Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
RUT	front	intro	f68r			0		# Introduction to Ruth<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Ruth<br><br>1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)<br>1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)<br>1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)<br>1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)<br>1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)<br><br>### What is the Book of Ruth about?<br><br>This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book traditionally has the title **Ruth** because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as ***The Book about Ruth***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?<br><br>The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were **judges** in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?<br><br>In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])<br><br>### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?<br><br>Israelites practiced what is called ***levirate marriage***. This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could.<br><br>### What was a **kinsman-redeemer**?<br><br>A person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as ***kinsmen-redeemers*** (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice ***levirate marriage***. In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.<br><br>### What was **gleaning** in the Book of Ruth?<br><br>Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These **gleaners** picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.<br><br>### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?<br><br>A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.<br><br>The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel’s duties in God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])<br><br>### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?<br><br>City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.<br><br>Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting ***at*** the city gate. It may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat ***in*** the city gateway.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?<br><br>The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as ***so,*** ***then,*** and ***now***. Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.<br>
RUT	1	intro	irf4			0		# Ruth 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### **It happened in the days when the judges ruled**<br><br>The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Women without a husband or children<br><br>In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Contrast<br><br>The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br>
RUT	1	1	sb2j	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1	It happened that	***It was*** or ***This is what happened***. This is a common way of beginning a historical story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT	1	1	m9nl	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	בִּ⁠ימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַ⁠שֹּׁפְטִ֔ים	1	in the days when the judges ruled	***during the time when judges led and governed Israel*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
RUT	1	1	nm13	figs-explicit	בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	in the land	This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	1	1	mmb4	writing-participants	אִ֜ישׁ	1	a certain man	***a man***. This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
RUT	1	2	e53a		אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה	1	who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah	They were people from the tribe of Ephraim who settled at Bethlehem in the region of Judah.
RUT	1	3	rxb1		הִ֖יא וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠הָ׃	1	she was left with her two sons	***Naomi had only her two sons with her***
RUT	1	4	pk7g	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙	1	They took wives for themselves 	***married women***. This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	1	4	k7y9		מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת	1	from the women of Moab	Naomi’s sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods.
RUT	1	4	aee6		שֵׁ֤ם הָֽ⁠אַחַת֙…וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖י	1	the name of one was…and the name of the other was	***the name of one woman was…the name of the other woman was***
RUT	1	4	rt4c		כְּ⁠עֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים	1	for about ten years	About ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died.
RUT	1	5	dbr3		וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה מִ⁠שְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖י⁠הָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠אִישָֽׁ⁠הּ	1	leaving the woman without her two children or her husband	Naomi was widowed and both her sons died.
RUT	1	6	u9q2		וְ⁠כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ	1	her daughters-in-law	the women who married Naomi’s sons
RUT	1	6	sa4z	figs-explicit	שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב	1	she had heard in the country of Moab	**she had heard in the country of Moab**. It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “she heard from Israel while she was in the region of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	1	6	ser2		יְהוָה֙	1	Yahweh	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
RUT	1	6	v86z		פָקַ֤ד…אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ	1	had visited his people	God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. Alternate translation: “had helped the Israelites”
RUT	1	7	w7ti	figs-idiom	וַ⁠תֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ	1	and they walked down the road	***and they walked along the road***. To walk down a road is an expression for walking away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	1	8	fu39		לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֣י כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ	1	her two daughters-in-law	***her two sons’ wives*** or ***the widows of her two sons
RUT	1	8	lxs2	figs-you	אִשָּׁ֖ה	1	each of you	Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of **you** would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
RUT	1	8	hsf7		לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑⁠הּ	1	to the house of your mother	***to the home of each of your mothers***
RUT	1	8	i262		חֶ֔סֶד	1	in loving kindness	**loving kindness** includes the ideas of love, kindness, and faithfulness.
RUT	1	8	g4r8	figs-idiom	עִם־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים	1	with the dead	***to your husbands, who died***. Naomi was referring to her two sons that had died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	1	8	acb4	figs-nominaladj	הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים	1	the dead	***your husbands, who died*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
RUT	1	9	pm6y		יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	May Yahweh grant to you	***May Yahweh give you*** or ***May Yahweh allow you to have***
RUT	1	9	c74v		וּ⁠מְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה	1	that you find rest	**Rest** here includes security in marriage.
