- 3 Syntax - 3.1 Basics of syntax - §126 Definition and organization of syntax - §127 Sentence and its constituents - §128 Means of expressing syntactic relationships. - 3.2 Words and phrases as sentence elements. - 3.2.1 Syntax of declinable words and their phrases - §129 Peculiarities of number use. - 3.2.1.1 Syntax of the article - §130 Usage differences between Ancient Greek and English - §131 The pronominal use of the article - §132 Standard use of the article. - §133 Definiteness without the article - §134 The article and proper names - §135 Article use with complements and adverbials - §136 Article use and the attributive and predicative positions - 3.2.1.2 Syntax of the adjective - §137 Adjective phrases and their use - §138 Comparison. - 3.2.1.3 Syntax of pronouns - §139 Personal and reciprocal pronouns - §140 The possessive pronoun and its alternatives - §141 Demonstrative pronouns - §142 Relative pronouns - §143 Interrogative pronouns - §144 Indefinite pronoun. - 3.2.1.4 Syntax of numerals - §145 Important points on numeral use - 3.2.1.5 Syntax of case forms. - §146 Syntax of case forms: preliminaries - (i) Nominative and vocative - §147 Nominative - §148 Vocative - (ii) Accusative. - §149 Accusative: preliminaries - (a) Object accusative. - §150 Accusative of direct external object - §151 Accusative of direct internal object - §152 Simple object accusative. - §153 Double accusative - §154 Accusative and passive transformation. - (b) Free use accusative - §155 Accusative of extent - §156 Accusative of respect - §157 Adverbial accusative. - (iii) Genitive - §158 Genitive: preliminaries - (a) Genitive proper - (aa) Genitive of appurtenances - §159 Genitive of originator or possessor. - §160 Subjective and objective genitive - §161 Genitive of material or content - §162 Genitive of quality - §163 Genitive of value or price - §164 Genitive of direction or purpose - §165 Genitive of explanation or apposition. - (ab) Partitive genitive - §166 Partitive genitive modifying noun phrases - §167 Verbs combining with partitive genitive objects - (ac) Genitive of time - §168 Genitive of time - (b) Ablative genitive (genitive of departure point) - §169 Genitive of separation - §170 Genitive of comparison. - §171 Genitive of place - (c) Special cases of genitive use - §172 Combinations of different types of genitives - (iv) Dative - §173 Dative: preliminaries. - (a) Dative proper - §174 Objective dative - §175 Objective dative with adjectives - §176 Dative of interest. - (b) Instrumental dative - §177 Dative of instrument or cause - §178 Dative of respect - (c) Sociative dative - §179 Dative of association. - §180 Dative of manner - (d) Locative dative - §181 Dative of place - §182 Dative of time - 3.2.1.6 Prepositions. - §183 Syntax of prepositions: preliminaries - §184 Proper prepositions - §185 Improper prepositions - §186 Prepositional prefixes - §187 Overview of phrases indicating space, time etc.. - 3.2.2 Syntax of verb forms - 3.2.2.1 Voice. - §188 Voice: preliminaries - §189 The active voice - §190 The middle voice - §191 The passive voice - 3.2.2.2 Aspects and tenses - (i) General points on aspects and tenses - §192 Preliminary remarks about aspects and tenses - §193 Synopsis of aspect forms with and without tense value - §194 The three aspects: detailed explanation - §195 Overview: examples of typical aspect use - (ii) Indicative verb forms - §196 Indicative forms: preliminaries - §197 Indicative present - §198 Imperfect. - §199 Indicative aorist. - §200 Indicative perfect - §201 Pluperfect - §202 Indicative future - §203 Periphrastic conjugation - (iii) Non-indicative verb forms - §204 Overview of non-indicative verb forms - (iv) Verb forms seemingly expressing a tense value - §205 Absolute tense seemingly expressed by certain verb forms - §206 Relative tense seemingly expressed by certain verb forms - 3.2.2.3 Moods - §207 Moods: preliminaries - §208 Moods and tense/aspect meanings - §209 Indicative - §210 Subjunctive - §211 Optative. - §212 Imperative - 3.2.2.4 Non-finite verb (nominal verb forms) - (i) Infinitive. - §213 Infinitive: preliminaries - §214 Infinitive and tense/aspect meanings - §215 Negated infinitive phrases - §216 Cases inside infinitive phrases: ACI et al - (a) Non-articular infinitive/ACI - §217 Infinitive/ACI phrases as subjects - §218 Infinitive/ACI phrases as objects - §219 Infinitive phrases as complements of adjectives. - §220 Infinitive/ACI phrases as adverbials of purpose. - §221 Infinitive/ACI phrases as adverbials of result. - §222 Explanatory infinitive/ACI phrases as appositions. - (b) Articular infinitive/ACI. - §223 Articular infinitive/ACI phrases: preliminaries - §224 Infinitive/ACI phrases with simple article - §225 Infinitive/ACI phrases with τοῦ - §226 Articular infinitive/ACI phrases governed by prepositions - (ii) Participle - §227 Participle: preliminaries - §228 Participle and tense/aspect meanings - §229 Syntactic use of participles - (a) Adverbial participle. - §230 Adverbial participle: “p.c.” and “gen.abs.” - §231 Adverbial participle: adverbial nuances - §232 Adverbial participle: standard ways of translating it - (b) Predicative participle. - §233 Predicative participle: ACP (and GCP) - §234 Predicative participle: modifying verbs - §235 Predicative participle: periphrastic conjugation - (c) Attributive and nominalized participles - §236 Participle phrases as attributive modifiers - §237 Nominalized participle phrases. - (d) Special idiomatic uses of participles - §238 “Graphic” participle - §239 Pleonastic participles - §240 Participle and the Hebrew infinitive absolute. - 3.2.3 Uninflected words - 3.2.3.1 Adverbs - §241 On the use of