Andley_BG4e/Syntax/§420.md

#### BW10 統計 (NA28)
- 對等連接詞 14209
	- καί 8233
	- δέ 2791
	- γάρ 1041
	- ἀλλά 638
	- οὖν 498
	- ἤ 343
	- τέ 215
	- οὐδέ 93
	- οὔτε 87
	- εἴτε 65
	- διό 53
	- καί+ἐγώ 48
	- μήτε 34
	- πλήν 27
	- καί+ἐκεῖνος 11
	- καί+ἐκεῖθεν 10
	- καί+ἐκεῖ 9
	- καί+ἐάν 7
	- τοίνυν 3
	- διόπερ 2
	- ἤτοι 1

- 從屬連接詞 4024
	- ὅτι 1291
	- ἵνα 663
	- ὡς 480
	- εἰ 457
	- ἐάν 268
	- καθώς 182
	- ὅταν 123
	- ὅτε 103
	- ὥστε 83
	- ὅπου 82
	- ὅπως 53
	- ἕως 38
	- ὥσπερ 36
	- ἐπεί 26
	- διότι 23
	- μήποτε 22
	- καί+ἐάν 14
	- καθάπερ 13
	- πρίν 13
	- ἐπειδή 10
	- εἴπερ 6
	- καθότι 6
	- ἄχρι 5
	- καίπερ 5
	- καθό 4
	- ἐάνπερ 3
	- ἐπάν 3
	- ὁσάκις 3
	- ἡνίκα 2
	- ἐπειδήπερ 1
	- ἤπερ 1
	- καθά 1
	- καθώσπερ 1
	- καίτοιγε 1
	- μέχρι 1
	- ὡσπερεί 1
	- 
#### Accordance 統計 (NA28)
Total number of verses = 7323
	 (total number of verses displayed = 7323) 

[CONJUNCTION] (17570 total words)

Number of different forms = 70:
(Triple-click a form to see its occurrences)

- Coordinating = 13738
	- καί and, also, even, and yet, but = 8236
	- δέ but, and, now = 2649
	- γάρ for, since, then, indeed = 1041
	- ἀλλά (ἄλλος) but, rather, on the contrary = 638
	- οὖν therefore, thus = 498
	- τέ and, so, both/and = 215
	- οὐδέ (οὐ, δέ) and not, neither, nor, not even = 93
	- οὔτε (οὐ, τέ) neither = 87
	- διό (διά, ὅς) therefore = 53
	- μηδέ (μή, δέ) nor, and not = 50
	- ἄρα (ἀρά_1) then, therefore = 37
	- μήτε (μή, τέ) and not;  neither . . . nor = 34
	- πλήν (πληρόω) (+gen) only, except (prep.); but, nevertheless (conj.) = 27
	- εἰ if; whether = 20
	- καθάπερ (κατά, ὅς, περ) as, just as, like = 13
	- ὅθεν (ὅς, θεν) therefore, where, from where = 9
	- μέντοι (μέν, τοι) but, nevertheless = 8
	- ἱνατί (ἵνα, τίς) why, to what reason? = 6
	- ἵνα that, in order that, so that = 4
	- ὥστε (ὡς, τέ) so that, in order that, thus = 4
	- ὅτι (ὅς, τίς) that, because, since; why? = 3
	- διόπερ (διά, ὅς, περ) therefore, therefore indeed = 2
	- διότι (διά, ὅς) because, for, therefore = 2
	- καθότι (κατά, ὅς) because, for, as = 2
	- μήποτε (μή, ποῦ) lest, perhaps = 2
	- τοιγαροῦν (τοι, γάρ, οὖν) therefore, then = 2
	- καθώς (κατά, ὡς) as, just as, inasmuch as = 1
	- καθώσπερ (κατά, ὡς, περ) as, just as = 1
	- πότερον (ποῦ, ἕτερος) whether = 1