RUT	1	9	v2vx	figs-metonymy	בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑⁠הּ	1	in the house of her husband	This means with their new husbands, not with someone else’s husband. This refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame by being married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT	1	9	t69w	figs-idiom	וַ⁠תִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קוֹלָ֖⁠ן וַ⁠תִּבְכֶּֽינָה	1	and they lifted up their voices and cried	To raise the voice is an idiom for speaking loudly. The daughters cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	1	10	mag8	figs-exclusive	נָשׁ֖וּב	1	we will return	When Orpah and Ruth said **we,** they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive **we** would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
RUT	1	10	bq4j	figs-you	אִתָּ֥⁠ךְ	1	with you	Here **you** is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
RUT	1	11	ggi3	figs-rquestion	לָ֥⁠מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑⁠י	1	Why will you go with me?	This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT	1	11	q2hn	figs-rquestion	הַֽ⁠עֽוֹד־לִ֤⁠י בָנִים֙ בְּֽ⁠מֵעַ֔⁠י וְ⁠הָי֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לַ⁠אֲנָשִֽׁים	1	Are there still sons in my womb, that they may become your husbands?	Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT	1	12	dyc4	figs-explicit	זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִ⁠הְי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ	1	I am too old to have a husband	The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I am too old to marry again and bear more children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	1	12	abc1	figs-rquestion	כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־ לִ֣⁠י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַ⁠לַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְ⁠אִ֔ישׁ וְ⁠גַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים	1	If I said I have hope, if I also had a husband tonight, and also would give birth to sons,	This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Even if it was possible that I would expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons,…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT	1	12	kh9g		יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים	1	would give birth to sons	***bear children*** or ***deliver baby boys***
RUT	1	13	gmc2	figs-rquestion	אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ	1	would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you keep yourselves from having a husband?	Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse, and asks a second question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “…you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband before then.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT	1	13	gh99	figs-metaphor	מַר־לִ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙	1	It is exceedingly bitter to me	Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	1	13	z9u3	figs-metonymy	יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה	1	the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me	The word **hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT	1	14	n47v	figs-idiom	וַ⁠תִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔⁠ן וַ⁠תִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה	1	Then they lifted up their voices and cried	This means that they cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	1	14	t4sl	figs-explicit	וְ⁠ר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽ⁠הּ	1	but Ruth held on to her	***Ruth clung to her***. Alternate translation: “Ruth refused to leave her” or “Ruth would not leave her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	1	15	ld6g		הִנֵּה֙	1	Listen	***Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important***
RUT	1	15	nqm3		יְבִמְתֵּ֔⁠ךְ	1	your sister-in-law	***the wife of your husband’s brother*** or ***Orpah***
RUT	1	15	man4		אֱלֹהֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	her gods	Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi’s sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Yahweh. Now, Orpah was going to worship the gods of Moab again.
RUT	1	16	z5ug		וּ⁠בַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֨ינִי֙	1	where you stay	***where you live***
RUT	1	16	b518	figs-explicit	עַמֵּ֣⁠ךְ עַמִּ֔⁠י	1	your people will be my people	Ruth is referring to Naomi’s people, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “I will consider the people of your country as being my own people” or “I will consider your relatives as my own relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	1	17	lql7	figs-idiom	בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ אָמ֔וּת	1	Where you die, I will die	This refers to Ruth’s desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	1	17	sje3	figs-idiom	יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י	1	May Yahweh do to me, and even more, if	This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the English idiom ***God forbid, if***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	1	17	abc2		כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ	1	except death separates between me and between you	***If anything other than death separates us from each other*** or ***if I leave you while you and I are both still alive***
RUT	1	18	rsq2		וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ	1	she stopped arguing with her	***Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth***
RUT	1	19	j9wa	writing-newevent	וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה שְׁתֵּיהֶ֔ם עַד־בֹּאָ֖נָה בֵּ֣ית לָ֑חֶם וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1	It happened that when they came to Bethlehem,	This sentence introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT	1	19	jdr1	writing-background	וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה שְׁתֵּיהֶ֔ם עַד־בֹּאָ֖נָה בֵּ֣ית לָ֑חֶם	1	when they came to Bethlehem	This is a background clause, explaining that the new event took place after Naomi had returned to Bethlehem with Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
RUT	1	19	y3us	figs-metonymy	כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙	1	the entire town	The **town** refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “everyone in the town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT	1	19	abc3	figs-hyperbole	כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙	1	the entire town	Here **entire** is as generalization. Some of the residents of the town may not have been excited by this news. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
RUT	1	19	xnb3		הֲ⁠זֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי	1	Is this Naomi?	Since it has been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely the women were expressing doubt as to if this woman was actually Naomi. Treat as a real question, not rhetorical.
