18 jk84 וְדָלְק֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם 1 will burn them The word “them” refers to the descendants of Esau, who are the nation of Edom.
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OBA 1 18 wf4e וְלֹֽא־ יִֽהְיֶ֤ה שָׂרִיד֙ לְבֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 There will be no survivors to the house of Esau “Not one person of the house of Esau will survive”
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OBA 1 18 yt8j figs-metonymy לְבֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 the house of Esau The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Esau’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 18 c5jr כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֵּֽר 1 for Yahweh has spoken it This is an oath formula that means it will certainly happen because Yahweh said it.
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OBA 1 19 d241 0 General Information: In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
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OBA 1 19 ep84 0 Those from the Negev will possess the mount of Esau “The Israelites in the Negev will take the land of the Edomites”
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OBA 1 19 m7qk 0 those of the Shepelah This refers to Israelites in the western foothills of Israel who will capture the land of the Philistines in battle.
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OBA 1 19 x15u 0 They will possess Here “They” appears to refer to the people of Israel in general.
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OBA 1 19 gup4 0 Benjamin will possess “the tribe of Benjamin will possess” or “the descendants of Benjamin will possess”
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OBA 1 20 b7al 0 General Information: In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
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OBA 1 20 xw8x 0 The exiles of this host of the people of Israel Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the exiles taken to Assyria from the northern kingdom of Israel or 2) this refers to the people of Judah who lived outside of Jerusalem and were taken to exile in Babylon.
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OBA 1 20 t8hm 0 host a very large group of people
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OBA 1 20 r8cn translate-names 0 as far as Zarephath Zarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: “as far north as Zarephath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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OBA 1 20 u5t1 0 The exiles of Jerusalem This group is contrasted with either the Israelites from the northern kingdom, or with the people of Judah who lived outside of Jerusalem.
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OBA 1 20 x6yt translate-names 0 Sepharad This is the name of a place whose location is unknown. Some experts suggest it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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OBA 1 21 j7nf 0 Deliverers will go up to Mount Zion to rule over the hill country of Esau “Deliverers will go up to Jerusalem and rule over Edom from there”
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OBA 1 21 hyg2 0 Deliverers Possible meanings are 1) this refers to various Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom or 2) the text should read “Those who will be delivered” and refers to the returning Jewish exiles.
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OBA 1 21 wy7x 0 the kingdom will belong to Yahweh This phrase emphasizes that Yahweh will personally rule over the kingdom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be their king”
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OBA 1 19 ep84 וְיָרְשׁ֨וּ הַנֶּ֜גֶב אֶת־ הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 Those from the Negev will possess the mount of Esau “The Israelites in the Negev will take the land of the Edomites”
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OBA 1 19 m7qk וְהַשְּׁפֵלָה֙ 1 those of the Shepelah This refers to Israelites in the western foothills of Israel who will capture the land of the Philistines in battle.
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OBA 1 19 x15u וְיָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 They will possess Here “They” appears to refer to the people of Israel in general.
|
||||
OBA 1 19 gup4 וּבִנְיָמִ֖ן 1 Benjamin will possess “the tribe of Benjamin will possess” or “the descendants of Benjamin will possess”
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OBA 1 20 b7al 1 General Information: In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
|
||||
OBA 1 20 xw8x וְגָלֻ֣ת הַֽחֵל־ הַ֠זֶּה לִבְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 The exiles of this host of the people of Israel Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the exiles taken to Assyria from the northern kingdom of Israel or 2) this refers to the people of Judah who lived outside of Jerusalem and were taken to exile in Babylon.
|
||||
OBA 1 20 t8hm הַֽחֵל 1 host a very large group of people
|
||||
OBA 1 20 r8cn translate-names עַד־ צָ֣רְפַ֔ת 1 as far as Zarephath Zarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: “as far north as Zarephath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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OBA 1 20 u5t1 וְגָלֻ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם 1 The exiles of Jerusalem This group is contrasted with either the Israelites from the northern kingdom, or with the people of Judah who lived outside of Jerusalem.
|
||||
OBA 1 20 x6yt translate-names בִּסְפָרַ֑ד 1 Sepharad This is the name of a place whose location is unknown. Some experts suggest it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
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OBA 1 21 j7nf וְעָל֤וּ מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ בְּהַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן לִשְׁפֹּ֖ט אֶת־ הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 Deliverers will go up to Mount Zion to rule over the hill country of Esau “Deliverers will go up to Jerusalem and rule over Edom from there”
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OBA 1 21 hyg2 מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ 1 Deliverers Possible meanings are 1) this refers to various Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom or 2) the text should read “Those who will be delivered” and refers to the returning Jewish exiles.
|
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OBA 1 21 wy7x וְהָיְתָ֥ה לַֽיהוָ֖ה הַמְּלוּכָֽה 1 the kingdom will belong to Yahweh This phrase emphasizes that Yahweh will personally rule over the kingdom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be their king”
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