# Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics•中級希臘文文法
Syntax Summaries•語法規則簡述—中英頁碼對照 說明1：(英文版 page number)•(中文版頁碼)。 說明2：➡表示重要、出現機率高的句法類別；✚表示容易誤解的句法類別。 ## Nouns and Nominals•名詞與主格實名詞 ### The Cases•格 ### Nominative•主格 - Primary Uses (38-49)•主要功能 (37-48) - ➡(1) Subject (38-40)•主詞 (37-39) - ➡(2) Predicate Nominative (40-48)•主格述詞 (39-47) - ➡(3) Nominative in Simple Apposition (48-49)•單純同位主格 (47-48) - Grammatically Independent Uses of the Nominative (49-60)•文法上是獨立使用的主格用法 (48-60) - ➡(1) Nominative Absolute (49-51)•作標題、稱呼用的主格 (48-50) - ➡(2) Nominativus Pendens (Pendent Nominative) (51-53)•破格主詞補語 (50-51) - ➡(3) Parenthetic Nominative (53-54)•作為插語的主格 (52-53) - (4) Nominative in Proverbial Expressions (54-55)•引入語語的主格用法 (53-54) - ➡(5) Nominative for Vocative (Nominative of Address) (56-59)•作呼格用的主格(作稱呼用) (55-58) - (6) Nominative of Exclamation (59-60)•表驚噴的主格 (59-60) - Nominatives in Place of Oblique Cases (61-64)•主格取代斜格 (60-64) - (1) Nominative of Appellation (61)•作為稱謂的主格 (60) - (2) Nominative in Apposition to Oblique Cases (62)•作為斜格同位詞的主格 (61) - (3) Nominative After a Preposition (62-64)•作介系詞受詞的主格 (62-63) - (4) Nominative for Time (64)•表時距的主格 (63-64) ### Vocative•呼格 - Direct Address (67-70)•直接的稱謂 (67-70) - ➡(1) Simple Address (67-68)•簡單的稱謂 (67-68) - (2) Emphatic (or, Emotional) Address (68-69)• 強調性(或情緒性)的稱謂 (68-69) - Exclamation (70)•表達驚嘆 (69) - Apposition (70-71)•表達同位 (69-70) ### Genitive•所有格 - Adjectival (78-107)•形容性用法 (77-109) - ✚(1) Descriptive Genitive (79-81)•1用作一般性的描述與修飾功能 (78-80) - ➡(2) Possessive Genitive (81-83)•用作表達擁有 (80-82) - (3) Genitive of Relationship (83-84)•用作呈現關係 (82-83) - ➡(4) Partitive Genitive ("Wholative") (84-86)•用作凸顯部屬關連 (83-85) - ➡(5) Attributive Genitive (86-88)•用作形容功能 (85-88) - (6) Attributed Genitive (89-91)•用作被修飾功能 (88-91) - (7) Genitive of Material (91-92)•指明材質 (91-92) - (8) Genitive of Content (92-94)•指明內容物 (92-94) - ➡(9) Genitive in Simple Apposition (94)•指明簡單的同位語 (95) - ➡(10) Genitive of Apposition (Epexegetical) (95-100)•指明補述同位語 (95-101) - (11) Genitive of Destination (a.k.a. Direction or Purpose) (100-101)•指明目的 (101-02) - (12) Predicate Genitive (102)•作為述詞補語 (102-03) - (13) Genitive of Subordination (103-104)•指明從屬 (103-05) - (14) Genitive of Production/Producer (104-106)•指明施做者 (106-07) - (15) Genitive of Product (106-107)•指明結果 (107-09) - Ablatival Genitive (107-12)•表達「離開」這個意涵的所有格用法 (109-14) - (1) Genitive of Separation (107-109)•1表達「分離」 (109-10) - (2) Genitive of Source (or Origin) (109-10)•表達「根源」 (110-12) - ➡(3) Genitive of Comparison (110-12)•表達「比較」 (112-14) - Verbal Genitive (112-21)•動詞性用法 (114-33) - ➡(1) Subjective Genitive (113-16)•指明動作的施做者 (118-21) - ➡(2) Objective Genitive (116-19)•指明動作的接受者 (118-21) - (3) Plenary Genitive (119-21)•雙重角色的功能 (121-23) - Adverbial Genitive (121-30)•副詞性用法 (123-30) - (1) Genitive of Price or Value or Quantity (122)•指明「價錢、價值、或品質」 (124) - ➡(2) Genitive of Time (kind of time) (122-24)•指明「時間(的類別)」 (124-26) - (3) Genitive of Place (where or within which) (124-25)•指明「地點」 (126-27) - (4) Genitive of Means (125)•指明「方法」 (127-28) - (5) Genitive of Agency (126-27)•指明「動作的施做人」 (128-30) - ➡(6) Genitive Absolute (127)•作獨立分詞片語的主詞 (130) - (7) Genitive of Reference (127-28)•指明作為參考的對象 (130-31) - (8) Genitive of Association (128-30)•指明關連的對象 (131-33) - After Certain Words (131-36)•跟在若干特定的字彙後面 (134-39) - ➡(1) Genitive After Certain Verbs (as a Direct Object) (131-34)•跟在動詞後面(作直接受詞) (134-37) - (2) Genitive After Certain Adjectives (and Adverbs) (134-35)•跟在形容詞後面(或副詞) (137-38) - (3) Genitive After Certain Nouns (135)•跟在名詞後面 (138-39) - ➡(4) Genitive After Certain Prepositions (136)•跟在介系詞後面 (139) ### Dative•間接受格 - Pure Dative Uses (140-53)•單純的間接受格用法 (144-57) - ➡(1) Dative Indirect Object (140-42)•用作間接受詞 (144-46) - ➡(2) Dative of Interest (142-44)•表達與利益有關的接受者 (146-48) - (a) Advantage (142-44)•得利 (147-48) - (b) Disadvantage (142-44)•受損 (147) - ➡(3) Dative of Reference/Respect (144-46)•作為觀點的參考點 (148-50) - (4) Ethical Dative (146-47)•作為倫理的參考點 (150-51) - (5) Dative of Destination (147-48)•指明目的 (151-52) - (6) Dative of Recipient (148-49)•指明動作的接受者 (152-53) - (7) Dative of Possession (149-51)•指明所有物的擁有者 (153-55) - (8) Dative of Thing Possessed (disputed) (151)•指明所擁有的所有物 (155) - (9) Predicate Dative (152)•作為述詞捕語 (156) - ➡(10) Dative in Simple Apposition (152-53)•作為同位語 (156-57) - Local Dative Uses (153-58)•作度量衡使用 (157-63) - (1) Dative of Place (153)•表達地點 (157) - ➡(2) Dative of Sphere (153-55)•表達動作的範疇 (158-59) - ➡(3) Dative of Time (when) (155-57)•表達時間 (159-61) - (4) Dative of Rule (157-58)•表達規則 (161-63) - Instrumental Dative Uses (158-71)•指明工具 (163-76) - ➡(1) Dative of Association/Accompaniment (159-61)•表達關連 (163-65) - (2) Dative of Manner (or Adverbial Dative) (161-62)•表達樣貌 (165-66) - ➡(3) Dative of Means/Instrument (162-63)•表達方法或工具 (167-68) - ✚(4) Dative of Agency (163-66)•指明動作的施做者 (168-71) - (5) Dative of Measure/Degree of Difference (166-67)•指明程度的差異 (171-72) - ➡(6) Dative of Cause (167-68)•指明原因 (172司 73) - (7) Cognate Dative (168-69)•表明強調 (173-74) - (8) Dative of Material (169-70)•指明材質 (175) - ✚(9) Dative of Content (170-71)•指明內容物 (175-76) - Dative After Certain Words (171-75)•跟在若干特定的字彙後面 (176-81) - ➡(1) Dative Direct Object (171-73)•跟在動詞後面作直接受詞 (176-79) - (2) Dative After Certain Nouns (173-74)•跟在名詞後面 (179) - (3) Dative After Certain Adjectives (174-75)•跟在形容詞後面 (180) - ➡(4) Dative After Certain Prepositions (175)•跟在介系詞後面 (180-81) ### Accusative•直接受格 - Substantival Uses of the Accusative (179-99)•作實名詞用 (185-206) - ➡(1) Accusative Direct Object (179-81)•跟在動詞後面作直接受詞 (185-87) - ➡(2) Double Accusatives (181-89)•在有雙重受詞的情況 (187-95) - ➡(a) Person-Thing (181-82)•人與物 (187-88) - ➡(b) Object-Complement (182-89)•受詞與受詞補語 (189-95) - (3) Cognate Accusative (Accusative of Inner Object) (189-90)•表明強調 (195-97) - (4) Predicate Accusative (190-92)•作為述詞補語 (197-98) - ➡(5) Accusative Subject of Infinitive (192-97)•作不定詞語意上的主詞 (199-204) - (6) Accusative of Retained Object (197)•作為殘留受詞的指標 (204) - (7) Pendent Accusative (Accusativum Pendens) (198)•破格受詞補語 (205) - ➡(8) Accusative in Simple Apposition (198-99)•指明簡單的同位語 (205-06) - Adverbial Uses of the Accusative (199-205)•作副詞用 (206-13) - (1) Adverbial Accusative (Accusative of Manner) (200-201)•表達樣貌 (207-08) - ➡(2) Accusative of Measure (or Extent of Space or Time) (201-203)•指明程度的差異 (208-10) - (3) Accusative of Respect or (General) Reference (203-204)•作為觀點、參考點 (211) - (4) Accusative in Oaths (204-205)•作為起誓的基礎 (212-13) - ➡Accusative After Certain Prepositions (205)•跟在若干特定的字彙後面 (213) ## The Article•冠詞 ### Regular Uses of the Article•規則用法 - ➡(1) As a Pronoun (211-16)•作為代名詞 (219-24) - ➡(a) Personal Pronoun (211-12)•人稱代名詞 (219-21) - (b) Alternative Personal Pronoun (212-13)•一組代名詞 (221-22) - ➡(c) Relative Pronoun (213-15)•關係代名詞 (222-23) - (d) Possessive Pronoun (215-16)•表達「擁有」 (223-24) - (2) With Substantives (216-31)•伴隨有實名詞 (224-41) - ➡(a) Individualizing Article (216-27)•表達個別化的功能 (225-27) - ➡(1) Simple Identification (216-17)•單純的確認 (225-26) - ➡(2) Anaphoric (Previous Reference) (217-20)•回溯前述 (226-29) - (3) Kataphoric (Following Reference) (220-21)•展望未來 (229) - ➡(4) Deictic ("Pointing" Article) (221)•現場指示 (233-34) - ➡(5) Par Excellence (222-23)•指明是最出眾的 (231-32) - ➡(6) Monadic ("One of a Kind" or "Unique" Article) (223-24)•指明是唯一的 (233-34) - ➡(7) Well-Known ("Celebrity" or "Familiar" Article) (225)•指明是眾所周知的 (234-35) - ➡(8) Abstract (i.e., the Article with Abstract Nouns) (226-27)•指明指涉對象的抽象性 (235-37) - ➡(b) Generic Article (227-31)•表達一般化 (237-41) - ➡(3) As a Substantiver (231-38)•作實名詞用 (242-49) - (a) Adverbs (232-33)•副詞 (242-43) - (b) Adjectives (233)•形容詞 (243-44) - (c) Participles (233-34)•分詞 (244-45) - (d) Infinitives (234-35)•不定詞 (245) - (e) Genitive Word or Phrase (235-36)•所有格(實)名詞或片語 (246) - (f) Prepositional Phrase (236)•介系片語 (246-47) - (g) Particles (237)•分詞 (247-48) - (h) Finite Verbs (237)•主要動詞 (248) - (i) Clauses, Statements, and Quotations (237-38)•子句、陳述、引句 (248-49) - ➡(4) As a Function Marker (238-43)•用來標示功能 (249-54) - (a) To Denote Adjectival Positions (239)•用來標示形容詞的位置 (249-50) - (b) With Possessive Pronouns (239)•與所有代名詞連用 (250) - (c) In Genitive Phrases (239-40)•用來指明所有格片語的確定性 (250-51) - (d) With Indeclinable Nouns (240-41)•與沒有格變式的名詞連用 (251-52) - (e) With Participles (241)•與分詞連用 (252) - (f) With Demonstratives (241-42)•與指示代名詞連用 (252-53) - (g) With Nominative Nouns (242)•與主格名詞連用 (253) - (h) To Distinguish Subject