RUT	1	20	stw5		אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖⁠י נָעֳמִ֑י	1	Do not call me Naomi	The name ***Naomi*** means ***my delight***. Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name.
RUT	1	20	swe9	translate-names	מָרָ֔א	1	Bitter	This is a translation of the meaning of the name. It is also often translated according to its sound as ***Mara***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
RUT	1	21	n9zc		אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְ⁠רֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣⁠נִי יְהוָ֑ה	1	I went out full, but Yahweh has caused me to return empty	When Naomi left Bethlehem, her husband and two sons were living, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy.
RUT	1	21	jqx5		עָ֣נָה בִ֔⁠י	1	has testified against me	***has judged me guilty***
RUT	1	21	t1p8		הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽ⁠י	1	has afflicted me	***has brought calamity on me*** or ***has brought tragedy to me***
RUT	1	22	cx7g	writing-endofstory	וַ⁠תָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְ⁠ר֨וּת	1	So Naomi returned, with Ruth	This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word **So**. Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
RUT	1	22	jdr2	writing-background	וְהֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּתְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים׃	1	They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the harvest of barley.	The sentence gives background information, explaining that Naomi and Ruth had arrived in Bethlehem around the time when the Israelites were starting to harvest their barley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT	1	22	bgy3	figs-abstractnouns	בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים	1	at the beginning of the harvest of barley	***the barley harvest***. The phrase **the harvest of barley** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
RUT	2	intro	ld2v			0		# Ruth 02 General Notes<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **Do not go to glean in another field**<br><br>Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person’s field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
RUT	2	1	t2sn	writing-participants	וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מידע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ	1	Now Naomi had a relative of her husband	This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth meets Boaz. Boaz is introduced here as a new participant in the story. Your language may also have a specific way to introduce new events or new characters in a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
RUT	2	1	b4q7		אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל	1	a man of great wealth	***a prominent, wealthy man***. This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation.
RUT	2	2	am6a		ר֨וּת הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה	1	Ruth, the Moabite woman	Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break.
RUT	2	2	c7rk		הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה	1	the Moabite woman	This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
RUT	2	2	qt4q		וַ⁠אֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים	1	and glean heads of grain	***and gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters*** or ***and pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters***
RUT	2	2	abc5	figs-metonymy	אֲשֶׁ֥ר…בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו	1	in whose eyes	The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: “who will decide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT	2	2	j59b	figs-idiom	אֶמְצָא־ חֵ֖ן	1	I will find favor	The phrase **will find favor** is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: “to be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	2	2	ed93		בִתִּֽ⁠י	1	my daughter	Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter.
RUT	2	3	ht73		וַ⁠יִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔⁠הָ	1	She happened to come	Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
RUT	2	4	vys2	figs-informremind	וְ⁠הִנֵּה	1	Behold,	The word **Behold** alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
RUT	2	4	q1lv		בָּ֚א מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם	1	came from Bethlehem	The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem.
RUT	2	4	r4bl		יְבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָֽה	1	May Yahweh bless you	***May Yahweh give you good things*** or ***May Yahweh make you happy***
RUT	2	5	a5ht		לְ⁠מִ֖י הַ⁠נַּעֲרָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּֽאת	1	Whose is this young woman?	Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s husband or 2) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s parents or current guardians.
RUT	2	5	sdf9		הַ⁠נִּצָּ֖ב עַל	1	who was set over	***who was in charge of*** or ***who was managing***
RUT	2	7	kj7a		הַ⁠בַּ֖יִת	1	the house	***the hut*** or ***the shelter***. This was a temporary shelter or garden hut in the field that provided shade from the sun.
RUT	2	8	ltk3	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠ל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗⁠י	1	Will you not listen to me, my daughter?	This can be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter!” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT	2	8	ke9b	figs-idiom	בִּתִּ֗⁠י	1	my daughter	This was a kind way of addressing a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, so make sure the translation of this does not make it sound like she was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	2	9	jq6n	figs-metonymy	עֵינַ֜יִ⁠ךְ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֤ה	1	Keep your eyes on the field	The eyes represent watching something or paying attention to something. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT	2	9	xc6u	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ	1	Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you?	Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions not to harm you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT	2	9	ub62		אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים	1	the young men	***young male workers*** or ***servants***. The words **young men** are used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field.