adverbs - §242 Comparison of adverbs - 3.2.3.2 Negatives - §243 Overview of negatives in Ancient Greek - §244 Typical use of negatives in KG. - §245 Use of the negative particle οὐ - §246 Use of the negative particle μή - §247 Peculiar uses of negative particles - §248 Double and multiple negatives - §249 Negation influenced by Semitic usage - 3.2.3.3 Conjunctions - §250 Conjunctions: preliminaries - §251 Overview of conjunctions - §252 Alphabetical list of important uninflected words - 3.3 Sentences and their constituents - §253 Sentences and their constituents: preliminaries - 3.3.1 Sentence constituents - §254 Sentence constituents: terminological approach. - 3.3.1.1 Obligatory sentence constituents - (i) Subject - §255 Subject: function and ways of expressing it - (ii) Predicate - §256 The predicator - §257 Complements: objects. - §258 Complements: other types of predicative elements - 3.3.1.2 Optional sentence constituents - §259 Adverbial adjuncts and subject/object adjuncts - 3.3.1.3 Attributive modifiers - §260 Attributive modifiers including apposition. - 3.3.2 Concord - §261 Concord: preliminaries - §262 Number concord - §263 Gender, number and case concord - §264 Phrases joined by means of καί “and” or the like - §265 Notional concord. - 3.4 Sentence/clause types - §266 Sentence/clause types: preliminaries - 3.4.1 Independent (main) clauses - §267 Independent declarative clauses - §268 Independent desiderative clauses - §269 Independent interrogative clauses (direct questions) - 3.4.2 Dependent (subordinate) clauses - §270 Dependent (subordinate) clauses: preliminaries - 3.4.2.1 Conjunctional clauses - (i) Conjunctional subject-object clauses - §271 Dependent declarative (subject-object) clauses - §272 Dependent desiderative (subject-object) clauses - §273 Dependent interrogative (subject-object) clauses - §274 Direct and indirect speech. - §275 Overview of constructions often rendered by “that”-clauses - (ii) Conjunctional adverbial clauses - §276 Temporal clauses - §277 Causal clauses - §278 Purpose clauses - §279 Result clauses - §280 Conditional clauses: preliminaries and overview - §281 Indefinite conditional case - §282 Prospective conditional case. - §283 Potential conditional case. - §284 Remote conditional case. - §285 Mixed conditional constructions and special cases - §286 Concessive and exceptive conditional clauses - §287 Manner clauses - (iii) Conjunctional clauses as attributive modifiers - §288 Conjunctional attributive clauses - 3.4.2.2 Relative clauses. - §289 Form and syntactic function of relative clauses - §290 Relative clauses with adverbial force - 3.5 Deviations from syntactic and other “norms” - §291 Deviations as stylistic devices or “figures of speech” - §292 Figures involving word or clause order - §293 Figures involving omission. - §294 Figures involving repetition and amplification. - §295 Tropes - §296 Figures involving paraphrasing, veiling, and unveiling - 4 Textgrammar - 4.1 Text basics - 4.1.1 Texts as a linguistic phenomenon - §297 Basic characteristics of a text - 4.1.1.1 Text structure - §298 The concept of text structure - §299 Example: text structure of Matthew 13:45f - 4.1.1.2 Coherence - §300 The concept of coherence - §301 Example: coherence of Matthew 13:45f - 4.1.1.3 Communicative function of texts - §302 The concept of communicative function of texts - §303 Example: the communicative function of Matthew 13:45f - 4.1.1.4 Further text-related aspects - §304 Text production strategies. - §305 Text types and text genres - §306 Macro-texts and partial texts. - §307 Example: further text-related aspects of Matthew 13:45f - 4.1.2 Text comprehension. - §308 Text comprehension and text interpretation. - §309 Text comprehension – types of knowledge - §310 Text comprehension – interaction of two processes - §311 Text comprehension – parsing and text constituents - §312 Text comprehension – propositional structure - §313 Text comprehension – frames. - §314 Text comprehension – implied elements - 4.2 Coherence and the two sides of text structures - 4.2.1 Coherence and the grammatical side of text structures - 4.2.1.1 Coherence and connectives. - (i) Connectives: possible forms - §318 Connectives: conjunctions - §319 Connectives: relatives - §320 Connectives: adverbs or the like - §321 Connectives: prepositions and case forms - (ii) Connections. - §322 Basics of connections - §323 Overview of connections - (a) Copulative connections - §325 Additive connection - §326 Alternative connection - (b) Temporal connection. - §328 Temporal-anterior connection. - §329 Temporal-posterior connection. - §330 Temporal-simultaneous connection - (c) Conditional connection - §331 Conditional connection - (d) Causal-codirectional connections in the widest sense - §333 Causal connection in a narrower sense - §334 Consequential connection - §335 Modal-instrumental connection - §336 Purpose-oriented connection. - (e) Causal-contradirectional connections in the widest sense - §338 Adversative connection. - §339 Concessive connection - (f) Specifying connections - §341 Explanatory connection - §342 Restrictive connection. - (g) Connections involving comparisons - §344 Comparative connection - §345 Proportional connection - 4.2.1.2 Coherence and phoric or deictic function words - §347 Phora and deixis - §348 Words used for phora and deixis - 4.2.2 Coherence and the content side of text structures - 4.2.2.1 Content words - §350 Coherence and coreferentiality - §351 Types of coreferentiality - 4.2.2.2 Propositional structure - §352 Semantic relations between propositions - §353 Example: relational structure of Philippians 2:5–11 - §354 Alphabetical list of connectives and the like