Following Runge's  suggestion,  I have interpreted various  cleft con-
structions linguistically as either left -dislocations, "where the new entity 
is  dislocated to  the beginning of the clause  and then resumed in the 
main  clause  through  the  use  of a  pronominal trace"  (2010,  289),  or 
right-dislocations, which entail "referring to a participant in the midst 
of a clause using a pronoun or generic phrase and then adding more 
information about the same participant at the end of the clause" ( 317). 
I have identified nine relative clauses in Philippians that stand in left-
dislocations: one in 3:7 ((inva ~v f!Ol KEpOTJ),  one in 3:16 (de; 0 ecp8acra-
flEV ), six in 4:8 ( oaa E0"1"LV  UATJ8fJ,  oaa O"EflVU, oaa OLKaLU, oaa ayva, oaa 
7tpocr<ptAfJ,  oaa EU<pTJf!U),  and one in 4:9 (a Kal Ef!U8£1"£ KUL1tapeA<l0e<£ 
Kal  ~Km)aau Kal  d0£1"£  tv Ef!Ol}.  Right-dislocations  are more diverse 
and include adverbs (1:17), attributive modifiers (3:9), and appositions 
(3:9,  20;  4:18).  In my English translations, which seek to approximate 
the word order and syntax of the Greek text for pedagogical purposes, I 
have used em dashes (-) to indicate the end ofleft -dislocations and the 
beginning of the main clauses. Right -dislocations are marked off either 
by commas or em dashes, depending on the function they have in the 
sentences in which they occur. 

![[../images/Pasted image 20211218171325.png]]




- accusative direct object, 1:4, 6, 72, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 172, 23, 25, 27, 302; 2:23, 32, 42, 5, 6, 72, 8, 92, 12, 13, 14, 16, 192, 203, 212, 22, 232, 252, 26, 274, 282, 292, 30; 3:1, 23, 4, 6, 72, 84, 9, 103, 122, 132, 153, 172, 182, 19, 20, 212; 4:23, 3, 6, 73, 8, 92, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 172, 182, 19, 212, 22
- accusative in apposition, 3:9, 20; 4:182
- accusative of reference, 4:6, 13 accusative subject of the infinitive, 1:7, 10, 12, 13, 14; 3:13, 21
- adjectivizer, 1:11; 3:6, 92, 11
- adnominal infinitive, 3:21
- ἀλλὰ (contrastive), 1:18, 20, 292; 2:3, 4, 12, 17, 27; 3:8, 9, 13; 4:6
- ἀπό (separation), 4:15
- ἀπό (source), 1:2, 28
- ἀπό (temporal), 1:5
- aspectual emphasis, 1:21, 25; 2:17
- asyndeton, 3:5, 7; 4:4, 5
- attributed genitive, 1:22; 3:8
- attributive genitive, 2:7; 3:212; 4:18
- ἄχρι (temporal), 1:5, 6 
- chiasm, 1:16; 2:29; 3:4, 9; 4:9
- complement in double accusative, 2:32, 62, 20, 292; 3:72, 8, 172, 18 
- crasis, 2:19, 28 
- dative of advantage, 1:2, 7, 19, 22, 27; 3:12, 7; 4:18, 20
- dative of cause, 1:14
- dative complement, 1:3; 2:6, 27, 30; 3:10, 13, 16, 21; 4:32, 14, 15
- dative of disadvantage, 1:17, 28
- dative indirect object, 1:29; 2:9, 19; 3:1, 15, 21; 4:5
- dative locative, 1:12, 5, 6, 7, 13, 22, 24, 30; 2:5, 6, 7, 13, 152, 24; 3:32, 4, 6, 9, 14, 19, 20; 4:1, 2, 32, 6, 9, 14, 16, 192, 21
- dative of manner, 1:182; 2:3
- dative of means, 1:14, 27; 4:62
- dative of possession, 2:162; 4:16 dative of recipient, 1:1
- dative of reference, 1:21; 3:5
- dative of sphere, 1:26; 2:19, 29; 4:4, 19, 21