RUT	2	9	v5e4		לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ	1	not to touch you	Possible meanings are 1) the men were not to harm Ruth or 2) the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field.
RUT	2	9	ahr7		מֵ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּ⁠ן הַ⁠נְּעָרִֽים	1	from what the young men have drawn	To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel.
RUT	2	10	az6y		וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה	1	Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground	These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
RUT	2	10	ug7p		מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לְ⁠הַכִּירֵ֔⁠נִי וְ⁠אָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה	1	Why have I found favor in your eyes that you should take notice of me, since I am a foreigner?	Ruth is asking a real question.
RUT	2	10	abc7	figs-idiom	מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן	1	have I found favor	The phrase **found favor** is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: “been kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 
RUT	2	10	abc8	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	in your eyes	The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: “that you decided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
RUT	2	10	x6f8		נָכְרִיָּֽה	1	foreigner	Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, but she was known publicly as ***the Moabitess***.
RUT	2	11	app6	figs-activepassive	הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗⁠י	1	It has surely been reported to me	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***People have reported to me*** or ***People have told me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
RUT	2	11	abc9	figs-idiom	הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד	1	It has surely been reported	Here two specific forms of the word for **report** are repeated in the original Hebrew text to emphasize the certainty of the statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	2	11	r44n	figs-metonymy	וַ⁠תֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם	1	and have come to a people	Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT	2	12	x5ct		יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ	1	May Yahweh reward your deed	***May Yahweh repay you*** or ***May Yahweh pay you back***
RUT	2	12	s2vm		פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ	1	your deed	This is an act of faith, choosing to leave her family and country and instead to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trust Naomi’s God.
RUT	2	12	gnn5	figs-parallelism	וּ⁠תְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜⁠ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵ⁠עִ֤ם יְהוָה֙	1	may full payment be given to you by Yahweh	This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT	2	12	eh86	figs-metaphor	אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַ⁠חֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽי⁠ו	1	under whose wings you have come for refuge	Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT	2	13	abc6	figs-idiom	אֶמְצָא־ חֵ֨ן	1	Let me find favor	Here **find favor** is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: “Please be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	2	13	v2q1	figs-metonym	בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ	1	in your eyes	Here **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and  sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “and accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT	2	13	abc4		אֲדֹנִ⁠י֙	1	my master	Boaz is not Ruth's master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **master**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “Sir” or “my lord”
RUT	2	13	zc5n		וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּ⁠אַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	though I am not like one of your female servants	Possible meanings are 1) Ruth was not one of Boaz’s female servants or 2) Ruth did not think her marriage to Naomi’s son granted her any privilege in Bethlehem.
RUT	2	14	yht2		לְ⁠עֵ֣ת הָ⁠אֹ֗כֶל	1	At the time of the meal	This refers to the noontime meal.
RUT	2	14	p256		וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ	1	dip your piece of bread in the wine vinegar	This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and plates of broken bread. They would dip their bread in the vinegar bowl to wet it and add flavor before they ate it.
RUT	2	14	xr6s		בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ	1	the wine vinegar	The **wine vinegar** was a sauce into which they dipped bread. The Israelites further fermented some of their wine to make vinegar.
RUT	2	15	v6wr	figs-explicit	וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם לְ⁠לַקֵּ֑ט וַ⁠יְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜י⁠ו	1	When she got up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men	In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	2	15	rct9		וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם	1	When she got up	***After she stood up***
RUT	2	15	a5z9		 גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽ⁠עֳמָרִ֛ים	1	even among the bundles	Here **even** denotes ***above and beyond what one normally does***. Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean around the bundles of grain. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working that close to the harvested grain for fear that they might steal from the grain.
RUT	2	16	u6hv		שֹׁל־תָּשֹׁ֥לּוּ לָ֖⁠הּ מִן־הַ⁠צְּבָתִ֑ים	1	pull out for her some grain from the bundles	***take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her*** or ***leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect***
RUT	2	16	nn9l		וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽ⁠הּ	1	do not rebuke her	***do not cause her shame*** or ***do not dishonor her***
RUT	2	17	h3ap		וַ⁠תַּחְבֹּט֙	1	Then she beat out	She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which are thrown away.