- Subordinating = 3737
	- ὅτι (ὅς, τίς) that, because, since; why? = 1291
	- ἵνα that, in order that, so that = 659
	- εἰ if; whether = 476
	- ἐάν_1 (εἰ, ἄν_1) if = 270
	- ὡς as, like, while, that; (interjection) how! = 188
	- καθώς (κατά, ὡς) as, just as, inasmuch as = 180
	- ὅταν (ὅς, ἄν) when, whenever = 123
	- ὅτε (ὅς, τέ) when, while = 103
	- ὥστε (ὡς, τέ) so that, in order that, thus = 78
	- εἴτε (εἰ, τέ) or, either/or, even if = 65
	- ὅπως (ποῦ) so that, in order that; how that = 53
	- μή not, lest = 43
	- ἕως_1 (ἕως) until; when, up to, as far as = 38
	- ὥσπερ (ὡς, περ) as, just as = 29
	- ἐπεί since, because, when; otherwise = 26
	- διότι (διά, ὅς) because, for, therefore = 21
	- μήποτε (μή, ποῦ) lest, perhaps = 20
	- πρίν (πρό) before; (adv) formerly = 13
	- ἄρα (ἀρά_1) then, therefore = 12
	- ἐπειδή (ἐπεί, δή) since, because, for = 10
	- εἴπερ (εἰ, περ) since, if it is true that = 6
	- ἄχρι (ἀκή) (+gen) up to, as far as; (conj) until = 5
	- καίπερ (καί, περ) though = 5
	- καθότι (κατά, ὅς) because, for, as = 4
	- ἄν_2 (εἰ, ἄν_1) if = 3
	- ἐάνπερ (εἰ, ἄν_1, περ) if only, if indeed = 3
	- ἐπάν (ἐπί, ἄν) when, as soon as = 3
	- ἡνίκα when = 2
	- καίτοι (καί, τοι) yet, and yet, although = 2
	- δέ but, and, now = 1
	- ἐπειδήπερ (ἐπεί, δή, περ) inasmuch as, since = 1
	- καθά (κατά, ὅς) as, just as = 1
	- καίτοιγε (καί, τοι, γε) although = 1
	- μέχρι (+gen) up to (prep.); until (conj.) = 1
	- οὗ (ὅς) where, to where = 1

- (no Class) = 95
	- κἀγώ (καί, ἐγώ) and I (crasis) = 47
	- κἄν (καί, εἰ, ἄν) and if = 15
	- κἀκεῖνος (καί, ἐκεῖ) and that one, even that one (crasis) = 13
	- κἀκεῖθεν (καί, ἐκεῖ, θεν) and from there (crasis) = 10
	- κἀκεῖ (καί, ἐκεῖ) and there (crasis) = 9
	- καί and, also, even, and yet, but = 1


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Randall Buth, "Οὖν, Δέ, Καί and Asyndeton in John's Gospel," in _Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis_, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 157.


![[../images/Buth-1993.png]]


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Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in _Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis_, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 256.



![[../images/Pasted image 20211111094356.png]]

Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in _Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis_, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 257.

![[../images/Pasted image 20211111094902.png]]

Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in _Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis_, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 258.
![[../images/Pasted image 20211111094923.png]]



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Stanley E. Porter et al., eds., _Modeling Biblical Language: Selected Papers from the McMaster Divinity College Linguistics Circle_ (Linguistic Biblical Studies 13; Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2016), Chapter 13.

SFL : 表達 ideation --- ideation 下面又區分：experience & logic。

表達 logic 有三種方法：recursion ()、logico-semantics、taxis (排列)
1) recursion : stop/go-on
2) logico-semantics: extension/elaboration/enhancement


![[../images/Pasted image 20220501171600.png]]

3) taxis: hypotactic/paratactic

![[../images/Pasted image 20220501171536.png]]

![[../images/Pasted image 20220501171644.png]]

Note： 2) 和 3) 互補，但有關連：
- enhancement —— 透過 hypotactic (從屬連接詞)
- extension —— 透過 paratctic (對等連接詞)
- elaboration —— hypotactic、paratctic 兩種都有可能

另外，內嵌子句可以用於 enhancement (當形容詞用的時候)、extension (當副詞用的時候)、elaboration (表達讓步的時候)

整合起來看 (p. 405)：
![[../images/Pasted image 20220501173624.png]]

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Porter & O'Donnell - - Conjunctions, Clines and Levels of Discourse

- Vertical Axis of Levels of Discourse
	- 連結 word-word; phrase-phrase; clause-clause; paragraph-paragraph
- Horizontal Axis of Continuity-Discontinuity (p.10) ⇐ 全是對等連接詞
![[../images/Pasted image 20220501201115.png]]
- The Cline of Logical-Semantic Significance (p. 11) ⇐ 全是從屬連接詞
![[../images/Pasted image 20220501200938.png]]