- δέ (contrastive marker), 1:24, 28; 3:13
- δέ (new development marker), 1:12, 22, 23, 24, 28; 2:8, 19, 22, 24, 252; 3:12, 13, 18; 4:102, 15, 20, 22
- διά (cause), 1:152, 24; 2:30; 3:7, 82
- διά (agency), 1:11
- διά (means), 1:202, 26; 3:9
- διὰ τὸ plus infinitive (cause), 1:7 
- διό (inferential conjunction), 2:9 
- εἰ μή (exception), 4:15 εἰς (adverbial), 2:162
- εἰς (content), 1:29
- εἰς (goal), 3:11
- εἰς (locative), 1:5; 2:22
- εἰς (purpose), 1:11, 12, 16, 25; 2:11, 16; 3:14; 4:16
- εἰς (reference), 3:16; 4:15, 17
- εἰς (result), 1:19
- εἰς (temporal), 1:10; 2:16; 4:20
- εἰς τὸ plus infinitive (epexegetical), 1:23
- ἐκ (cause), 1:23
- ἐκ (source), 1:23; 3:52, 92, 11; 4:22
- ἔμπροσθεν (temporal), 3:13
- ἐν (cause), 1:13, 18, 26
- ἐν (locative), 1:12, 5, 6, 7, 13, 22, 24, 302; 2:5, 6, 7, 13, 15, 24; 3:32, 4, 6, 9, 14, 19, 20; 4:1, 2, 32, 6, 9, 14, 16, 192, 21
- ἐν (manner), 1:8, 9, 202, 27, 28; 2:29
- ἐν (means), 1:4, 8, 9; 2:5
- ἐν (temporal), 2:122; 4:11, 122, 15
- epexegetical genitive, 1:7, 11, 22; 2:10, 16; 3:5, 10, 14; 4:3
- ἐπί (addition), 2:27
- ἐπί (cause), 1:3, 5; 3:9, 12; 4:10
- ἐπί (spatial), 2:17
- ἔτι (temporal), 1:9
- ἐφ᾽ ᾧ (causal), 3:12; 4:10 
- first-class condition, 1:22; 2:13, 17; 3:4, 15; 4:82
- forward pointing device, 1:6; 3:1 future tense (predictive), 2:11 
- γάρ (cause-reason) 1:18, 23; 2:13; 4:11
- γάρ (clarification), 3:20; 4:11
- γάρ (explanatory), 1:8, 19, 21; 2:20, 21, 27; 3:3, 18
- genitive after adverb, 1:27 
- genitive chain (concatenated), 2:30; 3:8
- genitive in apposition, 1:22, 22, 27; 2:11; 3:8
- genitive of agency, 3:14 genitive of accompaniment/
-    association, 1:7; 2:1; 3:17; 4:3, 23 genitive of comparison, 2:3
- genitive of location/place, 2:8, 10 genitive of means, 2:8
- genitive of producer, 4:7 genitive of product, 2:8; 4:9 genitive of relationship, 1:2
- genitive of source, 1:8, 16; 2:1, 21; 3:3, 5, 9, 10; 4:6, 72, 18, 23
- genitive of subordination, 1:3 hortatory subjunctive, 3:15; 4:4
- imperfective aspect, 1:4, 12, 21; 2:5, 12, 14, 172, 29; 3:8, 18; 4:10, 17
- ἵνα (clausal complement), 1:92; 2:2
- ἵνα (purpose), 1:10, 26, 27; 2:10, 11, 15, 19, 28, 30; 3:8
- ἵνα (result), 1:26; 2:27
- inclusio, 1:24, 25; 2:19, 23, 24; 4:9, 18, 23
- infinitive (absolute or imperatival), 3:16
- infinitive (apposition), 1:29
- infinitive  (complementary), 1:12, 14, 17; 2:19, 23; 3:21; 4:11, 124
- infinitive (epexegetical), 1:7; 3:10, 21
- infinitive (indirect discourse), 1:17; 3:4, 8, 13; 4:2
- infinitive (purpose), 3:10
- infinitive (purpose with εἰς τό), 1:8, 23; 3:10
- infinitive (result with ὥστε), 1:13 infinitive (substantive), 1:7; 1:212, 22, 24, 29; 2:6, 132; 3:1; 4:10 
- καί (adjunctive/adverbial), 1:18, 29; 2:4, 5, 92, 17, 18, 24, 272; 3:4, 8, 122, 15, 20, 21; 4:32, 94, 10, 15, 17
- καί (conjunctive), 1:7, 15, 20; 2:13; 4:7, 123
- καί (connective), 1:9, 22; 2:29; 3:15, 17, 18; 4:1
- καί (continuity), 1:25, 30; 2:7
- καί (crasis), 2:19, 28
- καί (epexegetical), 2:9
- καί (hendiadys), 1:7, 11, 20, 25; 2:1, 17, 25; 3:9
- καί (pleonastic), 4:3
- καί (result), 4:7
- κατά (causal), 3:21; 4:11
