diff --git a/Syntax/BG4E-Syntax.md b/Syntax/BG4E-Syntax.md
index 5874c10..2271d1b 100644
--- a/Syntax/BG4E-Syntax.md
+++ b/Syntax/BG4E-Syntax.md
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
## Part IV Word and Phrase (字詞與片語)
- - 名詞類 §30
+- 名詞類 §30
- Noun (名詞) §31
- - Nominative (主格) §31.1
+ - [Nominative (主格) §31.1](§31.1.md)
- Genitive (所有格) §31.2
- Dative (間接受格) §31.3
- Accusative (直接受格) §31.4
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@
- Article (冠詞) §32
- Adjectives (形容詞) §33
- Pronouns (代名詞) §34
- - 功能詞類 §40
+- 功能詞類 §40
- Prepositions (介系詞) §41
- Adverbs (副詞) §42
- [Conjunctions (連接詞)](§43.md)
- Particles (質詞) §44
- - 動詞類 §50
+- 動詞類 §50
- Verb (動詞)
- [Tense and Aspect (時態與觀點) §51](§51.md)
- [Voice (語態) §52](§52.md)
@@ -64,14 +64,16 @@
- 參考書目
-縮寫 | 書目
---- | ----------
-GGBB| Wallace, Daniel B. Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996.
-中希 | 華勒斯(Daniel B. Wallace)。《中級希臘文文法》。吳存仁譯。台北市:中華福音神學院,2011。
-IGNT |Porter, Stanley E. Idioms of the Greek New Testament. Second edition with corrections. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic, 1994.
-慣用 | 斯丹利‧波特(Stanley E. Porter)。《新約希臘文的慣用語》。葉雅蓮譯。台北市:中華福音神學院,2013。|
-DEEP |Köstenberger, Andreas J., Benjamin L. Merkle, and Robert L. Plummer. Going Deeper with New Testament Greek: An Intermediate Study of the Grammar and Syntax of the New Testament. Nashville, TN.: B&H Academic, 2016.
-IGG |Mathewson, David L., and Elodie Ballantine Emig. Intermediate Greek Grammar: Syntax for Students of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2016.
-Funk |Funk, Robert W. A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek. 3rd ed. Polebridge Press, 2013.
-Runge |Runge, Steven E. Discourse Grammar of the Greek New Testament: A Practical Introduction for Teaching and Exegesis. Peabody, MA.: Hendrickson, 2010.
-Levinsohn |Levinsohn, Stephen H. Discourse Features of New Testament Greek: A Coursebook on the Information Structure of New Testament Greek. 2nd ed. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International, 2000.
+
+
+| 縮寫 | 書目 |
+|:---------:|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| GGBB | Wallace, Daniel B. Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. |
+| 中希 | 華勒斯(Daniel B. Wallace)。《中級希臘文文法》。吳存仁譯。台北市:中華福音神學院,2011。 |
+| IGNT | Porter, Stanley E. Idioms of the Greek New Testament. Second edition with corrections. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic, 1994. |
+| 慣用 | 斯丹利‧波特(Stanley E. Porter)。《新約希臘文的慣用語》。葉雅蓮譯。台北市:中華福音神學院,2013。 |
+| DEEP | Köstenberger, Andreas J., Benjamin L. Merkle, and Robert L. Plummer. Going Deeper with New Testament Greek: An Intermediate Study of the Grammar and Syntax of the New Testament. Nashville, TN.: B&H Academic, 2016. |
+| IGG | Mathewson, David L., and Elodie Ballantine Emig. Intermediate Greek Grammar: Syntax for Students of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2016. |
+| Funk | Funk, Robert W. A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek. 3rd ed. Polebridge Press, 2013. |
+| Runge | Runge, Steven E. Discourse Grammar of the Greek New Testament: A Practical Introduction for Teaching and Exegesis. Peabody, MA.: Hendrickson, 2010. |
+| Levinsohn | Levinsohn, Stephen H. Discourse Features of New Testament Greek: A Coursebook on the Information Structure of New Testament Greek. 2nd ed. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International, 2000. |
diff --git a/Syntax/§31.1.md b/Syntax/§31.1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..409e72f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Syntax/§31.1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+- Rule 1: "The subject is t hat word or word duster which agrees in person a nd number with the personal ending of 1he verb"
+- Rule 2: "The word or word cluster with head term in the nominative case is the subject"
+- Rule 3: "The word or word cluster with head term in the nominative case is the subject"
+ - Rule 3a: "Demonstrative and relative pronouns are subjects"
+ - Rule 3b: "The subjec is indicated by zero anaphora"
+ - 主詞內含在動詞裡面,從上文就可以得知,不需要另外標示出來。
+ - ὁ λέγων ὅτι Ἔγνωκα αὐτόν καὶ τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ μὴ τηρῶν ψεύστης ἐστίν,
+ - 是 "(he) is a liar" 而非 "a liar exists"
+ - Rule 3c: "the word or word cluster determined by an article is the subject."
+ - Rule 3d: "If both words or word clusters are determined by an article, the first one is the subject"
+
+
+
+McGaughy (1974) 找到五節 rule 3c 的例外:
+
+- ταῦτα δὲ γέγραπται ἵνα πιστεύητε ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἵνα πιστεύοντες ζωὴν ἔχητε ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ. ¶
+
+- Τίς ἐστιν ὁ ψεύστης εἰ μὴ ὁ ἀρνούμενος ὅτι Ἰησοῦς οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Χριστός; οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἀντίχριστος, ὁ ἀρνούμενος τὸν Πατέρα καὶ τὸν Υἱόν.
+- Ὃς ἐὰν ὁμολογήσῃ ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὁ Θεὸς ἐν αὐτῷ μένει καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ Θεῷ.
+- Πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ γεγέννηται, καὶ πᾶς ὁ ἀγαπῶν τὸν γεννήσαντα ἀγαπᾷ καὶ τὸν γεγεννημένον ἐξ αὐτοῦ.
+- Τίς δέ ἐστιν ὁ νικῶν τὸν κόσμον εἰ μὴ ὁ πιστεύων ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ;
+
+
+
+Ko (1976) 認為從以下幾節可以看出 McGuaghy 的例外,其實不是例外:
+
+- Ὡς δὲ κατῆλθον ἀπὸ τῆς Μακεδονίας ὅ τε Σιλᾶς καὶ ὁ Τιμόθεος, συνείχετο τῷ λόγῳ ὁ Παῦλος διαμαρτυρόμενος τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν.
+- εὐτόνως γὰρ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις διακατηλέγχετο δημοσίᾳ ἐπιδεικνὺς διὰ τῶν γραφῶν εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν. ¶
+- πᾶσάν τε ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καὶ κατ᾽ οἶκον οὐκ ἐπαύοντο διδάσκοντες καὶ εὐαγγελιζόμενοι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν. ¶
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