RUT	2	17	mq6b	translate-bvolume	כְּ⁠אֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים	1	about an ephah of barley	An **ephah** is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “about 22 liters of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
RUT	2	18	etn8	figs-explicit	וַ⁠תִּשָּׂא֙ וַ⁠תָּב֣וֹא הָ⁠עִ֔יר	1	She lifted it up and went into the city	It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	2	18	r6sz		וַ⁠תֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖⁠הּ	1	Then her mother-in-law saw	***Then Naomi saw***
RUT	2	19	bg28	figs-parallelism	אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ וְ⁠אָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית	1	Where have you gleaned today, and where did you work?	Naomi asked almost the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT	2	20	p8km		בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה	1	May he be blessed by Yahweh	Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself.
RUT	2	20	ur7z	figs-doublenegatives	אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔⁠וֹ	1	who has not forsaken his loving kindness	***who has continued to be loyal***. Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT	2	20	ljz3	figs-nominaladj	אֶת־הַ⁠חַיִּ֖ים	1	to the living	Naomi and Ruth were the **living**. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective **the living**. Alternate translation: “to the people who are still living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
RUT	2	20	wjr4	figs-nominaladj	וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֑ים	1	and to the dead	Naomi’s husband and sons were the **dead**. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective **the dead**. Alternate translation: “the people who have already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
RUT	2	20	cyy2	figs-parallelism	קָר֥וֹב לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ מִֽ⁠גֹּאֲלֵ֖⁠נוּ הֽוּא	1	That man is our relative, one of our kinsman-redeemers	The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT	2	20	zu5f		מִֽ⁠גֹּאֲלֵ֖⁠נוּ	1	kinsman-redeemers	A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who could rescue a childless widow from financial ruin by marrying her and having a child with her. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery.
RUT	2	21	k2lz		גַּ֣ם׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗⁠י	1	Indeed, he also aid to me	***He even said to me***. This indicates that what follows is the most important part of Boaz’s words to Ruth.
RUT	2	21	g585		עִם־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־לִ⁠י֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔י⁠ן	1	You should keep close to the young men who are mine	Boaz was referring to the physical protection his men can provide her.
RUT	2	22	f2tw		תֵֽצְאִי֙ עִם	1	you go out with	***you work with***
RUT	2	22	bcc4		וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖⁠ךְ	1	so that they do not harm you	Possible meanings are 1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to seize her and sleep with her or 2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning until the end of the harvest.
RUT	2	23	e2vq		וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֞ק	1	So she stayed close	Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe.
RUT	2	23	a7qp		וַ⁠תֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ	1	She lived with her mother-in-law	Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night.
RUT	3	intro	t4y5			0		# Ruth 03 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Boaz’s integrity<br><br>Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz’s character is important for this story.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **So that it may be well with you**<br><br>Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi’s daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
RUT	3	1	jdr3	writing-newevent	וַ⁠תֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖⁠הּ נָעֳמִ֣י	1	Naomi…said to her,	This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT	3	1	r7ar		חֲמוֹתָ֑⁠הּ	1	her mother-in-law	Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband.
RUT	3	1	f1uc		בִּתִּ֞⁠י	1	My daughter	Ruth became Naomi’s daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
RUT	3	1	nxr8	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־ לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־ לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	should I not seek rest for you, so that it may be well with you?	Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.” or “I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT	3	1	uw2p	figs-metaphor	לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ	1	rest for you	Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT	3	2	jdr4	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה	1	Connecting Statement:	This phrase indicates that Naomi advises Ruth because she desires to find a resting place for Ruth (3:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
RUT	3	2	j31t	figs-explicit	הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑י⁠ו	1	young female workers you were with	The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	3	2	b4h8	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔⁠נוּ	1	is Boaz not our kinsman?	Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: “Boaz is our relative.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT	3	2	nd8v	figs-informremind	הִנֵּה	1	Look	The word **Look** indicates that the following statement is very important.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
RUT	3	2	ms25		זֹרֶ֛ה	1	is winnowing	To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away.
RUT	3	3	ru6z		וָ⁠סַ֗כְתְּ	1	and anoint yourself	This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself, much as women put on perfume today.