- κατά (reference), 3:5, 62
- κατά (spatial), 3:14
- κατά (standard), 1:20; 2:3; 4:19 
- μὲν . . . δὲ, 1:15, 16-17; 2:23-24; 3:1, 13
- μετά (association), 4:3, 23
- μετά (manner), 1:4; 2:12, 29; 4:6
- metacomment, 1:12
- μέχρι (temporal), 2:8, 30
- μή (conjunction), 2:27; 4:15 
- μή (negation), 1:28; 2:4, 12; 3:9
- nominalizer, 1:12, 16, 27, 29; 2:2,  19, 20, 21, 23; 3:1, 13 2 ; 4:18, 22
- nominative absolute, 1:1, 2
- nominative in apposition, 1:1, 4:1 2
- nominative of direct address, 1:12;  2:12; 3:1, 17; 4:1, 8, 15
- nominative subject, 1:9, 17, 19, 20;  2:9, 10, 11 2 , 13, 22, 27; 3:10, 15 2 ,  18, 20; 4:3, 6, 7, 9, 15, 19, 21, 22
- nominative subject of an implied 
- verb, 1:8, 22; 2:5, 11, 22; 3:19 3 ;  4:5, 23
- objective genitive, 1:3, 7 3 , 11, 12,  16, 19, 25, 27, 28, 2:1, 11, 16, 17,  22, 25, 30; 3:8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19; 4:14, 153
- ὅτι (causal), 4:10
- ὅτι (clausal complement), 1:20, 25; 2:11, 16, 22, 24, 26; 4:10, 11, 15
- ὅτι (direct discourse), 2:11 ὅτι (epexegetical), 1:6
- οὖν (consequential), 2:1, 23, 28; 3:15; 4:8
- οὖν (transitional), 2:29
- παρά (source), 4:18 
- parallelism, 3:12
- participle (adjectival/attributive), 1:7, 14; 2:15; 3:6, 10; 4:7, 17
- participle (attendant circumstance), 2:10
- participle (causal), 1:6, 16, 17, 23, 25; 4:18
- participle (complementary/ purpose), 4:14
- participle (concessive), 2:6; 3:4
- participle (conditional), 1:273
- participle (imperatival), 2:4
- participle (manner), 1:4, 27, 28, 30; 2:3, 8, 132, 18
- participle (means), 2:2 , 7 , 30
- participle (periphrastic), 2:262
- participle (result), 1:11; 3:9
- participle (substantival), 1:1, 6, 10, 28; 2:3, 13; 3:32, 6, 8, 17, 19; 4:13
- participle (temporal), 2:7, 28; 3:13
- partitive genitive, 1:14
- perfective aspect, 1:21; 2:2, 19
- περί (reference), 1:27; 2:19, 20, 23
- periphrastic (imperfect), 2:262
- point-counterpoint, 1:15, 17; 2:3, 4, 16, 23, 27; 3:1, 13
- possessive genitive, 1:1, 6, 9, 14, 17, 202, 27; 2:2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 16; 3:8, 103, 18, 192, 20, 212; 4:12, 5, 17, 193, 22, 23
- predicate accusative, 1:7, 13; 2:29; 3:8
- predicate adjective, 1:7, 24; 2:8, 152, 28; 3:12, 5, 6, 15, 21; 4:86, 11
- predicate nominative, 1:8, 102, 212, 22, 28; 2:11, 13; 3:3, 52, 6, 7, 192
- πρός (direction), 1:26; 2:25, 30; 4:6 
- repetition (stylistic), 1:4, 26; 2:1, 8; 3:2; 4:2, 8 
- second attributive position, 2:9 stative aspect, 1:6; 2:24; 3:3
- subjective genitive, 1:3, 8, 26, 27; 2:302; 3:9
- σύν (accompaniment), 1:1, 23; 2:22; 4:21
- τάχεως (temporal), 2:19, 24 
- temporal adverb, 1:4; 3:12; 4:10
- thematic peak, 2:2 
- ὑπέρ (representation/advantage), 1:4, 7, 292; 2:13, 4:10
- ὑπέρ (comparison), 2:9
- ὑπό (agency), 1:28
- ὑπό (ultimate agency), 3:12 
- verbal aspect, 1:6, 12
- vocative of address, 1:12; 2:12; 4:1, 3 
- χωρίς (separation), 2:14 
- ὡς (comparative), 1:20; 2:7, 12, 15, 22
- ὡς (manner), 1:8
- ὡς (temporal), 2:23
- ὥστε (consequential), 1:13, 14; 2:12; 4:1



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