[The grammar – Koine-Greek](https://koine-greek.com/the-grammar/?fbclid=IwAR1QXMZ5VNphmUPqFZe-9m3YSgosnf2f1QQziG-fyQ2SoY4Q1TUFC8r62j4) ## Preliminaries ### 0. Introduction: The approach of this grammar #### 0.1 The intended audience ##### 0.1.1 Translators ##### 0.1.2 Linguists #### 0.2 Greek grammars & linguistic adequacy #### 0.3 The theoretical perspective ##### 0.3.1 Cognitive ##### 0.3.1.1 The rejection of classical categories ##### 0.3.1.2 Language and the embodied mind ##### 0.3.1.3 Prototypes & gestalts ##### 0.3.1.4 Emergence & complex systems #### 0.3.2 Functional ##### 0.3.2.1 Motivated syntax ##### 0.3.2.2 Iconicity in form and function #### 0.3.3 Descriptive ##### 0.3.3.1 Sources of data ##### 0.3.3.2 Methodology for analysis #### 0.4 Conclusion & summary ## Part I: Parts-of-speech and morphosyntax ### 1. Verbal inflectional categories #### 1.1 Valance & Valency alternating morphology ##### 1.1.1 Transitivity and embodiment ##### 1.1.2 Prototypical transitive events ##### 1.1.3 Event energy source ##### 1.1.4 Event energy direction ##### 1.1.5 Notes on activa tantum and media tantum verbs #### 1.2 Aspect ##### 1.2.1 Perfective ##### 1.2.2 Imperfective ##### 1.2.3 Completive-resultative #### 1.3 Tense ##### 1.3.1 Past ##### 1.3.2 Non-past ##### 1.3.3 Future #### 1.4 Mood/modality #### 1.4.1 Indicative: The unmarked/default mood ##### 1.4.2 Subjunctive: Epistemic modality ##### 1.4.3 Optative: Remote epistemic modality ##### 1.4.4 Imperative: Deontic modality & illocutionary force ##### 1.4.5 Exhortatives: interlocutors & participant reference #### 1.5 Subject agreement ##### 1.5.1 Person ##### 1.5.2 Number ### 2. Inflectional morphology of the verb ### 3. Auxiliary verbs #### 3.1 Types of auxiliaries #### 3.2 Periphrasis #### 3.3 Auxiliaries and participles ### 4. Verbal derivational morphology #### 4.1 Infinitive #### 4.2 Participle #### 4.3 Compounding & similar processes ##### 4.3.1 Pre-verb attachment/directionals ##### 4.3.2 Compounding ##### 4.3.3 Noun incorporation ### 5. Nominal inflectional categories #### 5.1 Gender ##### 5.1.1 Gender as noun class ##### 5.1.2 Masculine ##### 5.1.3 Feminine ##### 5.1.4 Neuter ##### 5.1.5 Gender in nouns ##### 5.1.6 Gender agreement & co-indexing #### 5.2 Number ##### 5.2.1 Singular ##### 5.2.2 Plural ##### 5.2.3 Dual* #### 6. Inflectional Morphology of the Noun #### 7. Inflectional Morphology of the Adjective ##### 7.1 Adjective inflection classes and iconicity ##### 7.2 Formal relationships among adjective classes #### 8. Inflectional morphology of quantifiers #### 9. Other derivational morphology ##### 9.1 Nominalization ##### 9.2 Modifier derivation #### 10. Referential & deictic system ##### 10.1 Interlocutives ###### 10.1.1 Personal pronouns ###### 10.1.2 Possessive pronouns ###### 10.1.3 Reflexive pronouns ##### 10.2 Non-interlocutives ###### 10.2.1 Definite ###### 10.2.1.1 Substitutive ###### 10.2.1.1.1 Personal ###### 10.2.1.1.2 Demonstrative ###### 10.2.1.2 Non-substitutive ##### 10.2.2 Non-definite ###### 10.2.2.1 Indefinite ###### 10.2.2.2 Interrogative #### 10.2.3 Relative #### 10.2.4 Correlative #### 11. Prepositions #### 12. Other lexical classes #### 12.1 Adverbs #### 12.2 Negators #### 12.3 Connectives #### 12.4 Interjectives ## Part II: Syntax, semantics, & discourse ### 1. An overview of syntax & semantics #### 1.1 The layered structure of the clause ##### 1.1.1 