RUT	3	3	e92h	figs-idiom	ו⁠ירדתי הַ⁠גֹּ֑רֶן	1	and go down to the threshing floor	This refers to leaving the city and heading to the threshing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	3	4	jdr5	grammar-connect-time-background	וִ⁠יהִ֣י בְ⁠שָׁכְב֗⁠וֹ	1	Then it will be that when he lies down,	This is a background clause, explaining when Ruth should watch to see where Boaz sleeps. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
RUT	3	4	ln1m	translate-symaction	וְ⁠גִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו	1	and uncover his feet	This means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet so that they would be exposed to the cold air. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
RUT	3	4	l4we		ו⁠שכבתי	1	and lie down	***and lie down at his feet***
RUT	3	4	w1u5		וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔⁠ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂי⁠ן	1	Then he will tell you what you should do	The specific custom of that time is unclear, but this is usually understood as a culturally acceptable way for a woman to tell a man that she was willing to marry him. Boaz would understand the custom and accept or reject her offer.
RUT	3	4	nn4g		וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד	1	Then he will tell	***When he wakes up, he will tell***
RUT	3	7	fz7e	figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	and his heart was merry	Here Boaz is referred to by his heart. It does not imply Boaz was overly drunk. Alternate translation: “and he was satisfied” or “and he was in a good mood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT	3	7	y6gk		וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣א בַ⁠לָּ֔ט	1	Then she came quietly	***Then she sneaked in*** or ***Then she came in quietly so no one would hear her***
RUT	3	7	eq2u		וַ⁠תְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו	1	and uncovered his feet	***and removed his blanket from his feet***
RUT	3	7	pb6l		וַ⁠תִּשְׁכָּֽב	1	and lay down	***and lay down at his feet***
RUT	3	8	pz92	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	 וַ⁠יְהִי֙ בַּ⁠חֲצִ֣י הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה 	1	It came about in the middle of the night	This clause introduces a new event in the story, explaining when Boaz woke up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
RUT	3	8	xun6		וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד	1	that was startled	It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet.
RUT	3	8	c23j	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּלָּפֵ֑ת	1	He turned over	He looked to see what startled him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	3	8	e7ui		אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	a woman was lying at his feet	The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
RUT	3	9	wj9e		אֲמָתֶ֔⁠ךָ	-1	your female servant	Ruth spoke with humility to Boaz.
RUT	3	9	xp1b	figs-idiom	וּ⁠פָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨⁠ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Spread your cloak over your female servant	This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	3	9	l5g4		גֹאֵ֖ל	1	a kinsman-redeemer	See how you translated this term in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
RUT	3	10	bjw9		הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן	1	for you have showed more kindness at the end than from the beginning	***even more kindness now than before***
RUT	3	10	e7ka		הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן	1	you have showed more kindness at the end	This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi.
RUT	3	10	cbd3		הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן	1	from the beginning	This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them.
RUT	3	10	n84d	figs-idiom	לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙	1	because you have not gone after	***you have not pursued marriage with***. Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	3	11	jdr6	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה	1	Connecting Statement:	This phrase indicates that Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer because he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi (1:10). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
RUT	3	11	ei93		בִּתִּ⁠י֙	1	my daughter	Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman.
RUT	3	12	jdr7	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠עַתָּה֙	1	Connecting Statement:	This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth and the possibility of another man marrying her instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
RUT	3	12	fvq5		גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי	1	a kinsman-redeemer…nearer than I	It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
RUT	3	13	gcl8	figs-explicit	אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥⁠ךְ	1	if he will redeem you	Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	3	13	tkz9		חַי־יְהוָ֑ה	1	as Yahweh lives	***as surely as Yahweh lives***. This was a common Hebrew vow.
RUT	3	14	vn8p		וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מרגלת⁠ו	1	So she lay at his feet	Ruth slept at Boaz’ feet. They did not have sex.
RUT	3	14	dwx1		ב⁠טרום יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	before anyone could recognize another person	This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: “while it was still dark”
RUT	3	15	hj1e		הַ⁠מִּטְפַּ֧חַת	1	the shawl	a piece of cloth worn over the shoulders for warmth
RUT	3	15	f5zg		שֵׁשׁ־שְׂעֹרִים֙	1	six ephahs of barley	The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Some think it was about 30 kilograms.
RUT	3	15	gdn8		וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׁת עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ	1	put it on her	The amount of grain was so great that Ruth needed help picking it up to carry it.