from Predicate Nominative and Object from Complement (242-43)•用以區別主詞與主格補語、以及受詞與受詞補語 (253-54) - (i) With the Infinitive to Denote Various Functions (243)•與不定詞連用 (254) ### Absence of the Article•不帶冠詞的情況 - ➡(1) Indefinite (244)•不確定性的 (255) - ➡(2) Qualitative (244-45)•定性的 (255-56) - ➡(3) Definite (245-54)•確定性的 (256-67) - ➡(a) Proper Names (245-47)•專有名詞 (257-58) - ➡(b) Object of a Preposition (247)•介系詞的受詞 (258-59) - ➡(c) With Ordinal Numbers (248)•帶有序數 (259) - ➡(d) Predicate Nominative (248)•主格補語 (259) - ➡(e) Complement in Object-Complement Construction (248)•受詞一一受詞補語結構中的補語 (260) - ➡(f) Monadic Nouns (248-49)•唯一的名詞 (260-61) - ➡(g) Abstract Nouns (249-50)•抽象名詞 (261-62) - ➡(h) A Genitive Construction (Apollonius' Corollary) (250-52)•(262-64) - ➡(i) With a Pronominal Adjective (253)•有代名形容詞的情況 (264-65) - ➡(j) Generic Nouns (253-54)•一般性名詞 (253-54) ### Special Uses and Non-Uses of the Article•冠詞的特殊用法或不帶冠詞的用法 - (A) Anarthrous Pre-Verbal Predicate Nominatives (Involving Colwell's Rule) (256-70)•在動詞前、不帶冠詞的主格述詞補語 (268-83) - ➡(1) Statement of the Rule (257)•這個規則的陳述 (268) - (2) Misunderstanding of the Rule (257)•這個規則的誤解 (268) - ➡(3) Clarification of the Rule (259-62)•這個規則的解說 (268-83) - (B) The Article with Multiple Substantives Connected by Καί (Granville Sharp Rule and Related Constructions) (270-90)•冠詞與許多實名詞透過 Καί 連接的用法 (TSKS) (283-304) - ➡(1) Statement of the Granville Sharp Rule (271-72)•Granvi11e Sharp Rule 的陳述 (283-85) - ➡(2) Validity of the Rule Within the New Testament (273-77)•這個規則在新約中的真確性 (285-90) - ➡(3) TSKS Constructions Involving Impersonal, Plural, and Proper Nouns (277-90)•TSKS 結構帶有非人格化名詞、或複數名詞、或專有名詞 (291) - (a) Proper Names (277-78)•專有名詞 (291) - ➡(b) Plural Personal Constructions (1) distinct, (2) identical, (3) overlap (278-86)•複數名詞 (1)不同; (2)相同; (3)有語意重疊 (291-300) - ➡(c) Impersonal Constructions (1) distinct, (2) identical, (3) overlap (286-90)•非人格化名詞 (1)不同; (2)相同; (3)有語意重疊 (300-04) ## Adjectives•形容詞 ### "Non-Adjectival" Uses of the Adjective•形容詞的非形容性用法 - The Adverbial Use of the Adjective (293)•具副詞功能的形容詞 (307) - ➡The Independent or Substantival Use of the Adjective (294-95)•形容詞的獨立用法、作實名詞用 (308-09) ### The Use of the Positive, Comparative, and Superlative Forms of the Adjective•形容詞的原級、比較級、最高級用法 - (A) The Use of the Positive Adjective (297-98)•A形容詞的原級用法 (310-12) - ➡(1) Normal Usage (297)•一般用法 (311) - (2) Positive for Comparative (297)•原級形容詞作比較級用 (311-12) - (3) Positive for Superlative (298)•原級形容詞作最高級用 (312) - (B) The Use of the Comparative Adjective (298-301)•B形容詞的比較級用法 (312-16) - ➡(1) Normal Usage (299)•1一般用法 (313) - (2) Comparative for Superlative (299-300)•比較級的形式作最高級用 (313-14) - (3) Comparative for Elative (300-301)•比較級的形式作強調用 (314-16) - (C) The Use of the Superlative Adjective (301-305)•形容詞的最高級用法 (316-20) - ➡(1) "Normal" Usage (301-302)•1一般用法 (316-17) - ➡(2) Superlative for Elative (303)•最高級的形式作強調用 (317) - ➡(3) Superlative for Comparative (303-305)•最高級的形式作比較級用 (317-20) ### The Relation of Adjective to Noun•形容詞跟名詞的關係 - (A) When the Article Is Present (306-309)•A當冠詞存在時 (320-23) - ➡(1) The Attributive Positions (306-307)•l當形容詞作修飾用時 (320-22) - (a) First Attributive (306)•站在第一修飾位置 (320-21) - (b) Second Attributive (306-307)•站在第二修飾位置 (321) - (c) Third Attributive (307)•站在第三修飾位置 (321-22) - ➡(2) The Predicate Positions (307-309)•當形容詞作補述用時 (322-23) - (a) First Predicate (307-308)•站在第一補述位置 (322) - (b) Second Predicate (308)•b 站在第二補述位置 (323) - (B) When the Article Is Absent (309-14)•B當沒有冠詞存在時 (324-26) - ➡(1) The Anarthrous Adjective-Noun Construction (309-10)•不帶冠詞的「形容詞一一名詞」結構 (324-25) - ➡(2) The Anarthrous Noun-Adjective Construction (310-11)•不帶冠詞的「名詞一形容詞」結構 (325-26) ## Pronouns•代名詞 ### Semantic Categories: Major Classes•語意類別：主要分類 ### A Personal Pronouns (320-25)•人稱代名詞 (335-40) - ➡(1) Nominative Uses (321-23)•主格用法 (335-38) - (a) Emphasis (321-23)•用來強調 (335 回 36) - (1) Contrast (321-22)•用以對此 (336-37) - (2) Subject Focus (322-23)•強調主詞 (337-38) - (b) Redundancy (323)•贅詞 (338) - ➡(2) Oblique Cases (324-25)•斜格 (338-40) - (a) Normal Use (324)•一般用法 (338-39) - (b) Possessive (324)•表達擁有 (339) - (c) Reflexive (324-25)•表達反身的動作 (339-40) ### B Demonstrative Pronouns (325-35)•指示代名詞 (340-50) - ➡(1) Regular Uses (as Demonstratives) (325-28)•一般用法(作為指稱的功能) (340-45) - (a) οὗτος (Proximity) (326-27)•οὗτος (指在近處的人/事/物) (341-42) - (b) ἐκεῖνος (Remoteness) (327-28)•ἐκεῖνος (指在遠處的人/事/物) (342-43) - (c) ὅδε (anticipatory/proleptic) (328)•ὅδε (經常用為後述用法) (343) - (2) For Personal Pronouns (328-29)•作為人稱代名詞 (344-45) - (3) Unusual Uses (from an English perspective) (329-35)•不尋常的用法(從英文的觀點) (345-50) - (a) Pleonastic (Redundant, Resumptive) (329-30)•冗筆用法 (345-46) - (b) Constructio ad Sensum (construction according to sense) (330-35)•基於概念相同、而違反文法規則的結構 (346-50) - (1) Gender (331-32)•性 (346-47) - (2) Number (332-33)•數 (348) - (c) Conceptual Antecedent or Postcedent (333-35)•追溯前(後)述的概念 (348-50) ### C Relative Pronouns (335-45)•關係代名詞 (351-60) - ➡(1) ὅς (336-43)•ὅς (351) - (a) Regular Use (336-37)•一般用法 (351-52) - (b) "Unusual" Uses (337-43)•不尋常的用法 (352-60) - ➡(1) Natural Gender vs Grammatical Gender (constructio ad sensum) (337-38)•概念上的性與文法規則的性 (352-53) - ➡(2) Case (338-39)•格 (354) - a) Attraction (a.k.a. Direct Attraction) (338-39)•正向影響 (354) - b) Inverse Attraction (a.k.a. Indirect Attraction) (339)•反向影響 (354) - ➡(3) Antecedent Complexities (339-43)•有關前述詞較複雜情況 (355-59) - a) Omission of Antecedent (339-42)•前述詞被省略 (355-57) - b) Adverbial/Conjunctive Uses (342-43)•作副詞或連接詞用 (357-59) - ➡(2) ὅστις (343-45)•ὅστις (359-60) - (a) Generic (343-44)•一般性含意 (359-60) - (b) Qualitative (344)•定位的含意 (360) - (c) Confusion with ὅς (344-45)•與 ὅς 混用 (360) ### D Interrogative Pronouns ask a question (345-46)•疑問代名詞 (360-62) - ➡(1) τίς & τί (345-46)•(361) - (2) ποῖος & πόσος (346)•(362) ### E Indefinite Pronouns (347)•不定代名詞 (362-63) - ➡(1) Substantival (347)•作實名詞用 (363) - ➡(2) Adjectival (347)•作形容詞用 (363) ### F Possessive Pronouns (Adjectives) (348):•「擁有」代名詞 (363-64) (364) - ➡(1) Possessive Adjective (ἐμός, σός, ἡμέτερος, ὑμέτερος) lexicalizes possession (348)•藉著表達「擁有」的形容詞 (ἐμός, σός, ἡμέτερος, ὑμέτερος) 來表達 (364) - ➡(2) Personal Pronoun in Genitive (αὐτοῦ) grammaticalizes possession (348)•藉著人稱代名詞的有格 (αὐτοῦ) 用文法規則來表達 (364) ### G Intensive Pronoun (348-50)•用為強調的代名詞 (364-65) - ➡(1) As an Intensive Pronoun (349)•作強調功能的代名詞 (364-65) - ➡(2) As an Identifying Adjective (349-50)•作強調功能的形容詞 (365) - ➡(3) As a Third Person Personal Pronoun (348)•作第三人稱的代名詞 (365) ### H Reflexive Pronouns (350-51)•反身代名詞 (366-67) ### I Reciprocal Pronouns (351)•相互代名詞 (367) ### Lexico-Syntactic Categories: Major Terms•按照字彙一一句法分類：主要詞彙 (368) - (A) ἀλλήλων (352)•(368) - (B) αὐτός (352)•(368) - (C) ἑαυτοῦ (352)•(368) - (D) ἐγώ (352)•(368) - (E) ἐκεῖνος (352)•(368-69) - (F) ἐμαυτοῦ (352)•(369) - (G) ἡμεῖς (353)•(369) - (H) ὅδε (353)•(369) - (I) ὅς (353)•(369) - (J) ὅστις (353)•(369) - (K) οὗτος (353)•(369) - (L) ποῖος (353)•(370) - (M) πόσος (353)•(370) - (N) σεαυτοῦ (353)•(370) - (O) σύ (353)•(370) - (P) τίς (353)•(370) - (Q) τις (354)•(370) - (R) ὑμεῖς (354)•(370) ## Prepositions•介系詞 - (A) ᾽Ανά (Accusative) (364)•(帶直接受格) (381) - (B) ᾽Αντί (Genitive) (364-68)•(帶所有格) (381-85) - (C) ᾽Από (Genitive) (368)•(帶所有格) (385) - (D) Διά (Genitive, Accusative) (368-69)•(帶所有格，帶直接受格) (386) - (E) Εἰς (Accusative) (369-71)•(帶直接受格) (386-88) - (F) ᾽Εκ (Genitive) (371-72)•(帶所有格) (388-89) - (G) ᾽Εν (Dative) (372-75)•(帶間接受格) (389-92) - (H) ᾽Επί (Genitive, Dative, Accusative) (376) ‖ - Ι. Κατά (Genitive, Accusative) (376-77)•(帶所有格，帶直接受格) (394) - (J) Μετά (Genitive, Accusative) (377-78)•(帶所有格，帶直接受格) (395) - (K) Παρά (Genitive, Dative, Accusative) (378)•(帶所有格，帶間接受格，帶直接受格) (396) - (L) Περί (Genitive, Accusative) (379)•(帶所有格，帶直接受格) (397) - (M) Πρό (Genitive) (379)•(帶所有格) (397) - (N) Πρός (Accusative almost exclusively) (380-82)•(多半帶直接受格) (398-400) - (O) Σύν (Dative) (382)•(帶間接受格) (400) - (P) Ὑπέρ (Genitive, Accusative) (383-89)•(帶所有格，帶直接受格) (401-08) - (Q) Ὑπό (Genitive, Accusative) (389)•(帶所有格，帶直接受格) (408-09) ## Verbs and Verbals•動詞與表達動作的用詞 ### Person and Number•人稱與數 ### Person (391-99)•人稱 (411-19) - (A) First Person for Third Person ("I" = "Someone") (391-92)•以第一人稱代替第三人稱 (411-12) - (B) Second Person for Third Person ("You" = "Someone")? (392-93)•以第二人稱代替第三人稱 (412-13) - (C) First Person Plural Constructions (393-99)•第一人稱複數的用法 (413-19) - (1) Editorial "We" (Epistolary Plural) (394-96)•編輯性的「我們」 (414-17) - ➡(2) Inclusive "We" (Literary Plural) (397-99)•包容性的「我們」 (418) - ➡(3) Exclusive "We" (397-99)•排他性的「我們」 (418-19) ### Number (399-406)•數 (420-26) - (A) Neuter Plural Subject with Singular Verb (399-400)•中性複數主詞使用單數動詞 (420-21) - (B) Collective Singular Subject with Plural Verb (400-401)•集合(單數)名詞的主詞使用複數動詞 (421) - (C) Compound Subject with Singular Verb (401-402)•裡合主詞使用單數動詞 (421-22) - (D) The Indefinite Plural (402-403)•不定複數主詞 (423-24) - (E) The Categorical Plural (a.k.a. Generalizing Plural) (403-406)•概括性稱呼的主詞 (424-26) ### Voice•語態 ### Active (410-14)•主動 (431-35) - (A) Simple Active (411)•簡單的主動 (431) - (B) Causative Active (a.k.a. Ergative) (411-12)•驅使性主動 (432-33) - (C) Stative Active (412-13)•靜態描述性主動 (433-34) - (D) Reflexive Active (413-14)•有反身動作含意的主動 (434-35) ### Middle (414-30)•關身 (435-52) - (A) Direct Middle (a.k.a. Reflexive or Direct Reflexive) (416-18)•直接關身 (437-39) - (B) Redundant Middle (418-19)•累贅的關身用法 (439-40) - (C) Indirect Middle (a.k.a. Indirect Reflexive, Benefactive, Intensive, Dynamic) (419-23)•間接關身 (440-44) - (D) Causative Middle (423-25)•驅使性關身 (444-46) - (E) Permissive Middle (425-27)•允准性關身 (446-48) - (F) Reciprocal Middle (427)•相互性關身 (449) - (G) Deponent Middle (428-30)•作為異態動詞的關身 (449-52) ### Passive (431-41)•被動 (452-61) - (A) Passive Constructions (431-39)•被動的結構 (453) - ➡(1) The Passive With and Without Expressed Agency (431-38)•被動動詞帶有或沒有帶動作的施做者 (453-60) - (a) With Agency Expressed (431-35)•帶有動作的施做者 (453) - ➡(1) Ultimate Agent (433)•最終的動作施做者 (453-54) - ➡(2) Intermediate Agent (433-34)•中介的動作施做者 (455-56) - ➡(3) Impersonal Means (434-35)•非人格化的方法 (456-57) - (b) With No Agency Expressed (435-38)•沒有帶動作的施做者 (457-60) - (2) Passive With an Accusative Object (438-39)•被動動詞跟著它直接受格的受詞 (460-61) - (B) Passive Uses (439-41)•被動的用法 (461-63) - ➡(1) Simple Passive (439-40)•簡單的被動 (461-62) - (2) Causative/Permissive Passive (440-41)•驅使性/允准性被動 (462-63) - ➡(3) Deponent Passive (441)•作為異態動詞的被動 (463) ### Moods•語氣 ### Indicative (448-61)•直說語氣 (471-84) - ➡(1) Declarative Indicative (449)•宣告性的直說語氣 (471-72) - ➡(2) Interrogative Indicative (449-50)•詢問性的直說語氣 (472-73) - ➡(3) Conditional Indicative (450-51)•條件性的直說語氣 (473-74) - ➡(4) Potential Indicative (451-52)•意願性的直說語氣 (474-75) - (5) Cohortative (Command, Volitive) Indicative (452-53)•勸服性的直說語氣 (475) - ➡(6) The Indicative with ῾Οτι (453-61)•帶有 ῾Οτι 這字的直說語氣 (475-84) - (a) Substantival ῾Οτι Clauses (453-59)•作實名詞用的 ῾Οτι 子句 (476-82) - (1) Subject Clause (453-54)•子句作主詞 (476) - ➡(2) Direct Object Clause (454-58)•子句作受詞 (476-81) - a) Direct Object Proper (454)•作直接受詞 (477) - b) Direct Discourse (a.k.a. Recitative ῾Οτι Clause, ῾Οτι Recitativum) (454-55)•作直述句 (477-78) - c) Indirect Discourse (a.k.a. Declarative ῾Οτι Clause) (456-58)•作間述句 (478-81) - ➡(3) Apposition (to noun, pronoun, or other substantive) (458-59)•作同位語 (481-82) - (b) Epexegetical (459-60)•作補述語 (482) - (c) Causal (Adverbial) (460-61)•表達原因 (483-84) ### Subjunctive (461-80)•假設語氣 (484-504) - ➡(1) In Independent Clauses (463-69)•在獨立子句中 (486-93) - (a) Hortatory Subjunctive (464-65)•勸服性的假設語氣 (487-88) - (b) Deliberative Subjunctive (a.k.a. Dubitative) (465-68)•刻意提間的假設語氣 (488-91)。 - (c) Emphatic Negation Subjunctive (468-69)•清楚否決的假設語氣用法 (491-92) - (d) Prohibitive Subjunctive (469)•表達「禁止」的假設語氣用法 (492-93) - ➡(2) In Dependent (Subordinate) Clauses (469-80)•在附屬(從屬)子句中 (493-504) - (a) Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences (469-71)•在假定子句中的假設語氣用法 (493-94) - (b) ῾Ινα + the Subjunctive (471-77)•在 ῾Ινα 子句中的假設語氣動詞 (494-501) - ➡(1) Purpose ῾Ινα Clause (a.k.a. Final or Telic ῾Ινα) (472)•表達目的 (495-96) - (2) Result ῾Ινα Clause (a.k.a. Consecutive or Ecbatic ῾Ινα) (473)•展示結果 (496~97) - ➡(3) Purpose-Result ῾Ινα Clause (473-74)•同時有目的與結果 (497-98) - ➡(4) Substantival ῾Ινα Clause (a.k.a. Sub-Final Clause) (474-76)•作實名詞用 (498-99) - a) Subject Clause (475)•作主詞 (498-99) - b) Predicate Nominative Clause (475)•作主格述詞 (499) - c) Direct Object Clause (a.k.a. Content ῾Ινα Clause) (475)•作直接受詞 (499) - d) Apposition Clause (475-76)•作同位語 (499) - (5) Epexegetical ῾Ινα Clause (476)•作補述語 (499-500) - (6) Complementary ῾Ινα (476)•作補助語 (500) - (7) Imperatival ῾Ινα (476-77)•作命令語 (500-01) - (c) Subjunctive with Verbs of Fearing (477)•表達「害怕」的動詞的假設語氣用法 (501) - (d) Subjunctive in Indirect Questions (478)•在間述句中的假設語氣用法 (502) - (e) Subjunctive in Indefinite Relative Clause (478-79)•在不定關係子句中的假設語氣用法 (502-03) - (f) Subjunctive in Indefinite Temporal Clause (479-80)•在不定時間副詞子句中的假設語氣用法 (503-04) ### Optative (480-84)•祈願語氣 (504-09) - ➡(1) Voluntative Optative (a.k.a. Optative of Obtainable Wish, Volitive Optative) (481-83)•表達意願的祈願語氣 (505-07) - ➡(2) Oblique Optative (483)•帶出間述句的祈願語氣 (507-08) - (3) Potential Optative (483-84)•表達出可能性的祈願語氣 (508) - (4) Conditional Optative (484)•表達出條件性的祈願語氣 (508-09) ### Imperative (485-93)•命令語氣 (509-20) - ➡(1) Command (485-86)•命令 (510-11) - ➡(2) Prohibition (487)•禁止 (511-12) - ➡(3) Request (a.k.a. Entreaty, Polite Command) (487-88)•請求 (512-13) - (4) Permissive Imperative (Imperative of Toleration) (488-89)•允准 (513-14) - (5) Conditional Imperative (489-92)•表達有條件的咐盼 (514-17) - (6) Potential Imperative (debatable category) (492)•表達有可能性 (518) - (7) Pronouncement Imperative (492-93)•宣告內容 (519) - (8) As a Stereotyped Greeting (493)•作為習慣性的問候 (519-20) ### Tense•時態 ### Present (513-39)•現在時態 (542-67) - (I) Narrow-Band Presents (516-19)•狹義的現在時態用法 (542-45) - (A) Instantaneous Present (a.k.a. Aoristic or Punctiliar Present) (517-18)•表達在說話的當下已經完成的動作 (543-44) - (B) Progressive Present (a.k.a. Descriptive Present) (518-19)•表達一個已經開始了的動作 (544-45) - (II) Broad-Band Presents (519-25)•廣義的現在時態用法 (545-53) - (A) Extending-From-Past Present (519-20)•表達過去已經開始、如今仍舊繼續進行中的行動 (545-46) - (B) Iterative Present (520-21)•表達一個頻繁或重覆的動作 (547-48) - (C) Customary (Habitual or General) Present (521-22)•表達一個習慣性動作;習慣性或持續性 (548-49) - (D) Gnomic Present (523-25)•表達一個格言的內容 (549-53) - (III) Special Uses of the Present (526-39)•現在時態的特別用法 (553-67) - (A) Historical Present (Dramatic Present) (526-32)•描述一個過去(已經發生〕的事件 (553-59) - (B) Perfective Present (532-33)•描述一個持續有影響力的事件 (559-61) - (C) Conative (Tendential, Voluntative) Present (534-35)•表達講者的意願;宣傳性的、意願性的 (551-63) - (1) In Progress, but Not Complete (True Conative) (534-35)•在進行、卻還沒有結束的動作 (561-62) - (2) Not Begun, but About/Desired to be Attempted (Voluntative/Tendential) (535)•還沒有開始、卻即將開始的動作 (562-63) - (D) Futuristic Present (535-37)•用以表達未來 (563-65) - ➡(1) Completely Futuristic (536)•單純的未來 (563-64) - ➡(2) Mostly Futuristic (Ingressive-Futuristic?) (537)•大致的將來(從此開始的一一未來的?) (564-65) - (E) Present Retained in Indirect Discourse (537-39)•現在時態保留在間接引述句裡 (565-67) ### Imperfect (540-53)•不完成時態 (556-82) - (I) Narrow-Band Imperfects (541-45)•狹義的不完成時態用法 (569-74) - (A) Instantaneous Imperfect (a.k.a. Aoristic or Punctiliar Imperfect) (542-43)•用來生動描繪一個過去的事件/狀態 (570-71) - (B) Progressive (Descriptive) Imperfect (543-44)•表達一個在過去已經進行了一段時間的動作 (571-72) - (C) Ingressive (Inchoative, Inceptive) Imperfect (544-45)•表達一個在過去已經開始了一段時間的動作 (572-74) - (II) Broad-Band Imperfects (546-48)•廣義的不完成時態用法 (574-77) - (A) Iterative Imperfect (546-47)•表達一個頻繁或重複的動作 (574-76) - (B) Customary (Habitual or General) Imperfect (548)•表達一個有規則性的習慣性動作 (576-77) - (III) Special Uses of the Imperfect (549-53)•不完成時態的特別用法 (577-82) - (A) "Pluperfective" Imperfect (549)•往往指著一個比主要動詞更早的持續動作 (578) - (B) Conative (Voluntative, Tendential) Imperfect (550-52)•指著過去某時、封團成嚴案事的努力或意圖 (579-81) - (1) In Progress, but Not Complete (True Conative) (550-51)•在進行、卻還沒有結束的動作 (579-80) - (2) Not Begun, but About/Desired to be Attempted (Voluntative/Tendential) (551-52)•還沒有開始、卻打算即將開始的動作 (580-81) - (C) Imperfect Retained in Indirect Discourse (552-53)•不完成時態保留在間接引述句裡 (581-82) ### Aorist (554-65)•簡單過去時態 (583-95) - (A) Constative (Complexive, Punctiliar, Comprehensive, Global) Aorist (557-58)•單純的過去 (586-87) - (B) Ingressive (Inceptive, Inchoative) Aorist (558-59)•表達在過去某時刻才開始的動作 (587-89) - (C) Consummative (Culminative, Ecbatic, Effective) Aorist (559-61)•簡述、綜論一個已經結束的動作 (589-92) - (D) Gnomic Aorist (562)•用以表達一個格言的內容 (592) - (E) Epistolary Aorist (562-63)•用以表達一封書信的內容 (593-94) - (F) Proleptic (Futuristic) Aorist (563-64)•用以表達一個使預言/預期成就的行動〔用以表達未來事件) (594-95) - (G) Immediate Past Aorist/Dramatic Aorist (564-65)•用以表達剛才發生的/戲劇性的事 (595) ### Future (566-71)•未來時態 (596-602) - (A) Predictive Future (568)•表達單純的未來 (597-98) - (B) Imperatival Future (569-70)•傳遞命令語氣的內容 (599-600) - (C) Deliberative Future (570)•審議性提問 (600-01) - (D) Gnomic Future (571)•表達一個格言的內容 (601) - (E) Miscellaneous Subjunctive Equivalents (571)•與設假設法動詞連用的諸多雜例 (602) ### Perfect (572-82)•完成時態 (603-04) - (A) Intensive Perfect (a.k.a. Resultative Perfect) (574-76)•用以強調一個先前行動所產生、直到如今仍然持續的結果/效果 (606-08) - (B) Extensive Perfect (a.k.a. Consummative Perfect) (577)•用以強調一個先前運作、導致現今結果/效果的行動 (608-09) - (C) Aoristic Perfect (a.k.a. Dramatic or Historical Perfect) (578-79)•用以生動表達一個過去的行動 (609-10) - (D) Perfect with a Present Force (579-80)•單純表達現在的含意 (610-12) - (E) Gnomic Perfect (580-81)•表達一個便格言內容得滿足的行動 (612) - (F) Proleptic (Futuristic) Perfect (581)•用以表達一個使預言/預期成就的行動 (613) - (G) Perfect of Allegory (581-82)•用以凸顯舊約引文的預表特徵 (613-14) ### Pluperfect (583-86)•過去完成時態 (614-19) - (A) Intensive Pluperfect (Resultative Pluperfect) (584-85)•用以強調在過去某個時段裡、持續存在的結果/狀態 (615-17) - (B) Extensive Pluperfect (Consummative Pluperfect) (585-86)•用以強調在過去某個時段裡、已經完成的行動 (617-18) - (C) Pluperfect with a Simple Past Force (586)•表達單純的過去 (618-19) ## Infinitive•不定詞 ### Semantic Categories•語意的類別 ### Adverbial (590-99)•引進副詞子句的用法 (623-34) - (A) Purpose (590-92)•表達目的 (623-25) - (B) Result (592-94)•表達結果 (625-27) - (C) Time (594-96)•表達時間 (627-30) - (1) Antecedent (594-95)•在主動詞動作之前 (628-29) - (2) Contemporaneous (595)•與主動詞動作同時 (629) - (3) Subsequent (596)•在主動詞動作之後 (629-30) - (D) Cause (596-97)•表達原因 (630-31) - (E) Means (597-98)•表達方法 (631-32) - (F) Complementary (Supplementary) (598-99)•作為輔助動詞 (632-34) ### Substantival (600-609)•作實名詞用 (634-42) - (A) Subject (600-601)•作主詞 (634-36) - (B) Direct Object (601-603)•作直接受詞 (636-37) - (C) Indirect Discourse (603-605)•引進間接引述句 (638-40) - (D) Appositional (606-607)•作同位詞 (640-42) - (E) Epexegetical (607)•作補述語 (642) - ### Independent (608-609)•獨立的用法 (642-44) - (A) Imperatival (608)•傳遞命令 (643) - (B) Absolute (608-609)•作簡短問候語 (643-44) ### Structural Categories•按照結構的分類 ### I Anarthrous Infinitives (609-10)•不帶冠詞的不定詞 (644-45) - (A) Simple Infinitive (609)•單純的不定詞 (644) - (B) Πρίν (ἤ) + Infinitive (609)•Πρίν (ἤ) + 不定詞 (644) - (C) Ὡς + Infinitive (609)•`Ως + 不定詞 (644) - (D) ῞Ωστε + Infinitive (610)•"QoτE+ 不定詞 (644-45) ### II Articular Infinitives (610-11)•帶冠詞的不定詞 (645-46) - A Without Governing Preposition (610)•前面不帶介系詞的不定詞 (645) - ➡(1) Nominative Articular Infinitive (610)•帶有主格冠詞的不定詞 (645) - ➡(2) Accusative Articular Infinitive (610)•帶有直接受格冠詞的不定詞 (645) - ➡(3) Genitive Articular Infinitive (610)•帶有所有格冠詞的不定詞 (645) - (4) Dative Articular Infinitive (610)•帶有間接受格冠詞的不定詞 (645) - (B) With Governing Preposition (610-11)•前面帶有介系詞的不定詞 (645-46) - ➡(1) Διὰ τό + Infinitive (610)•Διὰ τό + 不定詞 (645-46) - ➡(2) Εἰς τό + Infinitive (611)•Εἰς τό + 不定詞 (646) - ➡(3) ᾽Εν τῷ + Infinitive (611)•᾽Εν τῷ + 不定詞 (646) - ➡(4) Μετὰ τό + Infinitive (611)•Μετὰ τό + 不定詞 (646) - ➡(5) Πρὸς τό + Infinitive (611)•Πρὸς τό + 不定詞 (646) - ➡(6) Miscellaneous Prepositional Uses (611)•雜項用法 (646) ## Participle•分詞 ### I Adjectival Participles (617-21)•具形容詞功能的分詞 (652-57) - (A) Adjectival Proper (Dependent) (617-19)•作形容詞用(附屬的) (653-55) - ➡(1) Attributive Participles (618)•具形容、修飾功能 (653-54) - (2) Predicate Participles (618-19)•具敘述功能、作述詞用 (654-55) - (B) Substantival (Independent) (619-21)•作實名詞用(獨立的) (655-57) ### II Verbal Participles (621-53)•具動詞性功能的分詞 (657-89) - (A) Dependent Verbal Participles (622-50)•引進附屬動詞性子句的用法 (658-86) - ➡(1) Adverbial (or Circumstantial) (622-40)•具副詞功能的分詞 (658-75) - (a) Temporal (623-27)•表達時間 (659-62) - (b) Manner (627-28)•表達樣貌 (662-63) - (c) Means (628-30)•表達方法 (663-66) - (d) Cause (631-32)•表達原因 (666-67) - (e) Condition (632-33)•引進條件子句 (667-69) - (f) Concession (634-35)•表達退讓 (669-70) - (g) Purpose (Telic) (635-37)•表達目的 (670-72) - (h) Result (637-39)•表達結果 (672-74) - ➡(2) Attendant Circumstance (640-45)•伴隨主要動詞、說明附屬的動作 (675-81) - (3) Indirect Discourse (645)•引進間述句 (681) - (4) Complementary (646)•作為動詞的補語 (681-82) - ➡(5) Periphrastic (647-49):•合併主要動詞、作助動詞用 (682-85) - (6) Redundant (Pleonastic) (649-50)•冗筆用法 (685-86) - (B) Independent Verbal Participles (650-53)•引進獨立于旬的動詞性分詞 (686-89) - (1) As an Imperative (Imperatival) (650-52)•傳遞命令內容 (686-88) - (2) As an Indicative (Independent Proper or Absolute) (653)•表達單純的直說語氣 (688-89) ### III The Participle Absolute (653-55)•引進分詞片語 (689-92) - (A) Nominative Absolute (654)•以實名詞呈現、作破格的主格補語 (691-92) - (B) Genitive Absolute (654-55)•引進獨立分詞片語 (691-92) ## Clauses•子句 ### I Independent Clauses (657-58)•獨立子句 (694-96) ### II Dependent Clauses (659-65)•附屬子句 (696-702) - (A) Structure (659-60):•按照基本結構可以有四種歸類方式 (659-60) : - (1) Infinitival clauses•不定詞子句 - (2) Participial clauses•分詞子句 - (3) Conjunctive clauses•連結訝子句 - (4) Relative clauses (both definite and indefinite)•關係子句(包括限定關係子句與不限定關係子句) - (B) Syntactical Function (660-65)•句法功能 (697-702) - ➡(1) Substantival Clause•實名詞子句 - ➡(2) Adjectival Clause•形容詞子句 - ➡(3) Adverbial Clause•副詞子句 ## Conjunctions•連接詞 ### I Logical Functions (670-74)•具邏輯功能 (707-12) - (A) Ascensive — καί, δέ, and μηδέ (670-71)•強化語氣 (707) - (B) Connective (continuative, coordinate) — καί and δέ (671)•連結(表達延續性，對等性) (708) - (C) Contrastive (adversative) — ἀλλά, πλήν, καί, δέ (671-72)•表達對比 (708-09) - (D) Correlative — μέν…δέ (on the one hand…on the other hand); καί…καί (both…and); μήτε…μήτε (neither…nor); οὔτε…οὔτε (neither . . . nor); οὐκ…ἀλλά or δέ (not…but); οὐ…ποτέ (not…ever); ποτέ . . . νῦν (once . . . now); τε…τε (as…so) or (not only…but also);…. ἤ (either . . . or) (672)•取得關連 (709) - (E) Disjunctive (Alternative) — ἤ (672)•連結對比或相反 (709-10) - (F) Emphatic — γε, δή, μενοῦνγε, μέντοι, ναί, and νή (673)•作強調用 (710) - (G) Explanatory — γάρ, δέ, εἰ (after verbs of emotion), and καί (673)•作解釋用 (710) - (H) Inferential — ἄρα, γάρ, διό, διότι, οὖν, πλήν, τοιγαροῦν, τοινῦν, and ὥστε (673)•作推論用 (711) - (I) Transitional — οὖν and δέ. δέ (674)•作轉接用 (712) ### II Adverbial Functions (674-77)•引進副詞子句的用法 (712-15) - (A) Causal — γάρ, διότι, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ἐπειδήπερ, καθώς, ὅτι, and ὡς (674)•表達原因 (712) - (B) Comparative (manner) — καθάπερ, καθώς, οὕτως, ὡς, ὡσαύτως, ὡσεί, and ὥσπερ (675)•比較(方法) (712) - (C) Conditional — εἰ and ἐάν (675)•引進條件子句 (713) - (D) Local (sphere) — ὅθεν, ὅπου, and οὗ (676)•表達空間、位置 (713) - (E) Purpose — ἵνα, ὅπως, μήπως (the negative purpose), μήπου (negative purpose), and μήποτε (negative purpose) (676)•表達目的 (714) - (F) Result — ὥστε, ὡς, ὅτι, and less frequently, ἵνα (677)•表達結果 (714) - (G) Temporal— ἄχρι, ἕως, ὅταν, ὅτε, οὐδέποτε (negative temporal), οὐκέτι (negative temporal), οὔπω (negative temporal), ποτέ, and ὡς (677)•表達時間 (715) ### III Substantival Functions (677-78)•引進子句作實名詞用 (715-16) - (A) Content (678)•具名詞功能 (715-16) - (B) Epexegetical (678)•具補述功能 (716) ## Conditional Sentences•條件句 ### I Conditional Sentences in General (682-84):•條件句的語意 (720-22) - (A) Cause-Effect (682-83)•表達因表達證攝一一推論果 (720-21) - (B) Evidence-Inference (683)•表達證據一一推論 (721) - (C) Equivalence (683-84)•等同 (721-22) ### II Conditional Sentences in Greek (especially the NT) (687-701)•(新約)希臘文中的條件句 (725-39) - (A) First Class Condition (689, 690-94)•第一額條件句 (727; 728-32) - (B) Second Class Condition (689, 694-96)•第二類條件句 (727; 732-34) - (C) Third Class Condition (689, 696-99)•第三類條件句 (727; 734-37) - (D) Fourth Class Condition (Less Probable Future) (689, 699-701)•第四類條件句(較不可能在未來發生) (727; 737-39) ## Volitional Clauses•表達意志的子句 ### I Commands (718-22)•命令 (754-60) - (A) Future Indicative (a.k.a. Cohortative Indicative, Imperatival Future) (718-19)•以直說語氣、未來時態表達 (755-56) - (B) Aorist Imperative (719-21)•以命令語氣、簡單過去時態表達 (756-58) - ➡(1) Ingressive (719-20)•開始一個〔新〕動作 (756-57) - (a) Momentary or Single Act (719-20)•要求一個具體的動作 (756-57) - (b) Pure Ingressive (720)•單純開始一個〔新的〕動作 (757) - ➡(2) Constative (720-21)•探取一個法則性的行動 (757-58) - (C) Present Imperative (721-22)•以命令語氣、現在時態表達 (721-60) - ➡(1) Ingressive-Progressive (721-22)•開始探取一個持續性的動作 (758-59) - ➡(2) Customary (722)•要求探取一個〔新的〕習慣 (759) - ➡(3) Iterative (722)•要求探取一個重複性的動作 (759-60) ### II Prohibitions (723-25)•禁制 (760-62) - (A) Future Indicative (+ οὐ or sometimes μή) (723)•以直說語氣、未來時態表達 (+ οὐ 有時則是 μή) (760) - (B) Aorist Subjunctive (+ μή) (723-24)•以命令語氣、簡單過去時態表達(+ μή) (760-61) - ➡(1) Ingressive (723-24)•要求停止一個動作 (760-61) - ➡(2) Constative (723-24)•將動作視為一個整體來禁制 (760-61) - (C) Present Imperative (+ μή) (724-25)•以命令語氣、現在時態表達(+ μή) (761-62) - ➡(1) Cessation of Activity in Progress (Progressive) (724)•要求停止一個在行進中的動作 (761-62) - ➡(2) General Precept (Customary) (724-25)•禁止一個動作(要求停止一個習價) (762)