The nucleus, core, and clause ##### 1.1.2 Verbal and non-verbal predicates ##### 1.1.3 Arguments & Adjuncts ##### 1.1.4 Special syntactic positions ##### 1.1.5 Operators #### 1.2 Predicate-types ##### 1.2.1 States ##### 1.2.2 Activities & active achievements ##### 1.2.3 Achievements ##### 1.2.4 Accomplishment ##### 1.2.5 Semelfactives ##### 1.2.6 Causatives #### 1.3 Sentence Prosody: Prominence and Pauses #### 1.4 Information Packaging in the Clause #### 1.5 Conclusion: A construction-driven approach ### 2. The simplex clause #### 2.1 Default clause structure ##### 2.1.1 Natural information flow & information structure ##### 2.1.2 Constituent order & prosody within the core ##### 2.1.3 Declaratives ##### 2.1.4 Content Questions ##### 2.1.5 Yes/No Questions ##### 2.1.6 Commands and prohibitions #### 2.2 Marked clause structures ##### 2.2.1 Prosody, constituent order & the pre-core slot ##### 2.2.2 Prosody, constituent order & the detached positions ##### 2.2.3 Marked topic constructions ##### 2.2.4 Marked focus constructions #### 2.3 Other constructions ##### 2.3.1 Noun incorporation and other ditransitive constructions ##### 2.3.2 Predicate types of clause constructions ##### 2.3.3 Constructions involving operators in the clause ### 3. The simple reference phrase (i.e. the noun phrase) #### 3.1 Major functions of the reference phrase #### 3.2 Basic noun phrase structure ##### 3.2.1 Constituent structure ###### 3.2.1.1 Layered Structure of the noun phrase ###### 3.2.1.2 NP Arguments ###### 3.2.1.3 NP Adjuncts ##### 3.2.2 Noun phrase operators ###### 3.2.2.1 Deixis ###### 3.2.2.2 Identifiability ###### 3.2.2.3 Specificity ###### 3.2.2.4 Negation ###### 3.2.2.5 Quantification ###### 3.2.2.6 Aspect #### 3.3 Noun phrases and information structure #### 3.4 Lexical Nominalization ##### 3.4.1 Processes for forming nouns from lexical verbs ##### 3.4.2 Syntactic collocation ###### 3.4.2.1 Assimilation of arguments to NP syntax ###### 3.4.2.2 Unexpressed arguments ### 4. Prepositional phrases ### 5. An introduction to complex constructions ### 6. Coordinate constructions #### 6.1 The semantics of connectives 6.2 The structure of coordination 6.3 Postpositives ### 7. Subordination & co-subordination #### 7.1 Subordinate clauses with clause linkage markers #### 7.2 Infinitives ##### 7.2.1 Infinitives as arguments ##### 7.2.2 Infinitives as adjuncts ##### 7.2.3 Infinitives as complex predicates #### 7.3 Participles ##### 7.3.1 Participles as arguments ##### 7.3.2 Participles as adjuncts ##### 7.3.3 Participles as complex predicates ### 8. Insubordination ### 9. Prepositional phrases #### 9.1 Prepositional phrases as adjuncts #### 9.2 Prepositional phrases as arguments #### 9.3 Prepositional phrases between adjuncts & arguments ### 10. Complex reference phrases #### 10.1 Participles within the reference phrase #### 10.2 Relative clauses ##### 10.2.1 Headed relative clauses ##### 10.2.2 Non-headed relative clauses ### 11. Discourse structure #### 11.1 Sentence processing #### 11.2 Sentence fragments and interjections #### 11.3 Self-repair & Correction ### 12. Cohesion strategies ### Appendices #### Appendix #1 – Middle voice systems in a typological context #### Appendix #2 – The Tense / Aspect non-debate #### Appendix #2 – The Greek Referential & Deictic System #### Appendix #3 – The Lexicon ## Cross-referencing index for traditional grammar categories