RUT	3	15	aj7u		וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א הָ⁠עִֽיר	1	Then he went into the city	Most ancient copies have **he went**, but some have **she went**. There are English versions with both. The better choice is **he went**.
RUT	3	16	s7dr	figs-idiom	מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑⁠י	1	How did it go, my daughter?	The meaning of this question is not clear. The literal Hebrew idiom is **Who are you?** It may mean 1) ***What happened, my daughter?*** or 2) ***Did Boaz agree to marry you?*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	3	16	w9p9		אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖⁠הּ הָ⁠אִֽישׁ	1	all that the man had done for her	***all that Boaz had done for her***
RUT	3	17	e9xx		אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם	1	Do not go empty-handed	***Do not go empty-handed*** or ***Do not go with nothing*** or ***Be sure to take something***
RUT	3	17	abca		שֵׁשׁ־ הַ⁠שְּׂעֹרִ֥ים	1	six measures of barley	See how you translated this in [3:15](../03/15/f5zg).
RUT	3	18	u5rn		אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר	1	he has finished this thing	This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
RUT	4	intro	pz6m			0		# Ruth 04 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King David<br><br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **You must also acquire Ruth the Moabite woman**<br><br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>### **This was the custom in former times**<br><br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
RUT	4	1	jdr8	writing-newevent	וּ⁠בֹ֨עַז עָלָ֣ה הַ⁠שַּׁעַר֮	1	Now Boaz went up to the gate	This clause introduces the next part of the story, in which Boaz performs the role of kinsman-redeemer and marries Ruth. (See: [[rc:en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT	4	1	m4by		הַ⁠שַּׁעַר֮	1	to the gate	***to the gate of the city*** or ***to the gate of Bethlehem***. This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters.
RUT	4	1	jdr9	figs-informremind	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה	1	Behold,	The word **Behold** alerts us to the important event of Boaz sitting down at the gate and seeing the exact person he wanted to see walking by. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
RUT	4	1	kz1g		הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֤ל	1	the kinsman-redeemer	This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
RUT	4	2	bf74		מִ⁠זִּקְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עִ֖יר	1	from the elders of the city	***from the leaders of the city***
RUT	4	3	es9g		חֶלְקַת֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה…מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י	1	Naomi…is selling the parcel of land	It was the responsibility of the kinsman to buy back his relative’s land and to care for his family. In this case, it meant the man must buy Naomi’s land, marry Ruth, and care for Naomi.
RUT	4	4	c6xi		נֶ֥גֶד	1	in front of	***in the presence of***. This would make the transaction legal and binding.
RUT	4	4	lgq1		גְּאָ֔ל	1	redeem it	This meant to buy the land to keep it within their family.
RUT	4	4	u548		וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	and I am after you	Boaz was the next kinsman in line to redeem the land.
RUT	4	5	ut23		בְּ⁠יוֹם־קְנוֹתְ⁠ךָ֥…וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת…קניתי	1	On the day that you buy…you must also acquire	Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land.
RUT	4	5	ymn8	figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד נָעֳמִ֑י	1	from the hand of Naomi	Here the word **hand** represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT	4	5	dya3	figs-idiom	וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת ר֣וּת…קניתי	1	you must also acquire Ruth	***you must also marry Ruth*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	4	5	b3ps		אֵֽשֶׁת־ הַ⁠מֵּת֙	1	the wife of the dead man	***the widow of Elimelek’s son who died***
RUT	4	5	b3sy		לְ⁠הָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת	1	to raise up the name of the dead	***that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband***
RUT	4	5		figs-nominaladj	הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת	1	the dead	Ruth's husband was the **dead**. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective **the dead**. Alternate translation: “the man who died” of “her husband who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
RUT	4	6	sx9k		אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑⁠י	1	damaging my own inheritance	If he married Ruth, he would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
RUT	4	6	sa7h		גְּאַל־לְ⁠ךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔⁠י	1	You redeem for yourself my right of redemption	***You yourself redeem it instead of me***
RUT	4	7	wga9	writing-background	וְ⁠זֹאת֩	1	Now it was thus	***Now this was the custom***. The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT	4	7	lgf5	writing-background	לְ⁠פָנִ֨ים	1	in former times	***in earlier times***. This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until when the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT	4	7	d46w		לְ⁠רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	to the other	This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal.
RUT	4	9	zz42	figs-hyperbole	לַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֜ים וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֗ם	1	to the elders and to all the people	This is a generalization. It refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
RUT	4	9	img5		כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֶֽ⁠אֱלִימֶ֔לֶךְ וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠כִלְי֖וֹן וּ⁠מַחְל֑וֹן	1	all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s	This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons.
RUT	4	9	lwx9	figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠יַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי	1	from the hand of Naomi	The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT	4	10	jdr0	Grammar-connect-words-phrases		1	Connecting Statement:	This statement indicates that the people sitting at the gate are witnesses both to the fact that Boaz is claiming Ruth to be his wife and to the fact that he is buying back Elimilech’s family land for Naomi (1:9).
RUT	4	10	nm32		לְ⁠הָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔⁠וֹ	1	to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance	The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property”
RUT	4	10	gg1m	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠לֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אֶחָ֖י⁠ו	1	so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place	Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT	4	10	xpu5		וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑⁠וֹ	1	and from the gate of his place	The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land.
RUT	4	11	ua2a		הָ⁠עָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־בַּ⁠שַּׁ֛עַר	1	the people who were in the gate	***people who were meeting together near the gate***
RUT	4	11	hg6q	figs-metaphor	הַ⁠בָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗⁠ךָ	1	who is coming into your house	This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT	4	11	q47m		כְּ⁠רָחֵ֤ל׀ וּ⁠כְ⁠לֵאָה֙	1	like Rachel and Leah	These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
RUT	4	11	cz4t		בָּנ֤וּ…אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	built up the house of Israel	***bore many children who became the nation of Israel***
RUT	4	11	abcb	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־ חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־ שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם	1	and may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem	The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 
RUT	4	11	uk9q		וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה	1	may you prosper in Ephrathah	Ephrathah was the name of the wife of Caleb, from whom the inhabitants of Bethlehem descended. It is another name for the town of Bethehem.
RUT	4	12	fn52	figs-metaphor	וִ⁠יהִ֤י בֵֽיתְ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠בֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־ יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה	1	May your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah	God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT	4	12	a433		יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה	1	Tamar bore to Judah	Tamar, like Ruth, was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with Tamar, which continued the family name.
RUT	4	12	xym8		מִן־הַ⁠זֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠ךָ֔	1	through the offspring whom Yahweh will give you	Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth.
RUT	4	12	abcc	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־ רוּת֙ וַ⁠תְּהִי־ ל֣⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה	1	So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife	The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 
RUT	4	13	u21g		וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙	1	So Boaz took Ruth	***So Boaz married Ruth*** or ***So Boaz took Ruth as a wife***
RUT	4	13	gw77	figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	He went in to her	This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “He had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
RUT	4	14	qj8v	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛⁠ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם	1	who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer	This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “who has provided you today with a kinsman to redeem you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT	4	14	p8p3		וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	May his name be famous	This refers to the reputation and character of Naomi’s grandson.
RUT	4	15	hz3e		לְ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ	1	one who restores life	This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: “one who brings joy to you again” or “one who will make you feel young again”
RUT	4	15	z5lw		וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ	1	and a nourisher of your old age	***and he will take care of you when you become old***
RUT	4	15	rpc3	figs-idiom	ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔⁠ךְ מִ⁠שִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים	1	better to you than seven sons	**Seven** was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi’s sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: “better to you than any son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT	4	16	k1w4		וַ⁠תִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙	1	Naomi took the child	This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth.
RUT	4	16	jn29		וַ⁠תְּשִׁתֵ֣⁠הוּ בְ⁠חֵיקָ֔⁠הּ	1	laid him in her bosom	***held him close against her chest***. This is a statement of love and affection for the child.
RUT	4	17	fkf2		יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֑י	1	A son has been born to Naomi	***The child is like a son to Naomi***. It was understood that the child was Naomi’s grandson, not her physical son.
RUT	4	17	f9ha	figs-explicit	אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד	1	the father of David	***father of King David***. Though ***King*** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT	4	18	mzm1		תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ	1	the generations of Perez	***the successive descendants***. Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez.
RUT	4	19	rl3k	translate-names	וְ⁠חֶצְרוֹן֙…רָ֔ם	1	Hezron…Ram	(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
RUT	4	22	abcd	figs-explicit	אֶת־ דָּוִֽד	1	David	***father of King David***. See the note about **David** on [4:17](../04/17/f9ha)
